M111Hll1CTepCTBO o6pa3oBaHll1JI 111 HayK111

K111eecK111M Hal.(1110HanbHblM yH111eepc111TeT

TeXHOnor111M 111 A1113aMHa

fl.A. AroWKOB, M.M. neTp"1K, ~.A. K111c11eHKO

KOHCTPYl'1POBAHl'1E
BEPXHEVI >KEHCKOVI O.QE>K.Qbl
Y4E6HOE nocos~E

PeKoMeHAoBaHo M111H111cTepcTeoM
06pa3oeaH111J1 111 HayK111 YKpa111Hb1

Created 6y Serge
2007

~p
•K~fiB
2004
Y.QK 687.12.016(075.8}
66K 37.24si73
A24

PeKoMeHAOBaHo M1t1H1t1cTepcrnoM 06pa3osaH111si 111 HayK111 YKpa1t1Hbl

(n111cbMO MOH NQ14/182-45 OT 08.01.2003 r.}

Pe[.\eH3eHTb1: K.T.H. KpblcbKo B.n .•

K.T.H. npoKOneHKO Jl.3.

AroWKOB fl.A., neTpMK M.M., KMcneHKO M.A.

A24 KoHcTpy111posaH111e sepxHe~ >KeHcKo~ OAe>K,Qbl (4acTb nepsasi}: Y4e6-
Hoe noco6111e I noA o6U\e~ peAaK[.\1t1e~ ArowKosa Jl.A. - K.: Ap111cTe~.
2004. - 164 c.
ISBN 966-8458-23-0

On1.1caHbl MeTOAbl nOCTpOOHl.1Sl YepTe>Kei-1 6a30BblX KOHCTpYKl..ll.1M >KeHCKOM

eepXHei-1 OAe>KAbl pa3111.1YHblX noKpOee.
Ansi c-ryAeHTOB ey3oe, TeXHl.1KYMOB, KOilileA>Kei-1, yYa1.41.1xcsi 111.1~eee.
PeK0MeHAa~1.11.1 no KOHCTpy1.1poeaH1.110 OAe>KJ:lbl MOryT 6b1Tb 1.1cno11b3oeaHb1
KOHCTpyKTopaM1.1 weei.1HblX npeAnp1.1m1.1i.1 np1.1 pa3pa60TKe 6a30e1::i1x MOAenei-1
>KeHCKOM eepxHeM OAe)l(J:lbl.
YAK 687.12.016(075.8)
66K 37.24Jt73

© Jl.A. ArOWKOB, M.M. neTplllK,

111.A. K111cneHKO, 2004
ISBN 966-8458-23-0 © Ap111crn~. 2004
 COAEP>KAHME
BBeAett111e .................................................................................................. 5
1. lf1CXO,QHble ,Q3HHble ,QllSI npoeKTMpoeaHMSI o.Qe>K,Qbl ...................... 6
1.1. 06L11asi xapaKTep111crnKa OAe>KAbl 111 ee csolilcTBa ...................... 6
1.2. XapaKTep111crnKa accopTl!IMeHra oAe>KP,bl ....•.......•.......•..•.......... 6
1.3. AccoprnMeHT >KeHcKoi:;! sepxHei:;! oAe>KAbl ................................. 8
1.4. <l:>opMa o,Qe>K,Qbl 111 ¢opM006paayioL11111e aneMeHTbl ................... 9
1.5. Paapa6oTKa KOHCTPYKl..l111i:;! .......................................................... 16
1.6. MernA111Ka 111aMepeH111ill paaMepHblX np111aHaKoB~ Heo6xo,Q111-
Mb1X AJlSI KOHCTpy111pOB8Hll1SI OAe>KP,bl •..........••......•...........•........ 17
1.7. OcaHKa ¢111rypb1 ......................................................................... 25
1.8. Knacc111¢111KaL1111si np1116aBoK, 111cno11b3yeMblX np111
KOHCTpy111poBaH"1ll1 OAe>KP,bl ....................................................... 28
2. noCTpoeHMe "lepTe>Ka >KeHCKOrO nne"leBOro M3,QenMSI .................. 31
2.1. nocTpOeH111e 6a3111CHOi:;! ceTKll1 ••..........••......•..•.......•.•.................. 31
2.2. nocTpoeH111e "lepTe>Ka nono4K111 ................................................. 36
2.3. nocTpOeHll1e 4epTe>Ka cnll1HKll1 ..•........•.........••........•..........•......... 38
2.4. Conpsi>KeH111e oKara pyKaBa c npoi:;!Molil .................................... .40
2.5. CxeMa nocTpoeH111si 4epTe>Ka ocHOBbl nailbTO, nnaTbSI c
BT84HblM pyKaBOM ..................................................................... 43
2.6. O¢opMI1eH111e penbecpos B nne4eBblX 111aAe11111six ...................... 57
3. Oco6eHHOCTM nocTpoeHMSI "lepTe>KeM KOHCTpYK'-'MM c pyKaea-
MM pernaH ................................................................................................ 62
3.1. Oco6eHHocrn nocTpoeH111si 4epTe>Ka ocHOBbl nailbTO c
pyKaBOM perilaH ........................................................................... 62
3.2. Oco6eHHocrn nocTpoeH111si 4epTe>Ka nanbTO c pyKaBOM
pernaH-noroH •......•..•......•...••.....•....•.....•.......•.•....•..•••.........••........ 69
3.3. Oco6eHHocrn nocTpoeH111si 4epTe>Ka nailbTO c pyKasoM
pernaH .......................................................................................... 75
3.4. Oco6eHHOCTll1 nocTpoeH111si 4epTe>Ka nailbTO c pyKasoM
nonypernaH .................................................................................. 78
3.5. Oco6eHHocrn nocTpoeH111si cxeMbl 4epTe>Ka nanbTO npsiMoro
c11111yara c pyKaBOM nonypemaH ...................................................... 81
4. Oco6eHHOCTM nocTpoeHMSI "lepTe>KeM KOHCTPYK'-'MM M3.QenMM c
'-'enbHOBblKpoeHHblMM pyKaeaMM ························································· 85
4.1. Oco6eHHOCTll1 nocTpOeHll1SI 4epTe>Ka OCHOBbl nailbTO c
l..leilbHOBblKpoeHHblM pyKaBOM 111 H111>KHelil 48CTblO pyKaBa c
Il8CTOBll11..lelil ............................................................................... 86

3
 4.2. Oco6eHHOCH1 nocTpoeHll1s:! l.leprn>Ka OCHOBbl naJlbTO c
~eJlbHOBblKpOeHHblM pyKaBOM 111 OTpe3HblM 60l.IKOM c
11acToB111~elll
.................................................................•............. 91
4.3. Oco6eHHocrn nocTpoeH111s:i l.leprn>Ka ocHOBbl nanbTO c
~eJlbHOBblKpOeHHblM pyKaBOM c poM60B1!1AHOlil 11acTOBll1~elll .. 97
4.4. Oco6eHHocrn nocTpoeH111s:i l.leprn>Ka ocHOBbl nanbTO c
~eJlbHOBblKpoeHHblM pyKaBOM c 60l.IKOM 111 Hll1>KHei/l l.laCTblO
pyKaBa .........................................................•............................. 99
4.5. Oco6eHHocrn nocTpoeH111s:i l.leprn>Ka ocHOBbl nallbTO c
pyKaBOM Kll1MOHO ••......••........•.......................•........•................•... 106
5. nocTpoeHMe '"lepTe>KeM KOHCTpYK'-'MM M3AenMM KOM6MHMpo-
eaHHblX noKpoee .................................................................................... 111
5.1. Oco6eHHOcrn nocTpoeH111s:i l.leprn>Ka OCHOBbl na11bTO c
KOM6111Hll1POBaHHblM pyKaBOM ·····•·•······••······•···••··••·······•········•··· 111
6. noCTpoeHMe '"lepTe>KeM KOHCTpYK'-'MM C yrny6neHHOM npOMMOM .. 117
6.1. CxeMa pacnpeAe11eH111s:i HarpyAHOlil 111 n11el.leBolll BblTal.leK .••••... 117
6.2. CxeMa nocTpoeH111s:i l.lepTe>Ka nnaTbs:i, nanbTO nps:iMoro
c11111y:na c py6awel.IHblM pyKaBoM ..•....•....••.••....••••...•...........•.... 120
7. Oco6eHHOCTM nocTpoeHMR KOHCTpYK'-'MM >KaKeTOB ........................ 126
7.1. Oco6eHHocrn nocTpoeH111s:i l.leprn>Ka >1<aKeTa no11ynp111-
11erat0U\ero c11111yaTa c BTal.IHblM ABYXWOBHblM pyKaBOM ............ 126
7 .2. Oco6eHHOcT111 nocTpoeH111s:i >1<eHcKoro >KaKeTa np111TaneHHoro
c11111yarn c OAHOWOBHblM pyKaBOM .............................................. 128
7 .3. Oco6eHHocrn nocTpoeH111s:i >KeHcKoro >KaKeTa np111TaneHHOro
c11111yarn c HanonHeHHblM oKaTOM ...........................•........•........... 135
8. CxeMa nocTpoeHMR '"lepTe>1Ca KOHcTpy~MM nenepMHbl ................. 139
9. nocTpoeHMe '"lepTe>Ka OCHOBbl Y3KOM to6KM ................................... 143
1 O. nocTpoeHMe '"lepTe>Ka ocHOBbl 6pioK ............................................. 145
10.1. nocTpOeH111e l.leprn>Ka 6plOK HanOJlHeHHOlil cpopMbl ......•......... 148
11. nocTpoeHMe '"lepTe>Ka to6KM-6ptoK ............•.......•............................. 150
12. Oco6eHHOCTM o<J>opMneHMR KpaR 6opTa e nne'"leBblX
M3AenMRX ................ ·········· ....... ················· .. ·········•····· ...... ·········· ··•··········· 152
13. noCTpoeHMe '"lepTe>Keiil eopoTHMKoe .............................................. 154
13.1. nocTpoeH111e l.lepTe>Kelll OTJlO>KHblX BOPOTHll1KOB •··••·····•···•··•·••· 155
13.2. nocTpOeH111e KanlOWOHa ......•.......•............................................ 160
flMTepayYpa .................•....•.........•..............................••............................ 163

4
 BBE.QEH~E

«KOHCTpy1.1posaH1.1e >KeHCKOIA sepxHelA OAe>K.Qbl» (YaCTb 1) B KaYecrse

Y4e6Horo noco61.1s:i MR sy30B, rexH1.1KyMoB, KonneA>Keii, Y4all\1.1XcR n1.11._\ees
1.13Aaercs:i snepsb1e. B ocHosy peK0MeHAaL11.1IA no nocrpoeH1.110 yepre>KelA 6a-
30BblX KOHCTPYK'-lllllA >KeHcKolA sepxHelA OAe>K,llbl pa3nW-IHblX noKpoes
nono>KeH npaKrn4ecK1.1IA onblT pa6oTbl KOHcrpyKTopos L(eHrpa pa3s1.1rns:i
MOAb1 M1.1H6b1Ta YKpa1.1Hbl. s TOM 41.1cne 1.1 asropds AaHHoro Y4e6Horo
noco61.1R nerp1.1K Ma1A1.1 M1.1xalAnOBHbl 1.1 K1.1cneHKO li1p!.1Hbl AHApeeBHbl.
PyKoBOACTBO pa6orolA no c03AaH1.110 MeTOAl.14eCK1.1x peK0MeHAaL11.1IA no
KOHcrpy1.1posaH1.110 OAe>KAbl ocyll\ecrsnsm rnasHbllA XYAO>KecrseHHbllA pyKo-
BOA1.1renb L(eHrpa pa3s1.1rns:i MOAbl HecMeRH BnaA1.1M1.1p YnbRHOBl.14.
B y4e6Hoe noco61.1e sseAeH PRA HOBblX pa3Aenos c Y4eTOM cospeMeH-
HblX rpe60BaH1.1IA K npoeKT1.1poBaHl.1IO >KeHCKOIA sepxHelA OAe>K,llbl, TeXHOno-
rl11.1 ee 1.13rDTOBneHl.1R 1.1 HanpasneHl.1R MOAbl.
MeTOAl.1Ka nocrpoeH1.1R 4epre>KelA 6a30BblX KOHCTPYKL11.1IA >KeHcKolA
sepxHelA OAe>K.Qbl, 1.13no>1<eHHaR B Y4e6HOM noco61.11.1, onpo6osaHa s Y4e6-
HOM npo'-leCce Ka¢eApb1 TeXHOnOrl11.1 1.1 KOHCTpy1.1posaHl.1R wselAHblX
1.13Aen1.11A K1.1esCKoro HaL11.10HanbHOro yH1.1sepc1.1rera rexHonornlA 1.1 Al.13alAHa,
np1.1 BbmonHeH1.11.1 cryAeHraM1.1 KypcOBblX 1.1 AlllnnOMHblX npoeKTos.
Bo sropolA 4acrn Y4e6Horo noco61.1s:i, Koropoe roros1..ncs:i K BbmycKy,
6YAYT 1.13no>KeHbl cneAYIOU\"1e pa3Aenb1:
- KOHcrpyKT1.1BHb1e Aec:f)eKTbl OAe>KAbl 1.1 1.1x ycrpaHeH1.1e;
- nocrpoeH1.1e AeranelA np1.1KnaAa 1.1 noAKnaAKl.1;
- rpaAaL11.1R 4epre>KelA AeranelA (neKan);
oco6eHHOcrn KOHcrpy1.1posaH1.1R oAe>KAbl Ha nioAelA pa3n1.14Horo
renocno>KeH1.1R (c 1.1cnonb30BaH1.1eM neKan Ha rnnosb1e cp1.1rypbl).

5
 1. "1CXOAHblE AAHHblE Aflfl nPOEKT"1POBAH"1fl
OAE>K.Qbl

1.1. 06~aJI xapaKTepMCTMKa op,e>K,D,bl M ee CBOMCTB

0,Qe>K,Qa s:ismiercs:i O,QHIAM IA3 sa>1<Hel(iw1Ax npe.QMeTOB nepsol(i Heo6-

XO.QIAMOCrn. Ha,Q ee C03,QaH1AeM rpy,QflTCfl MHOrne cne1.11AaI11ACTbl: ,QIA3ai(iHe-
pbl IA KOHcrpyKropb1, rexHonorn IA MexaHIAKIA, reKcTIAilbLI..llAKIA, XIAMIAKIA IA APY-
rne cne1.11AaI11ACTb1.
XapaKTep1AcrnKa o,Qe>K,Qbl BKillOYaer B ce6s:i xapaKTeplAcrnKy BHewHero
BIA,Qa (cpacoHa), KOHCTPYKl.llAIA (noKpos:i), cpopMbl IA pa3MepoB cocTaBHblX
Yacrel(i o,Qe>K,Qb1, wsos, Marep1Aanos IA AP- Ba>KHOe 3Ha4eHIAe nplA xapaK-
rep1AcrnKe cpacoHa o,Qe>K,Qb• IAMeer ee c1A11yarHas:i cpopMa.
CospeMeHHas:i o,Qe>K,Qa AOil>KHa 0611a,QaTb c11e,Qy10LI..11AMIA csol(icrnaMIA:
3Kcn11yara1.11AOHHblMIA, rnrneHIA4eCKIAMIA IA 3CTeTIA4eGKIAMIA.
no,Q 3KCnilyaTal.llAOHHblMIA CBOi(icTBaMIA nOHIAMalOT COOTBeTCTBIAe O,Qe>K-
,Qbl ee Ha3HaYeHIAIO, y.Qo6crso o,Qe>K,Qbl B crarnKe IA .QIAHaMIAKe, coxpaHeHIAe
cpopMbl, Ha,Qe>KHOCrn B 3KcnnyaTal.llAIA.
K rnrneHIA4eCKIAM CBO,;,cTBaM OTHOCflTCfl 3aLI..llATHble cpyHKl.llAIA O,Qe>K,Qbl
or He611aronp1AflTHb1X B03,Qel(icrnlA,;, KI11AMarn4ecKol(i cpe,Qb1 (xorio,Qa, >1<apb1,
,QO>K,Qfl IA T.n.), MexaHIA4eCKIAX nospe>K,QeHIAi(i (rpaBM), KOMcpOpTHble ycnOBIAfl
MIAKpOKillAMara. Ba>t<Hb1M1A noKa3arens:iMIA rnrneHIA4eCKIAX cso,;,cTB O,Qe>K,Qbl
s:isns:iiorcs:i ee ren1103aLI..11ATHb1e csol(icrsa, rnrpocKOnlA4Hocrb, B03,Qyxo- IA
ra3onpOH1AL1aeMOCTb, BOAOHenpOHIAl.laeMOCTb, nbmeeMKOCTb, Macca.
K 3CTeTW·ieCKIAM csol(icTBaM OTHOCflTCfl COOTBeTCTBIAe O,Qe>K,Qbl 06pa3y
4eilOBeKa, ero 3CTern4eCKIAM BKycaM, cosepweHcTBO KOMn031Al.llAIA, TOBap-
Hbli(i BIAA.
K o,Qe>K,Qe Maccosoro npoMb1w11eHHOro npolA3BOAcTBa npeAbflBilSllOTcs:i
rpe6osaHIAfl rexHonorn4HOcrn IA 3KOHOMIA4Hocrn KOHCTPYKl.llAIA.

1.2. XapaKTepMCTMKa accopTMMeHTa op,e>K,D,bl

B ocHosy ,QeneHIAfl cospeMeHHo,;, o,Qe>K,Qbl Ha 1<I1accb1 no110>1<eHa 3a-

LI..11ATHasi cpyHKl.llAfl, onpe,Qens:iercs:i Ha3Ha4eHIAe IA3Ae111As:i [1]. no 3TOMY
nplA3HaKy O,Qe>K,Qy pa3,QeI1S'llOT Ha 6b1TOBy10, cnoprnBHYIO IA npOIA3BO,QCTBeH-
HYIO-
no YCilOBIASlM 3KcnnyaTal.llAIA 6blTOBYIO O,Qe>K,Qy ,QeilSlT Ha wecTb rpynn:
1) BepXHflfl O,Qe>K,Qa;
2) KOCTIOMHO-nnaTbeBasi;
3) 6e11beBb1e IA3,Qe111As:i;

6
 4) Kopcernb1e l13Aem1si;
5) ronoBHb1e y6opb1;
6) nep4aTKl1 l1 pyKaBl11..lbl.
Ka>K,Qasi rpynna MO>KeT 6b1Tb noApa3AefleHa Ha Bl1Abl. Hanpl1Mep,
KOCTIOMHO-nIJaTbesasi rpynna MO>KeT 6b1Tb nOAPa3AefleHa Ha cneAYIOU\l1e
Bl1Ab1: m1A>KaK1.1, >KaKeTbl, KYPTKl1, >1<1.1neTbl, io6Kl1, 6pl0Kl1, n11aTbSl-KOCT10Mb1,
nnaTbSl l1 T.A.
no nOIJOB03pacTHOMY npl13HaKy OAe>K,Qa Ae111.1TCSl Ha MY>KCKylO, >KeH-
CKylO, AeTcKylO. B csoio 04epeAb AeTcKasi OAe>K,Qa ~noApa3AensieTcsi Ha
OAe>K,Qy AflSl Hosopo>K,QeHHblX, AflSl Aere.:1 sicenbHOro so3pacra, AI1Sl AO-
WKOilbHl1KOB, AflSl MilaAWl.1X WKOflbHl1KOB, crapw1-1x WKOilbHl1KOB l1 OAe>K,Qy
AI1Sl nOAPOCTKOB.
B 3aBl1Cl1MOcrn OT speMeHl1 roAa l1 KI1l1Marn4ecl<l1x 30H OAe>K,Qa nOA-
pa3AensieTcsi Ha n0Arpynnb1:
1) seceHHe-oceHHSlSl;
2) IleTHSlSl;
3) 3l1MHSlSl;
4) scece30HHasi.
B 3aBl1Cl1Mocrn OT l1cnonb30BaHl1Sl OAe>K,Qbl s KOHKperno.:1 o6cTaHOBKe
OHa noAPa3,[\ensieTCSl Ha noBCeAHeBHylO, AOMaWHIOIO, TOp>KecTBeHHyio, cnop-
Tl1BHy10, npol13BOACTBeHHyio. KoHKpernoe Ha3Ha4eHl1e onpe,QensieTcsi s
3aBl1Cl1Mocrn OT BHAa OAe>K,Qbl. Hanpl1Mep, >KeHcKoe nnaTbe MO>KeT 6b1Tb
HapsiAHblM, nosceAHeBHblM, AflSl AOMa, AilSl OTAblXa l1 T.n.
CnoprnsHasi OAe>K,Qa noApa3AensieTcsi Ha no.QK11accb1 no Bl1AaM
cnopra, no nonosoopacTHOMY npl13HaKy.
npol13BOACTBeHHaSl OAe>K,Qa B 3aBl1Cl1MOCTl1 OT BblnOilHSleMblX cpyHK-
l..ll1.:1 nOApa3AensieTCSl Ha cnel..ll1ailbHYIO, BeAOMCTBeHHYIO, TeXHOI10n14eCKYIO
(caHl1TapHo-rnrneHl14ecKyio).
B 3aBl1Cl1MOCTl1 OT KOHCTPYKl..ll1l1 OAe>K,Qy K11accl1cpl11..ll1PYIOT CileAylO-
U\l1M o6pa3oM:
1) no cnoco6y 3Kcn11yaTal..ll1l1: n11e4esb1e l1 nosicHb1e;
2) no cl1nyaTy: npl111era10L1.1l1e, no11ynpl1nera10L1.1l1e, npSlMble l1 Tpane-
l..leBl1AHb1e;
3) no 06beMHOCTl1 cpopMbl: MaIJ0.:1, cpeAHe.:1 l1 o6beMH0.:1 cpopMbl;
4) no noKpOIO pyKaBOB: c BTa4HblMl1 pyKaBaMl-1, pyKaBaMl1 pemaH,
l..leilbHOBblKpOeHHblMl1 pyKaBaMl1 l1 KOM6"1Hl1pOBaHHblMl1 pyKaBaMl1.
Ka>K,Qbl.:1 noKpo~ pyKaBa. no xapaKTepy ocpopMneHl1Sl Ill1Hl1l1 npo~Mbl
nOApa3Ae11SleTCSl Ha pa3HOBl1AHOCrn.

7
 1.3. AccopTMMeHT >KeHCKOM eepxHeM o,o,e>K,Qb1

B accoprnMeHTe wsel'.1Hb1x 1113Aem·1~ B coorneTcrn111111 c KJlac-

c111¢111Kal..\111e~ (OCT 17-771-78) «1113Ae11111Sl WBe~Hble 6blTOBOro H83H84eHIASl.
Knacc111¢111Kal..\111Sl» BeAyU1ee MecTO 38Hll1MaeT noAKilacc sepxHIAX 1113Aen111~. B
3TOM nOAKilacce crpynn111pOB8Hbl 1113Ae11111Sl, 06beA111HeHHble OAH"1M 06Ulll1M
nplt13H8KOM - YCilOB111SlM111 3Kcn11yaTal..\111111. no npeAMeTHOMY nepe41t1CileH11110 B
nOAKilacce sepxH111x 1113Aen111~ BblAensilOTCSl cneAY10U11t1e rpynnb1 1113Aen111~:
- nanbTO;
- no11ynanb TO;
- nnaLI..1111;
- >KaKeTbl;
- >K11111eTbl;
- KYPTKIA;
- KOCTIOMbl;
- KOM61t1He30Hb1;
- H8K111AK111;
- n11aTbe-nanb TO 111 AP-
K nanbTOBblM 1113AeI1111SlM OTHOCflTCSl BepXH111e B11aro- 111 Tenno38Ul111ntble
1113Ae11111>1 nOBCeAHeBHO~ HOCKll1. na11bTO - pacnaWH8Sl OAe>K,£:\a C 38CTe>KKO~
cnepeA111, c pyKaBaM111, sopoTH111KOM, ne11ep111Ho~ 11111111 KaniowoHOM. Aern11111
3111MHll1X nanbTO CileAYIOU1111e: Aern111t1 sepxa, nOAKI18AKIA, yrnn11>110U1e~ 111
¢opMoycT0~4111BO~ npOKilaAOK.
B AeM111ce30HHblX nanbTO, KaK npas111no, oTcyTcrnyeT YTen11siioU1a>1
npOKilaAKa, HeKOTOpb1e nern111e nanbTO BblnOilHS!IOTC>I 6e3 >KeCTKll1X ¢opMO-
ycT0~4111BblX npOKilaAOK, c yKopo4eHHO~ (AO 11111Hlt1111 6eAep) nOAKI18AKO~ 1..111111
6e3 Hee.
no11yna11bTO orn1114aeTCSl OT na11bTO 111t1Wb MeHbWe~ A11111HO~. KypTKa -
pa3HOBll1AHOCTb yKopo4eHHoro nonyna11bTO. B Kal.lecrne MaTep1..1a11a sepxa
111cnonb3YIOT pa3111t14Hble nanbTOBb1e, 4aLI..le n11aU1eBb1e TKaH111, B Ka4ecrne
yTen11SllOUle~ npOKilaAKIA - nopo110H, B8Tlt1H, n0110THO KileeHOe 06beMHoe.
ne11ep111Ha - yKopo4eHHoe ll13Ae11111e rnna na11bTO c pa3pe30M cnepeA111,
c 38CTe>KKO~ 11111111 6e3 Hee, 6e3 pyKaBOB, c npope3S!Mll1 AJlSl pyK, 111Mll1Tlt1-
PYIOU1111Mll1 KapMaHbl B paMKy. lllHOrAa ne11ep111Hy 1113rorns11111sa10T B B111Ae
KOPOTKO~ H8Kll1AK111 Ha nne'-1111 111 111Cn011b3YIOT KaK CbeMHOe AOn011HeH111e K
nanb TO (n118Tbl0). ne11ep111Ha MO>KeT 6b1Tb HecbeMHO~ 111 CI1Y>Kll1Tb AJlSl
yKpaweHll1Sl 111 yTen11eH111si nanb TO.
n118Ul111, n11aU1111-nanbTO 111 H8Kll1AKll1 - TaK>Ke pa3HOB111AHOCTb na11bTO,
Bbln011HS!IOTCS! 1113 B03AYXOynopHblX 11111111 nneH04HblX M8Tep1118110B 111 cny>KaT
AilSl 38Ulll1Tbl OT AO>K,£:\Sl. nnaLI..1111-nanbTO Bbln011HS!IOTCS! 111HOrAa C OTCTerlt1-
B8IOU1e~CSl YTen11si10L1.1e~ nOAKI18AKO~.

8
 >KaKeTbl, KYPTKlll, >K11111eTb1, nnaTbe-nailbTO MoryT 1113roTaBI11!1BaTbCsi KaK
caMOCTOS!TeilbHbllA 8111,Q O,Qe>t<,Qbl, TaK 111 B KOMnneKce (c 6p10KaM111, 106KaM111 111
,Qp.).

1.4. <l>opMa o,qe>K,Qb1 M <l>opMoo6pa3yto~Me a11eMeHTb1

<l>opMa o,qe>t<,Qbl ype3Bb1YalAHo MHOroo6pa3Ha 111 cno>KHa, YTO onpe,qe-

m1eTcsi CilO>KHOCTblO nosepxHOCTlll cpopMbl Tena YeilOBeKa.
np111 npoeKT111posaHll11!1 O,Qe)l{,Qbl KOHCTPYKTOp CTailKlllBaeTCSI co CilO>KHOlA
lllH>KeHepHOlA 3a,QaYelA no nepexo,qy OT ,QBYXMepHOW nilOCKOCTlll, KaKOBOlA
SIBilS!eTCSI Illl1CT 6yMar111 11111111 0Tpe3 TK8H111, K o6beMHOlA cpopMe.
<l>opMa o,qe>t<,Qbl onpe,qem1eTcsi reoMeTp1!1YeCKll1M Biii.QOM cpopMbl s 1..1e-
110M 111 ee YaCTelA 111 Cll1I1Y3TOM K8K nilOCKOCTHblM yc110BHO-cXeMaT111YeCKll1M
111306pa>KeH111eM cpopMbl.
B 38Bll1C111MOCTll1 OT CTeneH111 np11111eraH1!1Sl O,Qe>t<,Qbl K Teny YeilOBeKa
Bbl,QeilSllOT Tp111 OCHOBHblX Cll1I1Y3Ta: npsiMOlA, no11ynp11111era10ll.lll1lA 111 npi.me-
ratOLl.1111171. Tpane1..1es111,QHb11it c11111yaT siensieTcsi npo1113eo,QHblM OT npsiMoro
Cll1IlY3Ta 111 nonyYaeTCS! B pe3yilbTaTe np111MeHeHll1Sl MeTO,QOB TeXH1!14eCKOro
Mo,qe11111poeaH111sills111,Qa.
feoMeTp1114ecKll1M 8111,Q cpopMbl B 38B111Cll1MOCTll1 OT 06beMHOCTll1 cpOpMbl
111 C111IlY3Ta MO>KeT 111306pa>KaTbCSI c noMOl..l.lblO pa3Il1114HblX reoMeTp1114ecKll1X
cp111ryp: npsiMoyronbHlllKa, Ksa,qparn, Tpane1..1111111, TpeyroilbHlllKa, oeana, a
TalOKe pa3111114HblX COYeTaHlllllt 3Tll1X cp111ryp.
Arisi nonyYeHlllSI 3a,Q8HH0171 o6beMHOlit cpopMbl O,Qe)l{,Qbl Heo6XO,Q111MO
npoaHa11111a111poeaTb crnneHb np11111eraH111si o,qe>t<,Qbl K cp111rype yenoeeKa no
KOHCTPYKTlllBHblM nosicaM c nocne,QYtOl..l.lelit KOHCTPYKTlllBHOlit npopa6oTK0171
cpopMbl c noMOl..l.lblO cpopMoo6paay10ll.lll1X aneMeHTOB. OcHoBHb1e KOHCTPYK-
T111BHb1e Il111Hll1111:
1) 11111H111si nneYa;
2) Illl1H111Sl my61!1Hbl npolitMbl;
3) I1111Hll1Sl T8I1111111;
4) 11111H111si 6e,qep;
5) Illl1HWI Hll138.
I. flMHMJI nne'4a. 3To 11111H111si, Ha1116o11ee aae111csill.lasi 111 e111,Qo111aMe-
HS110ll.lasicsi B COOTBeTCTB111111 c HanpaeneH111eM MO,Qbl.
0Ha MO>KeT: 6b1Tb ecTecTBeHHOlit, c nOBblWeHHOlit 11111111 noHlll>KeHHOlit
nneYeeollt TOYKollt, c HopM8IlbHOlit, YAI1111HeHHollt 11111111 yKopOYeHHollt AJllllHOlit
nnelfeeoro cpeaa.
no,q ecTecraeHHblM no110>1<eH111eM noH111Ma10T cpopMy, o6Ilera10ll.IYIO
nne'4eeollt cKaT 6e3 ,qono11H111TeilbHblX npoKila,QOK. EcTecTBeHHOMY ypoeHtO
nnalf cooTBeTcTByeT 111 ecTecraeHHasi AJ11!1Ha nneYeeoro cpeaa, aaKaHY111ea-

9
IOll..laR~ n11e4eBo~ T04KO~ ¢1.-1rypb1, C03Aal0ll..18R HOpMa11bHbl~ pa3BOpOT
n11e4 .
.Q11R C03AaH1.-1R c1.-111y3rns 4eTK"'1X reoMeTp1.-14ecK1.-1x ¢opM, yc11osHo
np1.-16111.-1>KaeMb1x s sepxHeM n11e4eBoM noRce K rop1.-130HTan1.-1, s KOHCTPYKUl.-11.-1
np1.-16erat0T K nosb1weH1.-110 nne4eso~ T04K"'1. nosb1weH1.-1e n11e4eBblX T04eK
MO>KeT 6b1Tb pa311"'14HblM B 3aBl.-1C"'1MOCrn OT Tpe6yeMO~ ¢opMbl. OHO MO>KeT
ocyu..iecTBJlRTbCR 38 C4eT HenocpeACTBeHHOro nOBb1WeHl.-1R n11e4eBblX T04eK
..,., 3a c4eT nepeBOAa 4acrn HarpyAHO~ 1.-1 n11e4eAo~ Bbna4K"'1 s npo~My.
Ba>t<Hoe 3Ha4eH1.-1e AJ1R coJAaH1.-1R HY>KHblX c1.-1ny3THblX ctx>PM "'1MeeT
se111.-141.-1Ha nne4esoro cpe3a. OH MO>KeT 6b1Tb yKopo4eHHblM, KOMneH-
c1.-1pyiou..i1.-1McR B "'13Ae111.-11.-1 3a c4eT Hano11HeH1.-1fl oKarn pyKasa. B 3TOM c11y4ae
RPKO Bblpa>KeH nepeXOA OT nne4a K pyKaBy.
YAn1.-1HeH1.-1e n11e4esoro cpe3a Mo>KeT cocrnBilflTb or 3 AO 20 CM AJ1fl
py6awe4Horo pyKaBa.
B 4epTe>Ke KOHCTPYKUl.-1"'1 1.-1JAe111.-1R pacno110>1<eH1.-1e n11e4esoro cpe3a
coorneTcrnyeT cepeAl.-1He nne4esoro cKarn ¢1.-1rypb1. OH Mo>KeT nepeMe-
u..iaTbCR B crnpoHy n011bl 1.-1111.-1 cn"'1Hbl napanne11bHO 1.-1111.-1 COBCeM OTCyT-
CTBOBaTb, nepeXOAR B 11"'1H"'1IO KOKeTKl.-1. nepeBOA wsa B crnpoHy n01104K"'1
1.-1cn011b3YIOT AJ1R yc1.-111eH"'1fl n110CKOCTHOro peweH"'1R ct:>opMbl "'13Aef1"'1R,
oco6eHHo B 1.-1JAe111.-1Rx c ue11bHOBblKpoeHHblM1.-1 pyKasaM1.-1. Be111.-141.-1Ha nepe-
BOAa He A011>KHa npeBb1waTb 2 cM., 1.-1Ha4e 3Ha4me11bHO yse111.-141.-1saeTcR
n110CKOCTb cn1.-1HK"'1, C03AaBaR sne4arneH1.-1e cyTy110~ ¢1.-1rypb1.
II. flMHMJI rny6MHbt npotl'IMbl. 0Ha RB11ReTcR OAHO~ 1.-13 maBHb1x 111.-1H1.-1~
KOHCTPYKUl.-11.-1, rAe npaKT1.-14ecK1.-1 cpopM1.-1pyeTcR o6beM scero "'13Ae111.-1R B
ue110M 1.-1 no OTAe11bHblM y4acTKaM KOHcTpyKu1.-11.-1 (cn1.-1HK"'1, no1104K"'1, npo~Mbl).
0611eraH1.-1e MO>KeT 6b1Tb n110THblM, cpeAH"'1M, CB060AHblM, 04eHb CB060A-
HblM. CTeneHb np1.-111eraH"'1R 38B"'1C"'1T OT Be11"'14"'1Hbl Bb16paHHO~ np1.-16aBK"'1 Ha
cso6oAHOe 0611eraH1.-1e. MoAHb1e o6beMbl "'13.Qe111.-1~ ..,., se111.-141.-1Hb1 np1.-16asoK,
06ecne41.-1saiou..i1.-1e 1.-1x, e>KeroAHO A"'1KfYIOTCR MOAe111.-1pyiou..i1.-1M1.-1 opraH1.-13au1.-1-
RM"'1 ..,., 3aBl.-1CRT OT MHOrl-1X ¢aKTopoB, TaK"'1X KaK pa3Mepo-poCT, nOJlHOTHaR
rpynna, so3pacTHaR rpynna, ¢opMa OAe>K,D,bl, Ha3Ha4eH1.-1e, accoprnMeHT.
YposeHb 111.-1H1.-11.-1 my61.-1Hbl npo~Mbl s KOHcTpyKu1.-11.-1 rnK>Ke He RB11RIOTcR
cra6"'111bHO~ Be11"'14"'1HO~. OH MeHReTCR B 38B"'1C"'1MOCrn OT 06beMa ..,., noKpoR
1.-1JAe111.-1R. YposeHb 111.-1H1.-11.-1 my61.-1Hb1 npo~Mbl Mo>KeT 6b1Tb: Ha ecrncrneHHOM
Mecre, nOBblWeHHbl~ ..,., nOH"'1>KeHHbl~.
KaK npas1.-1110, c yMeHbWeH1.-1eM o6beMos "'13,Qe111.-1R noRBJlRIOTCR Heo6-
XOA"'1MOCTb B nOBb1WeH1.-11.-1 n1.-1H1.-11.-1 my61.-1Hb1 npo~Mbl, 4TO np1.-1AaeT "'13Aen1.-1io
60JlbWYIO CTO~KOCTb, 1.-1, Hao6opoT, np1.-1 60JlbW"'1X 06beMax ..,., MRrK"'1X
¢opMax "'13Aen1.-1R rny61.-1Ha npo~Mbl ysen1.-141.-1saeTcR.
KoH¢1.-1rypau1.-1R n1.-1H1.-11.-1 npo~Mbl 3as1.-1c1.-1T OT MOAbl. 06bl4HO npo~Ma
"'1MeeT ¢opMy osana ..,., B "'13Aenl.-1RX c He60JlbWO~ np1.-16aBKO~ Ha CB060AHOe

10
o6neraHllle lllMeeT 6onee lllfllll MeHee CT86111IlbHblill xapaKTep. np111 ymy6-
neHHOill npoillMe xapaKTep np1116asK111 MeHReTcR, nnasHOCTb 111c1.1e3aeT, 111Hor-
Aa noRBnReTcsi ymosoe conpR>KeH111e 11111111 >Ke npoillMa craHOBlllTCR «ll.lene-
BlllAHOill».
BepxHRR 1.1acTb npoillMbl nOABep>KeHa 6onbWlllM 1113MeHeHlllRM B 3as111-
c111Mocrn OT npoeKT111pyeMoill AfllllHb1 nne1.1esoro cpe3a. KoH¢111rypal..llllR
n111H111111 npoil!Mbl HenocpeACTBeHHO csR3aHa c AI1111Hoill nne1.1esoro cpe3a 111
np1116aBKOi11 nwr Ill nwc.
Ill. llMHMSI TanMM. B KOHCTPYKl..lllllll n111H111R Tan111111 RBnReTCR OAHOill 1113
seAYll.1111X n111H111ill, cpopM111pyioL1.1111x c111nyaT 1113Aen111R... 01.1eHb nnornoe 111
nnornoe np111neraH111e B o6nacrn Tan111111 C03AalOT np111nera10L1.1111ill 111 np111TaneH-
Hblill c111nyaTbl, cpeAHee - nonynp111nera10L1.1111ill, ceo60AHOe - npRMOill, 01.1eHb
CB060AHOe- pacw111peHHblill.
np111TaneHHblill ClllI1Y3T xapaKTep1113yeTCR '"leTKO Bblpa>KeHHOill Ill/IHI/lei/I
ran111111. 8b1Ta1.1K111, penbecj)bl, 6oKOBble cpe3bl s arnM cny1.1ae ocj)opMnRIOTcR
IlOMaHblMlll IllllHlllRMlll. 0Tpe3HaR IJlllHlllR Tallllllll B 1113Aen111111 TaK>Ke o6ecne-
'"llllBaeT 1.1eTKO Bblpa>t<eHHblill np111raneHHb1ill c111nyaT.
np111nera10L1.1111ill c111nyaT xapaKTep1113yeTcsi nnasHo Bb1pa>1<eHHOill n111H111eill
Tallllllll. 8b1Ta'-1Klll, penbecj)bl, 60KOBble cpe3bl B 3TOM CilY"lae ocj)opMilRIOTCR
nnaBHblMlll Kp111sb1M111 n111H111RM111.
0AHlllM 1113 pacnpocTpaHeHHblX c111nyarns RBnReTcR nonynp111nera10L1.1111ill
c111nyaT, xapaKTepHoill oco6eHHOCTblO KOTOporo RBilReTCR TeKY'"laR cj)opMa,
He BblRBilRIOll.laR, a cnerKa 06nera10L1.1aR T8Illlll0. np1116aBKa Ha CB060AHOe
06neraH111e KOne6neTCR OT 6 AO 8 CM.
,QnR AOCT111>KeH111R 1.1eTKoill KOHCTPYKl..lllllll nonynp1.111eraio~ero c111nyara
O'"leHb Ba>KHO 3HaTb MecTO pacnono>KeHlllR BblTa'"IKlll Ill 60KOBblX cpe30B,
KOH¢111rypal..llll10 n111H111111 ocj)opMneHlllR. 3rn scerAa OTMe1.1aeTcR B Hanpasne-
Hllllll MOAbl.
B 1113Aen111Rx 3ay>1<eHHoro, npRMoro 111 pacw111peHHOro c111nyaTOB n111HlllR
Tan111111 He aKl..leHrnpyeTcR 111 111rpaeT, KaK npas111no, scnoMoraTenbHYIO ponb
AilR noCTpoeHlllR ceTKlll 1.1eprn>1<a KOHCTPYKl..lllllll.
YposeHb n111H111111 Tan111111 MO>KeT 6b1Tb B 3as111c111Mocrn OT MOAbl Ha
ecTecrneHHOM MecTe, noH111>KeHHblM 11111111 nosb1WeHHblM noKpoeM. Orno-
c111TcR 3TO B OCHOBHOM K nplllTaneHHOMy, np111nera10L1.1eMy Ill nonynp111ne-
ra10L1.1eMy c111nyaraM.
IV. JlMHMSI 6e,qep. nony1.1eH111e OTAenbHblX c111nyarnb1x cpopM 1113Aen111ill
s 3as111c111Mocrn OT npoeKT111pyeMoro o6beMa CBR3aHo c n111H111eill 6eAep. TaK,
s npRMblX 1113Aen111Rx Manora o6beMa, nonynp111neraio~l1x 111 nplllTaneHHblX c
npRMOill I06Koill IllllHlllR 6eAep RBilReTCR KaK 6bl nepenoMHOill, Hlll>Ke KOTOpoill
C03AaeTcR npRMaR, pacw111peHHaR 11111111 3ay>t<eHH8R cpopMa 38 c1.1eT oco6oro
ocj)opMneHlllR 60KOBblX cpe30B 11111111 BBeAeHlllR AOnOnHlllTenbHblX WBOB Ill
penbecj)os. Ha arnM KOHCTPYKTlllBHOM Y'"lacTKe o6R3arenbHO AOil>KHa 6b1Tb

11
onpeAeileHa w1..1p111Ha 1113Ae11111si, "ff06b1 He o6y3111Tb ero s rornsoM B111Ae 111
nOilyY111Tb 3a,QyMaHHYIO ¢opMy.
B 1113Ae11111six npsiMoro o6beMHOro, pacw1..1peHHOro, np111rn11eHHOro c
60ilbWIAM K!leweM I06Kll1 Cll1I1Y3TOB w111p111Ha Ha I1111Hll1111 6eAeP He pacc4111-
TblBaeTCS!, TaK KaK cso60AHoe 0611eraH111e 1113,Qe11111si 06ecne4111saeTcsi 3a c4eT
3Ha4111TeilbHoro pacw111peH111si KHll13y. B 3TOM cnyYae onpeAensieTcsi w111p111Ha
1113AeI1111Sl no Illl1H111111 rpyA111, I1111Hll1111 TaI1111111 111 no Il111Hll1111 Hll13a, Il111H111Sl 6eAep KaK
KOHCTPYKTIABHbli'il 311eMeHT rnpsieT csoe 3Ha4eH111e.
YposeHb 11111H1..1111 6eAep s 3as111c111Mocrn OT MOAbl Mo>KeT 6b1Tb Ha pa3-
HblX yposHsix, OAHaKo s 4eprn>Ke KOHcTpyKu111111 1113.o,e11111si ero, KaK npas1..1110,
OCTaBnS!IOT Ha ecTecTBeHHOM MecTe.
V. llMHMJI HM3a. 3rn 3asepwatoL1.1asi KOHCTPYKT111BHasi 111..1H111si, yYacT-
BYIOll.laS! B C03AaHll1111 C111IlY3THOi'il cpopMbl 1113.o,e11111si. no 3TQi'il Illl1Hll1111 onpe-
AeilS!eTCS! w111p111Ha 1113AeI1111Sl no OTHOWeH111IO K Il111Hll1111 6eAep. no Il111Hll1111 Hll13a
1113Aen111e MO>KeT 6b1Tb 3ay>KeHHblM, paBHblM w111p1..1He no Illl1H111111 6eAep,
pacw111peHHblM. Ansi nonyYeH111Sl npsiMoro c111ny3rn w111p111Ha no n1..1H111111 Hll13a
pasHa w111p111He no 11111H111111 rpy.0,111 nnioc 4--6 CM.
Pacw111peHHb1i'il c11111y3T He 111MeeT npe.o,ena pacw111peH111si no H1113y. Ecn1..1
w111p111Ha 1113AeI1111Sl B KOHCTpyKU111111 no I11AH111111 Hll13a paBHa w111p111He no Il111Hll11A
rpy.0,111, TO B roTOBOM 1113AeI1111111 nOilyYll1TCSl 3ay>KeHHbli'il KH1113Y CIAI1Y3T.
YposeHb Hll13a 3as111c111T OT nponopu111i'il 1113.t:1e11111si 111 MOAbl.
<l>opM006pa3yio~111M111 3neMeHTaM111, cooAatoL1.1111M111 o6beMHYIO nosepx-
HOCTb ¢opMbl OAe>KAbl, sisnsiioTcsi KOHcTpyKT111BHb1e Bb1Ta4Kll1 111 11111H111111 411e-
HeH111si, pacno110>1<eH111e KOTOpblX B KOHCTPYKUll1111 o6ycnosneHO HaI11114111eM
Ha1116onee Bb1cTynaio~111x rn4eK Ha nosepxHocrn Tena 4e11oseKa.
K KOHCTPYKTll1BHblM BblTa4KaM OTHOcsiTcsi: HarpyAHasi Bb1Ta4Ka OT
nne4esoro cpe3a, npoi'ilMbl 11111111 6oKosoro cpe3a, c03,Qatoll.lasi o6beMHyto
¢opMy nono4Kll1 B 0611acrn rpyA111; nne4esasi Bb1Ta4Ka Ha cn111HKe, 06ecne-
4111saio~asi He06XOAll1MYIO 06beMHYIO ¢opMy Ha BblnYKnOCTb nonarnK;
Bb1Ta4K111 no Il111Hll1111 TaI1111111, y6111pa10L1.1ll1e 1113Illl1WKll1 TKaH111 B 0611acrn TaI1111111 111
co3.o,atoL1.1111e o6beMHYIO cpopMy AJ1Sl 06neraH111Sl 6eAep 111 AOno11H111TenbHbllit
o6beM s 0611acrn rpy,Q111; noKTesasi Bb1Ta4Ka Ha pyKase, C03Aa10L1.1asi
06beMHYIO ¢opMy pyKaBa B 0611acrn IlOKTS!; Bb1Ta4Kll1 Ha Hll1>KHeM BOpOTH111Ke
111 T.,Q.
AeKoparnBHO-KOHCTPYKTll1BHble Bb1Ta4Kll1 y4acrnytoT B cooAaH111111 cpop-
Mbl 1113,QeillAS!, OAHOBpeMeHHO cnoco6crnytoT peweH111IO 06L1.1ei'il KOMn03111U111111
MOAeI1111. np111MepOM MOryT Cily>t<IATb BepXH111e Bb1Ta4Kll1 B B111Ae CKna,QOK 11111111
c6opoK, Bb1Ta4Kll1 no Il111Hll1111 TaI1111111 B Bll1Ae MS!rK111X CKna,QOK, Bb1Ta4K111 no
OKaTY pyKaBa, C03Aal0ll.1111e yse111114eHHbli'il 06beM pyKaBa, KOTOpbllil 111MeeT
4111crn AeKoparnsHoe 3Ha4eH111e 111 T.J:l.
Ecn111 Bb1Ta4Ka 111MeeT TOilbKO KOHCTPYKTll1BHOe 3Ha4eH111e, TO oHa
AOil>KHa 6b1Tb He3aMeTHOi'il. np111HS!TOe (rnnosoe) pacnOilO>KeH111e KOHCTpyK-

12
HIBHblX BblTa4eK CTaHOBmcfl npl1Bbl4HblM AJlfl 3pl1TeilbHOfO socnpl1fln1R,
Ill1Hl1R Bb1Ta4Kl1 He npl1BileKaeT BHl1MaHl1R, CTaHOBl1TCfl He3aMernorll.
mo6oe nepeMeL11eHl1e KOHCTPYKTl1BHblX BblTa4eK npl1AaeT l1M
AOnOI1Hl1TenbHOe, AeKoparnBHOe 3Ha4eHl1e. npl1 Haill14l1l1 B l13Aeill1l1
seprnKailbHblX l1 ropl130HTailbHblX Ill1Hl'1ril - cpeAHero wsa cnl1HKl1, 60KOBblX
l1 peilbecflHblX WBOB, ropl130HT8IlbHblX WBOB coe,Ql1HeHl'1fl Aernnerll -
KOHcTpyKTl1BHbre Bb1Ta4Kl1 cne,qyeT cosMeL11aTb c 3H1Ml1 Ill1Hl1f1Ml1.
Benl14l1Ha pacrnopa BblTa4eK l1 l1X ocpopMneHl1e onpe,qenstlOTCfl
pa3MepaMl1 l1 oco6eHHOCTRMl1 TeI10CilO>KeHl1R cpl1rypb1, CBOrilCTBaMl1 TKaHeril
l1 Cl1IlY3TOM npoeKTl1pyeMoro l13Aeill1R. .,
TaK, AJlfl HOpMailbHOIA l1nl1 nepern6l1cTOIA cfll1rypbl c paasepHyrolA
fPYAHOIA KneTKOIA npl1 nnasHOM nepexoAe OT rpyAHblX >Kenea K rpy,QHOril
KneTKe Bb1Ta4KY ocflopMilfllOT npf1Mb1Ml1 Ill1Hl1RMl1. npl1 cyTyno~ cpl1rype
nile4eBble T04Kl1 CMeL11eHbl no ropl130HTaill1 snepeA, nepexOA OT fPYAHblX
>Kenea K rpyAHorll KneTKe l1 Aanee K nne4esoMy nostcy l1MeeT 3Ha4l1TeilbHbllA
nporn6, nooTOMY ocflopMilfllOT nnaBHblMl1 nepexoAaMl1.
,[\Ilfl C03,D.aHl1R nnaBHoro CKOI1b3fllllero Cl1IlY3Ta Bb1Ta4Kl1 no Ill1Hl1l1
T8Ill1l1, penbecpbl l1 60KOBble WBbl B o6nacrn T8Ill1l1 ocpopMilRIOT nnaBHb1Ml1,
BOrHYTb1Ml1 Ill1Hl'1f1Ml1. ,QnR nOI1Y4eHl1fl MflrKOro Cl1I1Y3Ta l1CnOilb3YIOT
BblnYKnble Kpl1Bb1e l1Ill'1 npRMb1e Ill1Hl1l1, npl1MeHReMb1e Ailfl oc:popMI1eHl1R
BblTa4eK-3all.l~nOB.

