Application Manual Chapter 2 - Pattern Equipment General

Application Manual
Chapter 2 — Pattern Equipment General
2 Pattern Equipment General
T:\Manuals\Text\Application manual\General chapters\01-04\pattern equipment general.fm 2.1

General Chapters Application Manual
a) scraper strip
b) scraper strip bar a
c) scraper strip screws. Quantity de-
pends on pattern plate size
c b
Figure 2.1 8302 X 0187
Standard Pattern Plate
2.2 T:\Manuals\Text\Application manual\General chapters\01-04\pattern equipment general.fm

Application Manual
Section 2.1 – Pattern Plates and Patterns
2.1 Pattern Plates and Patterns

In terms of quality a moulding operation must correspond to the ad-
vantages offered by a moulding machine. As we use to say: castings
will never be better than the pattern. The purpose of using the
moulding machine is to produce castings with the following proper-
ties:
• minimum shifting of parts

• minimum dimensional tolerances
• fine surface finish
• minimum application of cores
• high productivity
All the above properties are directly dependent on the quality of the
pattern equipment. Therefore, this section deals with our recom-
mendations and advice concerning pattern equipment.
2.1.1 Pattern Plate Materials
Pattern plates for the moulding machines are usually made of cast
iron. Steel, resin and aluminium plates may also be used. In order
to save weight on thick pattern plates, aluminium with an outer
frame of steel may be used. When using aluminium and resin as pat-
tern plate material, dimensions on plate width and length should be
different from those applying to iron plates. This is due to the fact
that the heat expansion coefficients are different for iron and alu-
minium.
2.1.2 Standard Pattern Plates
See Figure 2.1 A set of pattern plates means two pattern plates - one mounted on
the PP and the other one on the SP. The outer dimensions match the
chamber size of the moulding machine size in question. The toler-
ances will of course be taken into account (see details in the pattern
plate documentation). Four lock screws and two guide pins or bush-
ings (depending on type of machine) are mounted at the back of the
standard plate. The bottom edge of the plate is completed with a
flexible scraper strip (a), which prevents sand build-up under the
pattern plate. The scraper is held fixed by a brass strip (b). For pat-
tern change there are different arrangements on the back of the pat-
tern plates. See details in the chapter Pattern Equipment for the
specific machine as well as the pattern equipment drawings.

A A-A
Figure 2.2 8302 X 0014
A high pattern plate bolster frame built together of two standard pattern plates.
A A
A-A
Figure 2.3 8302 X 0010
Example of thick pattern plate bolster frame using frame/rib construction.

Application Manual
2.1.3 Thick Pattern Plates
See Figure 2.2 In order to accommodate negative patterns and/or deep pockets, the
pattern plates will become thicker. However the maximum weight
allowed for the pattern plates makes it necessary to lighten the pat-
tern plates themselves for example as shown in Figure 2.2 or by
casting the plate hollowed out in selected areas.
For max. weight of SP and PP, including patterns, see details in the
chapter Pattern Equipment for the specific machine.
See Figure 2.3 Another method is to use a pattern plate bolster in an iron frame/rib
construction and the rest of the plate as well as the pattern cast in
one piece of resin. This will be explained in detail later.
A
B B
C
Figure 2.4 8302 X 0363
Safety distances from edges of the moulds.

Figure 2.5 8302 X 0020
This mould has contained a casting, the pattern of which covered approx. 60% of the total area of
the pattern plate.
Involute
Figure 2.6 8302 X 0026
Schematic presentation of swing plate swinging operation.

Application Manual
2.1.4 Pattern Plate and Mould Utilization
2.1.4.1 Utilization of Surface Area
The degree of pattern-plate surface area utilization is restricted by

the basic sand features:
1. Thermal, static and dynamic sand stability (Figure 2.4)

