Cien 20012 - Civil Engineering Orientation 1

PUP Civil Engineering Department
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CIEN 20012
ENGR. RYAN MAYNARD A. MAZO

0 ENGR. RICHMON B. PANGILINAN
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Course Title : CIVIL ENGINEERING ORIENTATION 1

Course Code : CIEN 20012
Course Credit : 2 Units, (1 Hr Lecture & 3 Hrs Laboratory)
Pre-Requisite : None
The Overview:
Carpentry skills and knowledge is almost indispensable as far as the construction industry
goes. Expertise and talents on this field covers multitude of different area, from erecting, repairing,
or remodeling existing structures of kinds. It is a valuable trade skill used in construction field.
This course, Civil Engineering Orientation 1, is designed to enhance the knowledge, skills,
positive attitude and work values on carpentry in accordance with international standards. It
covers the competencies required on construction and carpentry design and utilization. It covers
the fundamental principles and components of elementary structures utilized in carpentry and civil
engineering works. It provides basic understanding in construction methods, characteristics of
wood and compositions of products. All throughout the subject, students will learn and familiarize
proper utilization of carpentry tools, and practice safety measures. Subjects such as lay out and
excavation, types of foundation and soil testing, posts and columns, platform floor structures, roof
framing, forms, scaffoldings and staging, will also be discussed in the lesson.
Course Objectives:
• Introduce and master shop/construction safety precaution and awareness.
• Reinforce basic mathematical skills by incorporation of carpentry practical application
• Identify the different carpentering tools and their uses.
• Introduce the students, the art of reading and interpreting construction plans/design as
well as different notes and symbols on blueprints
• Know the different materials used in carpentry.
• Understand the different types of woods, foundation, post and columns, platform floor
structure, roof framing, forms, scaffolding, and staging.
• To be able to know the different materials used in carpentry as well as their constraints
and objectives.
Course Grading System:
Class Standing 70%
• Quizzes
• Attendance
• Recitation/Group Dynamics
• Projects/Assignments/Seatwork/Special Report
Midterm / Final Examinations 30%

100%
Midterm Grade + Final Term Grade = FINAL GRADE

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
MODULE TOPIC Page
1 Woods 3
2 Carpentry Tools and Safety 13
3 Layout and Excavation 24
4 Types of Foundation and Soil Testing 30
5 Post & Columns 44
6 Platform Floor Structure 50
7 Roof Framing 54
8 Forms, Scaffolding and Staging 66
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Module 1: Woods
Learning Objectives:
At the end of the lesson, the learner will be able to:
• Understand the uses of the oldest material in construction.

• Understand the behavior and physical characteristics woods.
• Understand the defect that usual occurs on woods.
• Understand the types of materials used as ceiling and for partitions.
Course Materials:
WOOD is that fibrous substance which composes the trunk and branches of a tree that lies
between the pitch and the bark.
Properties of Wood
1. Strong Material
2. Durable
3. Light in weight
4. Ease of working and fastening
5. With artistic and natural beauty
Physical Properties of Wood That Attract Us:
1. Natural Warmth
2. Workability, easily shaped with simple tools
3. Infinite variety- unique
4. Strength – for bridges
5. Flexibility – actual, it bends
6. Fire Protection – doesn’t melt or crumble
7. Color – natural
Advantages of Wood as Building Material:
1. Wood is easily worked out with tools and fabricated into many shapes, sizes and design.
2. Wood is excellent non-conductor of heat. It is warm in winter and cool in summer.
3. It is abundant in many shapes, color, sizes and as renewable resources.
4. The use of timber connectors in wide trusses and spans generally permit the use of
small wood members.
5. With artistic grains and appearance conducive to architectural designs, adding beauty
and attraction to furniture and interior finishes
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Defects of Wood
1. Decay
Caused by attack of fungi.
2. Cheeks
Cracks or lengthwise separation across the rings caused by irregular shrinkage.
3. Shakes
Cracks between and parallel to the rings
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4. Knots
Irregular growth in the body of a tree that interrupt the smooth curve of the grain.
5. Warping
Any variation with the plane surface caused by unequal shrinkage of the board.
Several forms of warp are:
a. Crook a distortion of the board in which long edge is convex or

concave.
b. Bow It is a distortion of the board in which the face is convex or

concave longitudinal.
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c. Cup It is a distortion of the board in which the face is convex or

concave across the board.
d. Twist It is a distortion of the board in which one corner is raised.
Log Timber Lumber
Cut tree Tree Cut to specified dimension
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Lumber (tabla) - Wood that is cut to a specified dimension that is usually used as a
construction material.
Four Classification Of Lumber
1. Strips – lumber less than 2” thick and less than 8” wide.
2. Board Lumber – pieces less than 2” thick and at least 8” wide
3. Dimension Lumber – pieces more than 2” and less than 5” in any dimension.
4. Timbers – pieces 5” or more on the smallest dimension.
Nominal Size – the size of lumber

when it is cut from the log.
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Wood Composites
Products made from a mixture of wood and other materials.
Plywood
• Most common wood composites.