B l13Aeill1flX l13 TKaHerll, nerKo noA.Qa10L11l1XCfl BTO, Il~Hl1l1 Bb1Ta4eK

MO>KHO OcpOpMilRTb npRMblMl1 Ill1Hl1flM~. npl1 3TOM paCTBOp BblTa4eK MO>KeT
6b1Tb 60ilbW~M. a KOI1~4eCTBO BblTa4eK ~ seprnKailbHblX WBOB M~H~­
MailbHblM. B l13Aeill1flX l13 TKaHelA c 60ilbW~M co.Qep>1<aHl1eM Cl1HTern4ecKl1X
eonoKoH Bb1Ta4Kl1 ocpopMilfllOT nnaBHblMl1 KPl1BblMl1 l1 pacrnop l1X He
AOil>KeH 6btTb 6011bWl1M. Heo6XOAl1Moe npl1neraHl1e l13Aeil~fl no ran~~
AocrnraeTcfl aa c4eT yseI1~4eHl1R 4~cna BblTa4eK ~ seprnKailbHblX wsos.
KoHcTPYKTl1BHbte Il~Hl1l1 4IleHeH~fl npeAcrnsneHbl s ~3Aeill1l1 s B~Ae
KOHCTPYKHIBHblX WBOB, KOTOpble Y4aCTBYIOT B cflopMoo6pa30BaHl1l1 l1 Ha no-
sepxHocrn Mail03aMeTHble. K Hl1M OTHOCRTCfl: WOB BTa4l1BaHl1fl BOpOTHl1Ka
B ropnOBl1Hy, n11e4esorll wos, o6ecne4l1Ba10L11l1ril BblnyKnOCTb Ha n11e4esorll
cycTaB, nepeAHl11A l1 H~>KH~IA WOB pyKaBa l1 T.A.
KoHCTPYKTl1BHO-AeKoparnsHble WBbl s ~a,Qeill1l1 B~A~Mbl, l1, KpoMe
c:popM006paay10L11elA pOill1, Hecyr ell.le l1 acrern4ecKy10 HarpyaKy. AKl..leHrn-
PYIOll.ll1M MOMeHTOM MO>KeT 6b1Tb OT.Qeil04HaR cTp04Ka BAOilb wsa,
TOHailbHaR ~Il~ KOHTpaCTHafl.
3TO 60K0Bble WBbl, penbecpbl, WBbl KOKeTOK, nOApe3bl, WOB no Il~H~~
Taill1l1, sepxH~ril l1 IlOKTeBorll WBbl pyKasa, WOB BTa4l1BaH~fl pyKaBa B npo~­
MY ~ T.A. 60Kosb1e WBbl l1 penbecflbl npl1 paaHoo6paaHOM KOHCTpyKTopcKOM
ocpopMneHl1l1 Moryr aaHl1MaTb pa3Ill14HOe nono>KeHl1e Ha 4epTe>1<e l13.Qeill1R.
E>naroAaPR 3TOMY npl1 OAHOM ~ TOM >Ke Cl1I1Y3Te MO>KHO C03AaTb l13Aeil~R
pa3HOril cpopMbl.

13
 nono>KeHIAe 60KOBb1x cpe3oe Ha 4epTe>Ke IA3AeI11A>1 onpeAeI1>110T Ha
~acTKe WIAplAHbl npol1MbL B 1A3AeI11A>1X np>1Moro c1A11y:na 6oKOBble WBbl
4all\e ecero pacnonaraioT nocepeAIAHe WIAPIAHbl npol1Mbl IAillA Ha pac-
crn>1H1A1A 1/3 WIAPIAHbl npoil!Mb1 OT IllAHIAIA, orpaH1A41ABa10U\eill w1Ap1AHY cnlAHKIA.
Ta Koe pacnono>1<eH1Ae 6oKOBblX cpe30B Ha1A6011ee ~enecoo6pa3HO, TaK
KaK OHIA 3AeCb MeHee 3aMeTHbl, IAMelOT HalAMeHbWYIO AillAHY IA ypaBHO-
BeWIABalOT no nilOU\aAIA pa3Mepbl cnlAHKIA IA nOI104KIA. 3TO B03MO>KHO ell.le IA
nornMy, 4TO B IA3AeI11ASIX npS!MOro CIAI1Y3Ta HeT BblTa4eK no IllAHIAIA TaillAIA. B
pe3y11bmm AOcrnraeTcsi 6011bwasi ceo6oAa cnlAHKIA, a KOHTYPbl cp1Arypb1
n04TIA He BblSIBileHbl.
B IA3AeI11A>IX np1A11era10U\ero IA no11ynp1A11era10U\ero c1A11yarne 60KOBb1e
WBbl pacnonaralOT Ha pacCTO>IHIAIA 1/8-1/4 WIAPIAHbl npol1Mbl OT IllAHIAIA,
orpaHIA41ABa10L1.1el1 WIAPIAHY cnlAHbl. np1A6Il1A>KeH1Ae 60KOBblX WBOB K cnlAHe
Heo6xoAIAMO Ail>l cooAaH1A>1 c1A11yarn, Bbl>1BI1>110L1.1ero KOHTypb1 cp1Arypb1, 4TO
yMeHbwaeT ceo60AY cnlAHKIA, nplA 3TOM B KOHCTPYKl..llAIO BBOA>IT AOnOilHIA-
TeilbHble y3Ilbl: Bb1Ta4KIA, pe11becpb1.
TaKoe pa3H006pa31Ae pacnono>KeHIASI 60KOBblX WBOB no3BOI1SleT C03Aa-
BaTb pa3Hble CIAilY3THble cpopMbl.
Pacno110>1<eH1Ae IA ocpopMileHIAe penbecpoe cesi3aHo c pacno110>1<eH1AeM
IA ocpopMileHIAeM 60KOBb1x weoe. HanplAMep, nplA pacno110>1<eH1A1A 6oKOBblX
WBOB nocepeAIAHe npoil!Mbl peilbecpbl 06bl4HO AeilSIT cnlAHKY IA nOI104KY
nplAMepHO nocepeAIAHe AeTanel1, T.e. npOXOA>IT COOTBeTcTBeHHO 4epe3
LteHTP rpyAIA IA i.ieHTP IlOnaTOK. B 3TOM cn~ae B 1A3AeI11A>IX np>1Moro CIAI1Y3Ta
penbecpb1 HOC>IT AeKoparnBHb1l1 xapaKTep. B IA3AeI11A>1x np>1Moro, np1A11e-
ra10L1.1ero IAillA no11ynp1A11era10U\ero c1A11yaToB pe11becpb1, npoxoA>1ll11Ae 4epe3
LteHTP rpyAIA IA nonarnK, 1Arpa10T ell.le IA KOHCTPYKTIABHYIO ponb, 4eTKO
Bbl>IBil>ISI npocplAilb IA KOHTYPbl cp1Arypbl.
nplA nepeMeL1.1eH1A1A penbecpoe e crnpoHy npolllMbl c03AaeTc>1 6011ee
ynilOU\eHH8SI cpopMa IA3AeI11ASI.
B co.:>TBeTCTBIAIA c nplAHS!TblM eap1AaHTOM KOHCTPYKTIABHoro 0¢opM-
11eH1A>1 IllAHIAIA B IA3AeI11AIA AOil>KHbl 6b1Tb OAIAHaKOBO ocpopMileHbl, T.e.
AOn>KHbl 6b1Tb np>1MblM1A, noMaHblMIA, BblnyKilblMIA IAIJIA BOrHYTblMIA, KPIABbl-
MIA, KOM61AHIAPOBaHHblMIA IA T.n. Ka>t<Abll1 eaplAaHT KOHCTPYKTIABHOrO ocpopM-
IleHIA>l IllAHIAlll nplAMeH>llOT Ail>l C03AaHIA>l onpeAeileHHOill CIAilY3THOl1 cpopMbl.
T aK, np>1Mb1e IllAHIAIA np1AAa10T IA3,D.eI11AIO l.llAI11AHAPIA4ecKyio, Tpanei.ieB!AAHYIO
IAillA TpeyroilbHYIO cpopMy.
np>1Mble IlOMaHble IllAHIAIA nplAMeH>llOT nplA npoeKTIApOBaHIAIA IA3AeI11Ai/1 C
4eTKO Bb1pa>KeHHOll1 IllAHIAelll TaillAIA IA nilOTHblM nplAileraHIAeM K cplArype.
,Qnsi C03AaHIA>l MS!rKIAX CIAilY3THblX cpopM nplAMeHSllOT BblnYKilble KplA-
Bble IllAHIAIA, Ail>l c03AaHIASI nonynp1A11era10L1.1ero c1A11yarn 6e3 4eTKoro
cp1AKc1ApoeaH1A>1 nlAHIAIA TaillAIA - eornyTb1e Kp1ABb1e IllAHIAIA.

14
 <t>opM006pa3y10U\1t1M aneMeHTOM smm1eTcfl noca,QKa, B 1'13Ae11111111 OHa
He3aMeTHa B pe3yilbTaTe TeXHOI10rlt14eCKOiil o6pa60TK~. lt1 np1t1MeHf1eTCfl B
TeX cny'-laflx, KOrAa Heo6XOA1t1MO no11y'-l1t1Tb ynilOU\eHHYIO cpopMy c nOMO-
U\blO 4acrn4Horo nepeBOAa Bb1Ta4Klt1, Hanp111Mep, s npoiilMy, s penbecp, s
60KOBOiil WOB lt1 T.A.
Ellie OAH1t1M np1t1MepoM KOHCTPYKT1t1BHO-AeKoparnsHoro peweH1t1fl ¢op-
Mbl MOryT 6b1Tb c6opKa lt1 CKila,Qbl, MflrK1t1e lt1Illt1 cp1t1KC1t1poBaHHble.
B 3as111c1t1Mocrn OT KOI11t1'-lecrna I11t1H1t1iil 4IleHeH1t1fl cpopMbl B 1..1e110M 11111111
ee 4acrniil MO>KHo rosop1t1Tb o 6ecwosHoiil OAe>K,Qe, OAflOWOBHOiil, ABy><wos-
HOiil 1t1 T.A.
XapaKTep pacno110>1<eH1t1fl I11t1H1t1iil 411eHeH1t1fl onpeAeilfleT noKpoiil.
noKpoiil onpeAeilfleT 4IleHeH1t1e nOil04eK lt1 cn1t1HKlt1 npOAOilbHb1Mlt1 lt1
nonepe4Hb1Mlt1 WBaMlt1 lt1 Blt1A COeA1t1HeH1t1fl pyKaBa c npoiilMoiil.
ll1cno11b30BaH1t1e B MOAe pa3Illt14Hb1X noKpoeB pyKaBOB CBfl3aHO c pac-
npocTpaHeH1t1eM TOiil lt1Illt1 lt1HOiil cpopMbl lt13Aeillt1fl. np1t1MeHeH1t1e pa3Illt14HblX
sap1t1aHTOB noKpoes 1..1e11bHOBb1KpoeHHoro pyKasa, pemaH, py6awe4Horo
CBfl3aHO c nOf1BileH1t1eM MflrKlt1X 06beMHblX lt13AeI11t1iil.
I. noKpOM M3.Qemut c BTa4HblM pyKaBoM. 3TOT noKpoiil no npasy
C41t1TaeTCfl KilaCClt14eCKlt1M, TaK KaK OH flBilfleTCfl npeACTaBlt1TeileM MOAbl Ha
npoTfl>KeH1t11t1 MHornx Aecflrnnerniil. XapaKTepHoiil oco6eHHOcTblO arnro
nOKPOfl flBilfleTCfl Illt1Hlt1fl npoiilMbl, KOTOpafl no csoeiil cpopMe COOTBeTCTByeT
04epTaH1t1flM ce4eH1t1fl pyK1t1 no aKpoM1t1ailbHOMY OTpocTKy (n11e4esoiil T04Ke).
OKaT pyKasa c npoiilMoiil coeA1t1HfleTCfl no 3aMKHYTOMY KOHTYPY c 6011bweiil
lt1Illt1 MeHbWeiil nocaAKOiil pyKaBa OTHOC1t1TeilbHO npoiilMbl B 3aBlt1Clt1MOCTlt1 OT
MOAeI11t1.
1113Aeillt1fl c BTa4HblM pyKaBOM MOryT 6b1Tb npflMOro, np1t1TaileHHoro,
no11ynp11111era10U1ero 111 pacw111peHHOro c11111yaTa. 3TOT noKpoiil peKOMeH-
AYeTcfl Ailfl scex Blt1AOB >KeHCKOiil OAe>K,Qbl.
II. noKpoM M3.QenMst c pyKaBOM pemaH. 3TOT noKpoiil xapaKTe-
p1113yeTcfl csoeo6pa31t1eM s cTpoeH1t11t1 Il1t1H1t11t1 npoiilMbl 111 pyKasa - scfl nne-
'-leBafl '-laCTb 1t13AeI11t1fl 3anOI1HfleTCfl pyKaBOM.
BepxH111e cpe3bl AeTaneiil pyKaBa OAHOBpeMeHHO flBilfllOTCfl 4acTb10
rop11os1t1Hbl cn1t1HK1t1 111 no110'-lK1t1. Ha MecTe n11e4esoro wsa pacnonaraeTcfl
cpeAHlt1iil WOB pyKaBa lt1Illt1 Bb1Ta4Ka. npoiilMa no cpaBHeHlt1IO C noKpOeM
BTa4HOro pyKaBa KilaCClt14ecKOiil cpopMbl HeCKOilbKO ymy6neHa.
B >KeHcKoiil sepxHeiil OAe>K,Qe 111cnOilb3YIOT c11eAYIOU11t1e pa3HOB1t1AHOcrn
pemaHa: nonypemaH, pemaH-noroH, pemaH-KOKeTKa, apo4Hbliil, Hynesoiil
pemaH.

15
 lllaAemu1 noKpost pernaH Moryr 6b1Tb npstMoro, nonynp1,mera10U1ero 111
np111raneHHoro c111nyaros. 3ror noKpoM peKoMeHAyercst Ans:t scex Bll1AOB
>KeHCKOM O,Q8>K,Qbl.
PernaH craHos111rcs:i BeAyli.leM cpopMoM pyKaBa e re nep1110,ab1 MOAbl,
KOrAa B OAe>K.Qe rocnoAcrnyer nps:iMas:t cpopMa, ysen1114eHa cso6oAa 06ne-
raH111s:t, a B 1113Aen111111 aK1...1eHrnpyercs:t nne4eBoM nos:ic.
Ill. noKpOM M3,Qemts:t c 1..tenbHOBblKpOeHHblM PYK8BOM. 3TOT pyKaB
He111a6e>KHblM cnyTHll1K Ms:trK111x cso60AHblX cpopM OAe>K.Qbl. OH YA06eH ,ans:i
coaAaH111s:t nnaBHOM noKaTOM 111n111 Ms:trKo oKpyrnoM cpopMbl nne4a.
,Qeran111 1...1enbHOBb1KpoeHHoro pyKaBa npeAcraem1ior co6oM eA111Hoe
1...1enoe c ocHOBHblMll1 AeranstM111 111aAen111M, n111H111>1 npoMMbl orcyrcrnyer. B
>KeHCKOM eepxHeM OAe>K.Qe 111cnonbJyior cneAYIOll.11110 pa3HOBll1AHocrn
1...1enbHOBblKpOeHHblX pyKaBoB: c nacTOBll1L1aM111 pa3nll14HOM cpopMbl, c nacro-
e1111...1eM, nepexoAs:tL11ei1 e orpeaHyio 4aCTb 1113Aen111s:i, c nacroe1111...1ei1, nepexo-
As:tll.10M B Hll1>KHIOIO 4aCTb pyKaBa, «Kll1MOHO», «nery4as:t MblWb».
IV. noKpOM M3,QenMs:t c KOM6r.1HMpoeaHHblM pyKaBOM. KoM6111H111-
poeaHHbl0 n0Kpo111 w111poKo np111MeHs:t10TCs:t np111 1113roroeneH111111 >KeHCKOM eepx-
Hei1 OA0>K.Qbl. Co4eraH111e n111H111i1 noKPoee Aaer Hoeb1e 111HrepecHb1e <J>opMbl
OA0>K.Qbl. Ha1116onee pacnpocrpaHeHHble c04eraH111s:t noKpoee: 1..tenbHO-
BblKpoeHHblM 111 BTa4HOM pyKae, pyKae pernaH 111 1...1enbHOBblKP00HHblM 111 AP-

1.5. Pa3pa60TKa KOHCTPYK4MM

0CHOBHblMll1 6a30BblMll1 Marep111anaM111, COAeP>Kall.llllMlll MeTOAlllKY

nocrpoeH111s:t KOHCTPYKLllllM ocHoe 111aAen111i1 co eceM111 lllCXOAHblMlll AaHHblMlll
AJls:! npoeKrnpoeaHllls:t OAe>K,Qbl lllHAlllBlllAYanbHOrO Ha3Ha~eHllls:t, s:tBns:tlOTCs:t
Marep111anbl M0TOAa KOHCTpy111poeaHllls:t OAe>K,Qbl, pa3pa6oT8HHble ~eHTPOM
pa3e111rns:i MOAbl M111H6b1ra YCCP. 3rn Marep111anb1 pa3pa6oraHbl c y4eroM
cne1...11114>111K111 pa6orb1 npeAnp111s:irni1, 1113roraen111eat0L11lllX OA0>KAY no lllHAlllBlll-
AY8nbHblM aaKa3aM HaceneH111s:t 111 e cooreercre111111 c nporpecc111eHblMlll
cJ>opMaMlll npoeKrnpoeaHllls:t, 6aa111py10ll.llllMlllCs:t Ha lllH>KeHepHblX MeTOAaX
KOHCTpy111poeaH111s:t OAe>K,Qbl. CrpyKrypa pa3pa6oTKlll 40pTe>Ka KOHCTPYKL..1111111
nooeons:ier orAen111rb ocHoey KOHCTPYKL..1111111, eAlllHYIO e ceoeM np111H1...1111-
n111a11bHOM peweHllllll AJls:t nt06oro 1113A0nllls:t, OT nocrpoeHlllM, CBs:t3aHHblX c
C03AaHl!leM <J>opMbl noKpos:t, MOA0nbHblX oco6eHHOCT0M. 3TO noaeons:ier
6b1crpo pearnpoeaTb Ha npeAJ10>1<eH111s:t MOAbl 6e3 6onbWlllX AOnonH111renb-
HblX 3aTpar Ha OCB00Hlll0 Hoeoro Kpos:t.
BnaAes:t nplllHL.tlllnOM paapa6oTKlll OCHOBbl KOHCTPYKL.tllllll, 1113Y4111B xapaK-
repl!ICTlllKY MOAHOro HanpaeneHllls:t OA0>f<Abl, 03HaKOMlllBWlllCb c aHanlll30M
111aMeHeH111i1 e KOHCTPYKL1111s:tx, ces:iaaHHblX c 111aMeHeH111eM MOAbl, 111 oco6eH-

16
HOCT>IM"1 nocrpoeH"1fl MOAHblX C"1flY3THblX cpopM, cne1..t111an111cr MO>KeT np111-
cryn"1Tb K BbmOflHeH11110 KOHCTPYK1..t111111 no MOAefl111.

1.6. MeTo,D,MKa M3MepeHMM pa3MepHb1x npM3HaKoe,

He06XO,D,MMblX ,D,Ilfl KOHCTpyMpOBaHMfl o,o,e>K,Qbl

LllaMepeH111s:i c:p111rypb1 KaK 111 AaHHb1e o MOAefl111 s:isns:iiorcs:i 111cxOAHblM

Marep111anoM Afl>I paapa6orK111 KOHcrpyK1..t111111 111aAen111s:i. 8b16op 111aMepeH111i,°;1
cp111ryp nOA"'l"1HeH CMblCflOBOMY coAep>KaH11110 pac"'IE#TOB KOHCTPYK1..t111111, B
COOTBeTCTB"1"1 c KOTOpblM Ka>K,Qoe np111Hf!TOe "13MepeH"1e "1CnOfJb3YIOT c
1..teflblO onpeAeneH111s:i sen111"'l111Hbl coornercrnyiolllero y"'lacTKa KOHcrpyK1..t111111.
,Qns:i HY>KA wsei,°;1Hoi,°;1 npOMblWJleHHocrn paapa5oraHbl coornercrny10ll.1"1e
orpac11esb1e craHAaprb1: OCT 17-326-81 «V13Ae11111>1 wsei,°;1Hb1e, rp111Kora>K-
Hb1e, Mexosb1e. T111nosb1e cp111rypb1 >KeHl.l.l"1H. PaaMepHb1e np111aHaK111 All>!
npoeKrnposaH111s:i OAe>K,Qbl»; OCT 17-325-86 «Lll3Ae11111s:i wsei,°;1Hb1e,
rp111KoTa>KHb1e, Mexosb1e. T111nosb1e c:p111rypb1 MY>KY"1H. PaaMepHble np111aHaK111
Aflfl npoeKT111posaH111s:i OAe>KAbl».
,Qns:i YA06crsa 111cno11baosaH111e 111aMepeH111i,°;1 B pacl.lerax np111 nocrpoe-
H111111 l.lepre>Ka, KPOMe Ha"1MeH0BaH111i,°;1, np111BeAeHbl ycnoBHble COKpallleHl!1fl,
6yKBeHHb1e 06oaHal.leH111>1 scex 111aMepeH111i,°;1. Ka>K,Qoe 111aMepeH111e o6oaHa-
l.laercs:i npon111CHOi,°;1 6yKsoi,";1 c nOACTpO"'IHblM "1HAeKCOM:
8- BblCOTa;
.Q-AI1"1Ha;
0 - no11Hb1e 06xsarb1;
C - nonyo6xsarb1;
P-pocr;
W-w111p111Hb1;
Ll - pacCTO>IHl!1e Me>KAY 1..teHTpaM111;
r-my6111Hb1;
V1HAeKcb1 o6oaHal.laior Mecra 111aMepeH111i,°;1 (Crw. Cr).
BcneAcTB111e c111MMerp111l.IHocrn cp111rypb1 ornoc111re11bHO sepntKaflbHoi,°;1
(carrnranbHoi,°;1 nnocKocrn) KOHCTPYKL.t"1IO Aeranei,";1 "13Ae11111>1 MO>KHO paapa-
6arb1BaTb Allfl OAHOi,°;1 no11os111Hbl ry11os111ll.la. noornMy nonepel.IHb1e AYrnBble
111aMepeH111>1 (w111p111Hb1, paccros:iH111>1 Me>KAy 1..teHTpaM111 111 06xsaraM111
ry110B111ll.la), cHf!Tble nonHOCTblO, aan111cb1saior s no11os111HHOM paaMepe
(KPOMe w111p111Hbl nne"'lesoro cKara). Be11111"'1111Hb1 APyrnx 111aMepeH111i,°;1 aan111-
cb1saior nonHOCTblO.

17
 6

PMc.1.1. YCTpoJ:1cTeo M3MepMTenbHoro Hanne'fHMKa:

a - e euae onopHou noeepxHocmu nono'IKU u cnuHKU;
6 - e euae nne'leeou HaKnaaKu c cjJuKcupoeaHHou nuHueu nne'la

18
 B cooTBeTcTB11n1 c OCT 17-326-81 cH1t1Ma10T 64 pa3MepHblX np1t13HaKa,
np1t1 3TOM 58 - nocpeACTBOM lt13MepeH1t11(1 lt1 6- pac4BTHblM nyTeM (KaK pa3-
HOCTb AByx lt13Meplt1TeilbHblX np1t13HaKOB).
B MBTOA1t1Ke KOHCTpy1t1pOBaH1t1R OAB>KAbl LlPM npBAYCMaTp1t1saeTCR
111cnOilb30BaH1t1e 6onee 30 pa3MepHblX np1t13HaKOB.
06Mep ¢1t1rypbl - BABa Illt1 He caMbll(I OTBBTCTBBHHbll(I MOMBHT B lt13ro-
TOBI18Hlt11t1 lt13A8Illt1R, OT T04HOCTlt1 KOTOporo 3aBlt1Clt1T npaBlt1IlbHOCTb
nocTpoeH1t1R 4BPTe>Ka 1t1 pacKpol(I. CH1t1MaTb 1t13MepeH1t1R c ¢111rypb1 cneAyeT
6e3 np1t1nyCKOB Ha CB060AHOe 06neraH1t1e. np1t1 3TOM HaAO CI18.Qlt1Tb, 4T06bl
lt13Meps:ieMbll(I CTORil CB060AHO, 6e3 oco6oro HanpR>KBHIAS'I. He CilBAYBT
nOATS'lrltlBaTb >Klt1BOT, nOAHlt1MaTb lt1 onycKaTb nne41t1, OTBOA1t1Tb lt1X BnepeA lt1
Ha3a,Q. PyK1t1 AOil>KHbl 6b1Tb onyll\BHbl, nRTKlt1 BMecTe, HOCK1t1 Bp03b.
Ha1116onbwel(I T04Hocrn MO>KHO AOCT1t14b, BbmonHRR o6Mep no HaTeilb-
HOMY 6eilblO lt1Illt1 nerKOMY nnaTblO, 6e3 60ilbWlt1X HaCI108Hlt11(1 TKaHIA,
Mewa10ll\1t1X o6Mepy.
Bee 1t13MepeH1t1R npo1t13BOARTCR ornoc1t1TeilbHO 1t1CXOAH01(1 rop1t130HTaI11t1,
KOTOpyio peKOMBHAYBTCR ycrnHaBI11t1BaTb Ha I11t1H1t11t1 Tan1111t1, TaK KaK oHa
48TKO onpeAens:ieTCR Ha qmrype, nerKO cp1t1KC1t1pyeTCR, 1t1MeeT CBR3b c Ill06ol(I
aHaTOMlt148CKOl(I T04KOl(I ¢1t1rypbl.
Ha1116onee T04HO rop1t130HTailb ycTaHasn111saeTcR c noMOU\blO nnoTHol(I
pe31t1HKlt1 W1t1p1t1HOl(I 0,5-0,7 CM.
,Qns:i T04HOro CHRTlt1R pa3MepHblX nplt13HaKOB >KeilaTeilbHO np1t1MeHRTb
cneL11t1ailbHb11(1 Hanne4Hlt1K, npeACTaBilRIOU\1t11(1 co6ol(I onopHyio nosepxHOCTb
nOI104Klt1 lt1 cn1t1HKlt1 co CTa4aHHb1Mlt1 nile4eBblMlt1 WBaM1t1, nileYeBb1Mlt1 lt1
HarpyAHblMlt1 BblTa4KaMlt1, lt1 np1t1KpenileHHblMlt1 caHrnMeTpOBblMlt1 IleHTaMIA B
T04Kax OCHOBaHlt1R we1t1, nile4eBblX T04Kax lt1 wel(!Hol(I T04KB (CM. p1t1c. 1.1, a).
PeKoMeHAyeTcR 1t13roTaBI11t1BaTb Hanne4Hlt1K 1113 6oprnsol(I TKaH111, npeA-
sap1t1TeilbHO npoAy6n111posaTb AeTan111 nono4eK 1t1 cn1t1HK1t1 Kneesol(I
npOKilaAKOl(I, CTa4aTb nile48Bbl8 WBbl lt1 Bb1Ta4Klt1 1t1 06pa60TaTb cpe3bl. no
I11t1H1t1RM nony3aHoca nono4eK, no 6oKOBblM cpe3aM nono4eK 1t1 cn1t1HK1t1
np1t1Kpen1t1Tb 3aCTe>KKY Ha TBCbMY- «penel(!Hlt1K».
HacTpo41t1Tb no nne4eBblM wsaM caHrnMeTpOBble neHTbl, no ABB OT
T048K OCHOBaHlt1R we1t1 lt1 nne48BblX T04eK lt1 OAHY OT wel(!Hol(I T04Klt1. 0TC48T
B Bb1weyKa3aHHblX T04Kax Ha41t1HaeTcR c HYilR.
Hanne4Hlt1K peKOMBHAYBTcR 1113rornsn1t1BaTb cpeAHero pa3Mepa c
B03MO>KHOCTblO OABBaHlt1R ero Ha CMB>KHble MBHbW1t11(11t1 60ilbWlt11(1 pa3Mepbl.
Brnpol(I sap1t1aHT Hanne4H1t1Ka (cM. p111c. 1.1, 6) 6onee ynpOU\BHHb11(1,
npeACTaBileH B Blt1AB nne4esol(I HaKilaAK1t1, lt13fOTOBI18HHOl(I lt13 6opTOBOl(I

19
TKaHl1, npot::iy6m1posaHHO~ KJleeso~ npoKilaAKO~. c o6pa6ornHHblMl1 cpe3a-
Ml1. nocepet::il1He Hanne'-1Hl1Ka KOHTpaCTHblM L\BeTOM HaHeceHa m1Hl1~
nne'-la.
Hanne...Hl1K Kpem1Tc~ 6ynasKaMl1 K nne'-leBoMy CKaTY cj:>l1rypb1 '-leno-
BeKa, COBMeL11a~ m1Hl1t0 nne'-la c cepet::il1HO~ nne'-lesoro cKarn.
MeTOA nocTpoeHl1~ '-lepTe>t<elli t::iernnelli OAe>f<t::\bl OCHOBblBaeTC~ Ha
rpacj:>l1'-lecKl1x npl1eMax nepeHeceHl1~ pa3MepHblX npl13HaKOB ¢>mypb1 Ha
nnocKOCTb B onpet::ieneHHO~ nocnet::iosaTenbHOCrn c l1Cnonb30BaHl1eM
cj:>opMyn I Bl1t::ia:
P = M + n.
TonbKO OAHa pac... erna~ cj:>opMyna II m1Aa l1cnonb3yeTc~ t::in~
onpet::ieneHl1~ Wl1pl1Hbl npo~Mbl l1 pyKasa. 3rnM o6b~CH~eTc~ 6onbwoe
Kom1'-lecTBO pa3MepHblX npl13HaKOB, y...acrnyt0L11l1X B nocTpoeHm1, 6onee 30.
LlaCTb pa3MepHblX npl13HaKOB, l1CnOnb3yeMblX B MeTOAl1Ke, OTCyTCT-
syeT B OCTax, OHl1 t::iononHl1TenbHO BBOA~Tc~ An~ 6onee TO'-IHO~ pa3sepTKl1
OAe>f<t::\bl Ha nnOCKOCH1.
3To cneAYt0L11l1e pa3MepHb1e npl13HaK1.1:
- Wl1pl1Hbl - Wr1 - w1t1pl1Ha rpyAl1 c y'-leTOM BblCTyna rpyAHblX >1<ene3;
Wnn, Wnc - Wl1pl1Hbl npo~Mbl, onpet::ien~t0L11l1e paKypc l1m1 pa3sopoT
nne'-1;
- BblCOTbl - BnKn - onpet::ien~t0L11l1e pacrnop 6oKoso~ Bb1Ta'-IKl1 Ha >Klt!BOT;
- rny6l1Ha ropnOBl1Hbl - rr - y'-lacrnyt0L11a~ s nocTpoeHm1 pa3sepTKl1
onopHo~ nosepxHocrn cj:>wypb1.
0Tm1'-ll1TenbHblMl1 '-lepTaMl1 3TOro MeTOt::ia ~Bn~IOTC~:
1) OnopHa~ nosepxHOCTb l13Aen1.1~ onpet::ien~eTc~ BHe 3asl1Cl1Mocrn OT
pacrnopa HarpyAHO~ BblTa'-IKltl.
2) Pacrnop HarpyAHOlli BblTa'-IKl1 Haxot::il1Tc~ KaK pa3Hl1l.la Me>Kt::iy
l13MepeHl1eM, npOXOA~U\l1M '-1epe3 BblCrynatOU\l1e T0'-1Kl1 rpyAHblX >Kene3, l1
He 3axsaTblBatOU\l1M BblnYKilOCrn.
3) Wl1pl1Hb1 ropnosl1Hb1 nepet::ia l1 cm1HKl1 Heot::i1t1HaKOBbl l1 3am1c~T OT
oco6eHHOCTe~ Tenocno>KeHl1~ KOHKperno~ qmrypbl.
4) Pacrnop nne'-leso~ Bb1Ta'-1Kl1 MO>KeT 6b1Tb pacnpet::ieneH s ABa
pacrnopa, '-ITO sa>t<HO npl1 noCTpoeHl1l1 cm1HKl1 c penbecj:>aMl1.
Bee l13MepeHl1~ Aenmc~ Ha Te, KOTOpb1e cHl1Mat0Tc~ cnepet::il1, c6oey l1
C3aAl1.
il13MepeHl1~ cnet::iyeT CHl1MaTb s cTporo~ nocnet::iosaTenbHocrn An~
YA06crna l1 TO'-IHOCH1 CH~rn~ (CM. rn6m1l.IY 1.1 l1 pl1C. 1.2).

20
 Ill :ii
Q.>:S::
~:s::
:s:: c;
-& GI
~~
:s:: ><
:c -
8. ~
GI GI
.; ::& 'r
M GI
:s:: c;
GI C
-~

ia
0 GI
m :c
u -.ll
o!
• ca
"! ::&
..... :s::
. :c
~ u
0.

'..:j

21
OCHOBHble M3MepeHMJI <l>Mrypbl, CHMMaeMble ,A11JI n11e<1eBblX M3A911MM
Ta611M1.4a 1.1

Q)
Q) :s
0 :I:
:I: Q)
N!l Ha111MeHoeaH111e m "J OnpeAeneH111e paaMepHblX npli13HaKoe 111 MeTOA
0 l1l
n/n pa3MepHblX npli13H8KOB c:; :I: 1113MepeHl!1H
u'"'
>-S0
ii13MepeHl1fl, CHl1MaeMb1e B cbac
1 nonyo6xsar rpy.Ql1 er,,, neHTa ,QOfl>t<Ha npOXO,Ql1Tb rop11130HTaflbHO
rpern~ soKpyr rynom1LL1a, '-lepe3 Bb1cryna10LL1l1e
T0'-1Kl1 rpy,QHblX ·>t<ene3 l1 3aMblKaTbCfl Ha
npaso~ cropoHe rpy,Ql1
2 nonyo6xsar ram1l1 Cr neHTa ,QOfl>t<Ha npOXO,Ql1Tb ropl130HTaflbHO
BOKPYr TYflOBl1Ll.la Ha VPOBHe m1Hl1l1 ram1l1
3 nonyo6xsar 6e,Qep c C6 neHTY npOKJla,QblBalOT Ha flrG,Ql1'-1Hble
y'-leTOM BblCTyna T0'-1Kl1. neHTa ,QOfl>t<Ha npOXO,Ql1Tb
>Kl1BOTa ropl130HTanbHO so1<pyr rynom1LL1a,
cnepe,Ql1 no rn6Ko~ nnacrnHe,
nplmO>KeHHO~ seprnKanbHO K >Kl1BOTY ,Qnfl
y'-lera Bbrcryna, l1 3aMblKaTbCfl Ha npaso~
CTOPOHe
4 Wl1pl1Ha rpy,Ql1 I wr, lr13MepeHl1e np0l13BO,Qf!T ropl130HTanbHO
Ha yposHe nepe,QHl1x ymos no,QMblWe'-1-
HblX snagl1H; caHrnMerposaf! neHra npo-
xo,Q111T Me>K.Qy seprnKanf!Ml1, npose,QeH-
HblMlll OT nepe,QHl1X yrnos nO,QMblWe'-IHblX
Bna,Ql1H. neHTa ,QOn>KHa npOXO,Ql1Tb no
BblCTyna10LL11!1M T.0'-IKaM rpy,QHblX >t<ene3
5 Paccrof!H111e Me>K.Qy l..lr ii13MepfllOT Me>K,Qy BblCTynalOLL!l1Ml1
COCKOBblMl1 TO'-IKaMl/1 TO'-IKaMl1 rpy,QHblX >Kene3. neHTa npOXO,Ql1T
(ueHTP8Ml1 roY,Qlll) rGPl130HTan bHO
6 Wl1pl1Ha nne'-lesoro Wnn lr13MepfllOT pacCTOf!Hl!le OT nne'-leBO~
noflca cnepe,Ql1 TO'-IKlll ,QO flpeMHO~ BbleMKl/1
7 rny6l1Ha ropnOBl1Hbl rr lr13Mepf!IOT OT flpeMHOCi BbleMKl1 ,QO m1Hm1
(paCCTOf!Hl1e OT ran111l1 B.QOnb cpe,QHe-carn1TanbHOCi
flpeMHO~ BbleMKlll ,QO m1Hl1l1, '-1epe3 TOHKYIO nnacrnHy Wl1pl1Ho~
m1Hm1 ranm1) ,QO 2,0 CM, Hano>t<eHHYIO Ha BblCTynalOLL!l1e
TO'-IKl1 rpy,QHblX >t<ene3

22
 l.13MepeHMJI, CHMMaeMble B npo<J>Mllb
8 Wl1pl1Ha nne...eeoro Wn ii13M0pRIOT OT TO"IKl1 OCHOBaHl1R W0l1 no
CKaTa cepeg~He nneyeeoro cKara go

9 Anl1Ha pyKaea AP
10 06xear nne...a On
11 PaccTORH~e or m1Hm1 ATC1 JleHTa gon>KHa npOXOAl1Tb C38Al1 OT
Tamu1 C38gl1 AO TOY-
nneyeeoti TOYKl1
ii13MepRIOT or nne...eeorll TOYKl1 no Ha-
py>KHOVI noeepxHocrn nne...a l1 npegnne-
"lbR AO VPOBHR >KenaeMorll gm1Hbl pyKaea
ii13MepRIOT nepneHgl1KynsipHo oc~ nne...a.
BepxH~VI Kparll neHTbl.JJ.On>KeH KacaTbCR
3agHero yrna nogMblWeYHOVI enag~Hbl.
JleHTa gon>KHa 3aMb1KaTbCR Ha Hapy>KHOVI
noeepxHocrn PYKl1
n~H~~ Tam1~ AO T0"1Kl1 OCHOBaHl1R wel1

K~ OCHOBaHl1R wel1 napannenbHO no3BOHOYHl1KY

12 PaccrosiH~e or TOYKl1 Arn1 li13MepRIOT paccTORHl1e OT T0"1Kl1
OCHOBaH~R we~ AO OCHOBaH~R we~ yepe3 BblCrynalOIJ..IYIO

n~H~~ ram1l1 TO"IKY rpygHOVI >Kene3bl AO n~H~~ Tam1~

cnepeg~

13 8b1cora rpyg~ Br1 ll13MepRIOT OT TO"IKl1 OCHOBaH~R AO

BblCTyna101.J..1erll TO"IK~ rpygHOVI >Kene3bl
14 8blCOTa nneya KOCaR BnKn ll13MepRIOT OT BblCWerll TO"IK~ rpyg~ AO
cnepegl1 nnel.leeoti TOYK~ cnepeg~
15 PaccTORH~e or m1Hl1~ Bnc ll13MepRIOT OT nne...eeorll T0'-1~ AO n~H~~
ran~~ go nne...eeorll ran~~ c3agl1

TO"IK~ C38A~

16 PaccTORH~e or m1H~~ Bnn ll13MepRIOT OT nneYeeorll TO'"IK~ AO n~H~~

ran~~ go nne...eeorll ran~~ cnepeg~

TO'"IK~ cnepeg~

l.13MepeHMJI, CHMMaeMble C33,QM

17 W~p~Ha cn~HK~ We ll13Mepsiior no nonaTKaM Me>K,Qy 38AH~M~
yrnaM~ nogMblWe'"IHblX enag~H. Henoc-

pegcTBeHHO Hag n~H~eti o6xeara rpyg~.