2. Stability and pressure deformation while moulds are being
conveyed forward (Figure 2.5).
Plate area covered by the pattern and the gating system should not
exceed 60% of the total plate area.
Many factors influence these features, but the strongest criterion for
high-quality castings is sand stability until solidification is complete
as well as pressure deformation. Factors determining sand stability
during solidification for side and bottom walls include total pattern
height and wall thickness. See details in the chapter Pattern Equip-
ment for the specific machine for guide lines for determination of
safety distances on the pattern plates from their edges.
2.1.4.2 Utilization of Mould Thickness
Maximum pattern plate thicknesses plus pattern heights are given

by the maximum chamber depth of the machines. This means that
if plates plus patterns thicker than the maximum dimensions al-
lowed are fitted on the machine, the patterns will be damaged due
to collision during the squeeze operation.
See Figure 2.6 The limitation of pattern plate plus pattern on the SP is defined by
a curve described during the upswing. All patterns located inside
the curve traced by the involute will clear the upper edge of the
moulding chamber during the upswing of the swing plate.
Another limit is imposed by the sand injection slot. A pattern which

is under the sand injection slot during sand injection, will be ex-
posed to wear due to “sand blowing”. Whether one wants to employ
so large a pattern that it will be under the slot, will therefore depend
on the pattern material, the desired pattern life, and acceptance of
possible worse mould quality.
Maximum draw of SP There is one more pattern height limit which concerns patterns
placed on the swing plate. This is maximum draw of the plate before
it starts to swing. This is important due to the fact that it is difficult
to change a pattern plate when the highest point of the pattern is
not completely free of the front of the moulding chamber.

P Q S (min 70) For 2110 S = min 60
T A F B
Figure 2.7 8302 X 0192
Mould thickness calculation (definition).

Application Manual
2.1.4.3 Determination of Minimum Chamber Depth
In order to understand the chamber depth calculation method bet-

ter, moulding sand blown into the moulding chamber should be con-
sidered in two stages:
The filling of the chamber and the later squeezing operation.
See Figure 2.7 Compressibility (K) of the sand (mould thickness reduction in per-
centage of the mould thickness before the squeeze operation) is nor-
mally approx. 25% (when blow pressure = 3 kp/cm2 (43 psi), mould
squeeze pressure = 10 kp/cm2 (143 psi) and sand compactability =
40%). Chamber depth can be calculated by using the following des-
ignations.
A= thickness of pattern plate on the swing side
B= thickness of pattern plate on the squeeze side
C= minimum possible chamber depth by which a certain pattern

set can be produced. Chamber depth is defined as the distance
between the heater plates (base plates) before the squeeze op-
eration
F= distance between pattern plates in the moulding chamber be-

fore the squeeze operation
K= compressibility of the sand (approx. 0.25)
P= pattern height on the swing side
Q= pattern height on the squeeze side
S= minimum distance between mould cavities to ensure good

mould stability and to avoid metal breakthrough from one
mould cavity to another, 70 mm (2.8"). However for moulding
machine DMM 2110 it is 60 mm (2.4”)
T= necessary mould thickness
The minimum possible chamber depth can be expressed as:
(1) C = F + (A + B)
T T
(2) F = ------------- = -----------
1–K 0.75
and
(3) T=P+Q+S
If we insert (3) in (2) and (2) in (1), the chamber depth can be ex-
pressed as:
P+Q+S
(4) C = ------------------------- + ( A + B )
0.75

Z Safety stroke Without crash pins With crash pins

X
C C C
Figure 2.8 8302 X 0030
Safety stroke, pattern collision and precaution for single squeezing.
Safety stroke Z1 Without With crash

crash pins pins
Z2 Safety stroke
X
C C C
Figure 2.9 8302 X 0232
Safety stroke, pattern collision and precaution for double squeezing.

Application Manual
Consequently the suggested sequence of calculation of the minimum

chamber depth will be:
STEP 1: Total plate thickness: A + B
STEP 2: Total pattern height (without plates): P + Q
STEP 3: Necessary mould thickness: T = (P + Q) + S
STEP 4: Necessary separation between pattern plates before

squeezing operation
T
F = -----------
0.75
STEP 5: Calculated minimum chamber depth:
C = F + (A + B)
The programme in the machine is designed in a way so that the

above-mentioned calculation will be done and the chamber depth set
automatically when A, B, P & Q values are entered at the keyboard.
In many cases it is even advisable to increase the chamber depth be-

yond the calculated minimum values. For example, it is always good
practice to choose the chamber depth large enough, so that patterns
do not project under the injection slot in the moulding chamber top
plate. Other examples are reduced pattern wear and better mould-
ability.
The programme will also see to it that pattern collision is prevented.
Collision might occur when A, B, P & Q are too small entered at the
keyboard and no sand or too little sand has entered the moulding
chamber. Then the minimum chamber depth has been calculated too
small, and so is the so-called safety stroke. For single squeezing ma-
chines (see Figure 2.8 and for double squeezing machines, see Fig-
ure 2.9).