• Standard sizes of Plywood
▫ Commonly available 3’ x 6’ (900mm x 1800mm) and 4’ x 8’ (1220mm x 2440mm)
• Standard thickness
▫ 4.5mm for double wall partitions and ceilings
▫ 6mm for double wall partitions
▫ 10mm and 12mm for drawers and shelves
Advantages of Plywood
• The approximate equalization of strength properties along its length and width
• Greater resistance for checking and splitting
• Less change in dimension due to moisture content.
Types of Plywood
• Ordinary Plywood
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• Form Plywood
• Marine Plywood
-waterproofed
Hardboard
Made from wood fiber extracted from chips and pulped wood waste.
Types of Hardboard
• Standard HB
• Panel HB
• Tempered
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Medium Density Fiberboard (Mdf)
• Finishing materials made from vegetable fibers such as sugarcane stalks or corn
pressed into sheets.
• It is not very strong, but has good properties. Therefore, it is usually used for ceiling only.
Gypsum Board / Plaster Board
• Non-combustible building board.

• Designed to use without addition of plaster for
• Walls, ceilings or partitions.
• It is extensively used in “dry-wall” construction
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Two Edge Designs
1. Square Edge (SE)- coverstrip jointing

2. Tapered Edge (TE) – jointless wall and ceiling
Particle Board
Made of small wood chips and base

materials including cotton stalk, rice straw, bagasse, conventional wood chips and
sawdust that have been pressed and glued together.
Millwork
• Consists of finished lumber which is further cut and processed at a lumber mill.
• Includes doors, windows, moldings, trim and other ornamental forms of wood.
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Activities/Assessment:
Sample Problem No.1
The walls in an auditorium were proposed to be treated in order to minimize the sound
vibration inside the facility. The proposed material to be used is ordinary plywood and
gypsum boards to be laminated to the plywood. Determine the quantity of the standard size
gypsum board and plywood needed for the sound treatment of the walls. The dimension of
the walls are as follows:
1. 4.00 meters in height by 40.50 meters in length. (left and right)

2. 4.00 meters in height by 3.55 meters in length ( 2 sides)
Sample Problem No.2
Determine the quantity of the needed for a ceiling with a dimension of 38.50 meters in
length by 45.30 meters in width.
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Module 2: Carpentry Tools and Safety
• Understand the works involved in the carpentry.

• Understand the uses of different tools in carpentry.
• Discuss some safety procedures that needs to be applied during actual work.
Course Materials:
CARPENTRY
• A skilled trade in which the primary work performed is the cutting, shaping and
installation of building materials during the construction of buildings, ships, timber
bridges, concrete formwork, etc.
• The art and trade of cutting, working, and joining timber. The term includes both
structural timberwork in framing and items such as doors, windows, and staircases.
CARPENTRY TOOLS
Simple machine tools that are used to shape, reshape, join, cut, dismantle and any other
uses in order to smoothen flow of works in carpentry.
TYPES OF CARPENTRY TOOLS
• Measuring Tools
• Testing and Guiding
• Fastening Tools
• Rough Facing Tools
• Toothed Cutting Tools
• Sharp-Edged Cutting
• Smooth Facing Tools
• Boring or Drilling Tools
• Holding Tools
• Sharpening Tools
• Work Bench
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MEASURING TOOLS
Type of tools: By Definition: Figure:
Generally used in measuring
short distances. It is usually
The Two Foot Four made up of four folds
Folding Rule connected by three hinges
spaced at 6 inches or 15 cm
apart which could be folded-
up.
The Extension Rule Is used for measuring inside
distances such as doors,
windows, cabinets etc.
Zig-zag Rule A rule having a length (4 ft.)

