PHYSIOLOGY 2 from areas where they are more

concentrated (more numerous) to a r

e a s w h e r e t h e y a r e l e s s
MEMBRANE TRANSPORT concentrated (with fewer of them).
➢ SOLUTION: homogeneous mixture of
two or more components (eg.
alcohol, seawater, air)
➢ SOLVENT: substances present in the
largest amount in a solution
➢ SOLUTES: substances present in
smaller amount in a solution
➢ INTRACELLULAR FLUID
- collectively the nucleoplasm and
cytosol
- it contains small amounts of gases
(oxygen and carbon dioxide), nutrients,
and salts, dissolved in water There are three main types of passive
transport:
➢ INTERSTITIAL FLUID ➢ Simple diffusion: movement of small
- continuously bathes the exterior of or lipophilic molecules (e.g. O2, CO2,
our cells etc.)
- it contains thousands of ingredients,
including nutrients (amino acids, ➢ Osmosis: movement of water
sugars, fatty acids, vitamins), molecules (dependent on solute
regulatory substances such as concentrations)
hormones and neurotransmitters, salts,
and waste products ➢ Facilitated diffusion: movement of
large or charged molecules via
The plasma membranes possess two key membrane proteins (e.g. ions,
qualities: sucrose, etc.)
➢ semi-permeable (only certain m a t e r
i a l s m a y f r e e l y c r o s s large
and charged substances are typically
blocked) Molecules will diffuse through the plasma
➢ selective (membrane proteins may membrane if any of the following are true:
regulate the passage of material that ◆ molecules are small enough to pass
cannot freely cross) through the membrane’s pores
(channels formed by membrane
proteins)
PASSIVE PROCESSES ◆ the molecules are lipid-soluble
m o v e m e n t o f m a t e r i a l along a c ◆ the molecules are assisted by a
oncentrationgradient(high membrane carrier
concentration 㱺 low concentration)
㾎 DIFFUSION: the process by which
molecules (and ions) move away
㾎 FILTRATION: the process by which outward transport of large particles
water and solutes are forced through via a vesicle that fuses with the cell
a membrane (or capillary wall) by membrane
fluid, or hydrostatic, pressure.

ACTIVE PROCESSES / SOLUTE

PUMPING
movement of materials against a c o n c
e n t r a t i o n g r a d i e n t ( l o w
concentration 㱺 high concentration)
Because materials are moving against
the gradient, it requires the expenditure of
energy (e.g. ATP hydrolysis)

㾎 Endocytosis “into the cell”: moves

㾎 Sodium-potassium (Na+-K+)
“normal transmission of nerve
impulses”: pump alternately carries
sodium ions (Na+) directly out of and
potassium ions into the cell
㾎 Vesicular transport: help from ATP
to fuse or separate membrane
vesicles and the cell membrane,
moves substances into or out of cells
“in bulk” indirectly crossing the
plasma membrane.
particles, such as large molecules,
parts of cells, and even whole cells,
into a cell.
➢ Phagocytosis “cell eating”: the
movement of solid particles into a
cell through the formation of a
membrane vesicle
➢ Pinocytosis “cell drinking”: the
movement of fluid droplets into a
cell through the formation of a
membrane vesicle

The two types of vesicular transport:

㾎 Exocytosis “out of the cell”: the

Receptor-mediated endocytosis: is the
main cellular mechanism for taking up
specific target molecules.
TISSUE REPAIR/ WOUND HEALING
INFLAMMATION: a general (nonspecific)
body response that attempts to prevent
further injury.
IMMUNE RESPONSE: a extremely
specific and mounts a vigorous attack
against recognized invaders, including
bacteria, viruses, and toxins.
Tissue occurs in two major ways:
REGENERATION: replacement of
destroyed tissue by the same kind of
cells,
FIBROSIS: repair by dense fibrous
connective tissue (scarring). Which
occurs depends on:
(1) the type of tissue damaged
(2) the severity of the injury.
Tissue injury sets the following series of
events into motion:
➢ Inflammation sets the stage. fluids - line body cavities
rich in clotting proteins are allowed to - form protective (and often lubricating)
seep into the injured area.
! In deep tissue injuries swelling
occurs (EDEMA) in the areolar
tissue in the area.
! Clotting proteins “wall off” the
injured area preventing bacteria
and harmful substances to enter. 㾎 EPITHELIAL MEMBRANES (simple
! If clot is exposed to air a SCAB will
form.
➢Granulationtissueform
s . Granulation tissue is delicate pink A. CUTANEOUS (skin)
tissue that contains mostly new
capillaries. grows into the damaged ➢ superficial epidermis: composed of a
area from nearby undamaged blood
vessels. Contains phagocytes that
will eat away scab.
➢ Regeneration and fibrosis effect
permanent repair. It makes its way
between the granulation tissue and
the scab. The scab soon detaches,
and the final result is a fully
regenerated surface epithelium that
covers an underlying area of fibrosis
(the scar).
The ability of the different tissue types to
regenerate varies widely:
1.EPITHELIAL TISSUE: regenerates
quickly and easily
2.CONNECTIVE TISSUE:
➢ Cartilage: will regenerate for weeks ➢
Bone: will regenerate but takes more
time (makes cartilage patch first) 3.N E R
VOUSTISSUE:doesn’t
regenerate becomes only scar tissue
4.MUSCLE TISSUE: regenerates poorly
becomes mostly scar tissue (eg. torn
muscles, injured cardiac tissue)
BODY MEMBRANES
- cover surfaces
sheets around organs
CLASSIFICATION OF BODY
MEMBRANES
according to their tissue makeup
organs)
- covering and lining membrane - layer
of epithelia and connective tissue
- dry membrane
keratinizing stratified squamous
epithelium
➢ underlying dermis: mostly dense (fibrous) 㾎 PLEURA (around the lungs) 㾎
connective tissue PERICARDIUM (around the heart)

B. MUCUOS (mucosa)
- wet or moist membrane bathed in
secretions (mucus or urine)
- composed of epithelium (the type
varies with the site) resting on a loose
connective tissue membrane called a
lamina propria
- lines all body cavities that open to the
exterior (respiratory, digestive, urinary
and reproductive tracts)
- Cell types vary stratified squamous
epithelium (mouth and esophagus) or
simplecolumnarepitheli
u m (digestive tract) typically
specialized for
absorption (digestive tract) or
secretion (mucus).
㾎 CONNECTIVETISSUE
MEMBRANES
A.SYNOVIAL
- composed of soft areolar connective
tissue and contain no epithelial cells at
all.
- line the fibrous capsules surrounding
joints where they provide a smooth
surface and secrete a lubricating fluid. -
line small sacs of connective tissue called
bursae and tendon sheaths. - protects
against friction between moving parts of
the body.

C. SEROUS (serosa)
- composed of a layer of simple
squamous epithelium resting on a
thin layer of areolar connective
tissue.
- line body cavities that are closed to
the exterior (except for the dorsal
body cavity and joint cavities).
- occur in pairs.
➢parietal layer (pane = wall): layer that
lines body cavity.
➢visceral layer: covers the outside of the
organs in that cavity.
➢serous fluid
- in the body, the serous layers are
separated by a clear fluid, which is
secreted by both membranes
- allows the organs to slide easily
across the cavity walls and one
another without friction

NAMES OF SEROUS
MEMBRANES depends on their
location
㾎 PERITONEUM (around the
abdominal cavity)