JleHTa gon>KHa ne>KaTb rop~aoHTanbHO.
18 W~p~Ha nne...eeoro Wnc 111aMepsiior Me>K,Qy nnel.leeoti ~ wet!Hotl
nosica c3ag~ TO'"IKaM~

19 An~Ha cn~HK~ AO Arc 111aMepRIOT OT n~Hl1~ ran~~ AO wetiHOM

Tan~~ c yYeTOM TO'"IK~ BAOnb n03BOHO"IH~Ka ~epe3 TOHKYIO
eblcryna nonaroK nnacrnHy W~P~HOVI 2,0 CM, Hano>KeHHYIO
Ha Bb1cryna101.J..1~e T0'-1~ nonaroK

23
20 Bb1corn nneYa KocaR BnKc li13MepRIOT no KpaTYalAweMy paccTORHl1IO
cm1HKl1 OT nepeceYeHlrn m1Hm1 Tamm c
n03BOHOYHl1KOM AO nneYesolA TOYKl1
21 Am1Ha 106Kl1 AIO li1aMepRIOT OT m1Hm1 rnmm Yepea
Hal16onee Bb1cryna10L11Y10 TOY KY >Kl1sorn l1
Aanee seprnKanbHO AO >t<enaeMolA AIH1Hbl
AononHMTeJlbHble M3MepeHMJ'I
22 W1t1pl1Ha rpyAl1 Wr ll13MepRIOT HaA OCHOBaHl1eM rpyAHblX
>Kenea M6K.QY seprnKanRMlll, npose.QeH-
HblMl1 ssepx OT nepeAHl1X yrnos nOAMbl-
weYHblX sna.Ql1H. JleHTa - ropl130HTanbHO
23 Bb1corn 6oKa 86 li1aMepRIOT OT m1Hm1 rnmrn .1:10 sepxHero
KpaR m1HelAKl1, np111no>t<eHHOl1K38AHeMy
yrny nOAMblWel.IHOC! BnaAl1Hbl.
Heo6XOAl1MO nposepl1Tb ropl130HTanb-
HOCTb m1HelAK111.
'13MepeHM.R, CHMMaeMble ,A11J'I 00.RCHblX Ma,QeJlMM
24 Anl1Ha 6plOK A6 li13MepeHl1R npm13BOART OT !H1Hl1l1 Ta!Hil-1
no 601<V AO >KenaeMolA Am1Hbl
25 PacCTORHl1e OT m1Hm1 Al1C6 li13MepRIOT OT TOYKl1 BblCOTbl m1Hl1l1 Tanl1l1
rnmm AO nona c6oKy no 6oKosolil nosepxHocrn 6eApa Yepea
Hm16onee Bb1cryna10L11Y10 o6nacTb 6eApa
I
l1 Aanee seprnKanbHO AO nona I

26 PaccToRH111e OT m1H111111 ,Qcn li13MepRIOT OT nlt1Hltll1 Tamm Yepea Hal160-

rnrnm .1:10 nona nee Bb1ci-yna10L11y10 TOYKY >Kl1sorn l1 Aanee
cnepeAl1 seprnKanbHO AO nona
27 PaccToRHl1e OT m1Hl1111 ,Q111ca li13MepRIOT OT TOYKlll nepeceYeHlllR noaso-
Tanm1 AO nona C3aAlll HOYHl1Ka 111 m1Hl1l1 Tanm1 AO nona
28 PaccToRHl1e OT m1H111111 ,QnR 111aMepRIOT OT n111Hm1 rnm1l1 napannenbHO
Tam1l1 AO nona yepea noasoHOYHlllKY Yepea Hal16onee Bb1ci-yna-
RroAl1LIY IOUIYIO TO'-IKY RroAlllL.lbl
29 Anl1Ha wara nepsaR .QW1 li1aMepRIOT no BHyTpeHHei'.1 nosepxHocrn
HOfltl OT TOYKlll COYneHeHl1R 6eApa c Tyno-
B1t1L11eM AO nona
30 .Qn111Ha wara BTopaR .QW11 li13MepRIOT no Hapy>t<HOIA nosepXHOCTltl HO-
n1 OT nOAbRf0lll1YHOl1 CKnaAKlll AO nona
31 06xsaT 6eApa 06 ll13MepRIOT sepXHIOIO YaCTb 6eApa 8 ropltl-
30HTanbHOIA nnOCKOCTlll
32 ,Qn111Ha l13.Qen111R ,Q111 ll13MepeHltle np01113BOART OT welAHOIA TOYKl1
(n111H111111 rnn111111) AO >t<enaeMolA An1t1Hb1
111a.1:1en111R

24
 nooeKl.4MOHHbl9 M3MepeHM~
33 npoeKL(l1SI flro,Ql14
34 npoeK4l1SI >Kl180Ta
npSI "13MepeHl1SI npm13BO,QflT OT BblCTynatOL.l.ll1X
TOYeK flroA1114 AO seprnKanbHOIA
nnocKocrn, nposegeHHOIA KacaTenbHO
BblCTYnatOL.l.l111M TOYKaM nonaTOK
np>K li13MepeHl1e npm13BOASIT OT BblCTynatOL.l.ll1X
TOYeK >Kl180Ta AO seprnKanbHOIA
nnOCKOCrn, npoBeAeHHOIA KaCaTenbHO K
Hal16onee BblCTYnatOL.l.ll1M TOYKaM rPVAl1
~

1.7. OcaHKa <l:>Mrypbl

noA ocaHKOIA noApa3yMesaeTCfl ecrecTBeHHOe, npl1BblYHoe nono>1<e-
Hl1e Tena BO speMfl nOKOSI l1 ,QBl1>KeHl1SI.
B sasl1c111Mocrn OT Toro l1m1 111Horo nono>KeHl1fl Tena, B oco6eHHOCrn
sepxHelA yacrn Kopnyca, cpl1rypa yenoseKa MO>KeT 6b1Tb BbmpS1MneHHOIA
(HOpManbHOIA), HaKnOHeHHOIA snepeA (cyrynolA), OTKnOHeHHOIA Ha3aA (nepe-
rn6111CTOIA).
C 1113MeHeHl1eM nono>KeHlrn Tena OTAenbHb1e yacrn ero npl106pernt0T
pa3n111YHb1e cpopMbl 111 pa3Mepb1.
Ha ocaHKY 3HaY111TenbHOe sm1f!Hl1e oKa3b1saeT CTpoeH111e nossoHoY-
Hl1Ka, sem1Yl1Ha ero 1113rn6os Ha pa3HblX y...acTKax, a TalOKe cTeneHb pas-
s111rnS1 MblW4 l1 >1<111poomo>1<eH111IA.
K pa3MepHblM npl13HaKaM, xapaKTepl13YtOL.l.ll1M ocaHKy, OTHOCflTCSI:
nono>KeHl1e Kopnyca, BblCOTa nneY, a TaK>Ke BbleMKa Ha Tamm, BblCTyn no-
naTOK, rpyA111, flroAl14, >Kl1sorn.
1. ¢l1rypa c HOpManbHOIA ocaHKOIA xapaKTepl13yeTCSI nnasHo son-
Hl1CTOIA cn111HOIA, pacnono>KeHl1eM Bb1crynat01..l.lll1X TOYeK nonaTOK 111 SlroA1114 Ha
OAHOM ypoBHe OTHOCl1TenbHO seprnKan111, yMepeHHblMl1 BbleMKOIA Tamm l1
BblCTynoM flroAl14 (p111c. 1.3, a).
Wefl cnerKa HaKnoHeHa, rpyAb pa3Blna, Bb1cTynat01..l.l111e TOYK111 rpyAHblX
>1<ene3 pacnono>1<eHb1 Hl1>1<e ypoBHfl noAMb1weYHb1x snaAl1H l1 HaxoAS1TCS1 Ha
OAHOM yposHe c BblCTynoM >Kl180Ta OTHOC111TenbHO seprnKam1. 8b1CTyn
>Kl1BOTa 06b1YHO Hl1>Ke rnm1111 l1 HeCKOnbKO Bbl,QaeTCSI snepeA, npl1Hl1MaSI
cnerKa osanbHYtO cpopMy.
2. ¢l1rypa c nepernfa1CTOIA OGaHKOIA xapaK1'epl13yeTCSI BblnpSIMneHHOIA
cn111HOIA, ysen111YeHHblMl1 BbleMKOIA Tanm1 l1 BblCrynOM flroAl14 . .lJ,m1Ha cm1Hbl
MeHbWe, WeSI MeHee HaKnOHeHa. rpyAb 6onee pa3Bll1Ta, BblCrynatOL.l.ll1e TOYKl1
rpy,QHblX >Kene3 np111nOAHS1Tbl 111, HecMOTpSI Ha 6onee Bb1crynat01..l.lll1"1 >K111BOT,
3HaY111TenbHO CMel.l.leHbl snepeA . .lJ,n111Ha nepe.Qa ysen111YeHa (pl1c. 1.3, 6).

25
 3. <l>l1rypa c cyryno~ ocaHKO~ xapaKTep1113yeTcsi OKpyrno~ cn111Ho~ c
sblcTynat01..L1l1Ml1 nonaTKaM111, s oco6eHHocrn y XYAblX. 8b1eMKa no rnmH1 l1
Bblcryn siroAl14 yMeHbWeHbl. An111Ha cm1Hbl ysenw.ieHa, wesi 3Ha•H1TenbHO
HaKnoHeHa snepeA. rPYAb ynnoLL1eHHasi l1m1 snanasi, Am1Ha nepeAa yMeHb-
weHa. 8b1cw111e TO'-IKl1 rpyAl1 onyllleHbl 111 He3Ha1.1menbHO Bb1crynat0T snepeA
OTHOClllTenbHO >KlllBOTa, KOTOpbl~ y TaKlllX qmryp 1.1aCTO BblAaeTCSl snepeA
(plllC. 1.3, B).
4. <l>l1rypa c nepern6111CTOli1 ocaHKO~ l1 BblCTynatOl..LllllM >Kl1BOTOM. ,D,nsi
AaHHO~ ¢111rypb1 xapaKTepHo TO, 1.1rn >Kl1BOT Bb1crynaeT 6onbWe, 1.1eM rpyAb
111 m1Hl1Sl rnmm He napannenbHa nnocKocrn nona (cM. p111c. 1.3, r).
5.<l>111rypa c HOpManbHO~ BblCOTO~ nne1.1 (CM. pl1c. 1.3, A).
6. <l>l1rypa c Hl13KlllMl1 nne1.1aMl1 (CM. pl1c. 1.3, e ).
7. <l>l1rypa c BblCOKl1Ml1 nne1.1aM111 (CM. plllc. 1.3, >K).
8. <l>l1rypa c y3Kl1Ml1 6eApaMl1 (cM. p111c. 1.3, 3).
9. <l>l1rypa c Wlllp0Kl1Ml1 6eApaM111 (CM. plllc. 1.3, 111).
10. <l>111rypa c pa3Hb1Ml16eApaM111 (CM. p111c. 1.3, K).
TaKoe onpeAeneH111e AaHo aHTpononoraMl1. 0AHaKo s >Kl13Hl1 1.1acrn
scTpe1.1at0Tcsi ¢111rypb1, co1.1ernt01..L1l1e xapa1<repHb1e 1.1epTbl pa3HblX rnnoe
ocaHKl1, HepeAKO npornsonono>KHblX. Oco6eHHO arn OTHOCl1TCfl K ¢l1rypaM
BblWe CpeAHl1X pa3Mepos, 6onbWlllX nonHOT, co 3Ha'-ll1TenbHblMlll >KlllpOOT-
no>KeHlllflMlll.
AHam13 CHflTb1x l13MepeH111~ 111 cpaeHeHl1e nony1.1eHHb1x sen1111.1111H c
rnnoeb1Ml1 AaeT B03MO>KHOCTb onpeAenlllTb oco6eHHOCTlll Tenocno>KeH111R
Ansi ycnoeHo rnnoso~ ¢l1rypb1 c HOpManbHO~ ocaHKO~ xapaKTepHbl
cneAYIOl..Lll1e COOTHOWeHlllfl 1113MepeH111li1:
1. Pa3HOCTb l13MepeHl1~ ,[l,rn 1 l1 ,[l,Tc1 cocrnensieT 0,5-2,0 CM 111 ysen111-
'-ll1saeTcfl c ysen1111.1eHl1eM pa3Mepa.
2. ,lJ,Tc1 = BnKc.
3. Pa3HOCTb l13MepeH111~ BnKc 111 Bnc cocrnensieT 2,0-2,5 cM.
4. lr13MepeH111e Br 6onbwe l13MepeHl1fl BnKn Ha 1,2-2,0 CM.
=
5. We- Wr 0,5-1,0 CM.
6. Wnc- Wnn = 0,5-1,0 cM.
7. ,[l,TC1 - ,[l,TC = 2,5-3,0 CM - rny6111Ha ropnOBlllHbl.

26
 a 6 B r A

PMc. 1.3. TMnb1 cj>Mryp c pa3J1M"IHblMM eM,qaMM ocaHKM M eb1c0Tb1 nne"I:

a - c HOpM8flbHOU OCBHKOU; 6 - c nepezu6ucmo{J OCBHKOU
c ecmyna10114uMu flZoOu~aMu; e - c cymynou ocaHKou; z - c nepezu6ucmou
OCBHKOU c Bb/Cmyna10114UM JKUeomoM; iJ - c HOpM8flbHOU Bb/COmo{J nne1.1;
e - c HU3KUMU nnel./aMu; )I( - c Bb/COKUMU nnel./aMu; 3 - «eepXHUU mun»;
u - «HUJKHUU mun»: K - c p83Hb/MU 6eiJpaMu

27
 1.8. KnaccM<l>MKa'"'Ms:I npM6aBOK, MCno.nb3yeMblX npM
KOHCTpyMposaHMM OAe>K,D,bl

<l>opMa ~ pa3Mepb1 OAe>K,Qbl oYeHb pa3Hoo6pa3Hbl l1 3asl1CflT OT m1Aa l1

Ha3HaYeHl1fl oAe>K,Qbl, ¢YHKL.\l10HanbHblX, acTernYeCKl1x, aproHOMl1YecKl1x l1
aKcnnyarn4l10HHb1x Tpe6osaHl1i1, Tpe6osaHl1l1 MOAbl.
YAo6crno nonb30BaHl1fl OAe>K.QOlil onpeAenfleTCfl ee aHTponoMeTp~­
YeCKl1M coorneTCTBl1eM ¢opMe, pa3MepaM Tena YenoseKa l1 xapaKTepy
Hal16onee yacTo BbmOnHfleMblx ABl1>1<eH~i1.
0cHOBHol1 ¢laKTop, onpeAenfltoll.ll1lil BHYTpeHHtoto ¢opMy l1 pa3Mepb1
OAe>K,Qb1 - ¢opMa l1 pa3Mepb1 rnna yenoseKa. Ho s TO >Ke speMfl OAe>K,Qa He
MO>KeT 6b1Tb TOY HOC! KOm1el1 Tena YenoseKa. Ta YaCTb nosepXHOCrn Tena,
rAe OAe>K,Qa nplmeraeT nnorno, Ha3blBaeTCfl onopHoi1 nosepxHOCTbto
(yYaCTKl1 HenocpeACTBeHHOro KOHTaKTa).
Hl1>1<e onopHol1 nosepxHocrn Me>K,Qy OAe>K,Qoi1 l1 TenoM o6pa3ytoTCfl
B03AYWHble 3a3opb1, 06ecnelll1Batoll.ll1e YA06crno HoweHl1fl OAe>K,Qbl, cso-
60AY Ab1xaHl1fl l1 ABl1>KeHl1fl, Tennoo6MeH, HOpManbHOe caM0YyscTBl1e
YenoseKa, a TalOKe C03Aatoll.ll1e 06beMHYIO ¢opMy OAe>K,Qbl B COOTBeTCTBlH1
c HanpasneHl1eM MOAbl. noarnMy OAe>K,Qy scerAa BbmonHfltoT 6onbwero
pa3Mepa, YeM COOTBeTCTBYIOLlll1e pa3Mepbl ¢llffypb1, am pa3Hl1L.\a Me>K,Qy
BHYTpeHHl1Ml1 pa3MepaMl1 OAe>K,Qbl l1 coorneTCTBYtoll.ll1Ml1 pa3MepaMl1 Tena
l1 Ha3blBaeTCfl npl16asKaMl1. .
Ben~Y~Ha m1Hei1Horo l13MepeHl1fl l13Aen~lil CKllaAblBaeTCfl l13 sem1-
Yl1Hb1 COOTBeTCTBYtoll.lero l13MepeHl1fl Tena l1 np~6aBKl1 Ha CB060AHOe o6ne-
raHl1e. np~6aBKa Ha CB060AHOe o6neraHl1e BKJltoYaeT TeXHl1YecKyto
npl16asey, o6ecneY~Batoll.IYIO CB060AY AblXaH~fl. ABl1>KeH~fl. B03AYWHyto
npocnoi1Ky, perym1posaH~e rnnnoo6MeHa, l1 np~6asKy Ha AeKoparnsHo-
KOHCTpyKrnBHoe o¢opMneHl1e OAe>K,Qbl.
B npaKTl1Ke Anfl ynpoll.leHl1fl paCYerns l1cnonb3YtoT cyMMapHyto npl1-
6asKy Ha CB060AHOe o6neraHl1e, BKJltoYatoll.IYIO TeXHl1YeCKyto npl16asey l1
npl16asKy Ha AeKoparnsHO-KOHCTpyKT~BHoe o¢opMneH~e.
npl16aBKl1 0603HaYatoT 6yKBOli! n.
Bem1Yl1Hbl npl16asoK Ha cso60AHOe 06neraHl1e, npl1BeAeHHb1e s
rn6m14ax, onpeAenfltoT TOnbKO cTeneHb np~neraHl1fl l13Aen~i1 Ha cooTBeT-
crnytoll.leM yYacTKe.
Bb16op npl16asoK no sceM yYaCTKaM KOHCTPYKL.\~~ c yYeTOM eAl1Hoi1
CTeneHl1 nplmeraHl1fl l1m1 B pa3m1YHOM COYeTaHl1l1 3aB~Cl1T OT Tpe6oB8H~i1
MOAbl.
,Qnfl coxpaHeHl1fl OAHOro l1 rnro >Ke 3pmenbHoro sneyameHl1fl OT
l13Aem1i1 onpeAeneHHoro clmyarn Ha ¢ll1rypax pa3n~YHb1x pa3Mepos ~
pOCTOB np~6aBKl1 ysenW·l~BatoT Ha 0,5 CM - Aflfl ¢ll1ryp He60nbWl1X pa3-

28
 MepoB BblCOKl1X pOCTOB, Ami cpl1ryp 6onbWl1X paaMepos l1 Hl13Kl1X pOCTOB
yMeHbW8IOT Ha 0,5 CM .
.Qnsi 3l1MHl1X l1 yTenneHHblX l13Aenl1.;1 yKaaaHHble npl16aBKl1 ysenl1-
4l1B8IOT. Bem1Yl1Ha AOnonHl1TenbH0.;1 npl16aBKl1 aasl1Cl1T OT TOnl..l.ll1Hbl
yTeMSllOll.lel1 npOKn8AKl1.
Wl1pl1HY pyKasa xapaKTepl13YIOT sem14l1Hbl npl16asoK K o6xsaTy nne...a.

npM6aBKM Ha CBOOOAHOe 0611eraHMe npM pa311M'IHOM CTeneHM

npMneraHMR no y'laCTKaM M3Ae11MR,., CM
Ta611M1..1a 1.2
Bl1A 0.eHb nnoTHoe rlJloTHoe CpeAHee Ceo6oAHOe 040Hb
i.13Aemu1 CB06QAH00
nr flr n6 n6 nT n6 nr nT n6 nr nT n6 nr nT n6
r1naTbe 2-2.5 1,0- 0.5-1,0 3,0- 2-3 1-1,5 4-5 4-5 2-3 5-6 - - 7-9 - -
1,5 4,0
>KaKeT 3-4 1,5-2 0,5-1,5 4-5 3-4 1,5-3 6-7 5-7 3-5 7-9 - - 9-11 - -
nanbTO 4-5 2-3 2,5-3 5-6 4-5 3-4 6-8 6-8 5-7 9-11 - - 11-14 - -
D.lc

npM6aeKM Ha CBOOOAHOe 0611eraHMe npM pa311M'IHOM CTeneHM

npM11eraHMR no y'laCTKaM M3Ae11MR, CM
Ta611M1..1a 1.3
BMA 04eHb nnoTHoe nnoTHoe CpeAHee Ceo6oAHoe 040Hb
i.13.11eni.1si CB060AHoe
cnMHKa nonO'lKa cnMHKa nonO'lKa cnMHKa nono41<a cnMHKa nono4Ka cnMHKa nono41<a
nn3Tbe 0,3-0,4 0,1-0,2 0,5-0,8 0,1-0,4 0,7-1,0 02-0,5 0,9-1,1 0,3-0,6 1,2-1,6 0,4-0,8
KoCTtOM 0,6-0 8 02-04 0 7-0,9 02-0,5 0 9-1,2 0,3-0,6 1,2-1,6 0,4-0,8 1,5-2,0 0,5-1,0
nanbTo 0,7-0,9 0,2-0,5 0,8-1, 1 0,2-0,6 1,0-1,4 0,3-0,7 1,4-2,0 0,5-1,0 1,6-2,2 0,5-1, 1
IJ,/c

npM6aBKM Ha yYeMRIOll.IYIO npOKl18AKY no KOHCTpyKTMBHblM

y'laCTKaM
Ta611Ml..(a 1.4

Ha111MeHoeaH1o1e Tom~111Ha BemN111Ha Pacnpe.qeneH1o1e np1116ae1<111 Ha BeI11114111Ha

npoKll8,CIKlll yrenIIAIO~elil np1116ae1<111111 yreMAIOtcylO npoKll8,CIKY no np1116ae1<111 Ha
npOKll8,CIKlll,CM Crm, CM KOHCTPYKTlllBHblM Y4aCTKaM, CM yreMAIO~YIO
cnlllHKa npolilMa OOilO<lKa npoKI18,CIKJ' 111
On, CM
BaTlllH (ClllHTenOH) 0,4 1,5 0,25 1,0 0,25 2,0
BO.QlllH CilOliJ

8aT111H (e111HTenoH) 0,8 2,55 0,5 1,5 0,5 3,0

e.qea CilOA

29
 Bem.1'IMHa npM6aeKM, CM, AJlR M3.QenMM
Ta6nM14a 1.5
Xapa1<Tep111crnKa PYKaea nnan.e >KaKeT nanbTOp/C
nnoTHO o6neral0~111'1 2,0-2,5 3,5-5,5 5,0-6,0
Y3Klll'1 3,0-4,0 6,0-7,5 6,0-8,0
Coe~H111'1 5,0-,0 7,5-9,5 8,0-11,0
Pacw111peHHb1'1 8,0-11,0 9,5-11,5 11,0-13,0
W11100K111'1 10,0-12,0 11,5-13,5 13,0-17,0
nonHb1'1 Ceb1we 12,0 Ceblwe 13,5 Ceblwe 17,0

npuMe'18Hue: An~ Qllllryp C 6oflbWlllM 1113MepeHMeM OOXBaTa nne<ra, '4eM y

nmoeo'1, a Ta10Ke Afl~ ¢111ryp 6onbW111x pa3Mepoe eb16111palOT MeHbW111e een111Y111Hbl
npl16aeot<

30
 2. noCTPOEHlf1E YEPTE>KA >KEHCKOro nnEYEBOro
lf13.QEnlf1.fl

2.1. nocTpOeHMe 6a3MCHOM ceTKM

V1cXOAHblMl1 AaHHb1Ml1 Ami pa3pa6oTKll1 KOHCTpyK4m1 l13,Qem1~. T.e.

npoeKTl1posaHl1~ ero pa3sepTK111 Ha nnocKOCTb, ~Bn~IOTC~ AaHHble o Teno-
cno>KeHl1l1 YenoseKa, sem1Yl1Hbl ero pa3MepHblX npl13HaKOB, onpeAen~io­
Ll.1111111 pa3Mepb1 OAe>K,Qbl, COOTBeTCTBYIOl.J..\l1e npl16aBKl1, .P TaK>Ke CBeAeHl1~ 0
cpopMe (clmy:ne) oAe>K,Qbl, noKpoe, npoeKTl1pyeMolil TexHonorviyecKolil o6-
pa6oTKe An~ npl<!AaHl1~ o6beMHolil cpopMbl Aernm1.
nocTpOeHl1e nepBl1YHblX YepTe>Kelil KOHCTPYKL\l1l1 HaYl1HalOT c pa3pa-
60TKll1 OCHOBHblX Aernnelll - nonoYKll1 (nepeAa) l1 cm1HKll1, 3aTeM ,qernnelll
pyKaBa l1 Hll1>KHero BOPOTHl1Ka, COOTHOC~ l1X cpopMy 111 pa3Mepb1 c COOT-
BeTCTBYIOLl.ll1Mll1 yYaCTKaMl1 OCHOBHblX AeTanelil. no YepTe>KaM B AanbHelil-
WeM pa3pa6aTb1sa10T KOHCTpyK4111111 npo1113BOAHblX Aernnelll - noA60pTOB,
sepxHero BOpOTHll1Ka 111 B COOTBeTCTBll1111 c 3CKll130M pa3pa6aTblBalOT yepTe>Kl1
KOHCTPYKL\l1111 MenKl1X AeTanelll (KnanaHOB, xn~crnKOB, naT, KapMaHOB 111 T.A.).
KoHCTpyK4l110 Aernnelll, 111Me10L11l1x 06L11l1e m1Hm1 nocTpoeHl1~.
conp~raeMble cpe3bl, CTpO~T Ha OAHOM yepTe>Ke (nonOYKY 111 cm1HKy, l1HOrAa
111 Hll1>KHl1111 BOPOTH111K, sepXHIOIO 111 Hll1>KHIOIO YaCTl1 pyKasa, nepeAHIOIO l1
3a,QHIOIO nonOBl1HKl1 6plOK, l1HOrAa nonOYKY c nepeAHelil YaCTblO pyKaBa,
cn111HKY c noKTesolll). nocne,qosarnnbHOCTb pa3pa60TKl1 Yeprn>1<elll KOHCTpyK-
4111111 paCCMOTpl1M Ha npl1Mepe OCHOBHblX AeTanel1 - nonOYK111 l1 cn111HKll1, T.K.
s 06L11eM nnaHe oHa coxpaH~eTc~ np111 KOHCTpyl1posaH111111 APY™X Aernnelll.
npo4ecc KOHCTpyl1poBaH111~ COCTOl1T l13:
1. V13MepeHl1~ l1 yrnYHeHl1~ l1CXOAHblX AaHHblX, onpeAeneH111~ ocHos-
HblX pa3Mepos 1113Aem1~ (Wl1p111Hbl OCHOBHblX yYaCTKOB nonoYK111, cm1HKl1,
npolilMbl, 06L11elil w111pl1Hbl l13,Qem1~ 111 Afil1Hbl l13Aem1~) c noMOl.J..\blO nocTpo-
eH111~ 6a3111CHOH ceTKl1.
2. nocTpOeHl1~ YepTe>Ka OCHOBbl, T.e. HaHeceHl1~ Ha 6a3111CHYIO ceTKy
sepXHll1X KOHyYpHblX (OCHOBHblX) m1H111lil.
3. HaHeceH111~ scex ocranbHblX m1Hl1lil (Hl13a, 6oprn, KapMaHOB 111 AP-),
An~ nonyYeHll1~ yepTe>Ka, ycnOBHO 111MeHyeMoro «nepBll1YHblM», T.K. OH

rpe6yeT yTOYHeH111~ 111 nposepK111.

4. YTOYHeHll1~ l1 nposepK111 cpopMbl 111 pa3MepoB OCHOBHblX ,QeTanelll,
rexHonorvil1 1113roTosneH111~ 111 np111MepoK, r.e. nocTpoeHl1~ 6a3osoro YepTe>Ka
1113Aem1~; nocne nposepK111 111 yTOYHeH111~ cpe3os no YepTe>KaM - 1113roTos-

neH111e neKan c yYeTOM TeXHOnornYecKll1X npl1nYCKOB Ha WBbl, nOArvl6Ky.

31
 6a3MCHafl CeTKa - 3TO COBOKynHOCTb ropl130HTanbHblX l1 sepTMKanbHblX
m1Hvii1, onpe.Qenf!IOIJ..lafl ocHOBHble (ra6apl1THb1e) paaMepb1 M3.Qem1fl 1,11 ero
YacTeli; Ha ceTKe cTpOflT YepTe>K Aernnei1.
nl1Hl1l1 C0TKl1 - :no Jll1HMM, COOTBeTCTBYIOIJ..ll1e OCHOBHblM nVIHl1flM
YneHeHl1fl Tena YenoseKa, npOXO,Qfll.J..ll1e B OCHOBHOM no carnrranbHOii,
cj:>poHTanbHOi1 l1 TpaHceepcanbHOi1 nnOCKOCTflM:
carnnanbHafl - seprnKanbHafl nnocKOCTb, ,Qenf!IJ..lafl Teno Ha npasy10
l1 nesylO nOJlOBl,llHbl;
cj:>pOHTaJlbHafl - seprnKanbHafl nnoCKOCTb, ,Qenf!IJ..lafl Teno Ha 3a,QHIOIO
1,11 nepe,QHIOIO yacTM;
TpaHcsepcanbHafl - ropl130HTanbHafl nnocKOCTb, Aenfll.J..lafl Teno Ha
sepXHIOIO l1 HM>KHIOIO YaCTM.
KaK l13BeCTHO, cpl1rypa YenoBeKa Cl1MMeTpl1YHa OTHOCl1TenbHO carnT-
TanbHOi1 nnocKOCTM, noarnMy KOHCTPYKl.ll1fl paapa6aTblBaeTCfl Ha O.QHY
nonOBMHy.
BeprnKanbHblMM nMHVlflMVI ceTKM YepTe>Ka flBnfllOTCfl (pl1c. 2.1 ):
1) m1Hl1fl AH, coorneTCTBYIOIJ..lafl no110>1<eHl110 rpy.QMHbl (nMHMfl nonyaa-
Hoca);
2) m1Hl1fl A 10H 10 coornercrny101.J..1afl nono>1<eHl110 noasoHOYHl1Ka (cpe.Q-
Hflfl nMHMfl CnMHKM);
3) Jll1Hl1fl aT3, COOTBeTCTBYIOIJ..lafl nono>KeHl1IO nepe,a,Hero yma nOAMbl-
weyHoi1 Bna,Ql1Hbl (m1Hl1fl, orpaHMYl1BalOIJ..lafl Wl1pl1HY nOJ10YKl1, nepe,QHflfl
rpaH1,114a npoi1Mb1);
4) m1Hl1fl a 1T,, coorneTCTBYIOIJ..lafl nono>1<eHl110 aa,QHero yma noAMbl-
weyHoi1 sna.Ql1Hbl (m1Hl,llfl, orpaHMYl1BalOIJ..lafl Wl1pl1HY cnMHKM, 3a,QHflfl
rpaH1,114a npoi1Mb1).
ropM30HTaJ1bHblMl1 m1Hl1f1Ml1 6a3MCHOi1 ceTKf,11 YepTe>Ka flBnfllOTCfl:
1) 111,11Hvivi Aa 1,11 A 10a 1, coorneTCTBY101.J..1l1e nono>KeHMIO TOYKVI ocHoeaHMfl
wel1;
2) nMHl1fl ff10 COOTBeTCTBYIOIJ..lafl Hal16onee BblCTynalOIJ..IVIM TOYKaM
1

rpy,QHblX >Kenea (m1HMfl rpy.QM);

3) m1HMfl TT10, coorneTCTBYIOIJ..lafl Ha1,116onee yaKoMy MecTy Tynoe1,111.J..1a
(nMHMfl Tant,111,11);
4) nMHMfl 6610, COOTBeTCTBYIOIJ..lafl nono>KeHMIO HaM6onee BblCTy-
nalOIJ..ll,llX TOYeK flro.QMLI (nMHl1fl 6e,Qep);
5) m1HMfl HH 10, coorneTCTBY101.J..1aS1 HM3Y M3Aem1fl.

32
 a a,

-;

r r~ f1

tr,. 1'1

PMc. 2.1. '-lepTe>K 6a3MCHOM ceTICM nne'leeoro M:JAenMA

33
 ...!le

PMC. 2.2. YepTe>K 6a3MCHOM ceTKM pyKaea

34
 KoHTYP YepTe>Ka BTaYHoro pyKasa cocrnsn5!t0T m1Hl1111 oKarn, nepeA-
Hero l1 flOKT0BOro nepeKaTOB l1 Hl13a.
YepTe>K OCHOBbl pyKaBa CTpom Ha 6a3l1CHOl1 C0TKe, npeACTaBfl5llOll.\el1
co6ol1 COBOKynHOCTb nepeceKatOL.l.ll1XC51 ropl130HTaflbHblX l1 BeprnKanbHblX
m1Hl1iil, pacnono>KeHHblX B Mecrnx Hm16onbwero l13MeHeHl151 npocplm51
pyKaBa.
ropl130HTaflbHblMl1 m1Hl151Ml1 6a3l1CHOl1 C0TKl1 Y0pT0>Ka 51Bfl51IOTC51
(pl1C. 2.2):
- m1Hlll51 BblCOTbl OKaTa 020a;
- m1Hl151 wl1pl1Hbl pyKal3a no.Q npol1Mol1 P 2P8 ;
- m1Hl151 fl0KT51 n2na;
- m1Hl151 Hl13a H2Ha.
BeprnKanbHblMl1 m1Hl151Ml1 ceTKl1 yepTe>Ka 51BJ15llOTC51:
- m1Hl151 02H2, COOTBeTCTBYIOL.l.la51 nepeAHeMy nepeKary;
- m1Hl151 OaHa, onpe.Qen5!t01..l.la5! noKTesol1 nepeKaT pyKaBa.
Bee YepTe>Kl1 KOHCTpyK4l1l1 CTp051T 6e3 nplmycKOB Ha WBbl, no.Qrn6Ky
Hl13a, YYl1TblBa51 m1Wb sem1Yl1Hy npl16asoK Ha BTO, KOTopyt0 npoeKTl1pyt0T
Afl51 C03AaHl151 cpopMbl Aernm1 Ha onpeAeneHHblX yyacTKax KOHCTpyK4l1~ l1
BKfltOYatOT B paCYeT 3n1X yYaCTKOB.
nocTpOeHl1e YepTe>Ka 6a3l1CHOPA CeTKl1 (pl1C. 2.1) OCyl.l.lecTBJ15llOT B
Cfl0AYtOL.l.lei1 nocne.QOBaTenbHocrn:
1. CTp051T np51Moi1 yron c sepwl1Hol1 B T. A, OTT. A BHl13 OTKfla.QblBatOT
oTpe3Kl1, onpe.Qen5!t0L11l1e:
- yposeHb rnn111l1:

- ypoBeHb m1H111111 6eAep:

T6 = 18-20 CM;
- yposeHb m1Hm1 rpyAl1:

TH -Am1Ha t06Kl1.
2. j,13 nonyYeHHblX TOYeK r, T, 6 Bnpaso npOBOA51T ropl130HTam1.
Bnpaso OT TOYKl1 r no ropl130HTam1 OTKfla.QblBatOT Wl1pl1HY nonOYKl1
(nepeAa):
rra = Wr1 + nwr1.
3. OTT. ra BnpaBO OTKfla.QblBatOT Wl1pl1HY npo~Mbl:
rar1 = WpyK- 1110 Cr111;
WpyK =On+ non.
2

35
 4. OTT. r 1 snpaso no ropl130HTam1 OTl<Ila,Qb1sa10T Wl1pl1Hy em1HKl1:
r 7 r10 = We+ nwe.
5. Wl1pl1Ha eeTKl1 YepTe>Ka pasHsie1esi 01pe3Ky:
rr10 = Cr111 + nr;
Cr111 = (Wr1 + n) + (We+ n) + Wnp.
Eem1 3HaYeHl1e nr nonyYlmOeb 6onbWe l1m1 MeHbWe YeM Heo6-
XOAl1MO no MOAem1, eneAyeT yMeHbWlllTb lml1 ysen111Y111Tb 3HaYeH111e
np1116asoK K Wnp l1 We, HO s 3TOM enyyae HY>KHO l13MeHl1Tb WpyK, s3al1Mo-
essi3aHHYIO e Wnp. 310 06eeneYl1sae1 HOpManbHOe BTaYl1BaH111e pyKasa s
npot1My.

2.2. nocTpoeHMe ~epTe>Ka no11o~KM (p1r1c. 2.3)

1. rny6111Ha ropnos111Hbl:
TC =rr.
2. nono>KeHl1e 4eH1pa rpyA111:
rr, =[4r.
3. nono>KeHllle nneyesot1 TO"'IKlll:
Cn = Wnn;
r,n = BnKn.
nepeeeYeHl1e 3TlllX ABYX /J,yr onpefJ,enS!eT nono>KeH111e T. n.
j,13 TOYKlll n - 3aeeYKa Ha 111eXO/J,HOt1 ropl130HTanlll:
nA2 = Wn.
4. "13 r. r, KaK 1113 4eH1pa, pa.Q111yeoM r,r3 nposofJ.SIT AYry ssepx.
Ha p,yre OTKila/J,blBalOT orpe30K r3r31· paBHblt1 pa3HOeTlll Me>t<,Qy OTpe3-
KaMlll nr3T3 111 MepKOt1 Bnn, KOTOpb1t1 onpefJ,enS!eT paeTBOp Harpy/J,HOt1
BblTaYKlll:
r3r3, =nr3T3-Bnn.
4epe3 TT. r, Ill r31 npOBOASIT BTopylO eTOpOHY BblTaYKlll, K KOTOpOt1 BOe-
eTaBnSllOT nepneHfJ,111eynsip s T. r 31 111 npo/J,nesa10T ero eeepx.
1113 T. n fJ,enalOT 3aeeYKY Ha 3Ty npS!MYIO l13MepeHllleM Wnp. = r3r7:
nn2= Wnp;
n2n3 = 1110 cr,, 1.
4epea T. ns BOeeT8BnSllOT Bnpaso nepneH/J,lllKynsip K npS!MOt1 r31n2.
5. nono>KeHl1e eepw111Hbl 6oKoeoro epe3a:
n3ns = Y2 Wnp.
OcpopMnSllOT nlllHllllO npOMMbl yepe3 T. nn2n5.

36
 Cl llr ~w.
P,o

Y,

r
r, r, r'°

r. ry, T.o

6 1-----------l~f)~~:._-----~ 010

~ -----------&...;;....
H5 _______. H10

PMc. 2.3. Yep-re>K onopHoiil noeepxHOCTM >KeHcKoro nne11eeoro M3Ae11MA

37
 2.3. nocTpoeH111e 'iepTe>Ka cn111HK111 (p111c. 2.3)

1. nono>KeHt1e Bb1cwe,;.:; ropnost1Hbl cm1HKt1:

T10A10 = ,[ITC1.
2. rnyfa1Ha ropnOBl1Hbl Cm1HKl1:
T10P10 =,[ITC.
3. nono>KeHl1e nneyeso,;.:; TOYKl1 na:
P10ns = Wnc;
T10Ts= 2,5 CM;
Tsn 8 = BnKc.
nepeceYeHL<!e arnx ABYX Ayr AaeT nono>KeHt1e T. na. V'13 TOYKL1 na
Aena10T 3aceYKY Ha L<ICXOAHO,;.:; ropt130Hrnm1:
nsAa= Wn.
0Tpe3oK A10A8 - paseH wt1pt1He ropnoBl1Hbl cm1HKl1.
4. nono>KeHL<!e sepwt1Hbl nneYeso,;.:; BblTaYKt1:
A10Y = 8,0-12,0 CM.
Bem1Yt1Ha oTpe3Ka A 10 Y 3am1ct11 OT pacrnopa sb1TaYKl1 - YeM 6onbwe
pacTsop, TeM AnL1HHee BblTaYKa:
YB = A10Aa + 3,0-4,0 CM.
5. BB2 - nepsas:i CTOpOHa BblTaYKl1, ee npoBOAflT nepneHAl1Kyns:ipHO K
m1Hm1, orpaHt1Yt1sa101..L.1elil wt1pL<1Hy cm1HKL1. V'13 T. B KaK l13 1.1eHTpa, pa.Qt1ycoM
BB2 npOBOAflT Ayry, Ha Ayre OTKila,QblBalOT 0Tpe30K B2B3, KOTOpb1l1
onpe,Qens:ieT pacrnop HarpyAHO,;.:; BblTaYKL-1, pasHb11il:
B2B3 = nar1T1 - Bnc.
6. nonO>KeHl1e BCnOMOraTenbHOli! TOYKl1 ns:
nans = Wnp + B2B3.
7. nono>KeHt1e sepwL<1Hb1 6oKosoro cpe3a cm1HKt1:
r1r5 = Wnp; rsns = r31n3.
2
0KOHYaTenbHO npoli!My ocpopMnfllOT npl1 3aKpblTO,;.:; BblTaYKe.
npL<1MeYaHt1e: ecm1 pacrnop nneYeso,;.:; BblTaYKl1 3HaYt11enbHb1,;.:;, TO era
pacnpeAens:ilOT Ha ,1:1se BblTaYKl1. Pacrnop Hl1>KHe,;.:; Bb1TaYKl1 He ,1:1on>KeH
npeBblWaTb 1,0-1,5 CM Anfl nnaTbfl Ha CYTIO>Kl1BaHt1e npol1Mbl.
Bepwt1Ha sb1TaYKl1 pacnonaraeTcs:i s T. B1:
A10Y 1 = 17,0 (0,4 ,[ITC1);
Y1B1 =YB.
Hl1>Ke npl1BOAflTCfl rn6m11.1b1 paCYeTHblX sem1Yl1H OCHOBHblX KOHCTpyK-
rnBHblX }"'4aCTKOB c y...eTOM Bl1AOB l1 Cl1nY3TOB l13Aem11il.

38
 WMpMHa rop110BMHbl no1101L.1KM (AA2) no paaMepaM, CM
Ta611M~a 2.1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
rlnalbe 6,3-6,8 6,4-6,9 6,5-7,6 ~.6-7,1 6,7-7,2 6,8-7,3 6,9-7,4 7,0-7,5 7,1-7,6 +0,1
>KaKer 6.8 6,9 7,0 7,1 7,2 7,3 7,4 7,5 7,7 +0,1
nanbTO 6,8-7,3 6,9-7,4 7,0-7,5 17.1-7,E 7.2-7,7 7,3-7,8 7,4-7,9 7,5-8,0 7,6-8,1 ±0.1
p/c
nanbTo 7,3-7,8 7,4-7,9 7,5-8,0 7,6-8,1 7,7-8,2 7,8-8,3 7,9-8.,4 8,o-8,5 8,1-8,6 ±0.1
31.1MHee

r11y6MHa ropllOBMHbl CnMHKM (A10P10) no p33MepaM, CM

Ta611M~a 2.2
nnaTbe 2,1-2,2 2,1-2,3 2,1-2,3 2-2,4 2,2-2,4 2,2-2,4 2,3-2,5 2,3-2,5 2,3-2,5 ±0,1
>KaKeT 2,3 2,3 2,3 2,4 2,4 2,4 2,5 2,5 2,5 ±0.1
nanbTO 2.5-2,7 2,5-2,7 2,5-2,7 2,6-2,8 2,6-2,8 2,6-2,8 2,7-2,9 2,7-2,9 2,7-2,9 ±0.1
p/c
nanbTO 3,0-3,2 3,0-3,2 3,0-3,2 3,1-3,3 3,1-3,3 3,1-3,3 3,2-3,4 3,2-3,4 3,2-3,4 ±0,1
3VIMHee

WMpMHa npol1Mbl no paaMepaM, CM

Ta611M~a 2.3
H<aKeT
nP1.1nerat0~1.1iil 12,0 12,5 13,0 13,5 14,0 14,5 15,0 15,5 16,0 +0,5
nonvnovineratO~Vliil 12,5 13,0 13,5 14,0 14,5 15,0 15,5 16,0 16,5 ±0,5
lPs:!MOiil l1 ceo60A. 13,0 13,5 14,0 14,5 15,0 15,5 16,0 16,5 17,0 +0,5
nanbTO
novinerat0~ee 13,5 14,0 14,5 15,0 15,5 16,0 16,5 17,0 17,5 +0,5
nonynp1.1nerat0~ee 14,0 14,5 15,0 15,5 16,0 16,5 17,0 17,5 18,0 +0,5
nps:iMoe 111 ceo6oA. 14,5 15,0 15,5 16,0 16,5 17,0 17,5 18,0 18,5 +0,5
c 4enbHOBblKpoeHHblM 15.0 15,5 16,0 16,5 17,0 17,5 18,0 18,5 19,0 ±0,5
PYKaBOM

npMMe'laHMe: Wl1p111Ha VI rny6111Ha npoiilMbl Bbl'll1C!leHbl c ~eTOM

npaKTV1-ieCKoro onblTa.