1.20m and (6 ft.) 1.80m
which are commonly used
by carpenters for rough
layout.
Push-Pull Tape Rule generally used in measuring

long distances varies from
3.00 mts, 5.00 mts. and 8.00
mts.
Slide Caliper Rule generally used in measuring

outside diameter
of cylindrical objects.
Marking Gauges generally used in making

lines parallel to the edge.
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MARKING TOOLS
Type of tool: By Definition: Figure:
Is generally used for marking

Chalk or Charcoal Line
a very rough work.
Is generally used for marking

Round Pencil Lead
rough work
Is generally used in marking

Scratch awl fine work. It is hardened
steel with a sharp point
designed to mark fine line.
Is generally used in marking

fine work. It is hardened
Scriber
steel with a sharp point
designed to mark fine line.
Compass Generally used to inscribe

arcs or circle.
generally used in dividing

distances into equal parts
Divider
particularly an arc or
circumference.
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TESTING AND GUIDING TOOLS

Is generally used for both

guiding and testing the work
Level
to a vertical or horizontal
position.
Is the best and accurate tool

for guiding the work in
Plastic Hose with water establishing a horizontal
level.
TESTING AND GUIDING TOOLS
Is generally used as a guide

Miter Box of the hand saw in cutting
object to form a miter joint.
Miter Shooting Board is a plain board with two 45°

guide fastened on top of the
upper board. This device is
used for designing patterns,
cabinets. etc.
Sliding T-bevel Generally used is like a try

square with a sliding and
adjustable blade that could
be set to any angle other
than 90°.
Angle Divider Is a double bevel used to

divide an angle a
complicated work. This tool
could divide an angle in one
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Square Is a right angle standard at

90 degrees used in marking
or testing work.
Miter Square Is a square with blades

permanently set at 45
degrees.
FASTENING TOOLS
A hand tool made of steel
Claw Hammer carefully forged, hardened and
tempered. Its sizes varies from
140 to 560 grams.
A hand tool with a handle and a

Wrenches jaw which may be fitted to the
head of a nut used to tighten or
loosen bolts.
Screw Driver hand tool with a head and a

shank used for turning screw.
ROUGH FACING TOOLS OR STRIKING TOOLS

Generally a utility tool used for

Hatchet
sharpening stakes and cutting
down timber to rough sizes.
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Axe A tool used for splitting wood

or hewing timber.
Roughly, an adze is a hatchet

Adze
in which the blade is at right
angle with the handle.
TOOTHED CUTTING TOOLS

Generally used a tool used for

Saw/s
splitting wood or hewing timber.
A metal tool of different shapes

Files and sizes used for abrading,
reducing or smooth cutting
metal, wood or other materials.
SHARP-EDGED CUTTING TOOLS

A long-bladed hand tool with a
beveled cutting edge and a
Chisel plain handle that is struck with a
hammer or mallet, used to cut
or shape wood, stone, metal, or
other hard materials.
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Draw Knife Is used in trimming work by

drawing towards the worker.
SMOOTH FACING TOOLS

Modified kind of draw knife

with an adjustable blade like
Spoke Shave
a plane to limit the thickness
of the cut.
Is used in smoothing boards

or other surfaces for framing
Plane and molding. Plane is also
used to make wood surfaces
into uniform thickness.
BORING OR DRILLING TOOLS

A small tool used for punching or
piercing small holes. It is
Brad awls
generally used in starting a nail
or screw into hardwood.
Tools used for boring small

Gimlets
holes by hand pressure.
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Is used for boring holes with a

diameter from 1/2" to 2" inches
Auger or 12.7 mm to 25 mm. Augers
that are provided with a shank
are commonly called "bits“.
Used for drilling small holes.

Twist drills are preferably used
in cases where the gimlets or
Twist Drill the auger may cause splitting of
the wood grain. These tools
have lesser tendency to split the
wood grain because they are
not provided with a cutting lip.
HOLDING TOOLS – RETAINING TOOLS

A brace that is used in holding

Clamp
things together.
A metal tool with movable jaws

that are used to hold an object
Vises firmly in place while work is done
on it, typically attached to a
workbench.
SHARPENING TOOLS
A flat disc solid stone usually of

Grind Stone sandstone mounted on a shaft
used for sharpening, shaping or
polishing metal by turning.
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Used after the grinding operation

Oil Stone to achieve a smooth and keen
edge of the tools.
Often shortened to grinder, is

one of power tools or machine
tools used for grinding, it is a
Grinding Machine
type of machining using an
abrasive wheel as the cutting
tool
WORK BENCH
Work bench is also an important

tool in carpentry operation
considering the various tools
attached to it. Work bench is
Work bench
considered as a shop tool and is
needed for the different kinds of
onsite or off-site preparation of
wood parts in all construction
projects.
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SAFETY
Is everybody’s concern.
Everyone who works in a

company has things to
contribute for each other’s
safety.
Hazard is something and/or anything that can cause harm.
Risk is the chance, high or low, that any hazard will actually cause somebody harm.
Causes Of Accidents
1. Unsafe Acts – A violation of safety procedure.