P P P P=0
10
A (min. 20) A A A
Figure 2.10 8302 X 0182
Definition of A and P on the swing plate (SP).
Q Q Q Q=0
10
B (min. 20) B B B
Figure 2.11 8302 X 0188
Definition of B and Q on the squeeze plate (PP).

Application Manual
The safety stroke Z is proportional to the chamber depth C, and the

length X will, when correct A, B, P & Q are entered, always exceed
the squeeze plate and swing plate travel during the maximum ob-
tainable compression of a mould in the chamber.
See Figure 2.8 Should it prove necessary to use a chamber depth smaller than the
minimum value calculated, precautions should be taken when man-
ufacturing the pattern equipment. This is to prevent any damage
should the pattern plates collide. This should be done by providing
a minimum of two crash pins on each pattern plate, each crash pin
being of course aligned with one on the opposite pattern plate.
These pins are made of steel and should not be tapered with a min-
imum diameter of 25 mm (1") and of sufficient length to protrude be-
yond the highest point of the pattern.
In order to determine whether a certain pattern can fit in on the ma-

chine, there are detailed limitation drawings in the chapter Pattern
Equipment for the specific machine.
2.1.5 Pattern Plate Thickness and Pattern Height

Definitions
See Figure 2.10 1. Definition of A and P on the swing plate (SP).

See Figure 2.11 2. Definition of B and Q on the squeeze plate (PP).


Application Manual
Section 2.2 – Pattern Design
2.2 Pattern Design
2.2.1 Pattern Construction
The making of pattern plates requires the utmost care. It is definite-

ly poor economy to cut down on pattern costs at the expense of fet-
tling. Such a policy will seriously slow down the rate of production,
and the time required for fettling will be considerably longer. Also,
the quality will suffer. On the other hand, the size of a job has deci-
sive influence on the choice of pattern material and on pattern con-
struction.
Metal patterns are still considered to ensure a long life, and espe-
cially fully machined patterns are very accurate in terms of dimen-
sions.
Synthetic resins, however, are today used to a continually increas-

ing extent as pattern material in spite of their shorter life. A clear
advantage of the resin patterns is the fast reproducibility and the
relatively low costs of material and of production, compared with
metal patterns. A combination of metal and resins is successfully
employed both for designing pattern plates and for the patterns
themselves.
The examples shown below cover various solutions of pattern design

for moulding machines.

Figure 2.12 8302 X 0049
Grey iron pattern, fully machined, bolted to a standard grey iron pattern plate.
Figure 2.13 8302 X 0050
Standard grey iron pattern plate with fully machined brass patterns.

Application Manual
2.2.1.1 Pattern Plate Material Selection
Besides the length of the run, the choice of pattern material should
be influenced by pattern heights, location of the patterns on the
plate, the geometry of the pattern and whether the pattern will be
placed on the squeeze or the swing side. Blow pressure, moulding
sand type and pattern temperature can also be significant factors in
determining pattern material, and hence pattern wear and pattern
life. The figures below must therefore be subject to reservations, but
they will nevertheless give a fair indication of what to choose.
Patterns or Pattern Plate Materials Life (Number of Shots)
Soft plaster 100 - 500

Hard wood 500 - 1,000
Hard plaster 1,000 - 5,000
Plastic plaster 2,000 - 10,000
Epoxy resin 5,000 - 50,000
Polyurethane resin 20,000 - 60,000
Aluminium alloys 20,000 - 60,000
Copper alloys 40,000 - 60,000
Grey cast iron 200,000 - 300,000
Low-alloy steel 300,000 - 500,000
Coating of metallic patterns with nickel or chromium results in a

further life increase, not only because of an increase of hardness, but
also because the patterns can be dismantled from the plate and re-
coated when the coating layer has worn through.
A discussion of the numerous different alloys suitable for patterns

would prove very lengthy. We could, however, point out a few of
them:
a. Aluminium alloy containing 4% Cu and 3% Si.

b. Bronze alloy containing 2% Ni and 0.3% Si.
c. Beryllium bronze containing approx. 2% Be (should be treated
so that high surface hardness is obtained).
d. Red brass No. 5 containing 85% Cu, 5% tin, 5% lead, 5% zinc
and max. 2% Ni.
e. Zinc alloys containing 91-92% zinc, 5% Al and 3-3.5% Cu.
Although more difficult to cast than aluminium alloys, they
are frequently used for patterns. This alloy is known commer-
cially as “Kirksite”.
For long production runs we recommend cast iron patterns for

moulding in the moulding machine. The relatively moderate addi-
tional cost will be recovered through the increased life.

