BUILDING MATERIAL AND

CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGIES
TYPES OF SHED
CONSTRUCTIONS
Single Storey Buildings: (g) One floor level makes supervision and control
easier.
1. Single Storey Buildings:
(h) Less mechanical vibrations are involved.
Single storey factory buildings with different roof
structures such as flat, bow string, etc. (i) Heavy machinery can be installed.
Advantages: (j) It is easy to isolate obnoxious or hazardous areas
(a) Easy to expand.

(b) Greater flexibility in layout.

(c) Natural light and ventilation can be supplied

through the roof.

(d) Foundations required to be made are light.

(e) A single storey building requires less time to erect.

(f) Since floor-to-floor movements are not involved,

material handling costs are lower.
K) No space is lost due to elevators and stairs.

(l) Building costs are less compared with a multi-storey

factory of the same gross area.

(m) Permits high ceilings.

(n) Needs fewer columns

(o) The risk of serious fire damage is less.

(p) Involves less operating cost.

(q) Maintenance of building and equipment is easy.

 Use:
Disadvantages:
Single storey factory buildings are used where:

(i) Land is relatively cheap.

(ii) Heavy machinery is required for processing.

(a) Single storey factory buildings do not make most
effective use of land.
(iii) Growth of factory is expected.
(b) They need more land.

(c) Layout is not very compact.

(d) Gravity cannot be employed for material handling

purposes.

(e) Valuable production floor space is occupied by

offices and stores.
 2.High Bay and Monitor Type Buildings:
They are basically single storey buildings. For a given floor space, they provide maximum
overhead space. Large overhead space can be utilized for operating cranes. Natural
ventilation and natural illumination are the main advantages for these types of factory
buildings. Foundry and steel mill buildings are generally of monitor or high bay type.

3. Multi-Storey Buildings:
e) They make a more compact
Advantages:
layout.
(a) They possess distinct material handling advantages
(f) They involve lower heating
where goods can be moved by gravity.
costs.
(b) They provide for maximum operating floor space
(g) Top stories may be utilized
per square meter of land.
for light stores and offices
thereby increasing the size of
(c) They involve a lower site cost for a given
production floor on the ground
production area.
level.
(d) They need less land and make more efficient use of
land.

.
• Disadvantages:

• (a) Material handling is expensive for bulky materials.

• (b) More time is taken by persons and materials in transit from one floor
to another.

• (c) Stairways, elevators, etc. reduce the effective area and thus increase
the cost per square meter of usable space.

• (d) The more the number of stories, the higher is the cost of foundations
and the more is the space occupied by supporting columns.

• (e) Natural illumination in the center of a multi-storey building is poor.

• (f) Changes in width and length of upper floors (for expansion purposes)
is not possible.
Uses:

Multistory factory buildings are used:

(i) Where cost of land is relatively high.

(ii) In process industries such as refineries, chemicals, fertilizers, floor

mills etc.
4. Buildings of Special Types:
Special type buildings may be a combination of the three types discussed above. A special type building may
be designed to accommodate a particular process. Such buildings are inflexible. They become obsolete, once
the process changes.
TYPES OF BUILDING
CONSTRUCTION
Types of Building Construction:

An industrial building may have one of the following constructions:

(a) Wood Frame Construction:

Such a building generally is not more than two storeys in height.

Floors take lighter loads only. It is highly flammable construction;
therefore, it is used where fire hazards are rare and are not a serious
drawback. Such a building depreciates fast and thus has relatively
shorter life. High insurance rates are associated with such
construction.

(b) Brick Construction:

Side walls and interior fire walls (i.e., the walls which
separate sections of the building to prevent fire spread) are
made up of bricks. Floor beams and roof supports resting on
the walls are pilastered. It lasts longer than wood
construction and facilitates making changes, if any.
(c) Slow Burning Mill Construction:

It is plank-on-timber building with load bearing brick

siding. Owing to heavy wood members being used,
the construction is fire-resistant because the members,
i.e., pillars, etc., are slow to burn and even after
getting partially charred, support the building (i.e.,
floors etc.). Such a factory building can take moderate
floor loads but involves high maintenance costs, high
noise and vibration transmission and light and
ventilation restricted by the load bearing walls.
However, electrical, plumbing and other plant utilities
can be altered with ease.

(d) Steel Frame Construction:

It makes use of steel girders, columns and trusses.

Space between the columns is filled by bricks, etc. Such
a construction involves a low insurance rate and
facilitates making changes in the building.
(e) Reinforced Concrete Construction:

This is fire-proof construction. All structural members

are made up of reinforced concrete, masonry or steel
encased in concrete. It is a very good type of
construction for multi-storey buildings. Such
construction provides heavy floor loading
characteristics and involves low maintenance costs. Of
course the initial cost of construction is high. Changes
in buildings are costly and difficult to make.

(f) Precast Concrete Construction:

It is very speedy and economical. Sections are precast

either at vendor’s end or on the ground itself, cured
(i.e., set) and then tilted vertically up by cranes to form
the wall, roof and floor, etc.
 MATERIALS USED
FOR FLOORS; For Roofs:

1. Concrete: It is cheap and serviceable; is very commonly used. 1. Steel trusses.

2. Wood blocks laid on concrete. 2. Iron, brick and cement construction (flat roofs).

3. Vinyl-asbestos tiles laid on concrete.

3. Wood construction etc.
4. Grease resistant asphalt tile.

For Walls:

1. Cement.

2. Brick.

3. Tiles.

4. Concrete.

5. Wood.

6. Insulated metal panels.

7. Asbestos cement panels.

A combination of brick and cement is very popular.

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