2. Unsafe Conditions – seen as a physical or chemical property in the material.
TYPES OF HAZARDS
PHYSICAL HAZARDS CHEMICAL HAZARDS BIOLOGICALHAZARDS ERGONOMIC HAZARDS
➢ Noise Forms: ➢ Bacteria ➢ Improper tools and
➢ Vibrations ➢ Liquid ➢ Viruses equipment design
➢ Extremes of ➢ Solid ➢ Fungi ➢ Unecessary and
temperature ➢ Gas ➢ Insects/Parasites unusual design
➢ Pressure Route of Entry: ➢ Repetetive motion
➢ Inhalation ➢ Stress
➢ Ingestion
➢ Injection
➢ Skin
➢ Eye
Contamination
Three Steps to Control Hazards and Accidents:
1. Identify – through site inspection and incident/accident investigation.

2. Evaluate - Check the standards
3. Correct – Control
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Three Steps to Correct or Control the Hazards:
1. Engineering Control
– this refers to the re-engineering of the workplace environment
2. Administrative Control
– This refers to the policies, guidelines practices such as the operating
procedures in the working area
3. PPE (Personal Protective Equipment)
– This refers to the use of the Personal Protective Equipment (PPE). For the
many types of PPE on Construction site, one of the most commonly use is the
hardhat. The hardhat is used to protect your head from accidental falling of
debris on site or any material that may harm your head during your visit on the
construction site..
Essay: In no more than 80 words, please state your reaction in this photo.
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Module 3: Layout and Excavation
• Understand the importance of lay outing before the start of construction.

• Understand the lay outing method procedures.
• Understand the types of excavations
• Understand the safety factors needed for excavation works.
Course Materials:
LAYOUT Is the process of interpreting construction plans and marking the location of proposed new
structures such as roads, buildings, slab edges, elevator openings or structural columns.
STAKE are wooden sticks used as posts sharpened at one end driven into the round to serve
as boundaries or support of the batter boards.
BATTER BOARD are wood stick or board nailed horizontally at the stake which serves as the
horizontal plane where the reference point of building measurements are established.
STRING is either plastic chord or galvanized wire across the batter board used to indicate the
outline of the building wall and foundation.
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Layout Methods And Procedure
STEP 1:
Building Permit
Building Permit Fees
Secure that all disputes are finished
STEP 2: Relocate the boundaries
Clear the site of existing structures that will obstruct the structure
STEP 3: Clear the site from trees
STEP 4: Construct and allocate a space for laborers and storage area etc.
STEP 5: Apply temporary connections of electric and water supply.
STEP 6: Construct a temporary fence.
STEP 7: Order the construction materials that are necessary for the project.
STEP 8: Verify the measurement in the plans.
STEP 9: Fix batter boards to its horizontal position with the use of level.
STEP 10: Verify the measurement on the batter boards.
STEP 11: After establishing the reference point and lines for the footing, transfer the
intersecting points of the string to the ground by using a plum bob.
Excavation on Site and Safety Measures
EXCAVATION is the process of removing soil or earth materials using hands, claws tool or any
heavy equipment/s.
Types of Excavation
• Minor Excavation
• Major Excavation
Minor Excavation is a type of excavation that may be carried out by manual means or by using
tools such as shovel, picks etc.
Minor Excavation includes the following:
• Creek reclamation
• Trenching (water, sewer, electric)
• Fence installation and removal
• Patio/Sidewalk installation and removal
• Drainage ditch cleaning
• Parking lot sweeping
• Yard Reclamation, levelling, brush removal
Major Excavation is a type of excavation that must be carried out by using heavy equipment such
as backhoe, excavators etc.
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Major Excavation includes the following:
• For installation of major utilities

• Water pipelines
• Electrical and gas pipes
• Installation of RCPC Pipes
• Tunneling
Industries That Are Engage In Excavation:
• General Contractors
• Highway and street construction contractors
• Bridge and tunnel contractors
• Water, sewer, pipeline contractors
• Communication and power line contractors
• Concrete worker and well drilling contractors
Hazards of Excavation:
• Cave-ins
• Underground Utilities
• Electrical wires and pipes
• Fiber Optics
• Waterline pipes
• Materials/Equipment Falling At Excavation Sites
• Electrocutions
• Drowning
Equipment Used In Excavation:
• Jack Hammers with compressors