39
 WMpMHa pyKaea no pa3MepaM, CM
Ta6n1114a2.4
~aKeT
no~neraiou.wnll 17,0 17,5 18,0 18,5 19,0 19,5 120,0 20,5 21,0 +0,5
no11ynp~11eratou.i~lll 17,5 18,0 18,5 19,0 19,5 20,0 20,5 21,0 121,5 +0,5
nof!MOlll ~ ceo6o.Q. 18,0 18,5 19,0 19,5 20,0 20,5 121.0 21,5 22,0 +0,5
nanbTo
np~neratou.iee 18,5 19,0 19,5 20,0 20,5 21,0 21,5 22,0 22,5 +0,5
nonvno~neraiou.iee 19,0 19,5 120.0 20,5 21,0 21,5 122,0 22,5 23,0 +0,5
npf!Moe 19,5 20,0 20,5 21,0 21,5 22,0 22,5 23,0 23,5 +0,5
CB06o,QH09 120,0 20,5 121.0 121,5 22,0 22,5 23,0 23,5 24,0 +0,5

8b1C0Ta oKaTa pyKaea, CM

Ta6n1114a 2.5
~aKeT
np~neratoUJ~lil 14,0 14,5 15,0 15,5 16,0 16,5 17,0 17,5 18,0 +0,5
no11ynp~11eratou.i~lll 14,5 15,0 15,5 16,0 16,5 17,0 17,5 18,0 18,5 +0,5
npf!MOM ~ CB060,Q. 15.0 15,5 16,0 16,5 17,0 17,5 18,0 18,5 19,0 +0,5
nanbTO
np~neratou.iee 15,5 16,0 16,5 17,0 17,5 18,0 18,5 19,0 19,5 +0,5
no11vnp~11eraiou.iee 16,0 16,5 17,0 17,5 18,0 18,5 19,0 19,5 20,0 +0,5
nPflMOe 16,5 17,0 17,5 18,0 18,5 19,0 19,5 20,0 20,5 +0,5
ceo6o.QHOe 17,0 17,5 18,0 18,5 19,0 19,5 120.0 20,5 21,0 +0,5

2.4. Conps1>1<eHtte 01<aTa py1<aea c npolltMollt

PyKas ~smierc~ OAH"1M "13 Ha1r16onee cno>KHblX yanos KOHCTPYKLIV."1

"13Aen1r1~. PyKas s MeHbWe~ creneH1r1 cs~aaH c paaMepaM1r1 pyK1r1, "leM cn1r1H-
Ka "1 nOJ10'-IK8 C pa3MepaM"1 "1 KOHTypaMl.1 TYJ10B"1Ll.18. no:noMy BeJ1"1"1"1H8
np1r16asK1r1 Ha cso6oAHOe 06neraH1r1e s sepxHe~ 1r1 H1r1>KHe~ "lacr~x pyKasa
3H8"1"1TeJlbHO 60JlbWe.
napaMeTp8M"1, XapaKTep"13YIOL1.1"1M"1 pyKaB, ~Bll~IOTC~ BblCOTa OKaTa
pyKaBa ,,., W"1p"1Ha pyKasa noA npo~MO~. KOTOpble HaXO~TC~ B HenocpeA-
CTBeHHO~ 388"1C"1MOCT"1 OT W"1p"1Hbl npo~Mbl ,,., seprnKallbHOro Alr18Merpa
npo~Mbl (p1r1c. 2.4, a).
8Ta\.1Hble pyKasa pa3H006pa3Hbl no ¢opMe ,,., KOJ1"1'-leCTBY COCTaBHblX
"18CTe~ "1 MOryT 6b1Tb:
- 6ecwOBHblM"1 (Hanp1r1Mep, ¢0Hap1r1K);
- OAHOWOBHblM"1;
- ABYXWOBHblM"1;
- rpeXWOBHblM"1 (plr1C. 2.4, 6).

40
 'I !J-
OH

a, r'i p1~\ 1,
1,
~
_.. I II I :I

---- I II
11
I/
........ ·t
........
I
I
I
PMc. 2.4. ConpsnKeHMe oKaTa pyKaea c npoi1Moi1:
a - ebtcoma OKama pyKaea; 6 - wupuHa pyKaea c pa3nU4HbtMU eapuaHmaMu KOHcmpyKmueHoao ycmpoOcmea;
e - yaon HaK110Ha pyKaea
 B 38Bi.1Ci.1MOCTlll OT 06beMHOCTlll ¢opMbl i.1 non pyKaBa 6blB8IOT:
- n110TH00611era10LL.11<1e (non = 4-5 CM);
yaK111e (non= 5--6 cM);
cpeAHL-le (non= 7-8 cM);
pacw1-1peHHble (non = 9-11 cM);
w1-1poK1-1e (non= 11-13 cM);
nOJlHble (non CBblWe 14 CM).
cJ:>opMa pyKaBa xapaKTep1-1ayeTcs:i CTeneHblO ero Hano11HeHHOCT111, T.e.
se111<1Y1<1Ho~ nocaAKL-1 pyKaBa. Paa111<1Ya10T no cTeneHi.1 Hano11HeH1-1s:i oKaTa
pyKasa:
- n110CK1<1e Heo6beMHble c Belli.1Yi.1HO~ nOC8AKi.1 AO 2,5 CM;
- Kfl8CCi.1YeCKi.1e c Belli.1Yi.1HO~ noCaAKL-1OT3,0--6,0 CM;
- 06beMHble c se111-1Yi.1HO~ nocaAKL-1 CBblWe 6,0 CM.
PyKas xapaKTep1-1ayeTcs:i TaK>Ke ymoM HaKfloHa pyKasa. B (p1-1c. 2.4, s)
oraecHo~ 111-1H1-11-1 n11eYa, APY™ML-1 c11osaM1-1, 6011ee 1-1111-1 MeHee oTBecHo~
nocTaHOBKO~ pyKasa i.1 38Bi.1Cs:!Ll.le~ OT 3TOro n11aBHOCrn nepeXOA8 OT Jli.1Hi.1i.1
n11eYa K111-1H1-11-1, onpeAe11s:110LL.1e~ Hanpas11eH1-1e pyKasa.
Ba>KHe~we~ 38AaYe~ np1-1 KOHcrpy1-1posaH1-11-1 pyKasa s:is11s:ieTcs:i conps:i-
>1<eH1-1e c npo~MO~. a i.1MeHHO TOYHOe COOTBeTCTBL-le OK8T8 pyKasa npo~Me 111
npas1-111bHoe no11o>KeH1-1e pyKasa oTHoc1-1Te11bHO scero 1<1JAe111-1s:i.
W1-1p1-1Ha pyKasa 1-1 w1-1p1-1Ha npo~Mbl css:iaaHbl ClleAYIOl..Lle~ aas1-1c1-1Moc-
TblO:
WpyK = Wnp + 1/10 Cr111 .
PacnpeAelleH1<1e p83Hi.1l.lbl Me>KAY Wi.1pi.1HO~ pyKaBa i.1 Wi.1pi.1HO~
npo~Mbl npoi.1CXOAL-1T CJleAYIOLL.11-lM o6pa3oM:
n2P2 = 1,0 CM;
nsna = 1/10 Cr111 -n2P2{Alls:i scex paaMepos).
8b1c0Ta oKara pyKasa pasHs:ieTcs:i:
01011 = 0011 - 1,5-2,5 CM,
00 11 = B - sepTlllK8JlbHbl~ AL-18MeTp npo~Mbl.
Ili.1Hi.1s:I JlOKTs:I, K8K npaBi.1110, COOTBeTCTByeT Jli.1Hi.1i.1 Talli.11-1.
nocTpoeH1-1e pyKasa npo1-13BOAs:!T no MeTOA1<1Ke, np1-1BeAeHHo~ H1<1>Ke.

42
 2.5. CxeMa nocTpoeH1r1st lfepTe>Ka ocH0Bb1 nanbTO, nnaTbst c
eT3lfHblM pyKaBOM (p1r1c. 2.5)

N2 HaMMeHoeaHMe YcnoeHble o6o3HalfeHM.R M npM6aBKM

nn KOHCTpyKTMBHblX paclfeTHble <1>opMynb1
Ylf3CTKOB
noCTpOeHMe lfepTe>Ka nonOlfKM
1 no110>K8HLll8 IlLllHL/1111 TailLllLll AT= ,Qm 1
2 no110>1<eH111e IlLllHLllLll fPYALll Ar= Br1
3 no110>1<eH111e IlLllHLllLll 6eA8P T6 = 18-19 CM
4 no110>K8HL118 IlLllHL/1111 HL113a TH= ,Qt0
5 no110>1<eH111e 1..18HTPa fPYALll rr1 =Ur
6 f11y6111Ha ropilOBLllHbl TC= fr
~ W111p111Ha fPVALll rr2= Wr1+nr1 nr1= 0-0,5
8 no110>K8HLll8 nI18"18BO~ TO"IKa n HaXOALllTCfl Ha nepe-
TO"IKLll C8"18HLllLll ABYX AYf en Lii f1 n:
en= Wnn;
r1n = BnKn.
1113 TO"IKLll n ASilatOT 3ace"IKY Ha
LllCXOAHO~ ropL1130HT8IlLll
nA2 = Wn
~ no110>1<eHL118 HarpyAHO~ A~ = 4 CM (no MOA8I1111);
BblTa"IKLll Ha nne"ISBOM f 1Aa nepBafl IlSBafl CTOpOHa
cpe3e BblTa"IKLll
10 OnpeAe11eH111e pacrnopa 1113 TO"IKLll f1 KaK 1113 1..18HTpa, pa-
HarpyAHO~ BblTa"IKLll ALllYCOM f1f2 npOBOAflT Ayry, Ha
KOTOpO~ OTKI18AblBatOT 0Tp830K
661, paBHbl~ pa3HOCTLll Me>K..Qy
661=Wr1-Wr11111111 >Ke
nr2 T2 Lii MepKO~ Bnn
66 1 = nr2T2-Bnn.
4epe3 TO"IKLll f1 Lii 61 npoBOAflT
BTOpytO CTopoHy BblTa"IKLll.
YpaeH111eat0T cTOpOHbl BbtTa"IKLll
f1Aa1 = f1Aa
11 Hoeoe no11o>KeH111e =
Aa1n1 A.an (nepeafl Ayra);
nne"ISBO~ T04KLll r1n1 = r1n (eTOpafl Ayra).
nepece"leHLlle 3TLllX AYf
onpeA8Ilfl8T HOBOS no110>1<eH111e
nI18"18BO~ TO"IKLll n1

43
T .J-------=72::-i---+.:T.-::-'1---1'.T:.=3----;T.;;-9--J 1fo

6 s,,

u._.,...,..._,,..,....______.....,________________-..Uut

PMC. 2.5. YepTe>K OCHOBbl >K8HCKOro Me'leBoro M:J,qenMJI

npJIMOro CMnY3TII

44
12 OnpeAeneHL11e rny6111Hbl V13 TO"IKll1 n1 AenalOT aace"!KY
npo~Mbl 111aMepeH111eM Wnp Ha npsiMylO,
orpaH111"1111BalO~YIO W111pLllHY
nono"IK111:
n,n2 = Wnp;
Wnp =On+ non - 1/10 Cr111
2
13 nono>KeH111e V13 TO"IKll1 n AenalOT Jace"!Ky Ha non= 8,0-
scnoMorarenbHO~ TO"IK111 :ny npsiMylO 111aMepeH111eM: 9,0 CM
n2 Wnp = f2 f3; "
nn2 = Wnp;
n2r2= 1110 Cr11,
14 nono>KeH111e BepWll1Hbl f2f4 = [g[~
6oKosoro cpeaa 2

15 O¢>opMneH111e n111H111111 O¢>opMneH111e m1HL11L11 npo~Mbl

npo~Mbl "1epe3 TO"IKll1 n1, n2, f4
noCTpOeHMe 11.fepTe>Ka CnMHKM
16 nonO>KeH111e nll1Hll1Lll T8Jlll1111 A10 T10 = .QTC1
17 nono>KeH111e nll1Hll1111 6eAeP T10610 = 18,0-19,0 CM
18 nono>KeH111e Jl111H111"1 fPYA111 T 10r 10 = Tr (c 4epre>Ka nono4K"1)
19 nonO>KeH"1e Jlll1Hll1"1 H"13a T10H10 = .QIO (c 4epTe>K8 nOJ104-
K111)
20 fny6111Ha ropnOB111Hbl T10P10 = .Qrc
cn111HK111 (pocrKa)
21 W111p111Ha cn111HKL11 f10f3 =We +nwc nwc=
1,0 CM
22 nono>KeH111e nne"leBo~ TO"!Ka na HaXOAll1TCSl Ha
TO"IK111 nepece"leH111111 ABYX AYf -
P10na 111 Tgna;
P10na = Wnc;
T10Tg = 2,5 CM,
Tgna = BnKc.
V13 TO"IK111 na AenalOT aace"!Ky Ha
ropll130HT8JlbHYIO nll1Hll1IO, npose-
1AeHHY10 111a T04K111 A10:
Agna= Wn.
OrpeaoK Ag A 10 paseH w111p111He
ropJlOBll1Hbl cn111HK111 (POCTKa)
23 nono>KeH111e nne4eso~ AaA9 = 3,0-4,0 CM (111n111 no
Bb1Ta4Kll1 MOAen111)

45
24 nonO>KeH1<1e BepWi.1Hbl Benw·mHa oTpe3Ka A 10Y aas1-1c1-1T
nne4esoi:1 Bb1Ta4Ki.1 OT pacrnopa Bb1Ta4Ki.1, 4eM
6onbwe pacrnop, TeM ,QJli.1HHee
Bb1Ta4Ki.1 YB = A10 Aa.
nepBylO CTOpOHy Bb1Ta4Ki.1 npo-
BOA5lT 4epe3 T04Ki.1Aa1-1 B. 1113
T04Ki.1 B KaK 1-13 ~eHTpa, PaAL-lY-
COM 882 npOBOA5lT AYfY BBepxy.
Ha non}"-leHHo.;1 Ayre oTKna-
AblBalOT 0Tpe30K 6263, KOTOpb1.;1
onpeAen5ieT pacrnop nne4esoi:1
Bb1Ta4Ki.1:
6263 = naf3T3 - Bnc.
Pacrnop Bb1Ta4Ki.1 Mo>KeT 6b1Tb
yMeHbWeH Ha 1,0-1,5 CM,
KOTOpble 1-lAYT Ha cyT10>Ki.1BaH1<1e.
4epe3 T04Ki.1 B 1-1 62 npoBOA5iT
BTopy10 crnpoHy Bb1Ta4Ki.1, ypas-
Hi.1BalOT CTOPOHbl Bb1Ta4Ki.1:
AaB = Aa1B
25 nono>KeH1<1e 1113 T04Ki.1 ns paAL-lYCOM, paBHblM
BCnOMOraTenbH0.;1 T04Ki.1 Wnp, AenalOT 3ace4KY Ha
seprnKanb:
n 9 n 6 = Wnp
26 O¢opMneH1-1e n1-1H1-11-1 4epe3 T04Ki.1 ns, ns, f 4
npo.;1Mbl npoBOA5iT n1<1Hi.1IO
nocTpOeHMe BTa"IHOrO .QBYXWOBHOrO pyKaBa (pMC. 2.6)
27 8b1corn oKarn pyKasa 02 P2 = 8 - (1,5-2,5) CM
,QJ15i 44-46 pa3Mepa - 2,5 cM
,QJ15l 48-52 pa3Mepa - 2,0 cM
,QJ15l 54-56 pa3Mepa - 1,5 cM
c 4ePTe>Ka nono4Ki.1 1-1 cn1-1HK1<1)
28 W1-1p1-1Ha pyKasa P2Pa = WpyK non= 8,0-
9,0CM
WpyK = On + non
2
29 An1-1Ha pyKasa 02H2 = APYK
30 nono>KeH1-1e n1-1H1-11-1 noKT5l
02n2= OgH2 + 4,5 CM
2

46
PMC. 2.6. "lepTI!>K BT8'1HOro ABYXWOBHOro pyKaea c nepeAHMM
M noKTeBblM WBaMM

47
31 no11o>KeH"1e Jl"1Hli1"1 1121121 = 0,5 CM;
nepeAHero nepern6a H2H21 = 2,0 CM
32 nocTpOeH"1e OK8T8 pyK8B8
0204 =lliOii~
33 W1i1p1i1Ha pyKaea BH"13Y
34 O¢opM1leH1i1e pyKaea no
Jlll1Hll1111 JlOKTH
35 Ben111"!111Ha nepeAHero
nepeKarn
36 Ben111"!111Ha noKreeoro
nepeKaTa
37 nono>KeH111e eepxH111x
TO"leK JlOKTeBoro 111
nepeAHero cpe3oe pyKaea
2
0504= 02 Pg;
2
0305 = 050s = 1,0 CM;
P2C2= 02P2 -2,5 CM;
2
C2C1 = 0,7-1,0 CM;
PaCa = 0§.f~ll- + 2,5 CM.
2
T. Os coe,Q"1HHIOT c T. Ca. a T. 0 3
C T. C, npHMblM"1 J1"1H"1HM"1 "1
npOAOJ1>K8IOT BH"13:
P2 P22 = P2P21;
PaPa2 = PaPa1
1121H21Ha= 90u
H21Ha= WpyK BH"13Y (no MOAeJ1"1)
llaJla1 = 1,5 CM
P2P3 = P2P1 = 2,5-3,5 CM;
1121113 = 1121111 = 2,5-3,5 CM;
H21H3= H21H1 = 2,5-3,5 CM
PaPg = PaP1 = 3,5-4,0 CM
H8 H9 = HaH7 = 1,5 CM
1113 TT. P3 1i1 P7 n111H111111 cpe3oe
H111>KHe171 nonoe111HK111 pyKaea npo-
AOn>KalOT eeepx AO nepece"le-
H111H c KOHTYPOM oKaTa pyKaea;
nonyYalOT TT. C 3 111 C1:
P9C9= P,C1
T. C 11 HaXOA111TCH Ha nepneHA111-
KynHpe, npoeeAeHHOM 1113 T. C 3 K
Jl111Hll1111 C1P2
48
 CxeMa noc1poeH111s:i 4ep1e>Ka BT84Horo pyKasa c sepXHlllM 111 Hlll>KHlllM
cpeaaMlll aHanorn4Ha cxeMe noc1poeH111s:i 4ep1e>Ka BTa'-IHoro pyKasa c Hlll>K-
Hei1 "18CTblO. Oco6eHHOCTs:1M111 a1oro noc1poeH111s:i s:isns:ie1cs:i np111HL1111n pa3-
eep1b1BaH111s:i pyKasa 111 onpeAeneH111e nono>t<eHllls:i sepxHero cpeaa pyKasa
(plllC. 2.7).

HaMMeHoeaHMe
YcnoeHble o6o3HalfeHMff M
N2 KOHCTPYKTMBHblX npM6aBKM
paclfeTHble <J>opMynb1
VlfaCTKOB
1 nono>KeHllle BepXHero OsOs1 = 1,5 CM; .
cpe3a pyKasa 05052= 1,0 CM;
P2P5 = 0,5 P2Pa - 1,0 cM;
iJl21n5 = 0,5 n21na1 - 1,0 CM;
H21H5= 0,5 H21Ha-1,0 CM
~ nono>KeH111e H111>t<Hero P1P2= P2P5;
cpe3a nepeAHeiil '-lacrn ln1n21 = n2,n5;
pyKasa H21H1 = H21H5
~ nono>KeH111e Hlll>KHero PaPg= P5Pa;
cpe3a noKTesoill 4acrn naPaP91 - 90°;
pyKasa iJ102ng= 7,0-8,0 CM.
1113 T04Klll n02 K8K 1113 L1eHTpa,
P8AlllYCOM na2n9 npOBO,Qs:IT AYrY
BHlll3.
lngJ191 = 2,0-2,5 cM - pacrnop
JlOKTeBoiil BblT84Klll.
:J"04KY ng, coeAlllHs:llOT C T04KOiil
lf102:
HaH91 = HaH;i = H5Ha;
lna1HaH91 = 90°
i

49
P111c. 2.7. YepTe>K BTa'IHoro AByxwoeHoro pyKaea
c eepxHlllM Ill Hlll>KHlllM WBaMlll

50
 nocTpoeHMe "lepTe>Ka ocHoeb1 nanbTO nonynpMnerata~ero
cMflY3Ta c BT3"1Hb1M pyKaeoM (pMC. 2.8)

N!! HaMMeHoeaHMe YcnoeHble o6o3HaYeHm:i M npM·

KOHCTPYKTMBHblX YY3CTKOB pacYeTHble cbopMVnbl 6aBKM
nocTooeHMe yepTe>Ka nonoYKM
1 nono>KeH1-1e ni.1Hi.1i.1 TMi.11-1 AT= .O.rn1
~ nono>KeHL-le ni.1Hi.1i.1 rPYAL-1 Ar= Bf1
~ nono>KeH1-1e Ili.1Hi.1i.1 6eAeP To= 18,0-19,0 CM
~ nono>1<eH1-1e ni.1Hi.1i.1 Hi.138 TH= ,O.t0
~ nono>1<eH1-1e ~eHTPa rDVAL-1 rr1 =Ur
6 W1-1p1-1Ha nonoYKi.1 rr3 = Wr1 + n 0-0,5 CM
17 BenwrnHa sepxHero AA1 - 0,5 CM (AnSl HOpManb-
OTBeAeHi.1Sl ni.1Hi.1i.1 Holli ocaHKL-1)
nony3aHoca =
AA1 1,0-1,5 CM (p,nsi nepe-
rn6i.1CTOlll ocaHKL-1);
=
AA1 0 (p,nsi cyrynolll ocaHKL-1)
T. A1 coeAi.1HSllOT c T. r
nPSlMOlll Ili.1Hi.1elll
8 fnv61-1Ha ropflOBi.1Hbl TC 1 =fr
~ nono>KeH1-1e nneyeeoi/I TOl!Ki.1 TOYKa n HaXOAL-lTCSl Ha nepe-
ceYeHi.11-1 ABYX AYr C1n i.1 r1n:
C1n = Wnn;
=
r1n BnKn.
1113 TOllKL-1 n Aenat0T 3acellKY
Ha i.1CXOAHOlll ropi.130HTani.1:
nA2 Wn=
10 nono>KeH1-1e HarpyAHOlll =
A2Aa 4 CM (no MOAen1-1)
BblTaYKL-1 Ha nneYeeoM cpeae f1Aa nepea~ CTopoHa
BblTaYKi.1
11 OnpeAeneH1-1e pacraopa 1113 TOYKL-1 f1 KaK i.13 ~eHTpa,
HarpyAHOlll BblTallKi.1 paA1-1ycoM f1f3 npoeoAm
i,p.yry' Ha KOTOpolll
~TKna,QblBatOT OTpeaoK 661,
paBHbllil pa3HOCTi.1 Me>K,[ly
nr3T3 i.1 MepKolil Bnn
=
~61 nr3T 3- Bnn.
Hepe3 TOl!Ki.1 f1 1-1 61 npoBOA~T
eTopyio crnpoHy BblTallKL-1.
YpaeH1-1eat0T cTopoHbl BblTall-
Ki.1:
l1Aa1 = l1Aa

51
 Gs-
95'1 Fi10 5'.
5L----~~~~~,t-=-=-~~--1

I
I
I
I
I.I
I
L--------..::•--:....a------Hto
P111c. 2.8. ~epTe>K ocHoBbl nanbTO nonynp111neraiouiero c111ny3Ta
c BTa'IHblM PYKaBOM

52
12 Hosoe nono>KeHL•le A31n1 = A3n (nepsasi AYra)
nneYeBo~ TOYKLll r r
1n 1 = 1n (srnpasi Ayra)
nepeceYeH111e 3TLllX AYr
onpeAensieT Hosoe nono>1<eH111e
nlleYeBO~ TOYKLll n1
13 OnpeAeneH111e my6111Hb1 1113 TOYKLll n1 AellalOT 3aCeYKY non=8,0-
npo~Mbl 1113MepeH111eM Wnp Ha npsiMyio, 9,0CM
orpaH111Y111saio1.1.1yio w111p111Hy no-
iJlOYKLll:
n1n2 = Wnp; -;

Wnp =On+ non -1/10Cr111 ;

2
n2n3=1/10Cr111
14 nono>KeHLlle 60KOBOro Cpe3a n3ns = Wnp - 2,0 cM
no n111H111111 my6111Hbl npo~Mbl 1113 T. ns BHL/13 onyCKalOT
seprnKaJlbHYIO JlLllHLlllO, nepe-
~eYeH111e ee c n111H111e~ Tan111111
~603HaYalOT T. T5 , c n111H111e~
6eAep - T. 6s, c n111H111e~ H1113a -
IT. Hs
15 nono>1<eH111e scnoMoraTellb- n3n4 = Wnp
HO~ TOYKLll n4 2
16 nono>1<eH111e BepXHe~ TOYKLll nsns1 =2,0 CM.
6oKosoro cpeaa IJ1111HL11IO npo~Mbl ocfx>pMilSllOT
Nepe3 n. n1, n2, n4, ns1
17 nono>KeHL/le 60KOBOro Cpe3a 6s6s1 = (C6 + n6) - (Cr111 + nr)
no n111H111111 6eAeP 2
18 nollO>K0HL/le 60KOBOro Cpe3a HHs1 = 66s1 + 3,0 CM
no n111H111111 HLll3a
19 nono>KeHLlle 60KOBblX cpe- /J,Jlsi onpeAeneH111si nono>1<eH111si
f30B Ill BblTaYeK no JlLllHLllLll 6oKOBblX cpe30B Ha JlLllHL/1111
1Tan111111 1Tan111111 HaXOASlT cyMMy
paCTBOpOB BblTaYeK Ill 60KOBblX
WBOB:
ILB = (Cr111 + nr) - (CT+ nT)
/J,Jlsi rnnosb1X 1113Aen111~ np11-
HSlTO npoeKTLllpOBaTb 4 BblTaY-
Kiii: OAHY - Ha CnLllHKe (B cpeA-
HeM wse cn111HK111), ABe- Ha no-
inOYKe - nepeAHSlSl Ill 60KOBaSl
'ocesasi n111H111si nepeAHe~ Bbl-

53
 lra"IKlll npoXOAlllT Yepe3 '-'eHTP
rpyAlll; OCb 60KOBO~ BblTa"IKlll
pacno11ara10T nocepeA111He
Me>K,Qy JllllHlllHMlll 6oKOBOro
cpe3a 111 nepeAHe~ BbnaYKlll) 111
~AHY - B 6oKoBoM wse. KoH-
(t:>111rypa'-'111H 111 AJllllHa scex
BblTa"!eK 3aBlllClllT OT CTeneHlll
np11111eraH111H 1113A911111H no 11111H111111
Tan111111. PacnpeAeneH111e cyM-
MapHo~ se111114111Hbl pacTBopa B
WBbl Ill BblTa"!Klll pa311"14HO "1
3aB"1C"1T OT C"111Y3THO~ ¢opMbl
1113Aen111H 111 Te11ocno>1<eH1i1H.
nocTpOeHMe yepTe>Ka CnMHKM
~o nollO>K9H"19 11"1H"1"1 Ta11"1"1 A10T10 = ,[J.TC1
~1 no110>1<eH1.1e 11"1H"1"1 6eAeP T10610 = 18,0-19,0 CM
22 no11o>KeH111e JllllHllllll rpyAlll T10f10 =Tr (c 4epTe:xca
nOJlO"!Kl.1)
~3 nollO>K9H"19 11"1H"1"1 H"13a T10H10 = ,[J.IO
~4 f11y61.1Ha ropllOB"1Hbl Cn"1HK"1 T10P10= ,[J.TC
25 W111p111Ha cn111HK111 f10f7 = We+ nwc nwc=
1,0CM
~6 no110>K8H"18 n119"!9BO~ nne4eBaH TO"!Ka ne HaXOA"1TCH
T04K"1 ne Ha nepeceYeH1.11.1 p,syx p,yr -
P 10ne 111 T 9ne:
P10ne = Wnc;
T10T9 = 2,5 CM;
Tgne = BnKc.
1113 T04K"1 ne A911alOT 3aC9"!KY
Ha roplll30HTanbHYIO lllllHllllO,
nposep,eHHYIO "13 TO"!K"1 A10:
A 8 n 8 = Wn.
OrprooK AeA 10 paseH w1.1p1.1He
ropJlOBlllHbl cnlllHKlll (pOCTKa)
27 no110>KeH"18 nneYeso~ AeAe = 3,0-4,0 cM (111111.1 no
Bb1Ta"IK"1 MOP,911"1)
28 no110>1<eH1.1e BepW"1Hbl Be111.1Y1.1Ha oTproKa A10Y
nneyeso~ BblTaYKlll 3aBlllC"1T OT pacTsopa Bb1Ta4Klll,
49M 60JlbWe paCTBOp, TeM
ll11"1HHee Bb1Ta"IK"1

54

. ssepxy. Ha nonyYeHHoi1 Ayre
29 Hosoe no110>1<eH111e
nne"lesol1 TO"IKlll
~ Be11111Y111Ha sepxHero
PTBeAeH111H cpeAHei1 11111H111111 MallbHOi1 ocaHKlll};
~nlllHKlll
YB =A10Aa + 3,0-4,0 CM.
nepsylO CTOPOHY BblTa"IKlll
nposoAHT "!epe3 TO"IKIA Aa 111 B.
Vl3 TO"IKlll B KaK 1113 1..1eHTpa,
paA111ycoM 882 nposoAHT Ayry
OTl<IlaAblBalOT 0Tpe30K 6263,
KoTOpb1l1 onpeAellHeT pacTBop
nneYesol1 Bb1Ta"IK111:
6263 = nar1T1- Bnc. .
PacTBop BblTa"IKlll Mo>KeT 6b1Tb
yMeHbWeH Ha 1,0-1,5 CM,
KOTOpb1e IAAYT Ha CYT10>K111BaH111e
npol1MbL TaKlllM o6pa3oM, KaK
6bl o6pa3yeTCH BTopaH Bb1Ta4-
Ka, KOTOpaH pacnpeAenHeTCH
Ha yposHe Hlll>KHero KpaH nona-
TOK. TaKoe pacnpeAeneH111e Bbl-
~a"IKlll 06HaaTe11bHO, ec.n111 no
{llllHllllll npOXOAlllT penbecf:>,
nepesoA BblTaYeK s penbecf:>- ·
HYIO 11111H11110 on111caH H111>Ke
(p111c. 2.8).
'-lepea TO"IKlll B 111 62 npoBOAHT
sTopy10 CTopoHy Bb1Ta"IK111,
ypaBHlllBalOT CTOpOHbl Bb1Ta4Klll
BAa1 =BAa
fA.s1 n9 =Aana;
Bn9 = Bna.
nepece"leHllle 3TlllX ABYX Ayr
onpeAeJlHeT HOBOe no11o>KeH111e
n11e"lesoi1 T04Klll n9
V\1oA9 = 0,5-1,0 CM (AJlH Hop-
A1oA9 = 1,0-1,5 cM (AllH cyTy-
111ol1 ocaHK111);
V\1oA9 = 0-0,5 CM (AllH nepe-
r1116111cTOi1 ocaHK111);
~. A9 coeAlllHHIOT c T. Y1 (ypo-
seHb Hlll>KHero yma nonaTOK):
~10Y1=17,0 CM (0,4 ATC1)
55
31 Hosoe no11o>KeH1-1e 111-1H1-11-1 W1-1p1-1Hy ropnos1<1Hbl cn1<1HK1<1
rop110Bi.1HblCni.1HKi.1 OTKJ18P,blBalOT Ha
(poCTKa) nepneHA1<1Kynsipe K 111-1H1-11-1
~sY1 "lepe3 T. Pa:
Pa1P101 ..L AsY1;
P101Pa1 = A1oAs;
Pa1A1..l Pa1P101;
Pa1A1 = PaAa.
n11e"leBy10 BblTa"IKY COKpaL1.1alOT
Ha BeJli.1\.11-lHY AaA1:
Asfo.52= AaA1
32 nono>KeH1-1e scnoMoraTe11b- 1113 TO"IKL-1 ns AeJlalOT 3ace"IKY
HblX TO"leK AllSl 0¢opM11e- Ha npsiMolfl, opraH1<1"11<1Ba10L1.1elf1
Hi.1Sl npolflMbl Wi.1pi.1HY cnl-lHKL-1:
nsn 6 = Wnp;
f1n1= f3n3 (C "lepTe>Ka
no110"1K1<1);
n1n5= Wnp - n3n5;
n51 n5 = 2,0 CM.
n1-1H1<110 npolf1Mb1 0¢opM11si10T
"lepe3 TT. ns, n5, n51
33 no11o>KeH1<1e 60KOBOro cpe38 610652 = (C6 +n) - 6651
no 111-1H1-11<1 6eAeP
34 no11o>KeH1<1e 60KOBOro cpe3a H10H52 = 610652 + 3,0 CM
no 111-1H1-11<1 Hi.138
0KOH"laTellbHoe ocf>opM11eH1-1e ropnos1<1Hbl nono"IKL-1 1-1 nne"leBblX cpe3oB
npOi.13BOASlT noc11e OKOH"laHi.1Sl nocTpoeHi.1Sl (AaHHble i.13MeHeHi.1Sl
o6o3Ha\.leHbl nyHKrnpHblMi.1 Jli.1Hi.1SlMi.1) (p1-1c. 2.8)
35 Pacw1-1peH1-1e rop11os1<1Hb1 ~A21 = 0,5-1,0 CM (naJlbTO
nOJlO"IKi.1 AeM1<1ce30HHoe );
A2A21 = 1,0-1,5 CM (nallbTO
31-lMHee).
D,.nsi 3ltfMHero nallbTO pac-
w1-1peH1-1e ropnos1<1Hbl npo1-13-
BOASlT 38 C"leT yMeHbWeHi.1Sl
pacTBopa HarpyAHOlfl BblTa"IKi.1

36 noAbeM n11e"lesb1X TO"le~ n1n11 = nsns1 = 1,0-1,5 CM

Ha HaKllaAKY (B 38Bi.1Ci.1MOCTi.1 OT TOJ1Ll.li.1Hbl
n11e"lesolf1 HaKllaAKL-1)

56
2.6. Ocj>opMneHMe penbecj>oe e n11e~eeb1X M3Ae11MJtX (pMc. 2.9)

r Ii7i If 7i1 i'i T12

i;. 1Z.

PMc. 2.9. Oct>opMneHMe penbect>oe e nne'teBblX M3,QenMJ1X

57
 N!! HaMMeHoeaHMe YcnOBHble o603H34eHMJI M n 6
PM aeKvi
nn KOHCTPVKTMBHblX Y43CTKOB pac"leTHble Q>opMynbl
nocTpoeHMe penbe<ba nono"IKM
1 nono>KeHVle peJlbecf:>a A:Aa=4,0 (no MOAen111);
rr1 = ~r;
TT22 = ff1 - 0,5-0,7 CM;
001 = rr1.
To4KY T22 coeAVIH~IOT np~Mo'1
c T04K0'1 61 VI npOAfieBalOT ee
~o nepece"leHvi~ c 11111H1t1e'1
HVl38. nony4alOT T04Ky Hl
T22T2 = 2,5 CM
~ no11o>KeHV1e TO"IKVI T 11 T11T2 = 0,7 CM.
rro"IKY T11 COeAVIH~IOT np~Mo'1
ITTviHvie'1 c T04Ko'1 H 1 Ha
nepece4eHvivi c 11111Hvie'1
6eAeD, nOJlV48IOT 62
3 CoKpaL1.1eHvie AllVIHbl srnpo'1 ~31Aa:!= 0,5-0,7 CM
CTOpOHbl Bb1Ta4KVI
noCTpoeHMe penbe<ba CnMHKM
Ecnvi pacrnop n11e4eso'1 Bbna4KVI 3Ha4V1TellbHb1'7!, TO ero pacnpeAell~IOT
s ABe Bb1Ta"IKV1. Pacrnop HVl>KHe'1 BblTa"IKVI He AOJl>KeH npesb1waTb
0,8-1,5 CM, npvi"leM o6e Bb1Ta4KVI AOJl>KHbl 6b1Tb Y4TeHbl
B pe11becpH0'1 JlVIHVIVI
1 nono>KeHVle pe11be¢a M1 = 3,0-4,0 CM (no
MOAeJlVI)
2 nono>KeHVle BepXHe'7! A10Y = 8,0-12,0 CM I
Bb1Ta4Klt1 YB = A10Aa + 3,0-4,0 CM
3 no11o>KeHV1e HVl>KHe'1 Bb1Ta4KVI A10Y1+ 17,0 (0,4 ,IJ.TC1);
Y1B1 = A10Aa + 3,0-4,0 CM.
nepBylO CTOPOHY Bb1Ta4Klll
nposo~T 4epe3 T04Klt1 A1B1.
BT. B 1 KaK11131..teHTpa, P8A1t1-
ycoM B1 B4 npOBOAm BBepxy
/J,yry, Ha KOTOpoili
OTKJla{J.blBalOT 0Tpe30K:
6465 = 0405 =1,0-1,5 CM.
4epe3 T04KVI B 1 1t1 64 nposo-
~~T scnoMoraTenbHYIO
np~MYIO Bl Be= B1B.
V13 T. B6 KaK 1113 1..teHTpa, pa-

58
- ~1i1ycoM 882 npoBOA~IT seep-
xy Ayry. Ha KOTOpo~ OTKJla-
Ab1eat0T oTpe3oK 6263,
paBHbl~
6~3= 8283;
. 6 26 3= nar7T1 - 8nc - 8 4 8 5 •
4epe3 T04K"1 8562 npOBOAHT
ernpyio crnpoHy Bb1Ta4K"1.
~paBH"1BalOT CTOpOHbl Bb1Ta4-
K"1 85A71 = 8A7 "
4 Hoeoe nono>KeH1i1e nneYeeo~ ~11 n9 - A1na;
T04K"1 85n9= 8na
5 nono>KeH"1e penbect>a no T10Ta 2 = Y181 - 0,5-0,7 cM;
Jl"1H"1"1 Tall"1111 lfa2Ta1 = 2,5-3,0 CM
~ nono>KeH1i1e penbect>a 6eAep 61067= Y181.
To4K"1 T82"1 6 7 coeA"1HHIOT "1
npoAJ1eeat0T AO nepeceye-
H"1H C Jl"1H"1e~ H"13a.
nonyYatOT TOYKY H12. T04K"1
Ta1 ...., 61 coeA"1HHIOT 1i1
npoAJ1eeat0T AO
nepeceYeH"1H c n1i1H1i1e~ H"13a.
nonyYatOT TOYKY H11
8 TOM cnyYae, KOrAa penbect>b1 npoXOAHT 6n"1>Ke K npo~Me, o6pa3yH
TaK"1M o6pa30M 0Tpe3HO~ 60YOK AJlH HeKOTOporo ynnOl.J..leH"1H ct>opMbl
"13Aell"1H, YaCTb HarpyAHO~ "1 nneYeBO~ BblTaYK"1 nepeBOAHT
B penbecPHYIO Jl"1H"1IO Ha noGaAKY
nocTpOeHMe penbe<ba nonO"IKM c 60"IKOM (PMC. 2.10)
1 nono>KeH"1e penbect>a n2n21=1,0-1.s cM
f2f3 = 1,5-2,0 CM
T1T3= 2,5-3,0 CM
T1 Tn = 1,5-2,0 CM
661 = TT1 + 0,5-1,0 CM
rr
OYK"1 T1 "1 61 coeA"1HHIOT "1
npoAJleBatOT BH"13 AO
nepeceYeH1i1H c n1i1H1i1e~ H"13a.
nonyYatOT T04KY H1.
H1H11=7,0-8,0 CM
~ nepeBOA Yacrn HarpyAHO~ aa1 = 1,5-2,0 CM (e 3ae1i1-
Bb1Ta4K"1 B pellbe<l>HYIO C"1MOCT"1 OT TKaH"1).
Jl"1H"1IO npHMble f1a "1 f1a1 npOA-
neeatOT AO nepeceYeH"1H c

59
 ,Qyro~. Ha KOTOpo~ OTl<Ila,Qbl-
satoT pacrnop Harpy,QHO~
BblTa'-IKL-1 6364 - '-laCTb
BblTa'-IKL-1, nepeBeAeHHas:i B
penbecpHyto n1-1H1-1to = 6162.
r1A32= A31r1;
r1n11 = r1n1; A32n11 = A31n1;
n22r1 = r1n21;
64n22 = 63n21-
Hosb1~ penbecp nono'-IKL-1
ocpopMns:ieTcs:i '-lepe3 TO'-IKL-1
n::>::>. r 2, a, a 1, T1, 6 1, H1.
nocTpoeHMe pe11be<t>a cnMHKM c 60'-IKaMM (pMc. 2.10)
1 non0>KeH1<1e peilbecpa r,re = 1,5-2,0 cM
T1Te= 2,5-3,0 CM
TeTe1=1,5-2,0 CM
6106e= T10Te+ 0,5-1,0 CM
To'-IKL-1Te1-1 6e coeA1<1Hs:itoT 1-1
npo,QilesatoT BHL-13 ,QO nepece-
'-leHL-lfl c Ill-IHI-le~ HL-13a.
TO'-IKa He:
HaHa1 = 7,0-8,0 CM
2 nepeBO,Q '-lacrn nile'-leBO~ nne'-leByto Bb1T8'-IKY CTpOs:!T
BblTa'-IKL-1 B penbecpHyto Ha ycnosHOM yposHe HL-l>K-
ifll-IHL-llO Hero yma nonaTKL-1:
A10Y1 = 0,4 .QCT1 = 17,0 CM;
66 65 - nonHbl~ pacrnop nne-
'-leBO~ BblTa'-IKL-1:
6a6s = 6a61 = 0,7-1,0 CM -
~aCTb pacrnopa, nepeso-
,QL-IMas:i B peilbecp Ae2B = Ae1B.
~O'-IKY Ae2 COe,QL-IHs:llOT C T0'-1-
KO~ 81. KOTOpas:i HaXOAL-ITCfl
Ha ycnoBHOM yposHe sepx-
Hero yma nonaTK1<1:
IA10Y = 8,0-12,0 CM;
AaB1 = Ae2B1.
To'-IKa n11 HaXOAL-ITCfl Hane-
pece'-1eH1<11<1 ABYX AYr -
sn,1 = sn,;
6en11 = 6gn,.
coeA1-1Hs:itoT rn'-IK1-1 n,1. 6e. 69,
rs. Te. Ha

60
 6 t-------6"-i11ll+-br,,_______6.~ 581

PMc. 2.10. O<J>opMneHMe penbe<J>oe e M3AenMM c oTpe3HblM 60'IKOM

61
 3. OCOSEHHOCTlll noCTPOEHlllSl l.IEPTE>KEH
KOHCTPYKUlllH C PYKABAMlll PErflAH

noKpOCi pemaH xapaKTep1113yeTCs:l TeM, 4TO KOHL!bl He3aMKHyTOC1 npoC:,-

Mbl pacnonara10Tcs:i Ha n111H111111 ropnos111Hbl cn111HKlll 111 no110YK111. KoHCTPYKLlllllO
no110YKlll 111 cn111HK111 noKpos:i pemaH pa3pa6aTb1Ba10T Ha YepTe>Ke ocHOBb1
cnlllHKlll Ill n01104Klll c BTa4HblM pyKaBOM COOTBeTCTBYIOLl.lero c111nyarn.
n111HllllO npoiiMbl o¢opM11s:llOT nnaBHOCi KPlllBOCi. Belllll'·llllHa Kp111Blt13Hbl
3aBlt1Clt1T OT MO,(J,bl.
PyKaB noKpos:i pemaH 111MeeT csoeo6pa3HYIO ¢opMy 1t1 3aH1t1MaeT nne-
YeBylO YacTb 1t13,1J,e111t1s:i, OTCeYeHHYIO npoi1Moi1. PyKaB pemaH Mo>KeT 6b1Tb
O,(J,HO-, ,IJ,BYX- Ill TpexWOBHblM.
,Q11s:i 6011ee T04HOro conps:i>KeHllls:l pyKaBa c npoCiMOCi ,IJ,ByXWOBHble
pyKasa cTpos:iT Ha Yeprn>Ke nonoYKlll 111 cn111HKlll. noKpoii pemaH 06ecne-
4111saeT 6011bWY10 cso60,1J,y ,1J,Blll>KeH111s:i np111 He3Ha4111T81lbHOC1 noca,(J,Ke pyt<a-
sa. 3TO 06ecneY111saeTcs:i 3a cYeT Bb16opa 6011bwellt np1116asK111 K Cr 111 , On,
601lbWlllM, YeM BO BTa4HOM pyKaBe, ymy611eH111eM npoiiMbl.
n11eYesas:i BblTaYKa YacrnYHO nepeso,1J,111Tcs:i s cpe,1J,H111i1 cpe3 cn111HK111,
4aCTlll4HO - B 11111HllllO npoiiMbl.
,Qns:i lll3,1J,e11111C1 noKpos:i pemaH OCHOBHblM Clll11Y3TOM s:l81ls:l8TCs:l nps:iMoCi.
Pa3HOBlll,IJ,HOCTblO pyKasa noKpos:i pemaH s:is11s:ieTcs:i pyKaB noKPos:i
no11ypemaH, sepxH111e KOHLlbl 11111H111111 npoiiMbl KOToporo pacno11ara10Tcs:i B
111060C1 TOYKe n11e4esoro cpe3a cn111HKlll 111 no110YKlll.

