WONG, LECERY C.

Activity for day 3: PERIOPERATIVE NURSING

BSN 3B 1 August 14, 2021

1. IDENTIFY THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF ANESTHESIA:

1. GENERAL ANESTHESIA is a reversible loss of consciousness induced by inhibiting neuronal

impulses in several areas of the central nervous system. This type of anesthesia is used most
often in surgery of the head, neck, upper torso, and abdomen. It may also be used when
patients cannot cooperate.

ADVANTAGE:
INHALATION: Most controllable method, Induction and reversal accomplished with
pulmonary ventilation.
INTRAVENOUS: Rapid and pleasant induction, Low incidence of postoperative nausea
and vomiting,Requires little equipment.
BALANCED: Minimal disturbance to physiologic function, Minimal side effects, Can be
used with older and high-risk patients.

2. LOCAL ANESTHESIA delivered topically applied to the skin or mucous membranes of the
area to be anesthetized and by local infiltration (injected directly into the tissue around an
incision, wound, or lesion)

3. REGIONAL ANESTHESIA is a type of local anesthesia that blocks multiple peripheral nerves
in a specific body region. It may be used when general anesthesia cannot be used because
of medical problems, when the patient has had adverse reactions to general anesthesia,
when the patient has a preference and a choice is possible, and when pain management
after surgery is enhanced by regional anesthesia

TYPES:
FIELD BLOCK A series of injections around the operative field. Most commonly used for chest
procedures, hernia repair, dental surgery, and some plastic surgeries

NERVE BLOCK Injection of the local anesthetic agent into or around one nerve or group of
nerves in the involved area. Most commonly used for limb surgery or to relieve chronic pain.

SPINAL ANESTHESIA Injection of an anesthetic agent into the cerebrospinal fluid in the
subarachnoid space. Most commonly used for lower abdominal, pelvic, hip, and knee surgery.

EPIDURAL ANESTHESIA Injection of an agent into the epidural space. Most commonly used for
anorectal, vaginal, perineal, hip, and lower extremity surgeries.

ADVANTAGES:
 Gag and cough reflexes stay intact.
 Allows participation and cooperation by
 the patient.
 Less disruption of physical and emotional
 body functions.
 Decreased chance of sensitivity to the agent.
 Decreased intraoperative stress.

2. IDENTIFY THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF SURGERIES:

1. ELECTIVE SURGERY It simply means that the surgery can be scheduled in advance. It may be
a surgery you choose to have for a better quality of life, but not for a life-threatening condition.
But in some cases it may be for a serious condition such as cancer.

Examples: removing a mole or wart, and having kidney stones removed. It may also be done if
other forms of treatment are not working.

2. URGENT OR EMERGENCY SURGERY This type of surgery is done because of an urgent

medical condition. The condition may even be life threatening.

Examples: acute appendicitis and trauma.

3. REQUIRED SURGERY – which needs to be done in order to retain quality of life. As

opposed to urgent or emergency surgery, required surgeries do not need to be performed
immediately.

Examples: kidney stone or tumor removal.

3. IDENTITY THE FUNCTIONS OF THE FOLLOWING:

SCRUB NURSE act as an assistant to the surgeons during surgical procedures. They provide
hands-on assistance to the surgeons during the operation and perform tasks such as passing
them medical equipment.

 Prepare patients for surgery

 Review patient charts and confirm data
 Ensure medical equipment needed for surgery is available
 Follow surgeon's directions
 Pass medical equipment/s to the surgeon
 Monitor patient's condition during surgery

CIRCULATING NURSE also specialize in the surgical field, but their focus is on creating and
maintaining a sterile working environment. They assist all surgical staff present, including scrub
nurses, and are also involved in the assessment of patients before the operation
  Review assessments of patients prior to the operation
 Obtain medical equipment that's in sterile packaging
 Open the sterile packaging
 Make notes about procedures followed
 Assist all staff present
 Determine how patients will be cared for

4. WHAT IS INFORMED CONSENT? WHO ARE ELIGIBLE AND NONELIGIBLE TO SIGN

CONSENT?
The main purpose of the informed consent process is to protect the patient. A consent form
is a legal document that ensures an ongoing communication process between you and your
health care provider. It implies that your health care provider has given you information about
your condition and treatment options and that you have used this information to choose the
option that you feel is right for you.

 You aren’t of legal age. In most states, if you’re younger than 18, a parent or guardian
will need to give consent on your behalf. But some states allow teens who are
emancipated, married, parents, or in the military to provide their own consent.
 You want someone else to make the decisions. If you’d like to let another person
make your future medical decisions, you can fill out a form called an advance directive.
This allows someone else to give consent on your behalf if you’re unable to.
 You can’t give consent. Another person can make your medical decisions if you can’t
provide consent. This may happen if you’re in a coma, or have a condition like advanced
Alzheimer’s disease.

5. IDENTIFY THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF SURGICAL INCISION WITH ILLUSTRATIONS.

1. KOCHER’S INCISION a RUQ incision made for open cholecystectomy

2. MIDLINE INCISION virtually all abdominal procedures may be performed through this
incision. It can extend from the xiphoid process to just above the umbilicus and can be
continued to below the umbilicus by curving the incision around the umbilicus.

3. MCBURNEY INCISION Used for appendectomies. McBurney’s point = two thirds from
the umbilicus and a third from the right anterior superior iliac spine.

4. BATTLE INCISION Used for appendectomies.

5. LANZ INCISION More commonly used for appendectomies. This leaves a more
aesthetically pleasing scar hidden in the bikini line.
6. PARAMEDIAN INCISION allows access to lateral structures such as the kidneys, adrenals
and spleen. This can be extended to curve towards from xiphoid process, a Mayo-Robson
incision.

7. TRANSVERSE INCISION allows access to right or left colon, duodenum, pancreas and
subhepatic space.

8. RUTHERFORD MORRISON INCISION this is an extension of the McBurney

incision. Used for right or left sided colonic resection, caecostomy or
sigmoid colostomy.

9. PFANNENSTIEL INCISION suprapubic. Allows exploration of the lower GI

and UT, as well as the pelvic reproductive organs. Commonly used for C- sections or
abdominal hysterectomy.

10. THORACOABDOMINAL INCISION LUQ or RUQ. They convert the pleural and
peritoneal cavities into one. Allows good access to live, lungs and spleen.
Left incision can also provide good access to the stomach and oesophagus.

11. LAPROSCOPIC INCISIONS small cuts in the skin made in the abdominal
wall to allow the instruments of laparoscopy access to the contents of the
abdominal cavity.
REFERENCES:

Different Types of Surgery | OakBend Medical Center. (2021). Retrieved 14 August 2021, from
https://www.oakbendmedcenter.org/different-types-of-surgery/

(2021) . Retrieved 14 August 2021, from

https://study.com/articles/difference_between_scrub_nurse_circulating_nurse.html

Informed Consent in Healthcare: What It Is and Why It's Needed. (2021). Retrieved 14 August
2021, from https://www.healthline.com/health/informed-consent#consent-by-others

Common Surgical Incisions David Rassam Deciding the right type of. (2021). Retrieved 14 August
2021, from
https://studylib.net/doc/7110695/common-surgical-incisions-david-rassam-deciding-the-ri
ght...