• Backhoe with breakers
• Bulldozers
• Pay loaders
• Graders
• Dump trucks
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Safety Measures in Excavation
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Safety Considerations during Excavation
To Plan Safety Into The Job, You Must Consider:

• Traffic
• Nearness of structures and their conditions
• Soil
• Surface and ground water
• Water table
• Overhead/underground utilities
• Weather
Excavation Protective Systems
Excavations where employees are exposed to cave-ins must be protected by:
• sloping or benching
• support systems
• shield systems
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Essay: In no more than 80 words, please state your reaction, which includes the
possible violations and remedies that should be done in order to not replicate the
mistakes in the photo below. .
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Module 4: Types of Foundation and Soil Testing
Learning objectives:
• Understand the types of foundations and their functions.
• Discuss the methods used in construction of foundations.
• Discuss factors in settlement of foundations.
• Discuss the factors that cause the failure of foundations.
• Steps in conducting soil testing
Course Materials:
Foundation
• Is the element of an architectural structure, which connects it to the ground, and
transfers loads from the structure to the ground.
• Are generally considered either shallow or deep.
• Is that portion of the structural elements that carry or support the superstructure of the
building.
• Is further defined as the substructure, which is usually placed below the surface of the
ground that transmits the load of the building to the under-lying soil or rock.
What Is The Purpose of A Foundation?
• To support the structure.

• To give enough stability against various forces.
• For the distribution of the total load of the superstructure
Consideration in Designing Foundations:
• Geotechnical Investigation report.

• Dead loads, Live loads, impact loads and others as specified in the NSCP 2015
Two Major Categories of Foundations:
1. Shallow Foundation
2. Deep Foundations
Types of Shallow Foundations:

• Spread Footing
• Mat or Raft Foundation
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Types of Deep Foundations:

• Piers
• Piles
• Caissons
General Types of Foundations:

• Spread footing
• Mat or Raft Foundation
• Pile or Pier Foundation
• Caissons
Shallow Foundations is a type of building foundation that transfers building loads to the earth
which is somewhat very near to the surface, rather than to a subsurface layer or a range of
depths as does a deep foundation.
Spread Footing is typically a plain reinforced concrete basically it is a pad use to

“spread out” building column and wall over a sufficiently large soil area. In addition, they
are constructed as close to the ground surface as the building design permits and as
controlled by the actual site conditions.
Types of Spread Footing
1. Isolated Footing
a type of shallow foundation and/or footing that provide a support to individual

columns. Most commonly in square shapes and rectangular shapes, its dimensions
are defined by the design results.
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2. Combined Footing
Combined footings are constructed for two or more columns when they are close to
each other and their foundations overlap.
3. Strap Footing
This footing is useful when the external column is very near to property line. A strap
footing is a combination of spread footings of two columns connected by a strap beam.
Beam connecting two-spread footing does not transfer any load to the soil. The
function of the strap beam to transfer a load of the heavily loaded column to the inner
column.
Mat or Raft Foundation is classified as a large footing extending over a wide or entire ground
floor area of the building. It is adopted due to the overlapping of the individual column
footing based on the design output.
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Deep Foundations
Is a type of foundation that transfers building loads to the earth farther down from the
surface than a shallow foundation does to a subsurface layer or a range of depths.
Types of Deep Foundations

1. Piers
Refers to a large cross-sectional dimension, each capable of transmitting the entire
load from a single column down to a stable stratum.
Piers
2. Piles
Is a structural member of small cross-sectional area with reasonable length
driven down the ground by means of hammer or vibratory generators.
Driven Piles Steel Sheet Piles
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3. Caissons
Is a structural box, cylindrical in type or chamber that is sunk in place or built in
place by excavating systematically below the bottom of the unit that descends to
the final depth.
Caissons
What Are The Situations In Which We Must Use Pile Foundations?

1. If the load of the superstructure is heavy and its distribution is uneven.
2. Poor soil bearing capacity
3. Water table is high.
4. Structure is situated in near river bed an/or offshore
What Are The Functions Of Piles?