Figure 2.14 8302 X 0051
Grey iron pattern plate with patterns cast of polyurethane resin around an aluminium insert.
Figure 2.15 8302 X 0262
Polyurethane resin pattern plate surface cast together with pattern in bolster frame pattern
plate.

Application Manual
2.2.2 Pattern Production Technique
The technique generally used for the production of a series of metal

patterns consists of first making a master pattern in wood or resin.
Where small patterns are required, the master copy pattern can be
made to a larger scale, say 2:1 or more, in order to minimize the di-
mensional inaccuracies of the final pattern.
Thereafter, two alternatives exist:
1. Making all patterns on a copying machine on the basis of the

master pattern.
2. Making a mould in which the pattern is cast.
If the master pattern is made to a scale of 1:1, copies of it can be cast

in light-alloy metal in moulds of special sand (Petro Bond) or plas-
ter/Gypsum cement. If cast iron or steel patterns are required,
moulds can be made of ceramic materials (aluminium oxide or zirco-
nium oxide powder, using ethylene silicate as binder) or convention-
al clay-bonded sand. After the joint surfaces have been machined
and finished, the patterns are assembled in pairs and the locator
holes drilled. One pattern half is positioned on the plate, which is
then drilled via the pattern locator holes. The next step is to assem-
ble the two plates front to front, using pattern plate locator pins, and
to drill the second plate through the holes in the first plate. This
method ensures that both pattern halves always correspond with
each other when mounted on the plates.

Figure 2.16 8302 X 0256
Integrated pattern plate cast in polyurethane.
1 2 3 4 5 6
Negative
Figure 2.17 8302 X 0054
Different pattern plate and pattern construction methods.

Application Manual
When resin patterns are to be produced, a master pattern should be

made of resin or wood. Then a negative of the pattern can easily be
cast in a synthetic resin. The negative is the basis for further oper-
ations.
See Figure 2.17 Generally, the following pattern and pattern plate construction
methods can be employed.
Method 1 Pattern of metal or resin, bolted on the metal plate, either standard
or a thick one. The patterns can be cast and polished manually or
machined.
Method 2 Similar to Method 1, but the patterns are indented in the pattern
plate and bolted on it. The patterns can be of metal or resin.
Method 3 The patterns are surface-cast of resin on a core roughly correspond-

ing to the final pattern shape. The core can be cast in metal or resin.
In both cases the core insert is prepared in advance, and a negative
of the final pattern’s shape is fixed on the insert. The void between
the core and the negative surface is subsequently cast in between.
The pattern can be cast directly on a metal plate or later bolted on
as an indented pattern.
Method 4 The patterns are cast in their negative directly in the pattern plates.
Method 5 Pattern and pattern plate cast in one piece of resin over a negative.
The plate has a frame of cast iron and some bushings of steel at the
rear.
Method 6 Pattern and pattern plate surface cast of wear-resistant resin and
inside backing core, either metallic or cast of resin. Metal bushings
cast into the rear for lock screw mounting.

Normal outside draft Normal inside draft Inside draft (D<H)

(D>H) D D
H
H
mm(in)
Pattern height
1.9 1.4 1.0 0.7 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 2.0 1.4 1.0 1.0 1.0 4.0 2.8 2.0 2.0 2.0
2.5(0.1)
5(0.2) 12° 12°
6° 24°
10(0.4) 3° 6° 12°
20(0.8)
1.5° 3° 6°
40(1.6)
1° 2° 4°
80(3.2)
0.75° 1.5° 3°
160(6.3)
0.50°
320(13.6)
0.33°
Figure 2.18 8302 X 0055
Graphical presentation of pattern draft.
6°
3°
5
5
R0.5 - 1.0mm (0.02-0.04")
A B
Figure 2.19 8302 X 0056
A) The correct draft ensures lift-off without tearing.