3.1. Oco6eHHOCTM nocTpoeHMJI 'lepTe>Ka OCHOBbl naJlbTO c

pyKaBOM pernaH (pHc. 3.1}

HaMMeHoeaHMe
N2 YcnoeHb1e o6o3Ha'leHMSI M npM-
KOHCTPYKTMBHblX
nn pac'leTHble <l>OPMYllbl 6aBKM
V'13CTKOB
np1116aBKlll K OCHOBHblM nwr = 0-0,5 cM;
KOHCTPYKTlllBHblM yYaCTKaM non= 9,0-11,0 cM;
nwc = 1,0-1,5 cM
nocTpOeHMe 'lepTe>Ka nonO'IKM (DMC. 3.1)
1 no11o>KeH111e 60KOEJ0ro cpe3a n 3ns= Wnp;
Ha 11111H111111 my6111Hb1 npoiiMbl 2
Wnp=On +non - 1/10Cr111
2
2 no110>K8Hlll8 BCnOMOraT81lb- A2C3 = 3,0-3,5 CM (no MO,(J,811111)
HblX T04eK ,IJ,lls:l o¢opM118Hllls:l
11111H111111 oemaHa

62
~ nono>1<eH111e T04eK A2 111 C 3
np111 3aKpb1TOll1 Bb1Ta4Ke
(T. ~1 111 C31)
. r1A21 = r1A2.
4 O¢opMneH111e pernaHHO~
m1H"1"1
5 Yro4HeH1.1e sen"14"1Hbl
paCTBOpa Bb1Ta4Kll1
6 Hosoe nono>1<eH111e T. A21
T. A22)
7 Hosoe nono>1<eH111e T. C31
(T. C32)
To4Ka A21 HaXOA111TC5i Ha
nepeceYeH111111 AByx AYr -
n1A21 111 r1A21=
n 1A21 = Wn;
rTo4Ka C31 HaXOA111TC5i Ha
nepece4eHll1111 ABYX AYr -
A21C31 111 r1C31:
IA21C31 = A2C3;
r1c31 = r1c3 <
C31 1=1n2;
1-2 = 1,0-1,5 CM
Pacrsop HarpyAHO~ Bb1Ta4K"1
HaXOA51T no pac4BTaM, np1.1BeAeH-
HblM B cxeMe nocrpoeHl.151 nne4e-
BblX "13ABI1"1~ . .Qn5i "13ABI1"151 c pyKa-
BOM pernaH He06XOA"1MO yT04H"1Tb
pacrsop Bb1Ta4K"1 no ¢opMyne:
662 = Wr1 - Wr.
Qn5i ¢1.1ryp c Bb1cryna10ll.\"1M nneYe-
BblM cycrasoM pacrnop Bb1Ta4K"1
6YABT 6onbwe paC4BTHOro,
n03TOMY pacrnop Bb1Ta4K"1
Heo6XOA"1MO ysenll14"1Tb Ha AaHHYIO
pa3H"1L.ty:
6162 = (Wr1 - Wr) - 661.
rT04KY r1 COBA"1H51IOT CT. n1 Hane-
peceYeH1.1111 c n111H1.1e~ pernaHa era-
s51r r. 84: 6463 = 6162. T o4KY r 1
COeA"1H51IOT c T. 63 111 npOAOil>KalOT
~o nepece4eH"15i c n1.1H1.1e~
pernaHa, nonv4alOT r. B3
n1A22 = n1A21;
B4A22 = B3A21
IA22C32 = A21C31;
B4C32 = B3C31
n1.1H"1IO pernaHa 0¢0pMI15llOT 4epe3
T04K"1 C32, 2, n2, ns.
YpasH1.1Ba10r cropoHbl Bb1Ta4Kll1
r1s = rls2.
rT04Ka B2 HaXOAll1TC51 Ha nepece-
~eH1.11.1 n1.1H1.11.1 pernaHa 1.1 npaso~
CTOPOHbl BblT84K"1
63
 A,

Pg
'"'
Jli,l P.
ID

1·~

r li11

PMC. 3.1. "lepTe>K OCHOBbl nanbTO c pyKaBOM pernaH

64
 nocTpoeHMe 'leDTe>Ka cnMHKM (PMC. 3.1)
1 n
no110>1<eH111e 60KOBOro cpe- 1 n 5 = Wnp
38 Ha lllAHllllll my6111Hbl 2
npo'1Mbl
2 nocTpOeH111e nlle'-leB0'1 np111 nOCTpOeHllllll n11e1.1eso.:1
BblTS'-IKlll Bb1T8'-IKIA ee '-ISCTb
(8483 = 1,0 CM) nepeBOAflT B per-
118HHYIO lllilHllllO AJlSl CYTIO>KlllBSHlll~
npo.:1Mbl. ~

6,6e= ngn 7T1 - 8nc-8483.

8 TOM cny1.1ae, KOrAa cn111HKa npoeK-
rnpyeTC~ co cpeAHlllM WBOM,

OCTaTOK BblTS'-IKlll lllil60 ee '-laCTb

MO>KHO nepesecrn B cpeAHlll.:1 WOB
CnlilHKlll
~ 8e111111.1111Ha sepxHero oTBe- A10Ag = 0,5 CM (An~ HOpMallbH0.:1
,QeHlll~ cpeAHe.:1 JllilHllllll ocaHKlll);
cn111HK111 A10A9 = 0,5-1,0 CM (All~ cyry110'1
ocaHKlll);
A10Ag = 0 (An~ neper1116111crn.:1
ocaHKlll).
nepeBOA OCYLl.leCTBll~eTC~ KaK yKa-
38HO B nocypoeHllllA 1.1epTe>Ka OCHO-
Bbl nallbTO c BTa'-IHblMlll pyKaBaMlll
4 no110>1<eH111e scnoMora- A1P1= 3,0-5,0 CM (no MOAe11111);
[TellbHblX TO'-leK All~ o¢op- P13=3ne;
MlleHlll~ lllilHllllll npo'1Mbl 3-4 = 2,0-2,5 CM.
PemaHHa~ n111H111~ cn111HK111 o¢opM-
n~eTC~ 1.1epe3 TO'-IKlll P,, 4, ne, ns
nocTpoeHMe nepeAHeM '48CTM pyKaea (pMc. 3.2)
CTpo~T ABe s3a111MHO nep-
neHAlllKYll~pHble Jll.1Hlillil.

iro1.1Ka nepece1.1eH111~ P4
1 no110>1<eH111e lllAHllllll nepeA- P2P4 = 1/2 WpyK;
Hero nepeKaTa pyKasa Wp=On +non
2
2 no110>1<eHlile BCnOMOra- P1P2= 1,0 CM
rre11bHo.:1 TO'-IK111 P1
3 no110>1<eH111e BepxHe.:1 TOI.I- P1P = n3n5 (c 1.1epTe>K8 nOJlO'-IKlll)
Kiii Hlll>KHero cpe3a pyKasa

65
4 nono>1<eH1r1e scnoMora- P1C1 = n3n2 (c Yeprn>Ka noflOYKlr1)
TeflbHOi::i TOYKlr1 C1
5 8b1c0Ta OKaTa pyKasa s = nlln~ +n9z01~
2
P404 = 8 0 1,5 CM
6 nono>1<eH1r1e nneYesoi::t 0403= 2,5 CM
TOYK1r1 03
7 nono>1<eH1r1e BblCWei::i TOYKlr1 0302= Wn;
nneyesoro cpe3a C102 = n2A22 (c Yeprn>Ka noflOYKlr1)
8 · nono>1<eH1r1e TOYKlr1 0 1 =
0201 A2C3 (c Yeprn>Ka nonoYK1r1)
=
c, o, n 2C32 (c Yeprn>Ka nonoYK1r1)
iToYKlr1 o, lr1 c, coe,Qlr1HSHOT nps:iMoi::i
Illr1Hlr1ei1
=
0 15 5C1
5-6 = 1,0-2,0 CM (c Yeprn>Ka
nOilOYKlr1)
9 nono>1<eH1r1e BCnOMOra- 04041 = 9,0-10,0 CM
TeflbHOi::i TOYKlr1 041
10 An1r1Ha pyKasa =
03H4 ,Qp - 1,0 CM (Befllr1Ylr1Ha
OTTSl>KKlr1)
11 nono>1<eH1r1e Illr1Hlr11r1 IlOKTSl osn4= Y2 03H4 + 4,5 CM
12 nono>1<eH1r1e nepe,QHero =
Il2Il21 0,5 CM
nepeKaTa =
H2H21 2,0 CM
13 W1r1p1r1Ha pyKaBa BH1r13Y =
H21H7 WpyK, BH (no MO,Qen1r1);
=
1121 H21 H 90°
14 nono>1<eH1r1e sepxHero Jl~3= 1,0-1,5 CM
cpe3a no n1r1H1r11r1 IlOKTs:i
15 nono>1<eH1r1e sepxHero H21H3=.tb.!:iz
cpe3a no Hlr13Y 2
BepxH1r1i1 cpe3 pyKasa ocpopMilfllOT
~epe3 TOYKlr1 03, 041, P4, Jl3, H3
16 nono>1<eH1r1e =
Il21Il Il21f'3;
scnoMorarnflbHblX TOYeK H21 H H21 H3. =
AflSl ocpopMneH1r1s:i H1r1>1<Hero iToYKlr1 P2 1r1 H21 coe,Q1r1Hs:i10T
cpe3a nepe,QHei::i Yacrn scnoMoraTeflbHOi::i nps:iMoi::i n1r1H1r1ei::t,
pyKasa K KOTOpOi::i lr13 TOYKlr1 P2 BOCCTaB-
=
iflfllOT nepneH,Q1r1eyns:ip: P2Po P2P.
IToYKlr1 0 1, 6, C1, P0 , coe,Qlr1HS'llOT
nnasHoi::i n1r1H1.1e'1

66
 I
l
' ti ~-

It
olf,
c,
Ji
p A
I
I
Pa
P11
P1 Pa
- P11

P9J

PMc. 3.2. YepTe>K pyKaea pemaH

67
 nocTpOeHMe 'lePTe>Ka noKTeBOM '13CTM PYKaea (pMC. 3.2)
CTpo~T ABe B38"1MHO nep-
neHA"1KyrrnpHb1e 11"1H"1"1.
To4Ka nepece4eH"1~ P4
1 nono>1<eH"1e 11"1H"1"1 nepe- P4P1= % WpyK
Karn noKTeeoi:1 4acrn
DYKaBa
2 nono>1<eH"1e ecnoMora- P1Pa= 1/10 Cr111-1,0 CM;
Te1lbHoi:1 T04K"1 Pa PaPg= nsn7 (c 4ePTe>Ka Cn"1HK"1)
3 nono>KeH"1e eepxHei:1 T04K"1 PaPg = nsn7 (c 4epTe>Ka cn"1HK"1)
H"1>KHero cpe3a pyKaea

~ nono>KeH"1e ecnoMora- PaCa = n1na (c 4epTe>Ka cn"1HK"1)

Te1lbHoi:1 T04K"1 Ca
5 BblCOTa oKaTa pyKaea
~ nono>KeH"1e nne4eeo~
IT04K"1 Os
r? nono>KeH"1e BblCWei:1 T04K"1
nne4eeoro cpe3a
8 nono>KeH"1e T04K"1 01
~ OcpopMneH"1e oKarn
~OKTeBO~4acrn pyKaBa
10 An"1Ha pyKaea ...,
nono>1<eH"1e 11"1H"1"1 noKT~
P404= 8 -1,5 CM;
B = Ilullit.lliillz
2
040s= 1,5 CM
Os06 = Wn + 0,7-1,0 CM (nQC8AKa);
CaOa = naA1(C 4eprn>1<a Cn"1HK"1)
Oa01 = A1P1(c 4eprn>Ka cn"1HK"1);
Ca01 = naP1(C 4eprn>1<a cn"1HK"1)
1To4KY 01 coeA"1H~IOT np~MOi:1 C
IT04KOi:1 Ca:
0 77 = 7Ca;
7-8 = 0-0,5 CM
nepeHOC~T C 4epTe>Ka nepeAHei:1
4acrn pyKaea. l.Jepe3
nony4eHHb1e T04K11 J14 ..., H4
npoeo~T rop"130HTa1lbHble
np~Mbre

11 nono>KeH"1e eepxHero 0Tpe3K"1 f1~3 ..., H4H 31 nepeHOC~T

cpe3a no 11"1H"1"1 noKT~ ..., no c 4epTe>Ka nepeAHei:1 4acrn
J1"1H"1"1 Hi.138 pyKaea. OcpopMn~IOT eepxH"1i:1
cpe3 noKTeeo~ 48CT"1 pyKaea
4epe3 T04K"1 Os. 041, P4, J13, H31 ...,
npOAJleBalOT BHi.13.
OsH3 = 03H3 (c 4eprn>Ka
nepeAHei:14acrn pyKaea).
noA np~MblM YrllOM K nonyYeHHOi:1

68
 JU.1Hlr1"1 npOBO,QflT Jllr1Hlr1IO Hlr13a
PYKaBa.
12 no110>1<eH1r1e H3H1 = H3H21 (c 1.1epre>1<a
scnoMorarellbHOl1 TO'-IK"1 H7 nepe,0Hel11.1acrn pyKasa).
T01.1Ky H7 coe,01r1Hs:it0r
BCnOMOraTeJlbHOl1 nps:iMol1 "13
TO'-IK"1 P1. K arol1 nps:1Mol11r13 ro1.1K1r1
P7 soccraHas111r1sat0r
nepneH,Q1r1Ky11s:ip:
H1P1P91 = 90°; "
P1P91 = P1P9
13 OQ:>opM11eH1r1e 110Kresoro Jl1Jl11 = 1,5-2,0 CM
nepeKara
14 OQ:>opM11eH1r1e Hlrl>KHero Jl71Jl9 = Il11Il3;
cpe3a 110KTesol11.1acrn H7H9 = H1H 3;
pyKasa Jl9Jl91 = 2,5-3,0 CM;
JleJlg= 7,0-8,0 CM
15 Y.QJ11r1HeH1r1e 110Kreeoro HgH91 = P9P91.
cpe3a PemaHHYIO 111r1H1r1t0 pyKasa
oQ:>opMllfllOT OBallbHOl1 Jllr1H"1el1
1.1epe3 TO'-IK"1 01, 8, Ce, P91

3.2. Oco6eHHOCTM nocTpoeHMH ~epTe>Ka nanbTO c pyKaeoM

pernaH-noroH (pMc. 3.3)

HaMMeHoeaHMe
N2 Yc11oeHble o6o3Ha~eHMSI M npM-
KOHCTPYKTMBHblX
nn pac~eTHble <l><>PMYllbl 6aBKM
Y~3CTKOB

np1r16aBK"1 K OCHOBHblM nwr = 0-0,5 cM;

KOHCTPYKT"1BHblM nwc = 1,5-2,5 CM;
vYaCTKaM non= 11,0-12,0 CM
nocTDoeHMe ~e pTe>Ka no11o~KM (pMc. 3.3)
1 /J,ono11H1r1re11bHOe noH1r1- n3n31 = 2,0-4,0 CM (no MO,Qe11"1)
>1<eH1r1e nool1Mbl
~ no11o>KeH1r1e 60KOBOrO n31ns= Y2 Wnp
cpe3a
~ /J,ono11H1r1TeJlbHOe nsns1 = 1,0-1,5 CM
oacw1r1peH1r1e nool1Mbl
~ noJlO>KeH"1e BcnOMOra- A2~=4,0CM.
TeJlbHblX TO'-leK ,QJlfl ocpop- To1.1Ka ~1 Haxo,01r1rcs:i Ha
MJleH1r1s:i 111r1H1r11r1 pemaHa neoece1.1eH1r11r1 ,osvx JJ,yr:

69
 f1A.:31 = f1A.:3;
21A.:31 =A~.
04K111 A.:31 111 n2 C08,Qll1Hs:llOT nps:!MOi1
111Hll1ei1:
311 = 1n2
Ben1114111Ha nporn6a:
1-2 = 3,5-4,0 CM.
PemaHHYIO n111H11110 ocpopMils:llOT
epe3 T04Kll1:
311 2, n2. ns. ns1;
21~1 = A2~

1 nono>K8Hll18 Il111H111111, vfa T04Kll1 n1 npOBO,Qs:IT BI1880

onpe.1:1ens:110LL1el1
HanpaBI18Hll18 pyKasa
yry, paBHYIO Y2 Wnp. 4epe3 T04KY
n2 npOBO,Qs:IT KaCaTeilbHYIO K,Qyre.
Lt13 T. n1 Ha KaCaT8IlbHYIO
onycKalOT nepneH,Q111KYI1s:!p n1n4 111
npo.1:111esa10T ero snpaso. Ha HeM
TKila,QblBalOT: n4n41 = % WpyK
WpyK = On + non
2

111Ha pyKasa

Bb1cora oKara

4 noilO>K8Hll18 Il111Hll1111 IlOKTs:I

5 noilO>K8Hll18 Illl1Hll1111
nepe.QHero nepeKara

M21M3 = M21M = % WpyK. BH

(no Mo,Qen111);
n21M21M3 = 90°
7 ~3= 1,0-1,5 CM
c e3a Il111Hll1111 IlOKTs:!
8 noBblUJ8Hll18 nI1848BOi1 n1n11 = 1,5 cM.
04Kll1 Ha nne4esy10 BepxH111l1 cpe3 pyKasa
HaKila,D.KY cpopMils:llOT 4epe3 T04K111 n11' P4,
3, M3

70
H._.....,___________, Hi:
PMc. 3.3. 'fepTe>K nonot.1KM nant.To
c nepeAHeM t.1aCTb10 pyKaea pernaH-noroH

71
9 nonO>KeH"1e BCnOMO- n2n21 = 1,0 cM; -
rarenbHblX TOYeK ,Qm1 n21n22= 0,5-0,7 CM (Ha noca.QKY)
nocr~oeH111si OKara PYKasa
10 nono>1<eH111e BepxHe~ n22P = n2ns1 ·
T04K"1 H"1>t<Hero cpe3a OrKnaAblBalOT Ha npSIMO~. nep-
pyKaBa neHA"1KYfiS!pHo~ K fi"1H"1"1, COOA"1-
HS1101J..1e~ T04K"1 P2 ..., M21. PemaH-
HYIO n111H"110 PYKaBa 0¢opMnS110T
4epe3 T04K"1 Aa1, 2, n21• n22, p
11 nonO>KeH"1e H"1>KHero JU11 = 1,0-1,5 CM
cpe3a nepeAHe~ Yacrn
DYKaBa no fi"1H"1"1 nOKTSI
nocrpoeHMe 4epre>1<a cnMHKM (pMc. 3.4)
1 QononH111TenbHoe n1n11 = 2,Q-4,0 CM (no MO,Qen111)
noH111>1<eH111e npo~Mbl
2 nonO>KeH"1e 60KOBOro n11ns= % Wnp
cpe3a
3 QononH111TenbHOe n sns2 = 1,0-1,5 CM
oacw111peH111e npo~Mbl
4 nonO>KeH"1e AaAa = 3,0-4,0 CM.
BCnOMoraTenbHblX T04eK T04K"1 Aa..., ne COeA"1HSllOT npSIMO~
AfiSI o¢opMneH"1SI fi"1H"1"1 n"1H"1e~ Ae,5 = 5ne.
pemaHa Ben111l.l111Ha nporn6a:
5-4 = 4,0-5,0 CM (no MOAen111).
PemaHHYIO n111H"110 cn111HK"1
0¢opMnS110T 4epe3 T04K"1 Aa. 4,
ne. ns. n52
nocrpoeHMe 4epre>1<a noKTeBOH 48CTM pyKaea (pMC. 3.4
1 nepeBO,Q nnel.leBO~ To4Ka Aa 1 Haxo,Q111rcsi Ha
Bb1Ta4K"1 B ropnOB"1HY nepecel.leH111111 ,QByx Ayr:
Cn"1HK"1 Bi\s1 = BAa;
na1Aa1 = naAa = Wn.
ToYKa Aa 1 HaXOASITcsi Ha
nepece4eH"1"1 AByx Ayr:
BAa1 = BAa;
Aa1Aa1 = AaAa
2 nono>KeH"1e fi"1H"1"1, Lt13 T04K"1 ne npOBOASIT AYry.
onpeAensi101..1..1e~ paBHYIO 4,0 CM.
HanpasneH111e pyKaBa Lt13 T04K"1 Aa1 npOBOAflT npsiMylO,
KacarenbHYIO K.Qyre.
Ha nonyYeHHYIO npsiMylO "13 T. na1

72
~

onyCKalOT nepneH,Q"1Kyns:ip ne1n42

i..1 npo,QnesalOT ero eneso. Ha HeM
OTKfla,QblBalOT:
=
n42n9 % WpyK.
no,Q nps:lMblM YrllOM K ll"1H"1"1 n42n9
Nepe3 T04KY n9 npOBO,Qs:lT nps:lMYIO
3 8b1corn oKaTa pyKaea n42P1 = n4P2 (c 48pTe>Ka nono4K"1)
4 Qni..1Ha pyKasa =
n42Me n4M2 (c 48pTe>Ka
n01104K"1)
~ no11o>KeHi..1e T04K"1 Ms M4M5 = M4M3 - (1,0-2;{)) CM
6 nollO>K8H"18 fi"1H"1"1 fiOKTs:l P1Ils = P2Jl 2 (c 4epTe>Ka nono4K"1)
7 nollO>K8H"18 T04K"1 Jls IJl~s = Jl4Ils (c 4epTe>Ka nono4K"1)
~ =
Qni..1Ha pyKasa no 11i..1Hi..1i..1 ngM51 n41Ms (c 48pTe>Ka
sepxHero cpe3a DYKasa n01104K"1)
s noBblW8H"18 nll848B0.:1 ne1 ne2 = 1,5 CM.
T04K"1 Ha n11e4esy10 Jli..1Hi..110 eepxHero cpe3a pyKasa
HaKna.Qey ocf:JOpMlls:llOT 4epe3 T04K"1 Aah ne2,
Ils,Ms1
10 Wi..1pi..1Ha pyKaBa BH"13Y MsMe= WpyK. BH;
=
M 5M 7 % M5M8 •
n-o4KY M1 coe.Q"1Hs:llOT
BCnOMOraTellbH0.:1 nps:iMo.:1 c
T04K0.:1 P7 i. 1 npo.QneealOT BHi..13
11 CKoc H"13Ka pyKasa no,Q nps:lMblM ymoM K Jl"1H"1"1 P1M1
Nepe3 T04KY Ms1 npoBO.Qs:lT 11"1H"1IO
H"13a pyKaea
Ms1 Me1 = MsMe
12 nollO>K8H"18 BCnOMO-ra- nsne1 = 1,0 CM
T8JlbHblX T04eK ,Qfls:l o¢op- ns1ne2= 0,5-0,7CM (Ha nOCa.QKY)
Mll8H"1s:l OKaTa DVKaea
13 no110>K8H"18 sepxHe.:1 =
n 62 Pe nsns2
T04K"1 Hi..l>KHero cpe3a 0TKfla,Qb1BalOT Ha nps:iMo.:1,
PY Ka Ba nepneH.Qi..1ey11s:ipHo.:1 K 11i..1Hi..1i..1 P1M 7 •
PemaHHYIO 11i..1Hi..110 pyKasa
0¢opMns:i10T 4epe3 T04K"1 Aa1, 4,
neh n62, Pe
14 O¢opM11eHi..1e Hi..l>KHero Jl1Jle= 0,5-1,Q CM.
cpe3a noKTeso.:1 4aCTi..1 Hi..1>KHi..1.:1 cpe3 pyKaea 0¢opM11s:i10T
IDYKaBa 4epe3 T04K"1 Pa. Ile. Me1
Heo6xo,Qi..1Mo nposepi..1Tb conps:i>KeHHOCTb sepxHi..1x i. 1 H"1>KH"1X cpe3oB
neoe.QHe.:1 i..1 110KTeeo.:1 4acrn.:1 DYKaea

73
 ---;----\:J~~~:G""':---,A,,
/~-.........ajplD

Hs ._________________ ....,.H~

P1i1c. 3.4. 'fepTe>K cnMHKM n&nbTO

c noKTeeoril '18CTblO pyKaea pemaH-noroH

74
 3.3. Oco6eHHOCTM nocTpoeHM.R ~epTe>Ka nanbTO c pyKaBoM
pemaH (pMc. 3.5)

HaMMeHoeaHMe Yc11oeHb1e o6o3Ha~eHMSt M npM·

KOHCTPYKTMBHblX pac~eTHble <1>opMy11b1 6aBKM
y~aCTKOB

lieprn>K nanbTO c pyKaBoM pemaH nocrpoeH aHanornYHO yeprn>t<y nanbTO c

pyKaBOM pemaH-noroH. Onu.1Y1nenbHblMl1 oco6eHHOCTflM11 s:isns:iercs:i
0¢opMneH11e pemaHHblX 1111Hl1~. 6oKOBblX cpe30B 113,Qe1111fl 11 sepXHl1X
cpe30B PYK8BOB, YTO Heo6XO,Ql1MO ,QJlfl C03,Q8H11fl c11ny:na «08811» (p11c. 3.5'
1 (:\On011Hl1Te1lbHOe no n01104Ke:
pacw11peH11e 113,Qe1111fl nsns1 = 2,0 CM;
no 60KOBblM cpe3aM ns1ns2 = 1,0-1,5 CM;
TsTs1 = 1,5 CM.
no Cn11HKe:
nsns3 = 2,0 CM;
ns3n54= 1,0-1,5 CM;
T!iT52= 1,5 CM
12 O¢opM11eH11e sepxHero no nepe.QHe~ Yacrn:
cpe3a pyKasa P4P5 = 1,0-1,5 CM (s 3as11c11Mocrn or
Hanpas11eH11s:i MO.Qbl)
BepxH11~ cpe3 pyKasa 0¢opM11s:i1ar
4epe3 T04Kl1 n11r Ps. Jl4, M3.
no IlOKTeBO~ 48CT"1 -
P4Ps= P4Ps= 1,0-1,5 CM
(c Yeprn>t<a nonoYK11).
BepxH11~ cpe3 pyKasa 0¢opM11s:i10T
4epe3 T04K11 na2. Ps, Ils, M!i, Ms1
3 O¢opM11eH11e no nonoYKe:
pemaHHblX 1111Hl1~ 1-2 = 1,5-2,0 CM.
no Cnl1HKe:
S-4 = 2,0-2,5 CM
4 O¢opM1leH11e cpe,QHero n11eYeBy10 BblTaYey pacnpe,QellfllOT
wsa cn11HK11 ~11e,Qy10ll.\l1M o6pa3oM:
A1A12= M10= 0,5-10 CM.
~acrb nepeBOAflT s cpe.QH11~ cpe3
cn11HK11 (nepeso,Q ocyll.\ecrnns:iercs:i
KaK yKa3aHo B nocrpoeH1111 yepre>Ka
OCHOBbl nanbTO c BTa4HblM pyKaBOM),
OCTaBWYIOCfl YaCTb - B pemaHHYIO
Jl11Hl1IO npo~Mbl

75
To 40 7i

Jll

P..ic. 3.5. '-lepTe>K no110'IKM nanbTO

c nepeAHeM 'laCTblO pyKaea pernaH

76
 1tr-::~~~-;1tr.-..:cA~o ~o
•~2r---t1 i Poi
I Pe
'-. _,__ _ __.:i y

y,

_#:!!L..._______________....J~D

PMc. 3.6. 4epTe>K cnMHKM n&nbTO

c JlOKTeBOM '13CTblO pyKaea pemaH

77
 3.4. Oco6eHHOCTM nocTpoeHMH ~epTe>Ka nanbTO c pyKaBoM
nonypernaH (pMc. 3. 7)

HaMMeHOBaHMe
N2 YcnoeHb1e o6o3Ha"leHMSI M npM-
KOHCTPYKTMBHblX
nn pac"leTHble <l>OPMYflbl 6aBKM
Y"l3CTKOB
4epre>K nanbTO c pyKasoM nonypernaH nocTpoeH aHanorn4HO 4epre>Ky
nanbTO c pyKaBOM pernaH-nOroH. 0TnlJl41.ff8fibHblMIJI oco6eHHOCHlMlll
SlBfiSl8TCSl 0¢opMneH111e fil!IHllllll npolllM Ill OKaTOB nepeAHelll
111 noKresolll 4aCTelll pyKasa (p111c. 3.7)
1 nocTpOeHl!le npolilMbl n11n12 = 3,0 CM -yKop048Hllle nJ184a;
nOJ104KIJI n2n21 = 1.0 cM;
n3n31 = 2,0--4,0 CM - yrny6neHIJl8
npolllMb1;
nsn51 = 1,0-1,5 CM -AOnOfiHIJITeJlb-
Hoe pacw111peH111e npolllMbl.
npolilMa nOJ104KIJI o¢opMnSleTCSl
4epe3 T04K111 n12, n21. n~. n~1
2 nocTp08HIJl8 OKaTa n12n13= 0,5-0,7 CM - nOGaAKa no
nepeAHelll 4acrn pyKasa IOKaTY pyKasa;
n21n22= 1.0 CM;
n22P = n2, n51 ·
OKaT pyKasa o¢opMns:ieTcs:i 4epe3
ro4K111 n1::i, n1?, n?? P
3 nocTpOeHIJle npOlllMbl ne2nea = 3,0 CM - YKOp048HIJle nn84a;
cn111HK1J1 nsns1 = 1,0 CM;
r,n11 = n3n3, = 2,0--4,0 cM -
yrny6neH111e npolllMbl c 4epTe>1<a
nOJ104KIJI.
n5n52 = 1,0-1,5 CM -AOnOJlHIJIT8Jlb-
HOO paCWl!lp8HIJl8 npOlllMbl. npolilMa
cn111HK1J1 o¢opMns:ieTcs:i 4epe3 T04Klll
nR~, ns1, n!>, n!>?
4 nocrpOOHIJle OKaTa JlOKTe- n83ne4= 0,5-0,7 CM- nOGaAKa no
solll 4acrn pyKasa IOKaTY pyKasa;
ns1ns2= 1,0 CM;
ns2Pe = ns1 n62.
0Kar pyKasa o¢opMns:iercs:i 4epe3
I
IT04Klll ne4, n62, Pa.
Heo6XOAlllMO nposep111Tb
conps:i>KeHHOCTb sepXHIJIX Ill Hlll>KHIJIX
cpe3os nepeAHelll 111 noKTesolll
4acrelll PYKaBa I

78
He ...,.._.......:.,:11_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.,,, hr
PMc. 3.7. ~epTe>K nono'IKM nanbTO
c nepeAHel'ii 'lacTblO pyKaea nonypernaH

79
 PMc. 3.8. l.lepTe>K cnMHKM nanbTO
c noKTeeollt 1.1acTb10 pyKaea nonypernaH

80
 3.5. Oco6eHHOCTM nocTpoeHMH cxeMbl '4epTe>1<a na11bTO
npHMOrO CMI1Y3Ta c pyKaBOM nonypemaH (p111c. 3.9)

HaMMeHoeaHMe
N2 YcnoeHble o6o3Ha'leHMfl M npM-
KOHCTPYKTMBHblX
nn pac'leTHble <l>OPMYllbl 6aBKM
V'l3CTKOB
np1116asK111 K OCHOBHblM nwr1 =0-0,5 CM;
KOHCTPYKTIABHblM nwc = 1,5-2,0 cM;
V'-!aCTKaM ncr111 =a,0-10,0 cM
nocTpoeHMe 'lepTe>Ka nono'IKM (pMc:!. 3.9)
1 Onpe,Qe11eH111e pacraopa 661 = nr3T3-8nn-(1,0-1,5 CM-
Harpy,QHOVt BblTa'-IKIA nepeBOA 1.1acrn Harpy,QHOVt BblTa'-IKIA B
npoVIMV)
2 Hosoe no110>1<eH111e nn 1= 1,0-1,5 cM (se111111.1111Ha
nne1.1esolll TO'-IKIA nOBblWeHl!lfl n11e1.1esolll TO'-IKIA Ha
nne1.1esyio HaKila,QKy);
n2n21 =5,5-6,0 CM (yKopo1.1eH1t1e
nne1.1a)
3 nono>1<eH1t1e Ill!1Hl!11!1 r3n4= 5,5-6,0 CM (no MO,QeI11!1)
npoVIMbl
~ no110>1<eH1t1e 60KOBOro n4ns = 0,5 cM Wnp;
cpe3a Wnp = (Cr111 + n) - (Wr1+n) -
'Wc+rn
5 OKoH1.1aTe11bHOe n3r3= 1110 Cr111;
o<t>opM11eH111e 11111H111111 n3n31 = 1.0 cM;
npoVIMbl n4n41 = 3,0-3,5 cM
(6111cceKTp111ca <r3n4ns);
nsns1 = 1,0-1,5 CM (AonOilHl!1TeJlbHOe
1pacw111peH111e npot1Mb1
nocTpoeHMe 'lepTe>Ka cnMHKM (PMC. 3.9)
1 nocypoeHl!le 6a31!1CHOVt
ceTKIA 1.1ePTe>1<a
2 no110>1<eH1t1e n11e1.1eBOVt ngna= 1,0-1,5 CM (nOBblWeH1t1e Ha
rro'-IKIA n11e1.1esyio HaKila.QKY) ;
nana1 = n2n21 =5,5-6,0 CM
3 0KOH'-laTellbHOe r1na =5,5-6,0 cM;
ocpopMneH111e npot1Mbl n1n11 = 1,0 cM;
nana1 =3,5-4,0 CM
(61t1cCeKTp1t1ca yma r1nans);
nsns2= 1-1,5 CM

81
 ,/IJO
.P
!Jo
I
c I

I
O'I
n3 ~I !17 . {71/
11.3,

r 'i ~ r-, fio

[1€

H H5
PMc. 3.9. l.fepTe>K nono"IKM M cnMHKM nanbTO
c pyKaeoM nonypernaH

82
 nocTpOeHMe 'lepTe>Ka DVKaBa (PMC.
1 Onp0A0n0HLi10 BblCOTbl
OKaTa pyKaBa
2 nonO>K0H~0 T040K C1
C2
3 )J,JlLi!Ha DVKaBa
3.10)
OP = B - (3,0-3,5 CM)
B (s0prnKanbHb1t1 AL'1aM0Tp npot1Mb1)
Li10C = 8 = (5,5 CM -yKOp040HLi10
nn04a nono4KL'1 Lil cnLi!HKL-1 1 CM -
pacwLi1p0HLi10 nn04a c Y40TOM MOAbl;
1,5 CM - ys0nLi140HLi10 nn04a Ha
nn040BVIO HaKnaAKY
-
CH= .QpO
~

~ nonO>K0HLi10 flLi1HLi1Li1 flOKTSl en =.!J.Q_+ 4,5

5 nonO>K0HLi10 T040K 03
04
6 Onp0A0n0HLi10 WLi1PLi1Hbl
pyKasa
7 OcpopMn0HLi10 s0pxH0ro
cp03a pyKasa
8 WLi1pLi1Ha pyKasa BH~3Y
s =
OcpopMn0HLi10 n0p0AH0ro P1P11 0,5-0,7 CM -
Lil IlOKT0BOro Cp030B s0nLi14Li1Ha OTTfl>KKL-1;
pyKasa
2
L-1001 = 4,0 CM; 002= 3,5 CM.
L-13 T040K 01 Lil 02 BHL-13 onycKalOT
nps:iMbl0, Ha KOTOpblX L-13 T040K C1 Lil
C2 AenalOT 3ac04KL'1,
C103= C20 = 8 CM
03P1 -AflLi!Ha npoi1Mbl non04KL'1 -
1,0 CM (Li13M0pSllOT no KPLi1BOt1);
04P9 - AflLi!Ha npoi1Mbl CnLi1HKLi1.
PaccTOs:iHLi!flML-1 0 3P1 Lil 04P9 Ha
Li1CXOAHOt1 ropLi130HTaI1Li1 OTC0KalOT
WLi1PLi1HY pyKaBa nOA npot1Mot1. AnLi1Ha
npot1Mbl n9p0AH0t1 4acrn pyKasa
AOn>KHa 6b1Tb 6onbw0 npot1Mbl no-
no4KL'1, a AflLi!Ha npot1Mbl 110KT0sot1
4acrn - 6onbw0 npot1Mbl cnLi1HKLi1 Ha
s0nLi14Li1HY nocaAKL-1. 80nLi14Li1Ha
nOCaAKL-1 = 1,0-1,5 CM
PP2 = 0,5 CM; HH2 =2,0 CM
HH 1 = HH9 = WpyK. BH = 16,0.
0TKnaAb1BalOT nOA nps:iMblM ymoM K
nLi1HLi1Li1 P2H2
n1n11 = 2,0-2,5 CM; P91P2H2= 90°;
Jl~91 = 0,5-0,7 CM.
Cp03 pyKasa P 11 H1 AOI1>K0H 6b1Tb
M0HbW0 Cp03a P91H9 Ha 0,8-1,5 CM
1
8 3aBLi1CLi1MOCTLi1 OT TKaHLi!)

83
PMc. 3.10. l.lepTe>K pytcaea nonypernaH

84
 4. OC06EHHOCTll1 noCTPOEHll1fl 4EPTE>KEL'I
KOHCTPYKU111~ 1113AEJ1111~ C UEJlbHOBblKPOEHHblMll1
PYKABAMll1

8b1Kp8"188Hl!le pyKaBOB LtellbHblMf,1 co cnf..1HKOIA f,1 non04KOlA flBilfleTCfl

oAH"1M f..13 KOHCTPYKT"1BHblX np1r1eMoB, 1r1cnonb3yeMblX np1r1 coaAaH1r11r1 OAe>K-
Abl Mfln<"1X, nnacrnYHblX cpopM c ysen1r1YeHHblM o6beMOM B o6nacrn
npolAMbl.
,Qnfl T8Kf..1X "13Aellf..1lA xapaKTepHO CJleAYIOIJ..lee:
- YAJ1"1HeH1r1e cn1r1HK"1 B LteHTpanbHOIA 1r1 nneYesoi::i 48CTflX;
- 388"1Cf..1MOCTb cpopMbl pyKaBa OT Bbl6paHHOlA BblCOTbl OKara, w1r1p1r1-
Hbl pyKaBa f,1 rny61t1Hbl npolAMbl, TO eCTb OT Bb16paHHOro H8KJlOHa pyKaBa
(HanpasneHf..1fl sepxHero cpeaa);
- 838"1MOCBfl3b BblCOTbl OKara f,1 Wlr1plr1Hbl pyKaBa.
,Qnfl ysellf..14eHf..1fl Wlr1plr1Hbl pyKaBa np1r1 AOCT8T04HO 60JlbWOM ero
HaKJloHe B KOHCTpYKL.\"1IO BBOAflT noApe3bl B C04eT8Hf,1f,1 c naCTOB"11..\8Mf..1.
,Qllfl ysen1r1YeH111fl BblCOTbl OKarn pyKasa np111MeHflt0T BTO (OTTfl>KKY)
eepXHlllX cpeaos pyKasa B o6nacrn nneYa.
Oco6yio rpynny B paaAene LtenbHOBblKpoeHHblX pyKasos cocrasnfllOT
PYKaBa noKpofl K"1MOHO.
no nplr1HL.\"1ny Bbl6opa HanpasneH"1fl sepxHero cpeaa pyKaBa P83Ae-
rnllOT ClleAYI01.J..1"1e Bl/IAbl KOHCTPYKL.t1t1IA:
- c rop1r1aoHTanbHblM pacnono>KeHf..1eM sepxHero cpeaa pyKasa (4al.J..le
MCl10Jlb3yeTCfl B H8POAHOM Kpoe);
- c HanpaBileH1r1eM sepxH1r1x cpeaos pyKasa, flBilfll01.J..1"1XCfl npoAon-
llfeH1r1eM nneYeBblX cpeaos;
- c HanpasneH111eM nepeAHelA Yacrn pyKasa, nepeceKat01.J..1elAcfl c npo-
AOn>t<eHf..1eM n1r1H1r11r1 rnn1r11r1, 1r1 noKTesolA Yacrn pyKasa, nepeceKat01.J..1elAcfl c
npOAOI1>KeHf..1eM Jlf,1Hf,1f,1 rpyAf..1.
KoHCTPYKT"1BHO Bb1corn oKarn pyKasa s 3TOM noKpoe He BblAeneHa.
YllaCTKf..1 KOHCTPYKL.\"1"1 OT nneYesolA T04Kf..1 AO ypoBHfl rny61r1Hb1 npolAMbl
YcnosHo Haab1sat0T BblCOTOIA oKarn. Ben1r1Y1r1Ha 3Toro yYaCTKa 111 w1r1p1r1Ha
PYKasa flBilfllOTCfl onpeAenfll01.J..1"1Mf..1 np1r1 Bb16ope ero HaKlloHa.