1. To transmit a foundation load to a solid and stable ground.
2. To resist lateral, vertical and uplift loads/forces.
Important Functions or Uses of Piles

The decision to use pile foundation is the result of scientific method of exploration and tests
of the underlying soil conducted by the designing Engineer, which were brought about by
any of the following purpose:
1. As friction pile at their bottom portions in transmitting the load through soft strata into
stiffer lower strata.
2. As friction pile utilizing its full length.
3. As soil compactor.
4. As end-bearing columns
5. As stabilizers of banks
6. As better piles
7. As sheeting
Right Selection of Piles

In selecting the use and types of piles, the following factors are considered:
1. Availability of supply 6. Length of piles

2. Expected life span 7. Characteristic of structure and loading
3. Deterioration condition 8. Carrying capacity
4. Types of underground 9. Proximity of structure
5. Method of placing 10. Cost
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Classification of Piles Based On the Material Used

1. Concrete Piles
- Pre-Cast
- Cast-in-situ
> Driven piles: Cased or
Uncased
> Bored Piles: Pressure piles etc
2. Timber Piles
3. Steel Piles
4. Concrete + Timber
5. Concrete + Steel
Deep Foundation
Types of Piles
1. End Bearing Piles

These pile is used to transfer the load through water or soft soil of ground to a
suitable hard bearing stratum.
2. Friction Piles
These pile is used to transfer the loads to a depth of a friction load carrying
material by means of skin friction along the length of piles.
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3. Compaction Piles
Use to compact loose soils forming a sand pile.
.
4. Anchor Piles
These provide anchorage against horizontal pull from sheet pulling or any other
pulling force.
5. Fender Piles
These are used to protect water from structure against impact from ships or
other floating objects.
.
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6. Sheet Piles
These pile are used as a impervious cut off sheet to reduce seepage and uplif
under hydraulic structure.
7. Batter Piles
These pile are used to
resist large horizontal or inclined forces.
Heavy Equipment That Are Used In Pile Foundations
Hydraulic Pile Hammer
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Hydraulic Press-in Pile Driver
Failure of Pile Foundation

The failure of the pile foundation may result from any of the following causes:
1. Lack of adequate boring

2. Inaccurate soil classification
3. Soft strata under tip of pile
4. Inadequate driving formula (wrong data)
5. Improper size of hammer cause insufficient penetration, too light or damaged if too heavy
6. Misinterpretation of load
7. Damaged of encased piles
8. Buckling of piles
9. Breaking of piles
10. Vibration that cause lateral or vertical movement
11. Flowing strata caused by adjacent excavation or bank sloughing
12. Tension failure of concrete pile for lack of reinforcement
13. Eccentricity due to bowing or falling out of plumb
14. Decay due to lower ground water level
15. Insect and marine borer attack and corrosion
16. Disintegration of concrete due to poor quality of concrete or reactive aggregate
17. Collapse of the thin shell of the piles
18. Overweight due to earth fills.
Testing
Underground Soil Exploration
Foundation design is primarily based from the result of subsurface investigation. The
Engineer who has to make the design must have a reasonably accurate conception of the physical
properties and arrangement of the underlying soil. The most suitable method under a wide variety
of soil conditions is by drilling a hole into the ground and extracting samples for identification or
testing. The investigation of the underlying materials as to its consistency or relative density of
the deposit could be made by penetration test or other methods, which do not require sampling.
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Boring and Penetration Test

Boring Test provides a visual identification of the soil strata underlying the area by literally
penetrating into the earth. Sub-surface materials are identified I place or from samples that were
taken at a known depth and brought to the surface for examination.
Different Types Of Boring and Penetration Test

1. Auger Boring
The simplest device for boring a hole in the ground is the Auger. The two varieties
of hand auger commonly used for soil investigations are the helical auger and the
Iwan or post hole auger. A portable power driven helical auger are available from
8 to 30 cm. oftenly used for making deeper holes.
2. Wash Boring
The methods applied in wash boring is to drive a piece of metal tube of 5 to 10 cm.
diameter to a depth of 1.50 to 3.00 m., the tube or casing is cleared out by a
chopping bit fastened to the lower portion of the wash pipe inserted inside the tube
or casing. Water is forced down through the wash pipe by means of a high velocity
pump to rinse the fragments of soil through the annular space between the tube
and the wash pipe. This method is similar to the process of installing an
underground water pump where the pipe is cleaned by wash pipe and water.
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3. Hollow Auger Boring

A truck mounted driving rigs turn the auger into the soil rapidly to a depth of more
than 60 meters using continuous flights of auger with hollow stem where sampling
tools are operated. Auger with 6 or 8 cm. diameter are commonly used.
4. Rotary Drilling
Is the most rapid method for penetrating highly resistant materials such as rocks,
clay or even sand. The rotary boring diameter ranges from 5 cm. to 20 cm. (2 to
8 inches).
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5. Percussion Drilling
Percussion drilling is sometimes called cable tool drilling used when wash boring
or auger boring could not penetrate exceptionally hard strata of soil or rocks.
Apparatus Used In Soil Testing