B) The draft may be reduced by pulling a fillet around the pattern.
0°
Sand tear-off R0.5 - 1.0mm

Pattern Pattern
Figure 2.20 8302 X 0057
Turned patterns often cause sand tear-off due to 0° draft. Fillets of R 2-3 mm help, but R 0.5-1 mm
will normally be sufficient.

Application Manual
2.2.2.1 Pattern Draft
Figure 2.18 Minimum pattern draft generally depends on pattern height. But
many other factors, such as pattern material, surface finish, pattern
shape, sand quality and squeeze pressure influence the draft very
strongly. On the opposite page is shown a graph of pattern draft rec-
ommended by DISA.
Depending on pattern, sand quality and machine settings it will of-

ten be possible to use less outside draft as shown in Figure 2.18, Fig-
ure 2.19 and Figure 2.20.
A pattern on the swing plate often requires less draft than the one
on the squeeze plate.

Draft
Parting line
Figure 2.21 8302 X 0058
Sometimes the casting manufacturer accepts a slight increase of the draft at the parting line,
which solves the problem of sand tear-off.
No draft
ø50 (2")
is recommended
45°
5 (0.2")
Figure 2.22 8302 X 0059
Guide pin has no draft and should be min. ø25 (1").

Application Manual
2.2.2.2 Pattern Guiding in the Mould
Mounting of guide pins on the pattern plate provides a more accu-

rate pattern-mould separation during the very first stage of pattern
stripping. The more accurate the separation, the less sand tear-off
tendency.
The number and location of guide pins depend on the complexity of

pattern and the available space on the plate. Figure 2.22 shows the
recommended shape of a guide pin.
No draft is shown. There might be a small draft, but it should not

exceed the draft on the patterns, which are to be guided.
The guide pins must be fixed tightly, perpendicularly to the pattern

plate. If the guide pins are longer than the total pattern height, they
will also protect patterns which may collide in the moulding cham-
ber if the chamber depth setting for instance is incorrect. See also
Figure 2.10 (Minimum Chamber Depth Calculation).

Figure 2.23 8302 X 0060
Rubber ball as energy accumulator during squeezing and stripping. Beside the casting after pour-
ing.
Venting
Figure 2.24 8302 X 0061
Rubber lifter accumulates energy during squeezing, which helps pushing the sand out of the pat-
tern without leaving any impression on the mould.

Application Manual
2.2.2.3 Lift-Off Devices
A rubber ball in the bottom of a deep concave pattern part can help
to push green sand moulds out during stripping by delivering back
the energy which was accumulated in it during squeezing (Figure
2.23).
If an impression-less top of the green sand mould is required after

mould assembly, a convex rubber lifter can be employed. Air holes
must be provided under the lifter as shown in Figure 2.24. The soft-
ness, surface area and thickness of the rubber ball or lifter depend
on the pressure that will be exercised on the part of the pattern in
question during the squeezing operation. In turn, the pressure de-
pends on machine settings, depth of pattern and surface finish of
pattern.

Heating plate
Air vents
Pattern
Pattern
Air vent
Heating plate of
Pattern plate pressure plate
Venting grooves of Venting grooves Pattern plate

heating plate
Figure 2.25 8302 X 0062 Figure 2.26 8302 X 0063
Air venting of deep patterns. It is important to ensure connection between

the venting valve in the pattern plate and the
venting groove in the heating plate of the ma-
chine.
Figure 2.27 8302 X 0433
Different types of air vents.

Application Manual
2.2.2.4 Pattern Venting
To avoid vacuum formation in the deep patterns during lift-off and

to ensure proper air evacuation during the sand-blow operation, air
vents may be mounted in the bottom of deep patterns. Figure 2.25,
Figure 2.26 and Figure 2.27 show the vents and how to install them.
It is essential to connect the air vent with the ambient atmosphere

and/or the vacuum tank. This is done by drilling a hole through the
PP behind the air vent. This hole might lead directly to a venting/
vacuum groove in the heater plate. If not, a groove in the rear side
of the pattern plate must be made to allow the connection. A heater
plate is shown in principle in Figure 2.28. Configurations and di-
mensions of grooves and contact areas will vary greatly from ma-
chine to machine. See details in the chapter “Pattern Equipment”
for the specific machine.
Groove
Contact with
pattern plate
Figure 2.28 8302 X 0365
This figure shows an example of venting grooves on a heater plate.