85
 4.1. Oco6eHHOCTM nocTpoeHMS1 'lepTe>Ka ocHOBbl nanbTO c
'-'eflbHOBblKpOeHHblM pyKaBOM Ill Hlll>KHeM '4aCTbl-O pyKaBa c
naCTOBM'-'eM (p111c. 4.1)

Ha1.1MeHoeaH1.1e
N!! YcnoeHb1e o6o3Ha'leHMR M npM-
KOHCTPYKTMBHblX
nn pac'leTHble <1>opMynb1 63BKM
Y'13CTKOB
np1i16asK1i1 K OCHOBHblM nwr = 0-0,5 CM;
KOHCTPYKT"1BHblM non= 10,0-11.0 cM;
yyacTKaM nwc = 1,0-1,5 cM
nocTpoeHMe 'lepTe>Ka nono'IKM (p1.1c. 4.1)
1 IYMeHbWeH1i1e pacTBopa PacTBop HarPYAHO~ BblTaYK"1 B 06-
HarpyAHO~ Bb1Ta4K"1 naCT"1 nneYesoro cpe3a yMeHbWatoT
Ha 1,0-1,5 CM (B 3aB"1C"1MOCT"1 OT
pa3Mepa) "1 CBOART Ha HeT KIl"1H"1"1,
onpeAeilRIOl.1'e~ paCTBOp HarpyAHO~
Bb1Ta4K"1 (661):
~31A32 = 1,0-1,5 CM
2 Hosoe no110>1<eH1i1e nneYeBaR TOYKa n11 HaXOA"1TCR Ha
nneYeBO~ Bb1Ta4K"1 nepeceYeH"1"1 AByx Ayr:
n11As2 = A31n1;
r1n11 = r1n1
3 no110>1<eH1i1e BepW"1Hbl n3n4 = 1.s-2.0 cM
noApe3a
4 no110>1<eH1i1e 60KOBOro n 3ns= Wnp;
cpe3a no Il"1H"1"1 my6"1Hbl 2
npo~Mbl Wnp =On +non - 1/10 Cr111
2
5 no110>1<eH"1e 6oKOBOro TsTs1=1,5-2,0 CM
cpe3a no Il"1H"1"1 Ta111i11i1
6 nonO>KeH"1e 60KOBOro 6s6s1=(C6+n6)- (Cr111 +nr>
cpe3a no Il"1H"1"1 6eAeP 2
r? no110>1<eH"1e 60KOBOro HHs1= 665 +3,0 CM
cpe3a no Il"1H"1"1 H"13a
8 8b1C0Ta oKaTa pyKasa BOK= 8 - 2,5-3,5 CM;
B=ni.gn~;
2
n11Ps= BoK-1,0 CM (Ha OTTR>KKy).
Vl3 T04K"1 n11 AeilatoT 3aCeYKY AYrD~
n11Ps

86
 \ Ar 117
I i

I
~U:.:...~~-!..:::;;;~~.;.:a......o:W~~~H-5-~~~~~~~-~~

PMc. 4.1. '-lep-re>K OCHOBbl nanbTO c 4enbHOBb1KpoeHHblM pyKaeoM

M HM>KHeM "13CTblO pyKaea c naCTOBM4eM

87
~ W111p111Ha nepeAHelil n4Ps =(On + non) - n 4ns - 1,0 CM.
4acrn pyKaea 2
nepeCe4eHl!le Ayrlil n4Ps c AYrolil
n11P5 onpeA0Ils:!0T nOilO>K0Hlile T04Klil
Ps. npoBOAs:!T nps:iMylO 4epe3 T04Klil
n4111 Ps
10 An111Ha pyKaea noA nps:!MblM ymoM KIll!IHllllll n4Ps
npoBOAs:!T nps:1Myt0 n111H111t0, onpe-
ABils:!IOLl.IYIO HanpaeneH111e pyKaea
=
n11Ms .QPVK- 1,0 CM (Ha OTTs:!>KKY)
11 W111p111Ha pyKaea BHlll3Y KIll!IHllllll P5M5 npoBOAs:!T
nepneHAlllKYils:!p, Ha KOTOpOM
OTKilaAblBalOT w111p111Hy pyKaea BHlll3Y
=
MsM4 WpyK. BH. - 4,0-5,0 CM
12 nonO>K0Hlil0 Hlil>KHero To4KY M4 coeA111Hs:it0T nps:iMolil c
cpe3a nepeAHelil 4acrn T04KOlil n4
ovKaea
13 noilO>K0Hlil0 IllilHlillil n11ns =0.11M§_+ 4,5.
JlOKTs:! 2
1113 T04Klil ns npOBOAs:!T
nepneHAlllKYils:!p K nps:iMolil PsM5.
Hlil>KHl!llil cpe3 pyKaea ocpopMils:!IOT
eorHYTOlil n111H111elll:
n4n41 =o,5-0,7 cM
14 CKoc H1!13a pyKaea MsMs1 =M4M41 = 1,0 CM
15 OnpeAeneH111e noApe3a nepe0040Hlil0 Ill!IHl!llil Hlil>KHero
pyKaea cpe3a nepeAHelil 4aCT111 pyKaea
Iii 60KOBOro cpe3a nOI104Klil
o6o3Ha4at0T T04Kolil C4
n4C4 - IllilHlils:! nOAPB3a PVKaea
16 OcpopMneH111e noApe3a 1113 T04Klil n4 KaK 1113 l..\0HTpa, P8AlllY-
nOI104Klil coM n 4C4 npoeoAs:iT AYry eneeo, Ha
KOTOpOlil OTKI18Ab1BalOT:
C4C41 = 1,5-2,0 CM.
To4KY n4 coeA111Hs:it0T c T04Kolil C41 111
npOAOll>KalOT AO nepece4eH111s:1 c 60-
KOBblM cpe30M T. C42. nps:iMas:!
n4C42 - Ill/IHI/ls:! nOAP03a nOI104Klil
17 OcpopMneH111e Hlil3a H1113 pyKaea ocpopM11s:it0T c11erKa ear-
pyKaea HYTOlil n111H111elll. Beillil41!1Ha npor1116a:
0,5-1,0 CM

88
 nocTpOeHMe Yepre>Ka cnMHKM (pMC. 4.1)
~

1 nepeBOA nne'-!SBOro P10P101= 0,5-0,7 CM;

cpeaa Ha nono'-IKY AsAs1=0,7-1,0 CM;
ngna= 1,0-1,5 cM
2 no110>K8H"18 BepW"1Hbl n1ns = 1,s-2.0 cM
noApe3a
3 no110>K8H"18 60KOBOro n1n5= Wnp
cpeaa 2
4 no110>K8H"18 60KOBOro T5T52= 1,5-2,0 CM .;

cpeaa no Il"1H"1"1 Tan1i11i1

5 no110>K8H"18 60KOBOro 610652 = (C6 + n6)- 6651
cpe3a no Il"1H"1"1 6eAeP
6 no110>K8H"18 60KOBOro H10H52 = 6 10652 + 3,0 CM
cpe3a no Il"1H"1"1 H"13a
r7 Bb1corn OKarn pyKasa BOK = B - 2,5-3,5 CM;
na1P9 =BOK.
1113 TO'-IK"1 ne1 ASilatoT 3aC8'-IKY
~yrol1 ne1Ps
a W1i1p1i1Ha pyKasa n 6 P9= {On + non} - n 4 n 6 + 1,0.
2
nepece'-leH1i1e AYri.1 n 6 Ps c AYrDi1
na1Ps onpeASils:!eT noilO>K8H"18 TO'-!-
K"1 P9. npoBOAs:!T nps:iMyto 1.!epe3
rn'-IK"1ns1i1 Pg
9 An1i1Ha pyKaBa noA nps:!MblM ymoM KIl"1H"1"1 Psns
npoBOAs:!T nps:iMyto, onpeAeils:!IO-
LllYto Hanpas11eH1i1e pyKasa:
ne1Ms= ,[l,pYK
10 no110>K8H"18 Il"1H"1"1 Mgfls = M51ns (c '-leprn>Ka nepeAHei1
IlOKTs:! 4acrn pyKaBa)
11 0TBOA sepxHero cpe3a MgM91 = 2,0 CM.
PVKaBa :T°OYKV Mg1 C08A"1Hs:!IOT C TOYKOl1 Jig
12 W1i1p1i1Ha pyKasa BH"13Y KIl"1H"1"1 M 91 Jlg npoBOAs:!T
nepneHA"1KYils:!p, Ha KOTOpOM
OTKilaAblBatoT W"1p"1HY pyKasa:
Mg1M10 = WpyK. BH. - 3,0-4,0 CM
13 no110>K8H"18 H"1>KHero ToYKY M10 coeA"1Hs:!toT nps:iMoi1 c
cpe3a 110KTesoi1 '-lacrn TO'-IKOl1 n5, npOAJ18BatoT BH"13:
~ PYKaBa M10M101 = 1,5-2,0 CM

89
14 OcpopMneH~e H~>KHero HWKH~~ cpea ocpopMmllOT Bbmyt<Ilo~
cpe3a noKTeso~ Yacrn n~H~e~. Ben~Y~Ha Bblnyt<Ilocrn:
pyKasa n1ofl101 = 1,0-1,5 CM
15 Onpe,QeneH~e no,Qpe3a nepeCeYeH~e n~H~~ H~>KHero Cpe-
pyi<asa 3a noKTeso~ Yacrn pyKaBa ~
~OKOBOro Cpe3a cn~HK~ n5T52
o6o3HaYalOT TOYKO~ C6;
n6C6 - n~H~fl no,Qpe3a pyKaBa
16 IOnpe,QeneH~e no,Qpe3a n5c62 = n5C42;
~n~HK~ n6M62 - n~H~fl no,QPe3a cn~HK~
17 OcpopMneH~fl H~3a Jl~H~IO H~3a ocpopMnfllOT cnen<a
pyKaBa BbmyKno~ n~H~e~. Ben~Y~Ha
BblnYKnOCrn- 0,7-1,0 CM
nocTpoeHMe Hlll>KHeM 'f3CTlll PVK3Ba c naCTOBMl..leM (PMC. 4.1)
1 W~p~Ha H~>KHe~ Yacrn npoBO,QflT ,QBe B3a~MHO-nepneH-
pyKaBa Ha n~H~~ ,Q~eyns:ipHble nps:iMble, nepeceKa-

rny6~Hbl npo~Mbl IOl..l.l~ecs:i B TOYKe C:

CC1 = n 4n 6 (c YepTe>Ka nonoYK~);
C1C2 = 1,0 CM.
2 /:\n~Ha nepe,QHero CM = n4M41 + 0,5-1,0 CM c yYeTOM
cpe3a H~>KHeill Yacrn noca,QK~ C1CM = 90°;
pyKaBa n4M41 - Ail~Ha H~>KHero cpe3a
nepe,QHe~ Yacrn PYKasa
3 YpoBeHb n~H~~ nOKTfl MJl = M41Jl41.
f113 TOYeK M ~ Jl Kn~H~~ CM
BOCCTaBnfllOT nepneH,Q~KVnflPbl
4 W~p~Ha H~>KHe~ yacrn MM2 = WpyK. BH - (M41M51+
pyKaBa BH~3Y Mg1M101) WpyK. BH - w~p~Ha
pyKaBa B pa3BePHYTOM B~,Qe.
ToY~ C2 ~ M2 coe,Q~HfllOT nps:iMo~
n~H~e~ ~ npoAJleBalOT ee BH~3
5 /:\fl~Ha noKTesoro cpe3a C2M21 = n5M101 - 1,s-2,0 CM
H~He~ nonoB~HK~ (np~nycK Ha noca,QKy H~>KHero
pyKaBa ~pe3a noKTesoill yacrn pyKasa)
ToYK~ M21 ~ M coe,Q~HfllOT npflMoill:
l/1Jl1 = 0,5 CM;
~2Jl3 = 1,0 CM
6 nonO>KeH~e BepW~Hbl ToYKY 0 nonyYalOT Ha
IJlaCTOB~l..lbl nepeceYeH~~ .QBYX ,Qyr:

CO= n4C42;
t;2o = n6c61

90
 4.2. Oco6eHHOCTM nocTpoeHMft 1.1epTe>Ka OCHOBbl nanbTO c
UeJlbHOBblKpOeHHblM pyKaBOM M OTpe3HblM 601.1KOM c nacTo-
sMMeM (pMC. 4.2)

HaMMeHoeaHMe
N2 YcnoeHble o6o3Ha"leHMR M npM-
KOHCTf>YKTMBHblX
nn V"13CTKOB
pac"leTHble q,opMynb1 6aeKM

np1116aBKli1 K OCHOB- nwr = 0-0,5 CM;

HblM KOHCTPYKTll18Hb1M non= 10.0-11,0 cM; .,
IY'-lacrKaM nwc = 1,0-1,5 cM
nocTpoeHMe "lePTe>Ka nePe.Qa (PMC. 4.2)
YMeHbWeH111e Pacrsop HarpyAHOlit Bb1Ta4K111 yMeHb-
-
1
pacrsopa HarpyAHOlil waior Ha 1,0-1,5 CM no n111H111111
Bb1Ta4Kll1 nne4eeoro cpe3a 111 CBOAS!T Ha HeT K
Il111Hll1111, onpeAeI1RIOL1..1elil paCTBOp
HarpyAHOlit Bb1Ta4Kll1 (661):
A31A32 = 1,0-1,5 CM
2 Hoeoe non0>1<eH111e nne4eBaR T04Kll1 n, nepeMe1.1..1aeTCR B
nneYeBOlil T04Kli1 T04KY n11

3 noJlO>K8Hll18 60KOBOro n3n4= 1,s-2.0 cM.

cpe3a 1113 T04Kll1 n4 npOBOAS!T BepT111KailbHYIO
11111H11110 AO nepece4eH111R c n111H111elil ra-
11111111, 6eAep, Hll13a T04K111 T4. 04, ~-
ro"KY n4 coeA111HRior c m4Kolil T3.
T04KY T3 C08A111HRIOT c T04KOlil 04
BblnyKilolit n111H111elil.
H4H41 = 2,0-3,0 CM.
4epe3 T04K111 n4, T3, 04, H41 o¢opM-
IlRIOT Il111H111IO 60KOBOro cpe3a nOI104K111
4 Bb1cora oKara pyKasa BOK= Bd - 2,5-3,5 CM;
Bd = nizn3+nszD1;
2
n11P5 = BOK - 1,0 CM (Ha OTTR>KKy).
1113 T04K111 n11 AeilalOT 3aCe4KY Ayrolil
n 11 P5
5 W111p111Ha pyKaea n4P5 = con+m -n4n6 - 1.0.
2
nepece4eH111e AY™ n4P5 c AYrolil n11 P5
onpeAenRer nono>KeH111e T04Kll1 P5.
- npoBOAS!T npf!MYIO 4epe3 T04Kll1 n4111 P5

91
 Ill npo.QOil>KatoT BileBO.
OT TO"IKll1 n4 OTKila.QblBatoT nOilOBll1HY
=
w1110111Hbl 6o"!Ka: n4ca n4ns
~ D,n111Ha pyKasa no.1:1 npSIMblM ymoM K Illl1Hll1111 CaPs
npOBO.QSIT npSIMYIO Il111Hll1IO, onpe.Qe-
~Slto~yto Hanpas11eH111e pyKasa;
=
n11M5 ,QDVK - 1,0 CM (Ha OTISl>KKY)
7 W111p111Ha pyKasa K 11111H111111 P 5M 5 nposo,qs:iT nepneH-
BH1113Y ~111KYI1Slp, Ha KOTOpOM OTKilCl.QblBatoT
=
MsM4 WoVK. BH - 1,0 CM
8 no110>KeH111e Hll1>KHero Ha nepece"!eH111111 11111H111111 H111>KHero cpe-
no.Qpe3a nepe.QHel1 3a pyKaBa CaM 4 c 11111H111el1 6oKosoro
"lacrn pyKasa cpe3a n4T 3 CTaBSIT TO"IKY C4. Vl3 TO"IKll1
n4 pa.Q111ycoM n4c4 nposo.QSIT ,qyry
Bnpaso, Ha KOTOpol1 OTKilCl.QblBatoT:
=
C4C41 2,0 CM. 4epe3 TO"IKll1 n4. C41
npoBOASIT 11111H111to AO nepece"leH111s:i c
11111H111el1 Hll1>KHero cpe3a pyKaBa.
nonY"!atoT TO"IKY C42.
n4C42 - Illl1H111SI nOAPe3a pyKaBa
~ no110>KeH111e Illl1H111111 n11fls= nJJ.Ms + 4,5 cM.
IlOKTSI 2
Vl3 TO"IKll1 fls npOBO,QSIT nepneHAll1KYI1Slp
K 11111H111111 P 5M 5, Ha nepece"!eH111111 c
.n111H111el1 CaM 4 CTaBSIT TO"IKY f14
10 ICKoc Hll13a pyKasa =
MsMs1 M4M41 1,0 CM =
nocTpoeHMe 11.fepTe>Ka cnMHKM (PMC. 4.2)
1 nepeBOA nne"leBOro P10P101 = 0,5-0,7 CM;
cpe3a Ha nono"IKY =
M1 0,7-1,0 CM;
=
ngna 1,0-1,5 cM
2 =
no11o>KeH111e 60KOBOro n1n6 1,s-2,0 cM.
cpe3a no 11111H111111 VJ3 TO"IK111 n6 npOBO,QSIT BeprnKaflbHYIO
my6111Hbl npol1Mbl ~111H111to AO nepece"!eH111S1 c 11111H111el1 Ta-
~111111, 6e,qep, H1113a. TO"IKll1 T5, 65, 111 H5.
TO"IKY n6 coe,Qll1HSllOT c TO"IK0'1 T1.
To"IKY T 7 coe,q111HS1t0T c TO"IKOL1 6 6 sor-
HyTOl1 Il111H111el1:
=
H5H51 2,0-3,0 CM.
4epe3 TO"IKll1 n6. T1. 65 111 H51
ocbOPMilSllOT Illl1Hll1IO 60KOBOro cpe3a.

92
PMc. 4.2. l.lepre>K ocHoebl nanbTO c l.lenbHOBblKpOeHHblM pyicaeoM
M OTpe3HblM 60'IKOM c naCTOBMl.leM

93
3 Bb1cora oKara pyKasa BOK = Bd - 2,5-3,5 CM;
na1Pg= BOK.
l-13 TOYKL-1 ne1 AenatOT 3aceYKY Ayro.:1
I
na1Pg !

4 W1-1pLi1Ha pyKasa n 6 Pg = (On+non}--n1D.§..+ 1,0. l

2
nepeceYeHL-1e ,QyrL-1 nsPgc AYro.:1 na1Pg
onpeAem:ier nono>1<eH1-1e TOYKL-1 P&.
npoBOAflT npflMYIO nL-1HL-1IO Yepe3 TOYKL-1
ns. Pg L-1 npOAfleBalOT Bnpaso. l-13 TOYKL-1
ns 0TKn8,QblB8IOT nonOBL-1HY WL-1PL-1Hbl
60YKa nsC1= nsns
5 D,nL-1Ha pyKasa noA npflMblM yrnoM KnL-1HL-1L-1 C1Pg
npOBO~T npflMYIO nL-1HL-1IO, onpeAenfl-
IOl..LIYIO HanpasneHL-1e pyKasa:
ne1 Mg = .O,pyK
6 nono>KeHL-1e nl-1Hl-1L-1 MJlg = Ms1ns (c Yepre>Ka nonOYKl-1) :
nOKTfl
17 0TBOA sepxHero MgMg1 = 2,0 CM
cpe3a pyKasa
8 WL-1pL-1Ha pyKasa K nL-1HL-1L-1 M 91 ne npoBOAflT nepneH-
BHL-13Y ,QL-1Kynflp, Ha KOTOpOM OTKn8AblB8IOT
Me1M10 = WpyK. BH + 1,0 CM
9 OcpopMneHL-1e Hl-13a M,0M101 = 1,5-2,0 CM
pyKasa
10 OcpopMneHL-1e TOYKY M101 coeAL-1HfltOT c TOYK0.:1 C1.
HL-1>KHero cpe3a TOYKa nepeceYeHL-1fl c nL-1HL-1e.:1 nOKTfl n1.
pyKasa Ha nL-1HL-1L-1 noKTfl crpoflT BblTaYKy:
lfl1n10 = 1,5-2,0 CM;
ln10na= 7,0-8,0 cM;
n10n101 = 1,s-2,0 cM;
nan,o =nen,01-
TOYKY n101 COeAL-1HfllOT c TOYK0.:1 M,01
11 OcpopMneH1-1e nL-1HL-1IO nepeCeYeHL-1fl 60KOBOro Cpe3a
noApe3a pyKaBa nsT1 C HL-1>KHl-1M cpe30M pyKaBa n10C1
o603HaYatOT TOYK0.:1 C 6 •
l-13 TOYKL-1 ns pa.QL-1YCOM nsCs OTCeKalOT
rJ,yry: CsCs1 = 2,0 CM.
4epe3 TOYKl-1 ns, Cs1 npoBOAflT nl-1HL-1IO
AO nepeceYeHL-1fl c HL-1>KHL-1M cpe30M

94
- pyKasa C1n10.

-
1 W111p111Ha 6o4Ka no
lilHlilfl nsCs2 - nlilHlilfl no,Qpe3a pyKaBa.
nocTpoeHMe 'lepTe>Ka 60\IKa c naCTOBMl,4eM (PMC. 4.3)
npoBO,QSlT ,QB8 B38111MHO nepneH,QlilKy-
iJllllHlillil rny6111Hbl nsipHble n111H111111 c nepece4eH11teM B
npo~Mbl T. ns. OT T04Klil ns Bnpaso Iii BneBO no
rop1!130HTanlil OTKna,D,blBalOT 0Tpe3Klil
nsn4 Iii nsns c 4eprn>Ka nepe,Qa Iii
cn111HK11t -·
~ nonO>K8Hlil8 fililHlillil OT T04Klil ns BHlll3 no BepTl!IKanbHO~
rran111111, 6e,Qep 111 Hlil3a fililHlillil OTKn8,D,blB8IOT paccTOSlHlile OT
n111H111111 rny6111Hbr npo~Mbr ,QO Tan111111, 6e-
,Qep Iii Hlil38
c 4epTe>1<a nepe,Qa Iii
cn111HK11tIii CT8BSlT COOTBSTCTBYIOl.1..11118
T04Klil Ts, 65, Hs. 4epe3 3Tlil T04Klil
npOBO,QSlT roplil30HTanbHbl8 npSlMble
3 nonO>K8Hlil8 60KOBblX 4epe3 T04Klil n4 Iii ns npOBO,QSlT BH1113
cpe3oB seprnKanbHble n111H111111 ,QO nepece4eHlllSl
c n111H111e~ Tan111111, 6e,Qep 111 Hlil3a. To4Klil
nepece4eH111si o6o3Ha4alOT co CTOPOHbl
nepe,Qa T 4, 64, H4;
co CTOPOHbl cn111HKlll - T 6 , 6 6 , Hs
4 W111p111Ha no n111H111111 T4T41 =TsTs1 =0,5-1,0 CM
Tafilillil
5 W111p111Ha no n111H111111 6416s1 =(C6 + n6)- (664 + 6106s).
6e,Qep 1113 T04Klil 6 5 OTKna,QblBalOT snpaso 111
sneso.
Q.:116§1_= 65641 = 65651
2
6 W111p111Ha no n111H111111 HsH41 = 65641 + 2,0-3,0 CM;
Hlil3a HsHs1 =6s6s1 + 2,0-3,0 CM
7 OcpopMneH111e Coe,QlilHSllOT T04Klil n4. T41. 041, H41 Iii
6oKosoro cpe3a ns. Ts1. 6s1. Hs1
8 nonO>K8Hlil8 Bepw111Ha nacTOBlllLtbl Cs 1 Haxo,QlilTCSl
BepWlllHbl nacTOBlill4bl Ha nepece4eH111111 ,QByx ,Qyr, npoBe,QeH-
HblX 1113 T048K n4111 ns. Pa.QlllYCOM,
paBHblM sen111411tHe no,Qpe3a nepe,Qa
n4C42 111 sen1114111He no,Qpe3a cn111HK111

- nsCs2
 .

~~ \ fiF,

r. . 7W. 7i.I 76
.7$

~
"' 4

PMc. 4.3. "lepte>K oTpe3HOro 601f1<a c naCToeM~eiil

96
 4.3. Oco6eHHOCTH nOCTpoeHHJI ~epTe>Ka OCHOBbl nallbTO c
LtellbHOBblKpOeHHblM pyKaBOM c poM60BHAHOM nacTOBH~eM
(pHC. 4.4)

N2 HaMMeHOBaHMe YcnoBHb1e o603HalfeHMR M npM-

nn KOHCTPYKTMBHblX paclfeTHble <l>opMynbl 6aeKM
Yll3CTKOB
np1-16aBK"1 K nwr = 0-0,5 CM;
OCHOBHblM non = 10,0-11,0 cM;
nwc = 1,0-1,5 cM
.;
KOHCTpyKT"1BHblM
Y'-laCTKaM
nocTpOeH1>1e '-!epTe>Ka OCHOBbl C t..ieilbHOBblKpOeHHblM pyKaBOM C
poM60B"1,QHO~ IlaCTOB"1t..ie~ aHailOrl1'-IHO nocTpoeHl>llO 4epTe>t<a OCHOBbl c
i..ienbHOBblKPOeHHblM pyKaBOM 1-1 H"1>KHe~ YaCTbto pyKasa c 11acrns1-1i..ie~
nocTpOeHMe 1.1epTe>Ka nonO"IKM (PMC. 4.4}
1 Bb1corn oKarn =
BOK Bd - 2,5-3,5 CM;
pyKasa =
Bd n1ill.3-rn~z·
2
nnPs =BOK - 1,0 CM (Ha OTTR>KKy).
L-13 TO'-IK"1 n11 AeilatoT 3ace1.1Ky .iwro~
n11Ps
2 W1-1p1-1Ha pyKasa =
n4Ps <On+m - n4n!2 - 1,0 cM.
2
nepece1.1eH1>1e AYrn n4Ps c AYrD~
nnPs onpeAeilReT no11o>KeH1>1e T0'-IK"1 Ps.
npoBOART nps:iMyto Yepe3 TO'-IK"1 n4 "1
P 5 1-1 npOAOil>KatoT sneso.
OT To1.1K1-1 n4 oTKI18Ab1satoT 11011os1-1Hy
=
W"1P"1Hbl naCTOB"1t..ibl n4c2 n4n5
3 ,lJ,I11>1Ha pyKasa noA npRMblM ymoM K Il"1H"1"1 C2Ps npo-
BOART npRMYIO Il"1H"1IO, onpeAem1to-
111yto Hanpas11eH1>1e PYKasa:
=
n11Ms APYK - 1,0 CM (Ha OTTR>KKY)
4 W1>1p1>1Ha pyKasa K111>1H1>11>1 P 5M 5 npoBOART nepneHA"1KY-
BH"13Y IlRp, Ha KOTOpOM OTKI18AblBatoT:
=
MsM4 WpyK. BH - 1,0 CM
To1.11<y M 4 coeA1>1HRtoT nps:iMo~
c TO'-IKO~ C2.
5 =
no110>KeH1>1e Il"1H"1"1 nnfls .011M~+ 4,5 CM
IlOKTR 2

97
 6u ffr, _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ -5~
1----------1-F+-+-:_:___
5,,

o,

llS7
-----
.__

PMc. 4.4. l.lepre>K ocHOBbl nanbTO c ~enbHOBblKpoeHHblM pyKaeoM

M poM60BM.AHOM naCTOBM~eM

98
~ CKoc HLi13a pyKaea MsMs1 = M 4M 41 = 1,0 CM.
T04KY M41 coe,QLi!Hs:!IOT c TO'-IKO,;, n4.
1 OnpegeneHLile nepece'-!eHLi!e nps:iMo,;, C2M4 c 60KOBblM
nogpe3a pyKaea cpe30M nsT 51 o603Ha4alOT T04KO,;, C4.
n4C4 - IlLi!HLils:! nogpe3a DVKaBa
'8 OnpegeneHLi!e 1113 T04KLi1 n4. KaK L-13 i..teHTpa Pa.QLilYCOM
nO.Qpe3a nono4KLi1 n4C4 npoeo.Qs:!T gyry eneeo, Ha KOTopo,;,
OTKila,QblBalOT:
C4C41 = 1,5-2,0 CM.
T04Ky n4 coegLi!Hs:!IOT c T04KO,;, C41
Lil npogon>1<at0T go nepece'-leHLi!s:i c 60-
KOBblM cpe30M.
T04Ka C42- nLilHLils:! n4c42 - IlLilHLils:! nogpe-
3a nepega
9 OcpopMileHLi!e nLilHLi!IO Ms1M41 ocpopMils:!IOT Clle11<a
HLi13a DVKaea BOrHyTO,;, IlLilHLile,;,
noCTPOeHMe 'lePTe>Ka COMHKM (PMC. 4.4)
1 BblCOTa OKaTa BOK = Bd - 2,5-3,5 CM;
pyKaea na1Pg= BOK.
1113 T04KLi1 na1 gellalOT 3aCe4KY gyro,;,
nR1Pg
2 WLi!pLi!Ha pyKaea n 6 Pg = (On+non) - n~D.2 + 1,0.
2
nepece'-!eHLi!e gym nsPg c gyro,;, na1 Pg
onpegens:ieT nono>1<eHLi1e T04KLi1 Pg.
npoeogs:!T nps:iMylO IILilHLi!IO 4epe3 T04KLi1
ns. Pg Lil npogneealOT enpaeo. 1113 T04KLi1
ns OTKilagblBalOT nOIIOBLilHY WLilpLi!Hbl
IlaCTOBLilltbl: nsC1 = nsns
3 ,QIILi1Ha pyKaea nog nps:!MblM ymoM K IILi1HLi1Li1 C1Pg
npoeogs:iT nps:iMytO IILilHLi!IO, onpege-
ns:it0111yt0 HanpaeneHLile pyKaea:
na1Mg= flDVK
4 nono>KeHLi!e M~g = M 5;n 5 (c 4epTe>Ka nono'-IKL-1)
IILi1HLi1Li1 IIOKTs:!
5 OTBog eepxHero MgMg1=2,0.
cpe3a DVKaea T04KV MR1 coegLi!Hs:!IOT c T04KO,;, ng
6 WLi1pLi1Ha pyKaea KIILi1HLi1Li1 Mg1ng npoeogs:iT nepneHgLi!-
BHLi13Y Kylls:!p, Ha KOTOpOM OTKila,QblBalOT:
Mg1M10 = WpyK. BH + 1,0 CM
7 OcpopMileHLi!e M10M101 = 1,5-2,0 CM
HLi13Ka PYKaea

99
8 OcpopMneH1Ae To'-IKY M101 coeAIAHfllOT c TO'-IKolfl C1.
HIA>t<Hero cpeJa
To'-IKa nepece....eHIAfl c IllAHIAelfl noKTfl n 1.
pyKasa Ha nlAHIAIA noKTfl crpoflT BblTa'-IKY:
n1n10 = 1,s-2,0 cM;
fi10fis= 7,0-8,0 CM;
fi10fi101 = 1,5-2,0 CM;
fisfi101 = nsn10.
To'-IKY fi101 coe.QIAHfllOT c TO'-IKolfl M101
9 Onpe.QeneHIAe nepece'-leHIAe npflMOlfl C1fi10 c 6oKOBblM
no.QpeJa pyKasa cpe30M nsT52 o60JHa'-lalOT TO'-IKOlfl Cs;

~--
Csns - JllAHIAfl nO,QpeJa pyKaBa
10 Onpe.QeneHIAe Ts2Cs2 = Ts1C42,
no.Qpe3a cnlAHKIA Cs2ns - IllAHIAfl nOAPeJa cnlAHKIA
nocTpoeHMe ... epTe>t<a nacToeM'-'b' (pMc. 4.4)
1 W1.1p1.1Ha npoBOAflT IllAHIAIO. 060JHa'-lalOT TO'-IKY 0:
naCTOBIAL\bl 001 = 002 = nsn4 = nsns.
1113 TO'-leK 01 IA 02. KaK IA3 4eHrpa,
npoBOAflT .Qyrn, paBHble:
0103 = n4C4 (c '-lepTe>Ka nOilO'-IKIA);
0203 = nsCs (C '-lepTe>Ka CnlAHKIA);
0104 = n4C42 (C '-lepTe>Ka nOilO'-IKIA);
0204 = n,C62 (C '-lePTe>Ka CnlAHKIA)

4.4. Oco6eHHOCTH nocTpOeHHfl 1.1epTe>1Ca OCHOBbl nallbTO c

1.4ellbHOBblKpOeHHblM pyKaBOM c 60"IKOM H HH>KHelli 1.1aCTblO
pyKaea (pHc. 4.5)
HaMMeHoeaHMe
N!! YcnoeHble o6o3Ha ... eHMSI M
KOHCTPYKTMBHblX npM6aBKM
nn pac...eTHb1e <1>opMynb1
y ... acTKOB
np1.16aBKIA K nwr = 0-0,5 CM;
OCHOBHblM non= 10,0-11,0 cM;
KOHCTPYKTIABHblM nwc = 1,0-1,5 CM
Y'-laCTKaM
nocTpoeHMe ... epTe>Ka nono... KM (pMc. 4.5)
1 Hosoe nono>t<eHIAe n1n11 = 1,0-1,5 CM - nOBblWeHIAe Ha
nne'-lesolfl TO'-IKIA nne'-leBylO HaKna.QKY.
n11n12= 1.0-1.5 cM
V.QI11AHeH1Ae nne'-la (no Mo.ne111.1)

100
 --1 ~
f1I·

""

I \
I h
i
~
h'
" \

~
~ 4-

I
pa
~ \Pu
-
""'
PMc. 4.5. ~ep-re>K nono'IKM nanbTO c ~enbHOBbli<poeHHblM pyKaeoM
c 6o'IKOM M HM>KHeM '18CTblO pyKaea

101
~ nono>1<eH11e nsn5 = % Wnp;
6oKosoro cpeJa Wnp =On +non - 1/10 Cr 111 ;
2
=
n2ns 1110 Cr111 + 1,0 cM
',QononH11TenbHOe ymy6neH11e npoli1Mb1)
3 nono>1<eH11e V13 T04Kf..1 n1 npOBO,QSff BileBO ,Qyry,
Jlf..1Hf..1f..1, pa0Hyt0:
onpep,ens:it0L11eli1 % Wnp + 1,0 CM;
HanpasneH11e =
nsn4 2,0 CM.
pyKasa Hepe3 r04Ky n4 npOBO,QS'lr nps:iMylO Kaea-
~eilbHYIO K,Qyre.
V13 r04Kf..1 n1 Ha KacarenbHYIO onycKatOr
nepneH,Qf..1KVIlS'IP. T04Ka n13·
4 Lln11Ha PYKaBa n13M =AP - 1,0 CM (Ha OTTS'l>KKY)
5 nonO>KeHf..1e =
n1sn Y2 AP + 4,5 cM
inf..1Hf..1f..1 IlOKTS'I
6 nono>1<eH11e OKaTa n1sn4= BoK
·-
PYKaBa
7 non0>1<eH11e V13 T04eK n4. n, M BOCCTaBilS'llOr nep-
Jlf..1Hf..1f..1 pyKaBa neH.Qf..1Kyns:ipb1:
nepe,QHero nn1 = 0,5 CM Bnpaso;
nepeKara MM 1 = 2,0 CM sneso.
T04Kf..1 n4.n1, M1 coe,Qf..1HS'llOr
8 W11p11Ha pyKaBa M1M2 = 113 w~ sH11Jy
BHf..13Y <n1M1M2= 90
9 Onpep,eneH11e n4P = ¥.! Wp + 2,0 CM +nor.
W11pl1Hbl pyKaBa
nop, npoli1Moli1
nor= 0,5-1,0 CM - KOMneHCl1pyer
yca.QKY pyKasa no w11p11He Ja C4er
I
ons:i>t<Kf..1 no sepxHeMY cpe3y PVKaBa J
I
10 nono>1<eH11e TT1 = TsTs1 = 9,0 CM (no MO,Qen11); I
n11H1111 no,QpeJa Ts 1T2= 2,0 CM.
nOI104Kf..1 T04Kf..1 T2 11 n 4 coe,Q11Hs:it0r nnasHoli1
Jlf..1Hf..1eli1.
rr 2T23 = 1,5 CM (I111Hf..1S'I no,Qpe3a Hf..1>KHeli1
14acrn nono4Kf..1);
Ir2T22 = 0,5 CM (n11H11s:i no,QpeJa sepxHeli1
4acrn nOI104Kf..1).
lro4Kf..1 T1, T23 coe,Q11Hs:it0r 11 npop,11esat0r
snpaso).
I
lr2sTs1=1/2 Wnp-1,5 CM (Bb1Ta4Ka I
604Ka)

102
fi nono>KeHIAe 1113 TOYKIA T 51 onycKalOT nepneH.QIAKyns:ip K
60Ko0oro w0a IllAHIAIA T 23T 51:
rr51H51 = T,H,;
HH, = 0,7-1,0 CM.
TOYKIA H, IA H 51 n11a0Ho coe.Q1AHs:1ior:
~iA11 - 4,Q-4,5 CM - 88IllA41AH8
nOilV38HOCa
- nocypoeHMe -.epTe>Ka cnMHKM (pMc. 4.6)
1 nepe80,Q P10P101 = 0,5-0,7 CM; "{

nneYe0oro cpe3a iAaAa1 = 0,7-1,0 CM;

Ha nOI104KV ngna= 1,0-1,5 CM
2 Ho0oe nono>t<eHIAe na1na2= 1,0-1,5 CM- n08blW8HIA8 H8
nneYeso&ll TOYKIA n11eYe0yio HaKila.QKy:
na2na3 = 1,0-1,5 CM - Y.QillAH8HIAe nneya
{no MO.Qe111A}
3 nonO>K8HIA8 na3M3 = .QpyK = n,2M2 (c yepTe>Ka
H8KilOHa pyKa8a nOI104KIA ).
na3M3 OTKila,Qbl88IOT Ha npO,QOil>K8HIA8
IllAHIAIA T8IllAIA
4 Onpe,qeneHIAe T1n1= T3n3 (c Yeprn>t<a nonoYKIA)
rny61AHbl noo&l!Mbl
5 Onpe,qeneHIAe n1n5 = 112 Wnp
WIAPIAHbl npo&l!Mbl
6 Onpe,qeneHIAe n3M3 = n2M2 ( c 48pTe>Ka nonOYKIA)
WIAPIAHbl Il0KT880&11 1113 T048K M3 IA n3
onycK8IOT
HIA>KHS&il "18CTIA nepneH,QIAKyils:lpbl.
pyKa0a M3M4 = M,M2 + 2,0 CM;
nen1 = 2,0 CM.
rroYKIA M4 IA ne C08,QIAHs:llOT nps:IMO&il.
lf14n5= 0,7-1,0 CM.
rroYKIA M4. Jl5, ne nna8HO COO,QIAHs:llOT
r7 nonO>K8HIA8 IllAHIAIA T,oTa= T1T71 = 9,0 CM (no MO,Qe111A).
no,qpe3a cnlAHKIA rr11Ts= 2,0 CM.
TOYKIA Te IA ns C08,QIAHs:llOT nna8HO&il
nlAHIAelA: T 6T62= 1,5 CM.
TOYKIA T 8 IA T 62 coe,QIAHs:llOT IA
npo.Qne0aioT 011000:
T 62T 52 = 1/2 Wnp - 1,5 CM (pacTBop
8b1Ta"IKIA no 60'-IKy);
TsTe1 = 0,5 CM
~

103
nocTPOOHMe 60YK3, nepeXOAfflllero B HM>KHIOIO Y3CTb DVKaea (PMC. 4.5
P1P2 = Wnp.
1113 TO'-leK P1 lt1 P2 BOCCTaBilfllOT nep-
neHAlttt<yilflpbl:
P1P4 = P2P5= Ts1ns= T11n7;
P4M5 = n4M1 + 1,0 CM (C YepTe>t<a
nOJ10YK1t1).
1113 TOYKltt M5 npoBOAflT rop1t130HT8IlbHYIO
nps:iMyio snpaso.
M5Ms = WpyK. BH - (M1M2 + MsM4);
n
M~s = M1 1 (c yepre>Ka nonoYK111);
nsn1= 0,5-0,7 CM;
P1P11 = P2P21 = 1,5 CM.
rro'-1Klt1 P11, P4, n1. M5 COeAlt1HfllOT
nnasHoi:1 I11t1H1t1ei:1.
To'-IK1t1P5 111 Ms coeA1t1Hfl10T nps:iMoi:1.
nsng= 0,7-1,0 CM.
T0'-1Klt1 P21. P5, ng, Ms COeAlt1HfllOT lt1
npOAileBalOT nJlflMYIO BBepx.
<M5M1Ms = 90 .
Af1111Ha nepeAHero cpeJa pyKasa nono'-1-
Kltt AOil>KHa 6b1Tb KOpO'-le Ha 0, 7-1,0 CM
(ons:i>t<Ka) AI11t1Hbl nepeAHero cpeJa
Hltt>t<He~ Yacrn pyKaBa.
A11111Ha noKTesoro cpeJa pyKasa cn1t1HK1t1
Aon>t<Ha 6b1Tb 6onbwe Ha 2,0-2,5 cM
(cyrio>t<Ka) AI11t1Hb1 noKTesoro cpeJa H1t1>K-
Hei:1 Yacrn pyKasa.
H1t1>t<H1t1i:1 cpe3 60'-IKa ocj::>opMilfllOT c
nporn60M B 0,7-1,0 B CDeAHei:1 '-lacrn

104
 Hs

PMc. 4.6. '4epTe>K cnMHKM nanbTO c qenbHOBblKpoeHHblM pyueoM

c 60'IKOM M HM>KHeM 'iaCTbto pyKaea

105
 4.5. Oco6eHHocT11 nocTpoeH11R "lepTe>Ka ocH0Bb1 na11bTo c
pyKaBOM 1<11M0Ho (p11c. 4.7)

Ha11MeHoeaH11e
N2 YcnoeHb1e o6oaHaYeHMR 11 pacYeTHb1e np11- I
KOHCTPYKTMBHblX
nn <J>opMyllbl 6aBKM
YY3CTKOB
np1116aBKlll K OCHOB- nwr = 0--0,5 CM;
HblM KOHCTpyKTlllBHblM non= 10,0-12,0 cM;
~acTKaM nwc = 1,D-4,0 cM;
nCr111=10,0-15,0 CM;
nc6 = 5,0-8,0 cM
nocTpOeHMe yepTe>Ka nOllOYKM (PMC. 4.7)
1 OnpeAeneH111e PacTBop HarpyAHO~ BblTaYKlll MO>KeT
pacrnopa Harpy.QHO~ 6b1Tb onpeAeneH CI1e,Qy10ll.llllM111
BblTaYKlll cnoco6aM111:
1. KaK yKaaaHo e cxeMe nocrpoeH111f!
nneYeBblX 111aAen111~.
2. ~A3 = nwr1 + 5,0 CM (Ailfl 44-46
paaMepoe);
~A3 = nwr1 + 4,0 cM (Ailfl 48-52
paaMepoe);
M3 = nwr1 + 1,5-2,0 cM (Ailfl 6onbwo~
nOilHOTbl).
Bropo~ cnoco6 ynpolllaer nocTpoeH111e
nOTIOYKlll Ill B03MO>KeH TOilbKO B cnyYae
nocTpoeH111fl BblTaYeK 1113 yma
ropnoBlllHbl. PacTeop BblTaYKlll Mo>KeT
6b1Tb yMeHbWeH aa cYeT nepeeo,Qa ee
Yacrn e npo~My:
6162 = 1,0-2,0 CM;
~31r1 = A3r1
2 Hoeoe nono>1<eH111e n11n12= 1,Q-1,5 CM- nOBblWeH111e Ha
nneyeeo~ TOYKlll nneYeBVIO HaKila,QKV
3 K:>npe,QeneH111e r3r1= Wnp.
WlllPlllHbl npo~Mbl
Wnp=On +n - 1/10 Cr111 ;
2
Wnp = 1/4 Cr111 + nWnp;
nWnp = 2,0-3,5 CM;
Wnp = (Cr111+n) - (Wr1+n) - (Wc+n);
Wno = (C6+n} - cwr1+n) - (Wc+n}

106
~ nono>1<eH1t1e 60KOBOro f3f5= Y2 Wnp-1,0-2,0 CM;
coeaa TsT51=1,0-1,5 CM
Onpe,qeneH1..1e
~

fsfs1 = % Wnp
my61t1Hbl npol7!Mbl
nOI104Kl..1
~

nocypoeHMe "lepTe>Ka nepeAHeM "13CTM DVKaea (PMC. 4.71

1 HanpasneH1..1e pyKasa 1113 T04Kl..1 n11 pa,Q1t1yCOM, paBHblM
n11M1 =,Up - Bor. (BOT= 1,0-2,0 CM),
npOBO,Qf!T /J.YfY Ha npO/J,OJl>KeHl..11..1
IllAHl..11..1 Taill..11..1 '
~ W1..1p1..1Ha pyKasa <n12M1M2= 90u:
BHM3Y M1M2 = WpyK. BH. - 1,0 CM.
To4KV M2 coe1J,1t1Hflt0T c T04Ko171 f 51
~ OcpopMneH1..1e H1..1>1<H1..1'7! cpea pyKasa ocpopMilfltOT c
cpeaos pyKasa nporn6oM s o6nacrn noKTf!:
1,5-2,0 CM.
H1..1aoK pyv.asa ocflOpMilfltOT nnasHo171
n1..1H1..1el7! c nporn6oM 0,5 CM
nocTpoeHMe "lePTe>Ka cnMHKM (PMC. 4.7)
1 Hosoe nono>1<eH1..1e P10P101 = 0,5-0,7 CM
nne4esoro cpeaa MA~91 = 0,7-1,0 CM
roPilOBIAHbl cnlAHKIA n9na = 1.0-1,s cM
2 Onpe1J,eneH1..1e Pacrsop nne4esol7! Bb1Ta4KIA pacc4M-
pacrsopa nne4eBol7! TblBaeTCfl KaK:
BblT84Kl..1 ngf7T7 - Bnc- 1,5 CM IAill..1 3aMeHfleTCfl
noca,QK0171, T. e. pacrsop Bb1Ta4KIA no
nne4eBoMy cpe3y paseH sen1t14MHe >Ke-
naeMo171 noca,qK1..1 (1,0-1,5 CM)
3 Hosoe nono>1<eH1..1e nene2 = 1,Q-1,5 CM - nOBblWeHHe Ha
nne4esol7! T04Kl..1 nne4esvt0 HaKila/J.KY
4 Onpe,qeneH1..1e f5f52 = % Wnp + 1,5-2,0 CM;
mv61t1Hbl npol7!Mbl TsTs2= 1,0-1,5 CM
nocTpoeHMe "lepTe>Ka nOKTeBOM "13CTM DVKaBa (PMC. 4.7)
1 HanpasneH1..1e pyKasa 1113 T04KIA ne2 p81J.1AYCOM
ne2Mg = ApyK. OrceKatOT ,qyry Ha
nPO,QOil>KeHMl..1 IllAHl..11..1 fDV,Ql..1
2 WMp1t1Ha pyKasa <n 82MgMe = 90u;
BHM3Y MgMe = WpyK. BH + 1,0 CM;
MeMe1 = 1,5-2,0 CM
3 OcpopMneH1..1e cpeJos H1t1JOK pyKasa ocpopMilfltOT nnasHo171
PYKa Ba W!MHMel1 c nporn6oM 0,5 CM

107
 ~
:;r, ~1 LC
~
0
:z:
0
;; :E
~ s
:.:
-=
cO :E
0
Ill
CV
:.:
~
>.
~ Q.
u
0
ri I-
~ .... JI

c to :ac
Ji
~ Ill
"'
~
L.., ~
0
:z:
u
0
!Ill
Ill
I-
Q.
Ill
c..- J
....:
~
c..i
s
Q.