1. Penetrometer
A device used to investigate and measure the consistency of cohesive deposit or relative
density of cohesionless strata without the necessity of drilling and getting samples. If the
penetrometer is pushed steady into the soil, the procedure is called Static Penetration
Test, when driven into the soil it is called Dynamic Penetration Test.
Static Penetration test is preferred for cohesive soil while Dynamic penetration test is good
for very hard deposits. Both give satisfactory result for cohesionless soil. Standard
penetration test is the most widely used in the United States; it is done by dropping a 60
kg. hammer into a drill rod from a height of 70 m. the number of blows to make a
penetration of 30 cm. is regarded as the penetration resistance.
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2. Dutch Cone Penetration

A 60° cone with a base area of 10 sq. cm. is attached to the bottom of a rod protected by
a casing, at a rate of 2 cm. per second, the cone is pushed by the rod into the ground, the
cone is slightly larger than the pipe to minimize friction. Another method of soil testing by
means of a cone penetrometer is by driving a drop hammer into the ground with constant
height of fall, the number of blows per 30 cm. penetration of the point is continuously
recorded and when the point reaches its final depth, the pipe is withdrawn and the cone
is left at the bottom of the hole. The dutch cone penetration test is the most rapid and
economical method being adopted recently.
3. Vane Shear Test

The vane apparatus for shear testing clay soils in place consist of four vertical rectangular
blades bolted at right angles to a vertical shaft. The vane is pushed into the soil and then
twisted until the soil is ruptured in a cylindrical form; shear strength is computed from the
maximum moment needed to rapture the soil and the dimension of the soil cylinder.
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Activity/Assessment:
Compute for the total volume of concrete needed for the concrete pouring of the foundation
including its column up to NGL only as shown in the plan. Neglect wastage.
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Module 5: Post & Columns
• Understand the mechanism of columns as structural member

• Understand the types of columns.
• Understand the manner of constructing of columns
Course Materials:
Post
Refers to a piece of timber of either cylindrical, square or other geometrical cross section
placed vertically to support a building; a compression vertical member not continuous
from storey to storey is also called post.
Column
Refers to a vertical structure used to support a building made of stone, concrete, steel or
the combination of the above materials.
Storey
Is the space in a building between floor levels or between a floor and a roof above.
Wooden Post
1. How it is used and/or constructed?
2. What are the design considerations?
3. What are the advantage and disadvantages?
How To Construct A Timber Post?
Considerations In Construction:
1. Design of structural members

2. Actual Site condition
3. Treatment of the timber
4. Construction phase
Engineering Techniques in Constructing A Timber Post
1. Glue Laminated Timbers is a type of a construction method for columns/posts in

which the main material in joining the timbers to be engineered is glue that are
applied for wood.
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2. Timber With Bolted Connections is a type of wood engineering by use of bolt in

order to connect them and make it structurally stable and strong.
3. Notching Of Timber Beams this is done thru proper calculations of notches in

based on the existing structual code.
Advantages Of Timber
1. Excellent insulator
Houses built out of bricks also known to have outstanding insulating
properties, but timber manages to surpass them.
2. Timber is an elastic material
At the opposite of brick or concrete walls, timber walls do not need to be very
thick. A 20m timber wall for example, is strong enough to protect the internal
space against the winter cold, in conjunction with a proper treatment.
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3. Easy and fast to build

A timber construction can be build very easy and fast in contrast to a common
brick or concrete construction
4. Sustainable
Timber is a renewable resource
5. Reusable
Timber can be used more than once. It is easy to recycle.
6. Price
To build a timber house or a timber construction is cheaper than any other
common procedure that has the same requirements or sizes.
7. Weight
Timber is very light
8. Strength
Timber framings are strong in real structural terms
9. Aesthetic appeal
Timber is a beautiful material for both internal and external appearance
DISADVANTAGES OF TIMBER
1. Shrinking and swelling