Application Manual
2.2.3 Inspection of Pattern and Moulding Machine
Pattern defects All pattern defects such as impact marks causing break-off on the
mould, must be repaired immediately after they have been discov-
ered.
Pattern draft Patterns must be regularly checked for pattern draft after repair
jobs and changes.
Air vents and rubber lifters Air vents can only function as intended if they are not blocked.
Therefore they must be cleaned regularly. Defective rubber lifters
may lead to counterdraft.
Moulding machine adjust- Even patterns of the best quality can produce castings with a high
ments rejection rate if the moulding machine is not properly adjusted. The
following adjustment and check must be undertaken regularly:
1. Check parallelism between the heater plates of the squeeze

plate and the swing plate.
2. Check adjustment of the guide pins for the pattern plates and
the core mask, both laterally and vertically.
3. Check level of the bottom plate of the moulding machine
related to AMC/PMC.
4. Check perpendicularity of the core setter related to the sym-
metry line of the machine.


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Application Manual

Chapter 2 — Pattern Equipment General

2 Pattern Equipment General

T:\Manuals\Text\Application manual\General chapters\01-04\pattern equipment general.fm 2.1

Figure 2.1 8302 X 0187

Standard Pattern Plate

2.2 T:\Manuals\Text\Application manual\General chapters\01-04\pattern equipment general.fm

2.1 Pattern Plates and Patterns

• minimum shifting of parts

2.1.1 Pattern Plate Materials

2.1.2 Standard Pattern Plates

T:\Manuals\Text\Application manual\General chapters\01-04\pattern equipment general.fm 2.3

Figure 2.2 8302 X 0014

Figure 2.3 8302 X 0010

Example of thick pattern plate bolster frame using frame/rib construction.

2.4 T:\Manuals\Text\Application manual\General chapters\01-04\pattern equipment general.fm

2.1.3 Thick Pattern Plates

Figure 2.4 8302 X 0363

Safety distances from edges of the moulds.

T:\Manuals\Text\Application manual\General chapters\01-04\pattern equipment general.fm 2.5

Figure 2.5 8302 X 0020

Figure 2.6 8302 X 0026

Schematic presentation of swing plate swinging operation.

2.6 T:\Manuals\Text\Application manual\General chapters\01-04\pattern equipment general.fm

2.1.4 Pattern Plate and Mould Utilization

2.1.4.1 Utilization of Surface Area

The degree of pattern-plate surface area utilization is restricted by

1. Thermal, static and dynamic sand stability (Figure 2.4)

2.1.4.2 Utilization of Mould Thickness

Maximum pattern plate thicknesses plus pattern heights are given

Another limit is imposed by the sand injection slot. A pattern which

T:\Manuals\Text\Application manual\General chapters\01-04\pattern equipment general.fm 2.7

P Q S (min 70) For 2110 S = min 60

Figure 2.7 8302 X 0192

Mould thickness calculation (definition).

2.8 T:\Manuals\Text\Application manual\General chapters\01-04\pattern equipment general.fm

2.1.4.3 Determination of Minimum Chamber Depth

In order to understand the chamber depth calculation method bet-

The filling of the chamber and the later squeezing operation.

A= thickness of pattern plate on the swing side

B= thickness of pattern plate on the squeeze side

C= minimum possible chamber depth by which a certain pattern

F= distance between pattern plates in the moulding chamber be-

K= compressibility of the sand (approx. 0.25)

P= pattern height on the swing side

Q= pattern height on the squeeze side

S= minimum distance between mould cavities to ensure good

T= necessary mould thickness

The minimum possible chamber depth can be expressed as:

T:\Manuals\Text\Application manual\General chapters\01-04\pattern equipment general.fm 2.9

Z Safety stroke Without crash pins With crash pins

Figure 2.8 8302 X 0030

Safety stroke, pattern collision and precaution for single squeezing.

Safety stroke Z1 Without With crash

Figure 2.9 8302 X 0232

Safety stroke, pattern collision and precaution for double squeezing.

2.10 T:\Manuals\Text\Application manual\General chapters\01-04\pattern equipment general.fm

Consequently the suggested sequence of calculation of the minimum

STEP 1: Total plate thickness: A + B

STEP 2: Total pattern height (without plates): P + Q

STEP 3: Necessary mould thickness: T = (P + Q) + S

STEP 4: Necessary separation between pattern plates before

The programme in the machine is designed in a way so that the