L.Q

108
1lp1t1MeYaH1t1e. nocne noc1poeH1t1fl Heo6xo.Q1t1MO nposep1t1Tb .Qn1t1Hbl H1t1>KH1t1X
cpe3os nepe.QHell! "' noirresolll Yacrelll pyKasa.
Pa3H1t14a He .QOil>KHa npesbrWaTb 2,0-2,5 CM. Ecn1t1 :na pa3H1t14a
npeBblwaeT yKa3aHHYIO Bell"1l.f"1Hy, He06XO.Q"1MO np0"13Becrn
cne.Q\ 10L111t1e 1t13MeHeH1t1fl (p1t1c. 4.8)
HaMMeHoeaHMe
...,. YcnOBHble o603Ha'feHMSI M pac'feTHble npM-
"'"' KOHCTpYKTMBHblX <J><>pMyllbl 6aBKM
Y'faCTKOB
1113 TOYK"1 n12• KaK "13 4eHTpa, pa,Q1t1yCOM
nonoYKe n 12a npoBO.Qf!T snpaso .Qyry~ Ha Kornpoll!
OTKila,QblBalOT nonOB"1HY Bell"1l.f"1Hbl, KO-
ITOPYIO Ha.Qo yc1paH1t1Tb (ToYKa a Bbl6-
paHa npo1t13BOflbHO)
n12M11=n12M1
Hosoe nono>KeH1t1e a1M11=aM1
nepe,QHelll Yacrn n12M21=n12M2
PYKaBa a1M21=aM2
lt13MeHeH"1fl no lt13 TOYK"1 ne2, KaK "13 4eHTpa, pa,Q1t1yCOM
~n1t1HKe ne2a2 snpaso npOBO.Qf!T ,Qyry, Ha KO-
TOpOl/1 OTKila,QblBalOT a2as=aa1 (c Yep1e-
>1<a nonoYK"1)
Ts2a2=Ts1a (c Yepre>t<a no110YK"1)
ne2Mg1= ne2Mg
asMg 1= a2M9
Hosoe nono>KeH1t1e ne2Me2= ne2Me1
inOKTeBOlll Yacrn asMe2= a2Me1
pyKasa H1t1>KH1t1e cpe3bl pyKasos ocpopMilf!IOT c
IYYeToM 1t13MeHeH1t111!

109
 ~

....0....

Ts~

~ H2

PMc. 4.8. M3MeHeHMe HanpaeneHMR 1.1enbHOBb1KpoeHHoro

pyKaea MAllMHbl HM>t<Hero cpe3a pyKaea
 5. noCTPOEH"1H"1E 4EPTE>KELll KOHCTPYKU"1Lll "13AEJ1"1Lll
KOM6"1H"1POBAHHblX nOKPOEB

)J,Jlfl lt13,Qem1!11 c KOM61t1H1t1posaHHb1Mlt1 pyKaBaMltt xapaKTepHO COYeTaHltte

p.eyx KaK1-1x-111-160 KOHCTpyKT1t1BHblX peweH1ttll1 111t1H1t11t1 npoll\Mbl 111 sepxHel/1
1.1acrn pyKasa.
V'l3 60ilbWOro pa3H006pa31t1fl KOM61t1H1t1pOBaHHblX noKpoes Bbl,QeJllt1Jllt1Cb
M B npaKT1t1YeCKOll1 pa6oTe Ha1t16011ee YaCTO lttCnOilb3YIOTCfl Cile.QylOl.J..lltte
co1.1eraH1t1fl:
- cn1t1HKa c 4eilbHOBblKPOeHHblM, a nOilOYKa c BTaYHblM pyKaBoM;
- cn1t1HKa c 4eilbHOBblKPOeHHblM, a nOilOYKa c pyKaBaM pemaH;
- cn1t1HKa c pyKaBaM pemaH, a nOilOYKa c BTa4HblM pyKaBOM.
)J,Jlfl lt13,QeI11t1!11 c KOM61t1H1t1poBaHHblMlt1 pyKaBaMltt np1t1MeHfllOT see
CWlY3THble cj:JopMbl, 0,QH8KO npe,QnOYTeHltte OT,QalOT npflMblM lt1 pacwltt-
peHHblM, a xy.Qo>KecrseHHOe ocj:JopMneH1t1e .QeKoparnBHO-KOHcTpyKT1t1BHblX
111t1H1Ali11t1 ,Qeranel/1 np1A6111t1>1<a10T K cnoprnBHOMY crnn10.

5.1. Oco6eHHOCTM nocTpOeHMfl 11.1epTe>Ka OCHOBbl nallbTO c

KOM6MHMpoeaHHblM pyKaBOM (pMc. 5.1)

N2 HaMMeHoBaHMe YcnoeHble o6oaHa~eHMSI npM·

nn KOHCTPYKTMB- M pac~eTHb1e <l><>PMYnb1 6aBKM
HblX y~aCTKOB
np1t16aBKlt1 K nwr = 0-0,5 cM;
OCHOBHblM non= 9,0-11,0 cM;
KOHCTPYKTlttBHblM nwc = 1,0-1,5 CM
V48CTKaM
nocTpoeHMe ~epTe>Ka nono~KM (pMc. 5.1)
1 CoKPa1.J..1eH111e n1n11 = 0,5-1,0 cM
.QillttHbl nneyeeoro
cpe3a
2 no11o>KeH1t1e 60KO- n3ns = Wnp - 1,5 cM;
eoro cpeJa Ha IllA- Wnp =On +non - 1/10 Cm;
Hlttltt my61t1Hbl 2
nooll\Mbl nsns1 = 0,5 CM
3 no110>1<eH1Ae Beno- n3n4= Wnp
MorarenbHOl/1 2
T04Kl'1 n4
4 Ymy611eH1t1e npoll\Ma n4n41 = 0,5 CM nOI104Kl'1
npoll\Mbl nonoYKl-1 OcPOPMilfleTCfl Yepe3 T04Klt1 n11• n2, n41• ns1

111
 r

PMC. 5.1. ~epTe>K nono'fKM nanbTO c KOM6MHMPOB8HHblMM pyicaeaMM

112
----
1
nOCTPOOHMe ~ePTe>Ka nepeAHeM ~aCTM DVKaea (PMC. 5.2)
8blCOTa OKaTa
nepe.QHelll Yacrn
P202 = n3n12 (c yepTe>Ka nOilOYKl-1)

pyKaBa
2 nono>1<eH1tte P2C2= n3n2 (c YepTe>Ka nOilOYK"1)
scnoMoraTeilbHOlll
TOYKl.1 C2
3 W1ttp1t1Ha pyKasa P2P1 = n3n5 (c YepTe>Ka nOilOYKl-1) + 0,5 CM
ssepxy (Ha noca.Qey);
P2P3= Wnp; "
2
P3P31 = 0,5 CM;
P3P5 = WpyK - 1,0 CM (nepeBO,Q wsa B
crnpoHy nepe,QHelll Yacrn) WpyK = On +n
2
4 nono>1<eH1tte Sep- P11P1 = 0,5 CM
W"1Hbl Hltt>KHero
cpe3a pyKasa
5 nono>1<eH1tte Beno- P2P21 = 1,0 CM.
MOraTeilbHOlll ToYey P21 coe,Q1t1Hfl10T npHMolll n1t1H1ttelll c
TOYKl.1 P21 TOYKOlll 02 "1 npO,QJleBalOT ee BH"13.
BoccTaBilfllOT nepneH.QHKYilflpbl K
nonyYeHHOlll npflMOlll B TOYKaX 02 1t1 P21:
P21Ps1 = P21Ps;
020s= P21Ps1+1,0-1,5 CM (np1t16aBKa Ha
noca,QKV)
6 nono>1<eH1tte eep- C203 = n2n11-
W"1Hbl OKaTa n2n11 c YepTe>Ka nOI10YK"1. 1113 TOYKl.1 C2 Ha
nepe,QHelll Yacrn npf!MOlll 020s OTCeKalOT ,Qyry
PYKaBa
7 nono>1<eH1tte 03- 1=1 -C2;
BCnOMOraTeilb- 1-2 = 1,5-2,0 CM;
HblX TOYeK 03- 3 = 3- Ps1;
1,2,3,4 3-4 = 0,5-1,0 CM.
OKaT pyKasa ocpopMilfllOT Yepe3 TOYKH 0 3,
2, C2. P31, P11
8 .Qn1t1Ha PYKaBa 03Ms = APYK - 1 ,0 CM (sen1t1Y1t1Ha OTTfl>KKl-1)
9 nonO>KeHHe Osfls = QsMs + 4,5 CM
Jl"1H"1"1 JlOKTfl 2
10 W1ttp1t1Ha pyKasa M2M1 = M2M3= WpyK. BH -1
BH"13Y 2

113
 Mu
M,
PMc. 5.2. ~epTe>K nepeAHeM 'lacTM py1<aea

114
f1 OcpopMneH14e M2M21 = 0,5-1,0 CM
H143K8 PYKaBa
12 OcpopMI1eHl4e Hl4>K- n1n2= 1,5 cM
Hero epeaa pyt<asa
nOCTPOOHMe ~epTe>Ka cnMHKM (PMC. 5.3)
1 nepeBO,Q nneYe- P10P101 = 0,5-0,7 CM;
soro cpeaa Ha AaAa1 = 0,7-1,0 CM;
noilOYKY nsns1 = 1,0-1,5 CM
2 CoKPall{eHl4e ngng1 = 0,5-1,0 cM
,QJ114Hbl nneyesoro '
cpeaa
3 noilO>K8H148 n1ns = 1,5 CM;
6oKosoro cpeaa nsns1 = 0,5 CM
Ha Jll4Hl414
my614Hbl npolliMbl
4 Onpe,QeneHl4e ng1Cg = 03P51 - 1,0 CM (Ha OTTfl>KKJ');
HanpasneHl4e OsP51- c yepre>t<a nepe,QHelll Yacrn pyKasa;
pyKasa ns1Cg = WpyK + 1,0 CM - nsn4 (c Yepre>Ka
nonoYK14) 141114
=
ns 1Cg (On + n) - Ps1P1 (c Yepre>Ka
nepe,QHelli Yacrn pyKasa). nepeceYeHl4e
.Qyr ns1Cg 14 ng1Cg onpe,QenfleT nono>KeH148
TOYKl4 Cg. ToYey Cg coe,Ql4HfllOT nps:iMolli c
TOYKOlli n51· no,Q npflMblM ymOM K 3TOlli
Jll4Hl414 npoBO,Qf!T nps:iMylO, Ha KOTOpolli
OTKila,Qb1Ba10T .QJ114HY pyKasa
5 ,[\Ill4H8 pyKaBa CgMg = Ps1Ms + 0,5 CM (Ha noca.Qey);
P51M3 - c yepre>t<a nepe,QHelll yacrn pyKaBa
6 noJlO>K8Hl48 Csng= Ps1ns + 0,25 CM (c YepTe>t<a
Jll4Hl414 JlOKTfl nepe,QHelli Yacrn pyKasa)
7 W14pl4Ha pyKaBa MgM7 = WpyK. BH + 1,0 CM (OTKJ18,Qb1BalOT
BH143Y Ha nepneH,Ql4KJ'Ilflpe K nps:iMolli MgCg).
TOYKJ' M1 coe,Ql4HfllOT npflMOlli c TOYKOlli ns1
MgMg1 = M1M11 = 1,0-1,5 CM
8 nporn6 H14>KHero n1n11 = n1n2 (C Yepre>t<a nepe,QHelli Yacrn
cpeaa pyKaBa no pyKasa) = 1,5 cM. ToYey n11 coe,Ql4HfllOT
Ill4Hl414 JlOKTfl npflMOlli c TOYKOlli M11 14 npo,QJleBalOT BHl43
9 CKOC H143Ka PYKaBa M11MR= 1,5-2,0 CM
10 OcpopMneHl4e Mg15 = Mg1Ms;
H143K8 pyKaBa 2
- 5-6 - 0,5-1,0 CM

115
PMc. 5.3. LlepTe>K cnMHKM c ~enbHOBblKpoeHHOM noKTeeoi1 ~aCTblO
KOM6MHMpoeaHHoro pyKaea

116
 6. nOCTPOEH~E 4EPTE>KEM KOHCTPYKU~M ~3.QEJl~M C
YrilY6IlEHHOM nPOMMOM

K O,Qe>K,Qe c BT84HblMl!l''pyKaB8Mlll Ill ymy6neHHOVl npoVIMOVl OTHOCHTCH

MS.Qem1H MHrKoVI cpopMbl, ysen1114eHHoro o6beM8, c pyK8B8Mlll py68We4Horo
noKPOs:i.
JJ,ns:i TaKlllX 1113.Qen111Vi x8p8KTepHo cne.QYIOll.lee:
- p8cw111peH111e nne4esoro noHC8, TO ecTb y.Qfl111HeH111~ nne4esoro cpe38;
- nepeso,Q nne4esoro cpe38 s cTopoHy non04Klll;
- .QOnonHlllTenbHOe p8cw111peH111e cn111HK111 111 nono4Klll 38 C4eT ysen111-
4E!HlllS1 np11168BOK Wr1 111 We 111n111 38 C4eT yMeHbWeH111s:i w111p111Hbl npoVIMbr;
- ynnoL1.1eH111e cpopMbl 1113.Qen111s:i 38 C4eT 48CTlll4Horo (1,5-2,0 CM) 111n111
nonHoro nepeBO.Q8 H8rpy.QHOVI 111 nne4esoVI Bb1Ta4eK s npoVIMy;
- ,QOnonHlllTeflbHOe yrny6neH111e npOMMbl, KOTOpoe MO>KeT 6b1Tb OT
2,0 CM ,QO fllllHllllll ran111111;
- p8cnono>1<eH111e 6oKosoro cpe38 nocepe.Q111He npoV!Mbl;
- p8C4eT WlllplllHbl npOMMbl MO>KeT np01113BO,QlllTbCS1 B 6onee ynpOll.leH-
HOM s8p1118HTe, H8np111Mep: Wnp = (Cr111 +n) - (We +n) - (Wr, +n);
- Bb1COT8 OK8T8 PYK888 MO>KeT MeHHTbCH B 38BlllClllMOCTlll OT cpopMbl 1113-
A0fllllfl OT 3,0-7,0 CM ,QO Befllll4111Hbl, p8BHOM BT84HOM, Ill 6onee. 3TO no3BO-
JlSleT ynpOCTlllTb onpe,QeneH111e WlllPlllHbl PYK888 - B38111MOCBS13b WlllPlllHbl Ill
BblCOTbl OK8T8 pyK8B8 111 yrny6neHlllS1 npoV!Mbl. YeM cso6o.QHee 111 MS1r4e 1113-
Aen111e, TeM rny6>1<e npoVIM8, MeHbWe BblCOTa OK8Ta PYK8B8 111 6onbwe w111-
p1.1Ha pyK8B8, 111 H8o6opoT;
- MlllHlllM8flbH8S1 nOC8,QK8 OK8T8 PYK888. B Hlll>KHeVI 48CTlll OK8Ta nepe,Q-
HeVI 48CTlll PYK8B8 38Kfl8,Qbl88IOT OTTH>KKY 0,5-0,7 CM.
0,QHlllM 1113 OCHOBHblX Tpe60B8HlllM K ocpopMneHllllO npoMMbl HBflS1eTCS1
'leTKOCTb cpopMbl, .QOCTlllraeM8S1 cnpS1MfleHllleM fllllHllllll npoVIMbl Ill yMepeHHOVl
ee WlllPlllHOM.

6.1. CxeMa pacnpeAeneHMSI HarpyAHOM M nne"leeoiil BblTa-

'teK (pMC. 6.1)

JJ,ns:i nnocKocrnoro peweH111H nnel!eBblX 1113.Qen111Vi B03HlllK8eT Heo6xo-

Al.1Mocrb ycrp8HlllTb H8rpy.QHYIO 111 nne4eBble Bb1Ta4Klll, p8cnpe.Qen111s 111x
Pacrnopbl no p83Hb1M KOHcrpyKT111BHblM y48CTK8M.

117
--------------------------------------------------

PMc. 6.1. Pacnpe,qeneHMe Harpy,qHoft BblTillfKM

118
~

HaHMeHoeaHHe
N2 YcnoeHb1e o6o3Ha'leHHSI H npH-
KOHCTPYKTHBHblX
nn pac'leTHble <l><>PMYnbl 6aBKH
Y'l3CTKOB
PacnoeAeneHHe K rPVAHOM BblTa'IKH (PHC. 6.1)
~

1 nepeBO,Q 48Cnt 6162= 6364= 1,0-2,0 CM;

Harpy,QHOill Bb1Ta4Klll B A:i2r1 = As1r1
npoil!My
2 Hosoe nono>KeH111e TOYKa n11 H8XO,QlllTCfl Ha
nneYeeoill TOYKlll nepeceYeHl!llll ,QBYX ,qyr: n11r1 = n1r1;
As2n11 = As1n1. .,
BcnoMoraTeilbH8fl T04Ka n2
nepeMel.1..laeTcs:1 B TOYKY:
n21r1n:>1 = r1n2
3 nepeso,q ocrasweillcs:1 662= 6565;
48Cn1 Harpy,QHO!li r1ro1 = r1r;
Bb1T84Klll B Ill!IHllllO A21r1 = A2r1;
nonyaaHoca As~21 = AsA2;
r1A11 = r1A21;
A21A 11 = A2A1.
ToYKY A11 coe,Ql!IHfllOT c T. ro1
4 nepeBO,Q Yacrn 69610= 6s61= 0,5-1,0 CM;
Harpy,QHO!li Bb1Ta4K"1 B r1ro2= r1ro1 r1A12= r1A11:
ropnOBlllHY r 02A12 = r 01A11
5 nepeBO,Q '18Cnt 6565 = 611612 = 1,0-1,5 CM;
Harpy,QH0!'.1 BblT8'1Klll B r 1To= r 1T;
Ill!IH"1IO Hl.138 611To= 612T.
LJacTb pacrnopa Harpy,qHolli BblTaYKlll
B 6a61=0,5-1,0 CM OCTaeTCfl B Ill/I-
H111111 nony3aHoca, KOTopas:1 ocj:JopMns:1-
eTCfl 'lepe3 T04Klll To. r 031 r 02. A12·
Pacnpe,qeneH111e BblT8'1K"1 B n111H11110
ropilOBlllHbl Ill nony3aHOCa 803MO>KHO
TOilbKO np111 OTKPblTOM d>acoHe.
PacnoeAeneHHe nne'leeoill BblTa'IKH (PHC. 6.2)
1 nepeBO,Q 48CT"1 613615= 619620= 0,7-1,0 CM;
nneYeBoi'.1 BblTa'IKlll B YoB=YB;
cpe,qH1.111i cpe3 cn1t1HK1t1 <BY0P101 = 90°.
P101Yo= P10Y;
<PsP101Yo= 90°.
Ps1P101 = PsP10;
<P101Ps1As1 = 90°.
Ps1As1 = PsAg;
Afl1A12 = AsA1; A12B = A1B

119
2 nepeBOA 11acrn
n11e11esoalt BblTa'1Kll1 s
npoaltMy
3 OcpopMileH111e
n11e11esoro cpe3a
615614 = 611618 = 1,0-1,5 CM;
BA73 = BA71 • Hosoe no110>1<eH111e
n11e4esoalt T04Kll1 onpeAemiercfl
nepece11eH111eM AByx Ayr:
Bns2= Bns1;
A13ns2 = A11 ns1
Ecn111 ocraroK Bb1Ta4Kll1 no nne4e-
BOMY cpe3y:
A73A72 = 0,7-1,0 CM, n11e4esoalt cpe3
MO>KeT ocpopMilf!TbCfl npflMOait 11111-
H111ealt, coxpaHflfl :ny se11w-1111Hy Ha
nocaAKY. Ec11111 ocrnroK Bb1Ta11K111
60ilbWe yKa3aHHOait sem1'1111Hbl, TO
(0,7-1,0 CM) OCTaBilfllOT Ha nOCaAKy,
OCTailbHYIO '1aCTb nepeBOAflT B 11111-
Hll1IO Hll13a

6.2. CxeMa nocTpoeHMJI "lepTe>Ka n11aTbJ1, nanbTO npJ1Moro

c11111•13ya c py6awe"IHblM pyKaBoM (p111c. 6.3)
HaMMeHoeaHMe
YcnoeHble o6o3Ha"leHMJI M npM-
N!! KOHCTPYKTMBHblX
pac11.1eTHb1e <t>opMynbl 6aBKM
Y"l3CTKOB
nocTpoeHMe 11.1epTe>t<a nono11.1KM cT. PMC. 6.3
1 no11o>KeH111e Illl1H111111 AT-.Qm 1
Tail111111
2 no110>1<eH111e Il111Hll1111 T6 = 18-19,0 CM
6eAeD
3 no11o>KeHll1e Illl1H111111 TH= .Qio6
H1113a
4 no110>1<eH111e Illl1H111111 Ar =Bf1
rPYAll1
5 L.leHTP rDVA111 rr1 = Llr
6 W111p111Ha rDVA111 rr2 = wr1
7 W111p111Ha npoaitMbl f2f3 = (C6 + n6) - (Wr1+ We+ fl6=5,0CM
nwc) ncn = 1,0-
1,5CM
8 no110>1<eH111e 60KOBOrD r2r4 = o,5 r2r3
cpe3a Ha 11111H111111 rDVA111
9 f11y6111Ha ropilOBll1Hbl TA1 = rr
10 no110>1<eH111e nile'1eBOait To11Ka n HaXOA&.1TCfl Ha
T04K111 nepece4eH111111 ABYX Ayr: A 1n = Wnn;
r1n = BnKn

120
 Tg
__J~TJ5~---------------------~___.T.
PMc. 6.2. PacnpeAeneHMe nne'leeoif BblTa'IKM

121
 ~

11 nono>KeHi.-ie wser;IHor;l 1/13 TO'-IKL-1 n AeilalOT 3aCe'-IKY Ha

TO'-IKL-1 "1CXOAHOr;l ropi.-i30HTani.-i nA2 = Wn
12 noBblWeH1<1e nn1 = nn11. HaKil nnn. HaKn ;-
nne'-lesor;l TO'-IKL-1 1,0 CM
13 YAJ11<1HeHi.-ie nne'-lesoro TO'-IKL-1 A2 "1 n1 COOA"1Hf!IOT npfl- nwn=5,5CM
cpe3a MQr;l Il"1Hi.1er;l "1 npOAOil>KalOT
snpaso: A?n 2 = Wn + nwn
14 no110>KeH1<1e BCnOMO- r2 n3 = 1,0 cM;
raTeilbHQr;l TO'-IKL-1 AJlf! =
n3n4 3,0 cM
ocpopM11eH1<1fl npo~Mbl
s caMOM y3KOM Mecre
rPYAL-1
15 Ymy611eHi.-ie npor;IMbl r2r14 =9,0 cM no MO,D,em4
16 no110>KeH1<1e TO'-IKL-1 nsn6 =3,0 CM
nepece'-leHi.-ifl npor;IMbl
i.-i 6oKosoro cpe3a
17 Pacw1.1peHi.-ie 111<1H1-11-1 nsn1 =2,0 CM
npor;IMbl
nocTpOeHMe 11.1epTe>Ka CnMHKM
18 no110>KeH1<1e Il"1H"1"1 T1oA10 =,QTC1
TaJli.1"1
19 no11o>KeH1<1e Il"1H"1"1 T 106 10 = T6 (c '-lepre>Ka nono'-IKi.-i)
6eAeD
20 no11o>KeH1<1e Il"1H"1"1 T1or10 =Tr (c '-lepre>Ka no110'-IK1.1)
rPYAL-1
21 no110>KeH1<1e Il"1H"1"1 T10H10 =TH (c '-lepre>Ka no110'-IK1-1)
Hi.13a
22 Wi.-ipi.-iHa cni.-iHKi.1 =
r10r3 We +ncn ncn = 1,0cM
23 no11o>KeH1<1e 60KOBOro n3r4 = 0,5 CM; r2r3 (C '-lepre>Ka
cpe3a Ha 111-1H1-11-1 rPYAL-1 nOilO'-IKL-1)
24 r11y61-1Ha ropilOB"1Hbl T10Ag = ,Qrc
cni.-iHKi.1 (pocrKa)
25 nono>KeHi.-ie nne'-lesor;l TO'-IKa na HaXOA"1TCfl Ha
TO'-IKL-1 nepece'-leHi.1"1 ABYX Ayr:
Aena = Wnc; Tena= BnKc;
=
T10T9 2,5 CM
26 nono>KeHi.-ie wer;IHor;l lt13 TO'-IKL-1 na Ha "1CXOAHOr;l
TO'-IKl.1 ropi.-i30Hra111-1 Ae11at0r 3ace'-IKy:
naAa = Wnc
27 nosb1weHi.-ie nne'-le- =
nane nnn. HaKil. nepeBOA nnn. HaKfl. ::
sor;l TO'-IKL-1 nile'-leBOro Cpe3a nsna Ha 1,0 CM 1,0CM
B CTOPOHV nOilO'-IKi.1 -
122
 11 1!10
. Jig

A,

nil. flH
~ .,
,, r; f2 '3 !/o

n1 1115

T:. 7i
T' 1io

B11------------------ Ei1c

µL---__, _______..,._____________ /l,o

HJ/
PMC. 6.3. ~epre>K KOHCTpy~MM nanbTO c yrny6neHHOM npOMMOM

123
28 YArn1HeH111e nne<Jesoro T0'1Kll1 Aa 111 n9 COeAll1HS1IOT nnoc=0,5CM
cpe3a nps:iMOIA Il111Hll1elA 111 npOAOil>KalOT nU11 = s.sCM
sneso: Aan 10 = Wn + nnoc +nwn
29 nono>1<eH111e BCnOMO- r3n11 = 9,o cM;
raTeilbHOIA T0'1Kll1 AI1S1 n11n12 = 5,o cM
ocpopMneH111s:i npolAMbl
B caMOM Y3KOM MSCTe
cm1HK111.
30 nono>1<eH111e T0'1K"1 nsn6:::: 3,0 CM
nepece11eH1-1s:i ni.-iHi.-ii.-i (c 11eprn>1<a nono11K1-1)
npo!AMbl "1 60KOBOro
cpe3a
31 Pacwi.-ipeH111e npolAMbl nsn13 = 2,0 CM
nocTpoeHMe "lepTe>Ka pyKaea (pMC. 6.4)
32 8blCOTa OKaTa OP= BOK= 1/38d
Bd - onpeAens:ilOT c 11epTe>1<a
cn111HK"1 "1 nOI10'1K"1
33 An111Ha pyKasa OH = ,QpyK - nwn + nnn. Hal<Il nwn = 5,5CM
nnn. HaKil =
1,0CM
34 W1.1p1-1Ha pyKasa ssep- OP2 = n101n12nsn13 - 1,0 CM
xy. (c 11eprn>1<a cni.-iHKi.-i);
OP 1 = n2n4nsn, - 1,0 cM
(c 11eprn>t<a nono11K1.1)
35 nono>KeHi.-ie scno- PP4 = P4P2; PP3 = P3P1;
MOraTeilbHblX T0'1eK P30s = .E.3Q1 - 0,5 CM;
AflS1 nocTpoeHi.-is:i OKaTa 2
P406 = ~~ + 0,5 CM
2
36 0TBeAeHl.1e CpeAHelA HH1=1,5 CM
Il"1Hll1111 DVKasa
37 W111p111Ha pyKasa BH1113Y <PHH2 = <PH1H 3= 90° Wptt= 15,0CM
(no MOAe11111)
38 nono>KeHi.-ie scnoMora- P1Ps = P2P6 = 5,0 CM
TeilbHblX T0'1eK AflS1
ocpopMI1eHl.1S1 nepeAHe-
ro 111 noKTeeoro coe3os
39 OcpopMneHi.-ie Hi.-i3a To11Ky Ps coeAll1HS1IOT c H2
111 npOAOil>KalOT BHL-13 H2H4 = 1,0 CM.
To11Ky Ps coeAll1HS1IOT c H2
111 npQAOil>KalOT BHll13
H3H5 = 1,0 CM

124
 01 D

P,

PMc. 6.4. ~epTe>K py6awe'IHoro pyuea

125
 7. OC06EHHOCTll1 nocTPOEH111SI KOHCTPYKU111l4
>KAKETOB

Oco6yio KOHcrpyKn1sHy10 rpynny B nOAl<Jlacce sepxH1-1x nne4eBblX 1-13•

Aeill-li:.i COCT8Bilf!IOT >KaKeTbl.
OcHOBHble np1-1HL1"1nbl nocrpoeH1-1fl KOHCTPYKL\1-li:.l >KaKeros aHanOrl-14Hbt
np&.1Hl.\&.1naM nocrpoeHl-lfl KOHCTPYKL\"1171 nanbTO. 0AHaKO Ha3Ha4eH1-1e 3TOro
accoprnMeHra A1-1KTyer cso1-1 oco6eHHocrn. 3ro Kacaercf! onpeAeneH~si
nponOPL\1-li:.l, ocpopMileH&.1fl KOHCTpyKrnBHblX Ill-1H&.1i:.i 1-1 4IleHeH1-1i:.i, Bbl6opa
np1-16aBOK K OCHOBHblM KOHCTpyKTl-1BHblM y4aCTKaM.

7.1. Oco6eHHOCTlll nocTpoeH111st ~eprn>Ka >KaKeTa no11ynp11111e-

rat0~ero Cllll1Y3Ta c BTa~HblM .QBYXWOBHblM pyKaBOM (p111c. 7.1)

HaMMeHoeaHMe
N2 YcnoBHble o6o3Ha4eHMSI M pac4eTHble npM-
KOHCTPYKTMB-
nn $>pMynbl 63BKM
HblX V43CTKOB
np1-16aBKlll K oc- nwr = 0--0,5 CM;
HOBHblM KOH- non= 9,0-10,0 cM;
crpyKTl-1BHblM nwc = 1-1,5 cM
IV4aCTKaM
nocypoeHMe 4epTe>K3 non04KM (PMC. 7.1)
1 no110>1<eH111e 6H = 6,0-8,0 CM
Ill-lHl-1111 H&.13a
2 nono>KeHl!le Har- A2A3=4,5 CM
PVAHOi::i BblT84Klll
3 Hosoe nono- HarpyAHYIO Bb1Ta4KY 4acrn4HO nepeBOAf!T
>KeH1-1e n11e4esoi:1 B npoi::iMy:
T04Kl-1 6162= 1,0 CM
1-1 Bb1Ta4Ky Ha Ili.1Hl-1"1 T8Ill-1&.1:
6362 = 6567 = 1,0 CM;
663 = 661 - (6362 + ~61};
n12n13= 1,0
(nOBblWeH1-1e Ha nne4eBylO Hal<Ila,QKy);
n13n14 = 1,0 CM (Y,Qfll!IHeHllle nne4a)
4 nepeBOA Har- ~A21=M2=4,5 CM (or1<J1a,Qb1Baior Ha
PYAHOi::i BblT84K&.1 npOAOil>KeHllll-1 nile4eBOro cpe3a); rr2 = 4,5;
nOA Ilal.\KaH r2r21 = 2.0 cM;
r21A21 - nepBaf! CTOpoHa Bb1Ta4Klll:
646s = 663 - pacrnop Bb1Ta4Klll.
YpaBH1-1Ba10T cropOHbl Bb1Ta4Klll:
A21A:>2 = 1,0 CM

126
 77 . TIO
7i lit ,,
7i

x K21

0, 8~ fi°.i,/ o*' &1 fj,

H11
H, /I, H11 Nfl H.y H.H H4

PMC. 7.1. "lepre>K >KaKeTa nonynpMneraao~ero cMny3Ta

C BT8'1Hb1M pyK8BOM

127
5 PacTBop BblTaYK"1 n1 = rr1 + o,5 cM;
Ha n111H111111 Tan111111 661 = rr1 + 0,5 cM;
r1r11 = 2,0 cM;
Tl T11 = 2,5-3,0 CM;
61611 = 1,0-1,5 CM
6 no110>1<eH111e penbe- n2n41 = 5,0 (oTKnaAb1saioT no Kp111solil), n5=
cpa no n111H111111 TI4= rr3+ 1,5 cM; 6-B,5a;
npolilMbl no m1H"1"1 T4T42 = 2,5-3,0 CM;
Tan111111 no n111H111111 664= TT4 + 2,5-3,0;
H"13a 64641 = CC6+n6) - (Cr111+nr) - 61fu;
3
HH4 = 664 + 0,5 CM;
H4H41 = 1,5-2,0 CM
7 Mecrn pacno- T11K1 = 8,5;
no>1<eH111s:1 KapMaHa T4K2= 12,0
nocTpoeHMe 11.1epTe>Ka cnMHKM (PMC. 7.1)
1 nono>1<eH111e nne- 4acTb nneYesolil BblTaYK"1 (1,0)
Yesolil BblTaYK&.1 nepeBOASH s npo&ilMy. 4aCTb nneYesolil
BblTaYK&.1 nepeBOASH B CpeAH"1lil cpe3
cnl!IHK"1
2 Hosoe nono>1<eH111e ns1ns2= 1,0 CM (nOBblWeH111e Ha
nneYesolil BblTaYK"1 nneYesyio HaKilaAKy);
ns2ne3 = 1,0 CM (YAn"1HeHl!le nneYa)
3 nono>KeH"1e penbe- r10rs= r10r1-1.o cM;
cpa no n111H111111 npolil- T10Ts1 = r10r1- (1,5-2,0 CM);
Mbl no n"1H"1111 Ts1Ta = 1,0-1,5 CM;
ran111111 610601 = r1r10+ o,5 cM
no n111H111111 6eAeP =
6a16a (C6 + nc6) - (Cr111 + ncr111) -
no m1H"1"1 H1!13a - (61611 + 64641);
H10Ha1 = r1r10 + 1,5 CM;
Ha1HA= 1,0-2 5 CM

1-2. Oco6eHHOCT111 nocTpoeH111st >1<eHcKoro >1<aKeTa

nplllTaneHHOro Cllll1Y3Ta c O,Q,HOWOBHblM pyKaBOM (p111c. 7.3)

HaMMeHoeaHMe
N2 YcnoeHble o6o3Ha11.1eH111si M pac11.1eTHb1e npM-
KOHCTPYKTMBHblX
nn <l><>PMYllbl 6aeKM
VILl3CTKOB
np1116aBKlll K nwr = 0-0,5 cM;
OCHOBHblM non = 8,0-9,0 cM;
KOHCTPYKT"1BHblM nwc = 0,7-1,0 cM
IYYacTKaM

128
PMc. 7.2. ~epTeJK eTa ..Horo .qeyxwoeHoro pyKaea

129
 nocTpoeHMe 11.1epTe>Ka nonO'IKM (PMC. 7.3)
1 no11o>KeH1,1e TH = 18,0-20,0 CM
Il"1H"1"1 Hi.138
2 OnpeAeneH"1e n2n3= 1110 Cr111 + 2,0 cM;
my6"1Hbl npo~Mbl 2,0 CM -AOnOilH"1TeilbHOe ymy6neH"1e
noo~Mbl
3 Hosoe nono>t<e- HarpyAHYIO BblTa'-tKy '-taCrn'-tHO nepeBOAflT
H"1e nne'-teso~ s npo~My:
TO'-IK"1 6162 = 0,7-1,0 CM;
n11n12 = 0,7-1,0 CM (nOBb1WeH"1e H8
nne'-teBylO HaKilaAKy);
n12n13 = 1,0-1,5 CM (YAil"1HeH"1e nne'-ta)
4 nono>KeH"1e 60- n3n4= 2,5-3,0 CM (no MOAeI1"1).
Kosoro cpe3a 1113 TO'-IK"1 n4 BH"13 onyCK8IOT
nOilO'-tK"1 nepneHA"1Kym:1p:
T3T31= 1,0-1,5cM;
H3H31 = 1,0-1,5 CM.
To'-IK"1 H311 T311 n4COeA"1HfllOT, npflMYIO
T 31 n4 npOAJleBalOT BBepx AO nepece'-teH"1fl
c Il"1H"1e~ npo~Mbl. TO'-tKa n41·
5 nono>KeH"1e ne- 1113 TO'-IK"1 r1 onycKalOT nepneHA"1Kyilflp
PeAHe~ raneso~ BH"13:
Bb1Ta'-IK"1 T2T21 = 0,5-0,7 CM;
T2T22= 1,5-2,0 CM;
r1r11 = 4,5-5,o cM.
TO'-IK"1 r11. T21. H2coeA"1HfllOT
6 nono>KeH"1e T21K = 5,0 CM (no MOAeI1"1);
KapMaHa H2K1= H2K;
T 3K2 = 7,0 CM (no MOAeI1"1);
T41~= T31K2;
K1K3= 14,0-14,5 CM (Ail"1Ha KapMaHa
MOAeI1"1). Pacrnop BblT8'-tK"1 KH2K1
38KPblB8IOT (p"1C. 7.4)
7 nono>KeHl!le 11"1- TTo= 0,5 CM.
H"1"1 nony3aHoca 1113 TO'-IK"1 T0 onycKalOr BH"13 nepneH-
A"1Kyns:ip. TO'-tKa Ho. HarpyAH8fl BblTa'-tKa
AOil>KHa 6b1Tb CMOAeill!lpOBaHa, TO eCTb
'-t8CT"1'-IHO nepeBeAeHa B nepeAHIOIO
BblT8'-tKY (1,0-2,0 CM), B cropoHy 60KOBOro
wsa (0,3-0,5 CM), ocrasw111~cs:i pacrsop
nepesOAs:IT no.Q nauKaH (p1,1c. 7.4)

130
PMc. 7.3. '48PT8Jk Jk8K8TII "PMTIUteHHoro CMl1}'3Ta
c Bra ..HblM PYKaBOM

131
 ..._

PMC. 7.4. MoAenMpOBaHMe HarpyAHOM BblT3lfKM M nMHMM BXOA3 e KapMaH

132
..-- nocTpOeHMe "lePTe>Ka 60"IK3 (pMC. 7.3)
r3r1= Wnp + 2.0 cM
~

(orneAeH1r1e 6oYKa s cropoHy cm1HK1r1);

n3n1= r3r,;
n4n42 = 2,0 cM;
T4T41=0,5-1,0 CM; H4H41=1,5-2,0 CM.
TOYK1r1 n42• T41' H41 COeAlr1H5llOT:
T41n43 = T31n41;
T1T11 = 1,0-1,5 CM; H1H11 = 0,5-1,0 CM .
TOYKlr1 n,, T71, H11 COeAlr1H51IOT
..
nocTpOeHMe "lePTe>Ka CnMHKM (PMC. 7.3)
1 HoBoe nneYeBylO BblTaYKy YaCrnYHO nepeBOA51T B
no110>1<eH1r1e npoiilMy:
nneYeBoali TOYK1r1 6465= 0,7-1,0 CM.
OcraBwy10cs:i YaCTb pacrnopa nneYeBoill
BblTaYKlr1 MO>KHO OCTaB1r1Tb Ha nocaAKY no
nneYeBOMY cpe3y:
nsns1 = 0.7-1,0 CM - nOBblWeH1r1e Ha
nneYeBylO HaKilaAKy;
ns1ns2= 1,0-1,5 CM -YAJllr1HeH1r1e nneYa
2 no110>1<eH1r1e T1T12= 2,0-2,5 CM.
6oKosoro cpe3a ToYK1r1 H,, T12. n,
cn1r1HK1r1 COeA111H5llOT lr1 npOAJleBalOT AO
nepeceYeH111s:i c npoiilMoali
3 no110>KeH111e H10Hs= T10Ts-(0,5-1,0 CM);
cpeAHero cpe3a A10Y1 = 17,0 CM.
Cnlr1HK1r1 CpeAH111ii1 cpe3 ocpopMI15llOT Yepe3 TOYK111
P10, Y, Y 11 T 9 , H9
nocTpoeHMe "lepTe>Ka PYK3Ba (PMC. 7.5)
1 Bblcora oKara BOK =Bd - 2,0-2,5 CM
PVKaBa
2 Pa3sopor pyKasa <P1P2H21 =90°;
<P9 P8 H8 =90°;
P1P2 = P2Pa - 1,0 CM;
2
fl1fl21 = Y2 fl21fls1 - 1,0 CM;
H1H21= Y2 H21H 8 -1,0 CM;
PsPs = Y2 P2Ps + 1,0 CM;
Ils1Ils = Y2 Ils1Il21+ 1,0 CM;
HsHs = HsHs1 = Y2 HsH21 + 1,0 CM;
<Ils1HsHs1 = 90°

133
 'i

Ha1 Ha.

PMC. 7.5. "lepre>K BTa'IHOro OAftOWOBHOro pyKaea

134
 7.3.
Oco6eHHOCTH nocTpoeHHfl >KeHcKoro >KaKeTa npHTaneH-
HOro CHl1Y3Ta c pyKaBOM no11yper11aH c Hano11HeHHblM OK3TOM
(pMC. 7.6)

-Nt HaHMeHoeaHHe
Yc11oeHble o6o3Ha11.1eHMS1 M
npM6aBKM
KOHCTPYKTMBHblX
nn pac11.1eTHble <l><>PMYllbl
y11.1aCTKOB
np1116aBKli1 KOCHOBHblM nwr111 = 7,0-8,0 CM;
KOHCTpyKTlilBHblM nwr1= 0-0,5 cM; .;
y4aCTKaM nwc = 1,0-1,5 CM
nocTpoeHMe 11.1epTe>Ka nono11.1KM (pMc. 7.6)
1 nono>KeH111e Illi1Hli1111 Hli13a TH= 20,5 CM (no MOAen111)
2 Hosoe nono>KeH111e nn1 =1,0-1,5 CM (nOBblWeH111e Ha
nne4esoi.1 T04Kli1 c nne4esyio HaKilaAKy);
Y4eToM nne4esoi.1 n1n11 = 2,5-3,0 CM (yKOp04eH111e
HaKilaAKlll nne4a no MOAen111). nne4esoi.1
cpe3 ocpopMilSllOT c nporn6oM 0,3
no cepeA111He
3 nono>KeH111e 60KOBOro r3rs= 0,5 Wnp
cpe3a Wnp = (Cr111+n}-(Wr1+m-(Wc +m
4 nono>KeHlile Jll!IHlillil r3n3 = 5,5-6,0 CM (no MOA8Illi1)
npolliMbl
5 nono>1<eH111e penbecpa T04Ka n2 HaXOAlilTCSI Ha
no n111H111111 npolliMbl nepece4eH111111 ABYX Ayr:
n11n2= 12,0-13,o cM;
r1r2= 1,0 (nOilO>KeHlile penbecpa
MOAen111);
r2n2 = 12,0-13,0 cM.
1113 T04Klll rl KaK 1113 4eHTpa,
paAlilYCOM r1r3 BBepx npOBOAS!T
Ayry, Ha KOTOpolli OTKilaAblBalOT
pacrnop HarpyAHOlli Bb1Ta4Kli1:
661 = nr3T3- Bnn - (1,0-1,5 CM);
n2r2= n21r2-{0,S-0,7cM)
Beilli141!1Ha OTTSl>KKlll:
662= 6163.
n2Ao He AOil>KHO 6b1Tb MeHbWe
MePKlil Wr
6 nono>1<eH111e penbecpa TT2= l...lr-1,5 CM;
no n111H111111 ran111111 T2T21 = 3,5 (no MOAen111)

135
5

PMc. 7.6. YeprelK lKaKe-ra npMTaneHHoro CMl1)'3Ta

c pyKaBOM nonypernaH

136
'f OKOHYarenbHOe n3n31 (6111cCeKTp111Ca yma) = 3,0-
ocpopMneH111e npoii1Mbl 3,5 CM; nsns1 = 1,0 CM. nprni1Ma
nonOYKll1 ocpopMm:1ercfl Yepe3
cneAYIOLl.1111e TOYK111: n,,, n2, n21f3,
n31. ns1
8 OcpopMneH111e 6oKosoro TsT4= 3,5 CM (no MOAen111);
cpe3a T41T4= T4T42= 7,0 CM;
T4Ts1 = 5,0-7,0 CM (sen111Y111Ha
c6opK111);
HsHa = 4,0 CM (no MOAen111).
noA npflMblM ymOM Kfi111Hll1111
Ts1Ha Yepe3 TOYKY T42 npoBOAflT
fill1Hll1IO:
HaTs= T sHs, crasm TOY KY T6
nocTpOeHMe "lepTe>Ka CnMHKM (PMC. 7.6)
1 nonO>KeH111e fi111H111111 T10H10 =TH (c Yepre>Ka nonoYK111)
Hll13a
2 nono>KeH111e 60KOBOro f1fs= f 5f 3 (c Yepre>Ka nonoYK111) =
coe3a 0,5 CM Wnp
3 Hosoe nono>1<eH111e nsns1 = 1,Q-1,5 CM (nOBblWeH111e
nne4eBO~ TOYKll1 Ha nneYesy10 HaKnaAKy);
ns1n92-n1n11.(C Yepre>Ka
nonOYK111)- (1,0-1,5 CM) (nOcaAKa
no nne4eBoMy cpe3y).
nneYeso~ cpe3 ocpopMilflercf! c
noorn6oM 0,3 CM noceoeA111He.
4 0KOHYarenbHOe n1n11 = 3,5-4,0 cM;
ocpopMneH111e npo~Mbl f7f71 = 0,7-1,0 CM;
nsns1 = nsn52 = 1,0 CM.
npo~MY cnll1HK111 ocpopMilfllOT
4epe3 CfieAYIOLl.1111e T04Kll1: ns2. f111
n1,, ns2
5 no110>1<eH111e pellbecpa ns2ns= 16,0 CM (no MOAe11111);
no 11111Hi.u1 npo~Mbl nsns1 = 1,0 CM;
f10fs= 12,0 CM (no MOAen111);
fgfa= 0,5 CM.
TOYKll1ns111 ne1 coeAll1HfllOT c
T04KaMll1fg111 fa nnaBHblMll1
fill1Hll1f!Mll1. Afi111Ha Cpe3a ns1fa
AOn>KHa 6b1Tb MeHbWe Afill1Hbl
cpe3a nefg Ha 0,~, 7 CM
~
(sen1114111Ha OTTfl>KK111);

137
 no JU1Hl-11-1 TaJ1"1"1 T10Ta= 8,5 CM (no MOAeI11-1); ------
TaTa1 = 3,5 CM
6 OcpopMneH1-1e 6oKosoro TsT1= TsT4 (c '-leprn>Ka no110'-IK1-1); -
cpe3a T1T12= T1T11 = 0,7 CM;
T1Ts2= T4Ts1 (c '-lepre>Ka
nOI104K"1);
HsHs = HsHa = 4,0 CM
(c '-lepTe>Ka no110'-IK1-1). noA
nps:iMblM ymoM KT52H9 '-lepe3
TO'-IKY T52 npoBOAs:IT 111-1H1-110,
CTaBs:IT TO'-IKy Ta1: Ta1Hs = HsTs.
nocTpoeH1-1e '-lepTe>Ka pyKaBa
on1-1caHo s pa3Aene
«0co6eHHOCT"1 nOCTpoeH"1s:I
'-lepre>Ke~ KOHCTPYKU"1~ "13AeI1"1~
c pyKaBOM nonypemaH» (p1-1c.
3.10)

138
 8. CXEMA nOCTPOEH~fl 4EPTE>KA KOHCTPYKU~~
nEJlEP~Hbl

-N2 Ha111MeHoeaH111e
YcnoeHble o6o3Ha11.1eH111s:i 111
KOHCTPYKTI'IBHblX np1116aeK111
nn pac11.1eTHb1e <&:>opMynb1
Y"13CTKOB
nocTpoeHMe 11.1epTe>Ka nonO"IKlll (PlllC. 8.1)
1 nonO>KeHlile Jl"1H"1"1 AT =Arn1
Tall"1"1
2 nono>1<eH111e Jl"1H"1"1 H"13a TH = 45,0 CM ("1J1"1 no MOAelllil)
3 nonO>KeH111e Jl"1H"1"1 Ar= Br1
rDYAlil
4 nono>KeH111e ~eHrpa rr1 = Wr
rPYAlil
5 rnv6111Ha ropJ10B"1Hbl TC= rr
6 nono>KeH111e nlle"leBoa:;I nne"leBas:l TO"!Ka n HaXOAlilTCs:l
TO"IK"1 Ha nepece"leH111111 ABYX Ayr:
Cn = Wnn;
r1n = BnK.
1113 TO"IK"1 n pa.a111yCOM Wn
Aena10r 3ace"IKY Ha 111cxOAHY10
rop11130HTallb: nA1 = Wnn
7 nono>1<eH111e nne"leBoa:;I A 1n = A 1n 1= Wnn
TO"IK"1 n
8 no110>1<eH111e TO"IK"1 M3 n1M3 = 45,0 CM .Qn111Ha pyKasa
3aB"1C"1T OT
WlilplilHbl
TKaHlil
9 nono>1<eH111e HH1= 20,0 CM
BcnOMOraTellbHblX
TO"leK T3, H1
Jl1i1H1t110 H"13a npoBOAs:IT cneAYIOU\"1M o6pa3oM: "13 TO"IK"1T3 111 H 1 P8A1t1ycoM,
PaBHblM H3H 1, nposoAs:ir ABe AYrlil s cropoHy cepeAlilHbl nono"IK"1 1.1 "13 TO"IK"1
1.1x nepece"leH1t1s:i T 1 arnM >Ke paA111ycoM npoBOAs:!T n111H11110 H1t13a
or TO"leK T 3 111 H1
nocTpOeHMe 11.1epTe>Ka CnlllHKlll (DI/IC. 8.2)
1 nono>1<eH1t1e Il"1H"1"1 Talll.1111 A10T10 = .QTC1
2 nono>KeHlile Jl"1H"1"1 Hl.138 T10H10 =TH
(c "lepre>Ka no110"IK"1)
~ rny61.1Ha ropllOB"1Hbl Cn"1HK"1 T 10P 103 = Arc

139
r r;

··~

PMc. 8.1. YepTe>K no110.. KM ne11epMHb1

140
 Tg 'lfo

P1o1c. 8.2. '-lepre>K cn1>1HK1>1 nenep1>1Hb1

141
 ~

4 nono>KeH111e nneYeeot1 TOYKlll TOYKa n1 HaXO,QlilTCfl

Ha nepeceYeH111111 .QByx
.Qyr:
Tgn1= BnKc;
P10n1= Wnc.
1113 TOYKlll n1 pa.Ql!IYCOM
Wn ,QenaioT 3aceYey Ha
lllCXO.QHYIO rop1!130HT8Ilb:
n1Aa= Wn;
n1Aa= naAa
5 nono>KeHl!le T~Klil Ma MaT1= 45,0 CM
6 nono>KeHlile BCnOMOr8TeilbHblX H10Hg= 20 CM
TOYeK
7 Hoeoe nono>KeH111e TOYeK Aa. Ma Aa1Aa= Ma1Ma= 1,0 CM
IllilHllllO Hlil3a npoBO.Qf!T Cile.QYIOl.l.llilM o6pa3oM: 1113 TOYeK Hg 111 Ta
pa,Q111ycoM, paBHblM HgHa, npoBO.Qf!T .QBe ,qyrn e CTopoHy cepe.QlilHbl
cn111HK111, a 1113 TOYKlll 111x nepeceYeH111si T 6 3TlllM >Ke pa.Q111ycoM npoeo.Qf!T
IllilH"1IO H1!13a or TOYeK Hg 111 Ta

142
 9. nocTPOEHl'IE lfEPTE>KA OCHOBbl Y3KOlll to5Kl'I
(PlllC. 9.1)
-N9 HaMMeHoeaHMe
YcnoeHble o603Ha"leHMJI M npM-
KOHCTPYKTMBHblX
nn Y"13CTKOB
pac""1eTHb1e <1>opMynb1 6aBKM

np1116aeKl!I K OCHOeHblM ncT =1,0 CM;

KOHCTPYKTl!leHblM nc6 =1,0-2,0 CM
IVl.lacTKaM
1 nono>KeHl!le Jll!IHllllll 6e,Qep T6 = 18,0-20,0 CM
2 nono>KeHl!le Jll!IHllllll Hl!13a TH= ,[l,to ~

3 nono>KeHl!le 60KOeOro 665= (C6 +n)

cpeaa no n111H111111 6e.aep
4 nono>KeHl!le 60KOeoro
cpeaa no n111H111111 H111aa
5 Hoeoe nono>KeH111e n111H111111 65651 = Ac6 - Acn.
Tam1111
6 W111p111Ha nepe.QHero no-
JlOTHl!ll.J.la no lll!IHllllll Tallllllll Pe = 2,0-2,5 CM
7 nono>KeH111e nepe.QHelli
eblTallKlll
8 W111p111Ha 3a,QHero nonoT- T54T52= T53T51;
Hl!ll.J.la no n111H111111 rnn111111
2
H5H51 = H5H5 2= 3,0 CM - to6Ka,
cnerKa pacw111peHHaH KH111ay:
H5H51-H5H52 = 0 - poeHaH to6Ka;
H5H51 = H5Hs2 - 3,0-2,0 CM -
aav>KeHHaH KH1113V
TollKlll 6 111 6 51 coe.Ql!IHHtoT:
69691 = Aca -Acn.
TOllKlll 6 91 111 6 01coe.Ql!IHHtoT:
<6651T51=go;
651T51 - 65T5;
<T52651691 = go0 ;
T51651 = 65T5;
691Tg1 = 69Tg
TT5a= 1/2 (CT+n) +Pe;
TT2 = Y2 TT53;
<TT2B = go0 ;
T28 = 7,0-S,0 CM;
T21 T?2 = 2,0-2,5 CM
Ta1 Ta2= T91T54 - % (Cr+ n) Ta T91 =
=
Y2 T 54T91 <T91 T8 8 1 90°.
Ecn111 pacrnop aa,QHel1 eblTallKlll
Ta1Ta2npeeb1waeT 3,0-3,5 CM, TO
ero pacnpe,QenHtoT Ha ,Qee
eblTallKlll.
8b1Talley,pacpacnono>KeHHYto
6n111>Ke K '-'eHrpy, .QenatoT my6>Ke 111
,Qlll!IHHee. n111Hl!llO Tallllllll
o<l>OPMllHIOT' KaK noKa3aHO Ha
llePTe>Ke

143
 !B1

PMC. 9.1. 11.fepTe>K OCHOBbl K>6KM

144
 10. nOCTPOEHME 4EPTE>KA OCHOBbl 6PIOK {pMc.10.1)

.-Ni HaMMeHOBaHMe YcnoBHb1e o6o3HalleHM~ M npM-

nn KOHCTPYKTMBHblX Y43CTKOB paclleTHble <j>opMynb1 6aBKM
---- np£116aeK£11 K OCHOeHblM ncT = 0,5-1,0 CM;
KOHCTPYKT£11eHblM y4aCTKaM nc6 = 1,0-2,0 cM
~

nocTpOeHMe llepTe>Ka nepeAHeM nonoeMHbl 6pt0K (pMc. 10.1)

1 ,[l,n£11Ha 6plOK T1H1 =A6p
2 nono>1<eH£11e Il£11H£11£11 6e,Qep T161=18,0-20,0 CM ..
3 8b1corn c111,QeH111H T1fl1 = Acn = Aw1
4 ,[J,n111Ha ,QO KOileHa fl1K1 = 0,5 fl1H1 - 5,0 CM
5 W£11p111Ha no 11£11H£11£11 eblCOTbl fl1fl2 = 0,5 C6
C"1,QeH"1H
6 W£11p£11Ha 6aHTa fl2f13=0,1 C6
7 nono>1<eH111e Il"1H"1"1 3ayno>KK"1 fl1 f14= 5fl1 f13.
4epe3 T04KY f14 npoeOAf!T
n111H11110, napannenbHYIO T 1H 1.
K2K21 = 1,0 - .Qil~ Q:>111rypb1 c
npae"1IlbHblM CTpOeH111eM Hor
K2K21 = 0 - ,QilH Q:>111rypbl c
0-o6pa3HblM CTPOOHt.1eM HOr.
K2K21 = 1,5 CM - ,QilH Q:>111rypb1 c
X-o6paaHblM cTpoeH111eM Hor
8 W111p111Ha no n111H111111 rnn111111 T2T21 = 0,5-1,0 CM;
T21T4= 0,5 CT+ Pe;
Pe = 2,0-2,5 CM (pacTeop
eb1Ta4K£11).
,[l,nt.1H8 eblT84K"1 - 6,0-8,0 CM
9 noeblWeH111e 60KOeoro Cpe38 T4T41 = Ac6-Acn
10 W111p111Ha no n111H111111 KoneHa K21K1=K21~=0,5 WK-1,0 CM;
WK = 22,0-24,0 CM (no
MO,Qen111)
11 W111p111Ha no n111H111111 Ht.138 H2H3= H2H4= 0,5 WH -1,0 CM;
WH = 22,0-24,0 CM (no
MO,Qen111); H2H21 =0,5-1,0 CM
- nocTpOeHMe llepTe>Ka 33AHeM nonOBMHbl 6ptoK (pMC. 10.1)
1 nono>KeH"1e ecnOMOr8TeilbHOli! fl2f15 = 1,0 CM

- T04K"1 7!5

145
PHc. 10.1.1.fePTe>K OCHOBbf 6plOK

146
..-- W1>1p1>1Ha 3a.QHelli nonos1>1HK1>1
2
no n1>1H1>1"1 6e,Qep
3 W1>1P1>1Ha 6aHTa
4 nono>1<eH1>1e Cpe,QHero cpe3a
3a.QHelli nonOB"1HK"1 6plOK
5 W1>1P1>1Ha no n1>1H1>1"1 KoneHa
6 W1>1p1>1Ha no n1>1H1>11>1 H"13a
7 nono>1<eH1>1e 60KOBOro Cpe3a
8 W111p111Ha no n111H1111>1 rnn1>1111
napannenbHO fi"1H"1"1 6e,Qep
npOBO.QHT fil!IH"1IO Ha
paCCTOHH"1"1,paBHOM
pa3Hocrn MepoK .Qc3 - .Qcn
nnioc 2,0--4,0 CM Ha
cso6o.Qy C"1.QeH1>1R CTpOHT
npHMOili yron c BepW"1HOili
Ha 3TOili n1>1H1>11>1. CrnpoHbl
npHMoro yma npoxo.Qm
Yepe3 TO'IK"1 61 "1 515"!
Bepw1>1Hy yma o6o3HaYalOT
TO'IKOili 03. npHMYIO 0301
npo,QnesaioT sneso. Ha HeM
OTKna,QblBalOT:
0304 = 0,5 CM C6 + nc6
Hsf16 = H2f13 • 2
npHMy10f1503npo,QneBalOT
ssepx 1>1 BH"13.
Hsfls1 = .Qw1 - .Qw11;
51~61 = 0,7-1,0 CM
(semil'll!IHa OTTH>KK"1)
03Ts- T262
K21K11 = l<.21~1 = 0,5 WK+ 1,0 CM
~31= ~1=0,5 WH + 1,0 CM
TO'IKY Kll CO€.Q"1HHIOT c
TO'IKOili 04 Iii npo,QneBalOT
ssepx .QO nepeceYeH1>1H c
n1>1H1>1elli rnn1111>1. To'IKa T6.
T5T1= T1T4;
T164= 61T41
PB= T11Ts-(0,5 CT+ ncT).
Ecn1>1 pacrnop Bb1Ta'IK"1
npeBblWaeT 3,0 CM, TO ero
pacnpe,QenHIOT Ha ,QBe
BblTaYKlll, a pacnono>KeHHaH
6n"1>Ke K ~eHTPY ,QenaeTCH
my6>1<e 1>1 ,QnlilHHee. Jl1>1H1>1H
Tafilillil ocpopMnHeTCH, KaK
noKa3aHo Ha 'l€PTe>1<e.
147
 10.1. nocTp00HHe 1.1epTe>KS 6ptoK Hano11HeHHOM cl>opMbl
(pHC. 10.2)
HaMMeHoeaHMe
N!! YcnoeHble o6o3Ha'leHMR M np..,.
KOHCTPYKTMBHblX
nn pac'leTHb1e <j>opMynbl 6aBkH
'!'laCTKOB
np1116aBKll1 K =
nc1 o,5-1,0 cM; -
OCHOBHblM C6 = 1,0-2,0 CM
KOHCTPYKTll1BHblM
,y4aCTKaM
nocTpoeHMe 'lepTe>Ka nepeAHelit nonoBMHKM 6pt0K (pMc. 10.2)
1 Ben111Y111Ha T1T11=T3T31=6,0 CM (no MO,Qen111).
·pa3,Q8111>KKll1 To4KV T 31 coe.Qll1HRIOT c T04KOill H2
2 W111p111Ha no Hll13Y H2H3 = H2H4 = 112 WH - 1,0 CM;
WH = 18,0-20,0 CM.
To4KV H3 111 T 11 coe.Qll1HRIOT
3 W111p111Ha no n111H111111 T2T21 = 0,5-1,0 CM;
rnn111111 T21T 4= 0,5 CT+ Pe.
ne - paCTBOp Bb1Ta4eK paeeH Benll14111He
pa3,QB111>KKll1. 3aKna,Qb1BalOT ,QBe MenK111e
CKna,Qbl no 3,0 CM
4 OcpopMneH111e f<aK31 = 2,0 CM.
warosoro cpe3a Waroeblill cpe3 nepe.QHeill nonoe111Hb1
6p10K ocpopMnRIOT 4epe3 T04Kll1 H4. f<a 1,
f13
nocTpOeHMe 3aAHeM nonoBMHKM 6plOK (PMC. 10.2)
1 W111p111Ha 38.0,Heill napannenbHO n111H111111 6e,Qep npOBO.QflT
nonoe111HK111 6e.Qep n111Hll1IO Ha pacCTORHll1111, paBHOM
pa3HOCTll1 MepoK: )J,C3-)J,cn + 2,0-4,0 CM
Ha ceo6o,Qy C111AeH111fl. CTpORT npRMOill
yron c eepw111Hoill Ha 3TOill n111H111111.
CTOpoHbl npRMoro yrna npoxo.QRT 4epe3
T04Kll1 6 1 111 fl 5 . Bepw111Hy yrna
0603Ha4alOT T04KOill 03
2 W111p111Ha no n111H111111 H2H31=H2H41=112 WH + 1,0 CM;
Hll13a WH = 18,0-20,0 CM
3 nono>1<eH111e T04KY H31 111 04 coe.Q111HR10T 111 npoAJle·
6oKOBOro cpe3a eaio1 eeepx .QO nepeceYeH111R c n111H111eill
1an111111
4 OcpopMneH111e Warosblill cpe3 38.0,Heiil nonoe111HKll1 6pt0K
waroeoro cpe3a ocf)opMnRIOT 4epe3 T04Kll1 H41. Ka. f151

148
PMC. 10.2. lfepre>K 6plOK HanOl1H8HHOM cj>opMbl

149
 11. nocTPOEH111E '"IEPTE>KA t05Klt1-5PIOK (pMC. 11)

N2
HaMMeHoeaHMe
KOHCTPYKTMBHblX
YcnoeHb1e o6o3Ha'feHMR M pac'leTHble
--
np1.1-
nn $>pMynb1 6aBKi.t
Y'f3CTKOB
np1116aBK"1 K ncr = 1,0 cM; -
OCHOBHblM nc6 = 2,0-3,0 cM
KOHCTpyKT1t1BHblM
ytl8CTK8M
nocTP08HMe 'f8PTe>Ka nePeAH8M nonoBMHKM (pMC. 11.1)
-
1 W111p111Ha 6aHTa 51512 = 1/5 C6 - 1,0 CM.
Lf13 TO'-IK"1 512 npOBO,Qf!T seprnK8JlbHYIO
npf!MYIO .QO nepece'-1eH1t1fl c Il1t1H1t1e~ H111aa.
nepece'-leH1t1e c Il"1H"1e~ H"138 TO'-IKa H2
2 Pacw111peH111e no TT 1 =1,0 CM.
Il"1H"1"1 H"138 To'-IKY T, coe,Q1t1Hfl10T c TO'-IKO~ 61,
npo,Qo11>1<aio1BH"13111 nepece'-leH111e c
11111H111e~ f!ro.Q1t1L1 06oaHa'-la10T TO'-IKO~ 51 1•
615115121 = go 0 ;
5115121 = 51512.
To'-IK"1 T,, 6 1, 51 21 coe,Q1t1Hfl10T nnaeHo~
Il1t1H1t1e~: <511H 1H21 = go 0 ;
H,H21 = HH2;
H5H51 = 3,0-4,0 CM
noCTpoeHMe '18PT8>Ka 33AHeM nonOBMHKM (PMC.11.1)
1 W111p1t1Ha 6aHra 5195110= 1/5 C6 + 1,0 CM.
Lf13 T0'-IK"1 5110 onycK8IOT eeprnKaJlbHYIO
11111H1t110 111nepece'-leH1t1ec11111H111e~ H1t13a
o6oaHa'-lalOT TO'-IKO~ H 10
2 Pacw111peH111e no Tg1 Tg1 = 1,0 CM.
Il"1H"1"1 H"138 T O'-IK"1 T 92 111 6g 1 coe,Q1t1Hfl10T npflMO~ 111
npo,QileBator BH"13 .QO nepece'-leH1t1fl c
Il"1Hlt1e~ flro,Q"1LI (T0'-1K8 5191) "1 Il"1H"1e~
H"138 (TO'-IKa Hg,).
<6s1-519151101 = 90;
519151101 = 5195110;
<5191H91H101 = 90°; Hg1H101 = HgH10.
To'-IK"1 Tg1, 691, 51101 coe,Q1t1HfltoT nnasHo~
Il"1Hlt1e~:
H5H52 = 3,0-4,0

150
 I
" I .
8' I!><!

\I I ·[15

5,_ I

85"
551
~ ~1
8.r ~

~~ ~
~ $1, Sl
~~ S?o ~ ~.
>1'11 R10!

HZ' H/(1 ffg ff,,,

Hz. H1 H t/5 H10

P1o1c.11. ~epTe>K I06K1o1-6pt0K

151
 12. OC06EHHOCTM O<J>OPMflEHMfl KPAfl 60PTA B
nnE4EBblX lt13,QEfllt1flX (PMC. 12)

3aCTe>KKa Hsm1eTCfl Heo6xo,Q"'1MblM cpyHKL\"'10HanbHblM 3neMeHTOM Ailsi

6onbW"'1HCTBa wselllHblX 1;13,a,en1;1lll. 3acTe>KKa no3sonHeT ceo6o,a,Ho H8Ae-
saTb l;1 CH"'1MaTb O,Qe>K,Qy, HO He MeHee Ba>KHO l;1 ,a,pyroe ee Ha3Ha4eH"1e -
cp1;1Kc1;1poeaTb onpe,a,eneHHbllil o6beM 1;13,a,en1;1H (p1;1c. 12.1 ).
Cy1.11ecrnyeT 6onbwoe pa3Hoo6pa31;1e 01;1,a,oe 3acTe>KK"'1, Hanp1;1Mep
3aCTe>KKa Ha TeCbMY «MonH"'1IO», Mernnn1;14ecK1;1e 3aCTe>KK"'1 nna1.11elll 1;1 KYP·
TOK, HanOM"'1Ha101.111;1e 3aMKl;1 cyMOK, KHOnK"'1, nyroB"'1L\bl l;1 ,a,p.
no w1;1p1;1He nony3aHOCa pa3n"'14alOT 3aCTe>KK"'1:
BcTblK - w1;1p1;1Ha nony3aHoca pasHa 0.
[4eHTpanbHYIO - w1;1p1;1Ha nony3aHoca:
- ,Qnfl nanbTO - 4,0-6,0 CM;
- ,Qnfl nnaTbfl-KOCTIOMa - 2,0-4,0 CM;
- cMe1.11eHHY10 - w1;1p1;1Ha nony3aHoca:
- ,Qnfl nanbTO- 8,0-12,0 cM;
- ,Qnfl nnaTbfl l;1 KOCTIOMa - 6,0-8,0 CM;
ac1;1MMeTp"'1YHYIO - w11p1;1Ha nony3aHoca:
- ,QJlfl nnaTbfl - 6onee 8,0 CM;
- ,a,nfl nanbTO- 6onee 12,0 CM.
Ben1;1Y1;1Hy nony3aHoca onpe,a,enHIOT Ha yposHe eepxHelil neTn1;1 1;1 no
H"'1>KHeMy cpe3y. 06bl4HO w11p1;1Ha 6oprn Ha 3TL1X yYaCTKax 0,Q"'1HaKoBa, HO B
oT,a,enbHblX cnyYaHx, Hanp1;1Mep, e 1;13,a,en1;1Hx pacKneweHHblX 1;1 c pen~aM"1,

paCXO,Qfll.11"'1Ml1Cfl BH"'13y, w11p11Ha 6oprn BHl13Y Ha 1,0-2,0 CM 6onbwe.

n11Hl1fl nepern6a ITal..\KaHa CBfl3aHa C onpe,a,eneHl1eM cpaCOHa 6opTa "1
en11HeT Ha cpopMy sopoTH11Ka. KaK npae11no, 3TO npf!Maf! fil1Hl1fl.
Anfl nony4eH"'1fl BOrHYTOlil nl1Hl111 nepern6a nal..\KaHa Ha Helli CTpOfll
Bb1Ta4KY 11n11 o6pe3alOT nal..\KaH, ocpopMnflfl nl1Hl111 o6pe3a 80rHYTblMl1 n"1·
Hl1f!Ml1.

152
 5

a
PMc. 12. OcJ>opMneHMe KJ>aR 6opTa

153
 13. nocTPOEHME 4EPTE>KEM BOPOTHMKOB

OcHoBHblMl.1 3neMeHraM1.1 KOHCTPYKL.tl.11.1, coa,Qat0L11"1Ml.1 cpopMy ~

MO,Qenb BOpOTHl.1K8, HBfiHIOTCH:
- BblCOTa CTOlilKl.1;
- xapaKTep n1.1H1.11.1 ee nepern6a;
- crnneHb np1.1neraH1.1H sopoTHl.1Ka K wee;
- fi"1Hl.1H ropnOB"1Hbl cn"1HK"1 (pocTKa);
- yposeHb pacnono>1<eH1.1H TOYKl.1 ycryna;
- w1.1p1.1Ha 1.1 .Qnl.1Ha oTnera;
- KOH¢1.1rypaLtl.1H orneTHOlil Yacrn.
8 388"1C"1MOCT"1 OT cpopMbl orneTHOlil Yacrn BOpOTH"1Kl.1 ,Qemncs:i Ha
cne.QYt0L111.1e rpynnbi:
- OTnO>KHble - ,QnH "13,Qen1.1lil c 38CTe>KKOlil ,QOBepxy;
- CTOHYl.1e-orno>KHble;
- BOpoTH"1Kl.1-CTOlilK"1;
- orno>1<Hb1e c naLtKaHaM1.1, «Wanb», «anaw». 8b16op cpopMbl eopoTHl.1Ka
388"1Cl.1TOT:
- aanpoeKT1.1posaHHOlil aacrn>KKl.1 6opra (.Qoeepxy 1.1n1.1 c na~KaHoM, 1.1n~
eblpeaoM ropnoe1.1Hbl);
- cnoco6a KPOH sopoTH1.1Ka (oTpeaHolil no ropnos1.1He 1.1n1.1 ~enbHOBbl­
KpoeHHbllil c "13,Q~nl.1eM);
- xapaKTep1.1crnKa np1.1neraH1.1H sopoTH1.1Ka K 1.1a,Qen1.1t0 (nnocKo-
ne>1<aL111.1e, CTOHY1.1e-orno>1<Hble).
Oco6oe Bnl.1HHl.1e Ha cpopMy eopoTHl.1K8 OK83blB8eT Bb1COT8 CTOlllKl.1 ~
senl.1Yl.1Ha OTBO,Qa "1n"1 no,QbeMa Cpe,QHelil fi"1Hl.1"1 80pOTHl.1K8 (ra6n. 13.1 ).
Ta6nML-'a 13.1
BOPOTHMKM C 33CTe>KK3MM
XapaKTepMCTMKa npMneraHMR AOBepxy c nal-'KaHOM
eopoTHMKa M neperM6a 8b1c0Ta 8b1c0Ta BblCOTa BenM'·U1H3
CTOMKM CTOMKM, noA"be- CTOMKM, OTB0A9-
CM Ma, CM CM HMR,CM
nonHOe npL•meraH"1e BOpOTH"1K8 3,6-4 1,5-3 3,1-3,5 1-2,5
K wee (n1.1H1.1H nepern6a c101i1K1.1
YeTKO o603H8YeHa)
HopManbHOe np1.1neraH1.1e K wee Ao3,5 4-6 2,6-3 2,6-3,5
(n1.1H1.1H nepern6a crolilK1.1
o6oaHaYeHa)
0TCT810ll.ll.1e OT we1.1 BOpOTH"1K"1 Ao2,5 7-12 Ao2,5 3,6-7
(n1.1H1.1H nepern6a CTOlllK1.1
MHrKaH, OKPvmaH)

154
 13.1. nocTpoeHMe "fepTe>KeM OTilO>KHblX eopoTHMKOB

Orno>KHb1e aoporn111K111 ,QJU~ 1113.Qen111171 c 3acre>KK0171 .Qoaepxy. Omo>KHble

eopoTH111K111 no BblCOTe CT0171Kll1 ,QemncR Ha CTOR•me-OTJlO>KHble 111 nnOCK0-
11e>Kall.lll1e. Llepre>K KOHCTPYKl.1111111 .QJlR aoporn111KoB CTOR"le-orno>KHblX 1.1ene-
eoo6pa3HO CTpOll1Tb BHe "lepre>Ka 1113,Qen111R, .QfiR BOPOTHl1KOB nnocKone-
)1(81J..11'1X - Ha 1.Jepre>Ke 1113.Qen111R
nocrpoeH111e 1.Jepre>Ka omo>KHoro eoporn11Ka npo113BO.Qli1TCR no
cneAY10L11el7i cxeMe.

HaMMeHoeaHMe
N!! KOHCTpyKTMBHblX Yc11oeHb1e o6o3Ha"feHMR M pac"feTHble
nn y"faCTKOB
<j>opMyllbl

1 BblCOTa CTOl7!K111 CrpORT npRMOl7! yron c aepw111Hol7! B TOl.JKe 0.

OB = 1,5-3 CM - eoporn111Koa c BblCOK0171 crn171Ko171
(3,5-4,0 CM) c nnoTHblM np11neraH11eM K wee no
ece171 ,QI1111He eoporH111Ka (p111c. 12, a);
OB = 4,0 + 6,0 CM - .QJlR aopoTHll1KOB c MeHee
BblCOK0171 CT0171Ko171 (AO 3 CM) 11 MeHee nnOTHblM
np111neraH111eM K wee (p111c. 12 6, a);
OB= 7,0-12,0 CM - .QJlR aopoTHll1KOB c HeBblCOKo171
CT0171K0171(.QO2,0 CM}, KaK npae11no, OTCTa10L11el7! OT
we111 (p111c. 12, r, .Q, e)
2 ,IJ,n111Ha eoporH111Ka BB, = Lropn - X + Y. r.Qe:
non111H111111 L ropn - ,QI1111Ha ropnoe111Hbl no n111H11111 ara1.J111BaH111R
BTa1.J111BaHll1R BOpOTHll1Ka;
X - aen1111.J111Ha nonpaaK111 .QJ1111Hbl eopo1H111Ka no
fill1H111111 BTa1.J111BaHl1R c Yl.JeTOM creneHl.1 Kpll1B1113Hbl:
X = 0,5-1,5 CM;
Y - aen1111.J111Ha np11nycKa Ha BblTa1.JK11, c6opKY
BOPOTH111Ka no fill1Hll1111 BTalJ1i1BaH11R
3 W111p111Ha aoporH111Ka 3aBll1Cll1T OT MO.Qbl 111 KOHKperno171 MO,Qen11. Yrnbl,
nocepe.Q111He BB 2 06pa3yeMble e TOl.JKax B 111 B2 np11 ocf>opMneH11111
ornera 111 ropnOB111Hbl BOpOTHli1Ka .QOfi>KHbl 6b1Tb
npRMblMl.1

155
 ~

:l
0
a
IOV
.....
&1

82 0.

PMc. 13.1. YepTe>K oTnO>KHblX eopC>THMKOB

156
 Oco6yto KOHCTpyKn1sHy10 rpynny cocrasm110T sopOTHlllKlll nnocKone-
>1<aU1elll cpopMbl. KoHCTPYKLlllllO rnKoro sopoTHlllKa cTpORT Ha "leprn>t<e nono"l-
KH M cnfllHKlil, COBMel.J..(afl lllX no nne"leBOMY cpeay.
BopoTHfllKfll-CTOll!Kfll. no cpopMe CTOll!Kfll MO>KHO pa3AeI1111Tb Ha ABe
rpynnbl - seprnKanbHble 111 HaKilOHHble.
no cnoco6y Kpofl CTOlllKfll AeJlflTCfl Ha 0Tpe3Hble Iii 1..1enbHOBb1KpOeHHble
c~.c1en111eM.
nocTpoeHlile "lepTe>t<elll OTpe3HblX CTOeK npOlil380,QlilTCfl no Cile,QylOl.J..(elll
cxeMe (p111c. 13.2, a, 6, e, r):

HaMMeHoeaHMe
N9 YcnoBHb1e o6o3Ha~eHMH M pac~eTHble
KOHCTPYKTMBHblX
nn y~aCTKOB
<1>opMynb1

1 W111p111Ha CTOlllK111 CTpom npRMolll yron c eepw111Holll e TO"lKe 0.

OB - eepw111Ha CTOlllK111 no Mo,Qen111
2 ,IJ,n111Ha CTOlllKlll 08 1 =Lropn - X, r,qe:
Lropn - .QJlfllHa ropnoe111Hb1 (111aMepReTCfl Kp111eolll );
X - een111"l111Ha nonpaeK111 ,QillllHbl eopoTHlllKa c
YlleTOM ee Kpi11Blil3Hbl:
X =0,2-1,0 CM
3 0KOH"laTeJ1bHOe 8 8183 =0-1,0 CM - ,QJlfl seprnKaJlbHblX CTOeK
ocpopMneH111e (p111c. 13.2, a);
IlfllHlillil BTa"llilBaHfllfl 8 18 3 =2,Q-4,0 CM - .QJlfl cnerKa HaKilOHHblX K wee
CTOeK (plilC. 13.2, e);
8183 =5,0-6,0 CM - ,QJlfl O"leHb HaKilOHHblX K wee
CTOeK (p111c. 13.2, 6)

CxeMa nocrpoeHfllfl eoporn111Koe-croeK HaKilOHHblx OT we111 aHanorn"lHa

CXeMe nocTpoeHlilfl BOpOTHfllKOB ,Qilfl lil3.Qen111171 c aaCTe>KKOlll ,QOBepxy (p111c.
13.2, e, >t<).
PaaH006paa111e cToeK AOcrnraeTcR ocpopMneH111eM ornernolll "lacrn 111
KOHl..IOB BOpoTHlllKa.
LtenbHOBblKpoeHHble CTOlllKlll no cpaeHeHflllO c 0Tpe3Hb1Mfll MeHee pa3HO-
o6pa3Hbl no cpopMe, KOTOpaR 8 OCHOBHOM aae111c111T OT cpopMbl ropnOBlllHbl.
nocrpoeH111e 1..1enbHOBb1KpoeHHOlll crol7IK111 ocyl.J..(ecrBJlRercR no cne-
AYIOLJ..telll cxeMe (p111c. 13.2, .Q).

157
:1. .----~]=l,::
. 61
a

5--=----:\-. 82
B~

]:: &,
9

PMc. 13.2. '-lePTeJK eopoTHMKoe-croeK

158
~

HaMMeHoeaHMe
N9 Yc110BHble o6o3Ha"leHMR M
KOHCTPYKTMBHblX
nn pac"leTHble cl>OPMYllbl
VllaCTKOB
1 OcJ>opMneH111e A2A21 = AgA.91 = 0-5,0 CM
roDnOBll1Hbl
2 8blCOTa CTOiilKll1 A2181 = 89A91 = 3-7,0 CM;
Ao82= P108e = 3-7,0 CM
3 nono>KeH111e TO"leK 82821 = 81811 = 2,0 CM;
821 111 8a18e= 80891 = 0,5 CM.
8a1 TOllKll1 8 11 111 821 111 TO"lKll1 8 91 111 8a 1 coe,Qll1Hf!IOT
BOrHYTblMll1 11111H111f!Mll1. cOKOBble Cpe3bl CTOJ/1K111
coe,1:1111Hfl10T nnaBHOJ/1 n111H111elll c nnelleBblMll1
cpe3aM111
4 nono>KeHll1e Ao 1 =1/3 - 1/2AoA21 (no Kp111eoiil)
BblTalleK no n111H111111 2-3 = 1,5 CM;
ropnOBll1Hbl P109 = 9 P 91 (no Kp111eoiil)
=
7-8 1,0 CM.
OCHOBHble fi111H111111 BblTalleK napannenbHbl
6oKOBblM cpe3aM CTOiilKll1. An111Ha BblTalleK paBHa
iV,QBO€HHOfll Wll1P111He CTOfllK111

OT110>1<Hb1e eopoTHMKM AJ1R M3Ae11MM c 11a'-'KaHaMM

¢>opMa OTnO>KHblX 80p0TH111KOB ,Qllfl 1113,Qen111iil c na~KaHaMll1 3a8111Cll1T OT
BblCOTbl crni1K111, xapaKrnpa nepern6a ee 111 crnneH111 np111neraH111fl K wee.
KoHCTPYK~11110 eoporn111Koe TaKoro rnna pa3pa6aTblBa10T Ha lleprn>Ke
fl'13,Qen111H no cne,Qy10l1.lelil cxeMe (p111c. 13.3):

HaMMeHoeaHMe
N2 Yc110BHb1e o6o3Ha"leHMR M pac"leTHb1e
KOHCTPYKTMBHblX
nn cJ>opMyllbl
YllaCTKoe
1 8blCOTa CTOJ/1K111 A2A21 = 2,5-3,5 CM -AJlfl BOpoTHll1KOB CTpornx
cpopM c nnoTHblM np111neraH111eM K wee;
A2A21 = 1,5-2,5 CM - AJlfl BOpGTH111KOB MeHee
CTpornx, llaCTO MflrK111X cpopM c HennOTHblM
np111neraH111eM K wee
2 nono>KeHll1e 11111Hll1111 TOYKa Jl HaXO,Qll1TCfl Ha 0,5-1,0 CM Bblwe ypoBHfl
nepern6a na~KaHa nepeolll neTn111. JlA21 - n111H111H nepern6a na~KaHa
3 nono>KeH111e TO"lKll1 napannenbHO 11111H111l-1 nepern6a KaC8TellbHO K rop-
82 110Bl-1He npOBO,QflT npHMylO, Ha KOTOpOJ/1 OTKna,Qbl-
eaioT .Qnll1HY ropnoe111Hbl cn111HK111 Ha Kp111eolll:
A28 1 = Afl111Ha ropnoBll1Hbl cn111HKl-1. 1113 A 23 - TOllKll1
KacaH111fl npHMoi'.1 111 ropnoe111Hbl pa,Q111ycoM A 23 8 1
OTCeKalOT ,QVfV

159
 =
8182 1-3,0 CM - AflSl BOpOTHl-1KOB CTpornx QJOPM-
c BblCOKOIA CTOIAKolA (p1-1c. 13.2, 6, s}; 8182= 3,5-
7,0 CM AflSl BOpOTHl-1KOB ynnm11eHHblX cpopM c
HeBblCOKOIA CTOIAKOIA (p1-1c.13.2, a, r). Yepe3 TOYK~
82, A23 - OcDODMnSllOT roonoBl-1HV BOOOTHl-1K8
4 OcpopMneH1-1e <8382A23 = 90°; -
oTneTa =
828 3 w1-1p1-1Ha soporn1-1Ka (no MOAen1-1}.
OcpopMneH1-1e ornera soporn1-1Ka 1-1 naL1KaHa
38Bl-1Cl-1T OT MOnen1-1
-
8oporn1-1K1-1 rnna wanb 1-1 anaw. CxeMa nocTpoeH1-1si soporn1-1Kos rnna
wanb 1-1 anaw (p1-1c. 13.4, a, 6) aHanornYHa cxeMe nocTpoeH1-1si sopoTHl-1KOB
c naL1KaHaM1-1. Vix cpopMa 3as1-1c1-1T OT crolAK1-1, xapaKrepa ee nepern6a ~
creneHl-1 np1-1neraH1-1si K wee. Pa3Hoo6pa31-1e sopoTHl-1KOB AOCrnraeTcsi paa-
n1-1YHblM ocpopMneHl-1eM 1-1x oTnera - osanbHblM, cp1-1rypHblM 1-1n1-1 yrnoM
(anaw).
Ansi Bb1pa31-1TenbHocrn nepern6a np1-16era10T K oco6oMy KOHCTpyKT1-1B-
HOMY np1-1eMy - BblT8YKe no n1-1H1-11-1 nepern6a 1-1n1-1 oTpe38IOT naL1K8H ~
ocpopMnSllOT cpe3bl BOrHYTblMl-1 nl-1Hl-1SlMl-1.

13.2. nocTpOeHHe KantOWOHa (pHC. 13.4, B)

N2 HaMMeHoeaHMe
YcnoeHbte o6o3HaYeHMJI M pacYeTHbte
nn KOHCTPYKTMBHblX
<1>opMynb1
VY8CTKOB
1 KK1 KK1 = 1/2 0 ronOBbl + 6,0-100 CM
2 K1K2 K1K2= 1/2 A 9 A 1n (c Yeore>Ka cn1-1HK1-1)
3 KK3 KK3 = 1/2 0 ronOBbl + 2-3,0 CM
4 K5Ko Kol<o - AJ11-1H8 ropnOBl-1Hbl cn1-1HKl-1 1-1 ropnOBl-1Hbl
nonoYKl-1 + pacTsop BblTaYKl-1.
1113 T. K5 AenaeM HaceYKl-1 Ha rop1-130HTanb,
nposeAeHHYIO 1-13 T. K. Pacrnop Bb1T8YK1-1 paseH:
3,5-2,5CM
5 PaccrnsiH1-1e AO K52 pasHo paccrnsiH1-110 ropnos1-1Hb1 nonoYKl-1
BblTaYKl-1
6 llill-1H8 BblT8YKl-1 1-2 = 9,5 CM
7 Ko6 l<t,6 = Y2 K..K1
8 IK.,Ki K3K,, = 3,Q-4,0 CM
9 Ki4 IKA = Y2 Ki~ 3-4 = 1,0 CM
10 n<;a nooson1-1M 61-1cceKrn1-1cv vrna Ka= 4,0; K~ = BKa
11 OCbooMneH1-1e nooson1-1M nnasHVIO n1-1H1-110 Yepe3 T. K.., K18, Ka. 14

160
 II -

II II ~

PMc. 13.3. YepTe>K eopoTHMKOB OTnO>KHblX c na~KaHaMM

161
 /(
~
Ks
/("

a
K1 3 l(

I(,
K2 K..5

PMc.13.4. YepTe:JK eopoTHMKoe:

a - wanb; 6 - anaw; e - 'lepme)#( KamowoHa

162
 JllATEPATYPA
1. MapTblHOBa n.111., AHApeesa Er. KoHCTPYKn1BHOe MOAem11posaH111e
o.Qe>KAbl. - M.: MOCKoscKasi rocyAapcrseHHasi aKaAeM111si nenm.;1 npoMblW-
nettHOCTlll, 1999. -21 6eT.
2. MaTycosa E.M., CoKonosa P.111., roHYapyK H.C. Paapa6oTKa KOH-
cTpyKL.1111.;1 >1<eHCK111x wse.;1HblX 111aAen111.;1 no MOAensiM. - M.: nen<asi 111 n111L11esasi
npoMblWneHHOCTb, 1983.
3. Ko6nsiKoBa E.6., CaBOCTlllL\Kl!l.;1 A.8., lllBaHoBa r.C. 0CHOBbl KOHCTpy-
1o1po88HlllSI oAe>K,Qbl. - M.: nerKasi 111HAYCTp111si, 1980.
4. P.QM. KoHCTpy111posaH111e OAe>K,Qbl s cooTBeTcrn111111 c Hoso.;1
TeXHOnorne.;1 MY>KCKlllX 111 >1<eHcK111x ¢111ryp. - K., 1978.
5. P.QM. KoHcTpy111posaH111e 111 MOAen111posaH111e OAe>K,Qbl c yYeTOM c
HanpasneHlllSI MOAbl Ha 1981-1982 rr. - K., 1981.
6. P.QM. KoHCTpy111posaH111e OAe>K,Qbl c yYeTOM c HanpasneH111si MOAbl Ha
1982 r.- K., 1982.
7. P.QM. KoHCTPYlllPOBaH111e OAe>K,Qbl c yYeTOM c HanpasneH111si MOAbl Ha
1983 r. - K., 1983.
8. P.QM. KoHcTpy111posaH111e OAe>K,Qbl c yYeTOM c HanpasneH111si MOAbl Ha
1985 r. - K., 1985.
9. P.QM. KoHCTpy111posaH111e OAe>K,Qbl c yYeTOM c HanpasneHlllSI MOAbl Ha
1988 r. - K., 1987.
10. P.QM. PeKoMeHAaL.1111111 no KOHCTpy111posaH111t0 >KeHCKo.;1 sepxHe.;1
O.Q0>KAbl Ha pa3Hble rnnb1 rnnocno>1<eH111.;1. - K., 1972.
11. P.QM. KoHcTpyKrnpcKo-rnxHonornYecKasi AOKYMeHTaL\lllSI Ha >1<111neT,
o6ecneY111sat0L11111.;1 6ecnp111MepoYHoe 111aroTosneH111e >KeHCKo.;1 sepxHe.;1
O.Q0>KAbl. - K., 1983.
12. WPM. MeTOAlllYecKoe noco6111e no noAroTOBKe aaKpo.;1L11111KoB AnSI
pa60Tbl s arnnbe Bb1cwero paapsiAa. - 4acTb I 111 II. - K., 1988.
13. OCT 1766-87. lllaAen111si wse.;1Hble, TplilKOTa>KHble, Mexosb1e.
T.mosble <t>111rypb1 >KeHLI..llllH. PaaMepHble np111aHaK111 AnSI npoeKTl1posaH111si
O.Qe>KAbl. - M., 1986.
14. P,QM. MoAen111posaH111e MY>KCKo.;1 111 >KeHcKo.;1 sepxHe.;1 OAe>K,Qbl 111
neraoro nnaTbsi. - K., 1978.

163