Timber has a natural ability to absorb water, which is also known as
Hygroscopy.
2. Fire resistance
If timber has not passed a special treatment which ensure a special fire
rating, timber is highly combustible.
3. Discoloration
With the time, untreated timber, which is exposed to the different weather
influences discoloration, turns to a dark and dirty optic.
Reinforced Concrete Columns
Columns that are made thru the combination of reinforcing steel bars and concrete.
Classification Of Columns Based On Length:
1. Short Column
When the unsupported height is not greater than ten times the shortest lateral
dimension of the cross section.
2. Long Column
When the unsupported height is more than ten times the shortest lateral
dimension of the cross section.
Classification Of Columns Based On Types Of Reinforcement:
1. Tied Column
Tied column has reinforcement consisting of vertical or longitudinal bars held in
position by lateral reinforcement called lateral ties.
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2. Spiral Column
Spiral column is the term given where spirals with vertical or longitudinal bars
enclose a circular concrete core. The vertical reinforcement is provided with
evenly spaced continuous spiral held firmly in position by at least three vertical
bar spacers.
3. Composite Column
Composite column is another type of column where structural steel column is
embedded into the concrete core of a spiral column. The work involved under
this type of column is similar to that of a spiral column after the structural steel
have been set to its position.
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4. Combined Column
A column with structural steel encased in concrete of at least 7cm. thick
reinforced with wire mess surrounding the column at a distance of 3 centimeters
inside the outer surface of the concrete covering.
5. Lally Column
Lally column is a fabricated post made of steel pipe provided with a plain flat
steel bars or plate which hold a girder, girts or beam. The steel pipe is sometimes
filled with grout or concrete for additional strength and protection from rust or
corrosion.
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Compute for the total volume concrete needed for the concreting of columns, assume that the
height of the column starting at NGL is 15.00 meters.
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Module 6: Platform Floor Structure
• Understand the mechanism of the floor system.

• Understand the classification of platforms
• Understand the parts of the floor system
Course Materials:
Wooden Floor System
Floor framing is a platform structure of the building suspended by posts, columns, walls
and beams.
Considerations In The Design Of The Platforms
1. Live Load
- Refers to those movable loads imposed on the floor such as people, furniture
and the like.
2. Deadload
- Refers to the static load such as the weight of the construction materials which
generally carry the live toad
3. Types Of Materials To Be Used
-The choice from the various construction materials available such as lumber,
concrete, steel etc.
4. Sizes And Spacings Of The Structural Members
- Depends upon its strength and capability to carry the load at a certain spacing.
5. Span Of The Supports
- Pertains to the distances between the posts, columns or supporting walls.
Classification Of Platform-Framing Structure
1. The Plank and Beam Floor Type
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2. The Panelized - Floor System
3. The Conventional Floor Framing System
Different Parts Of The Platform System
1. Girder
Is a principal beam extending from wall-to-wall of a building supporting the floor joists or
floor beams. Others define girders as the major horizontal support members upon which
the floor system is laid.
2. Floor Joists
Are those parts of the floor system placed on the girders where the floor boards are
fastened. Joists are usually nailed on the girders at a distance from 30 to 35 cm. on
center rigidly secured by bridging to prevent from wagging sideways.
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3. Sill
That part of the side of a house that rests horizontally upon the foundation. Sill is further
defined as those wood members fastened with anchor bolts to the foundation walls.
Figure for Girders, Floor Joist and Sill
4. Bridging
A stiffiner used to stabilize the wood flooring sytem.
5. Ledger Strips
Ledger strips are boards nailed to the side of a beam to form support for joists.
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SAMPLE PROBLEM No.1
A wooden plank 2.00 inches in thickness by 300mm in width x 3.00 meters in length per unit is
said to be used as floor finish of a constructed wooden framing system for floor. If the area of the
flooring is 11.05 meters by 20.35 meters, determine the total quantity of the wood plank needed
for the project. Neglect wastage.
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Module 7: Roof Framing
Learning objectives:
• Understand the use of roofing in a structure.

• Understand the types of roofing and their functions.
• Understand the types of materials used in roofing.
• Understand the types of trusses that are used for roofing.
Course Materials:
Types Of Roofing
Shed Or Lean-To Roof

Is considered as the simplest form of roof consisting of one single slope.
Gable Or Pitch Roof

The most common type and economical form of roof made of triangular sections
consisting of two stapes meeting at the center of the ridge forming a gable.
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Saw Tooth Roof

Is the development of the shed made into a series of lean-to roof covering one building.
This is commonly used on factories where extra light is required through the window on
the vertical side.
Double Gable Roof

Is a modification of a gable or a hip and valley roof.
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Hip Roof
Is also a common form used in modern houses having straight sides all sloping toward
the center of the building terminating at the ridge.
Hip And Valley Roof

Is a combination of a hip roof and an intersecting gable roof forming a T or L shaped
building.
Pyramid Roof
Is a modification of the hip roof wherein the four straight sides are sloping towards the
center terminating at a point.
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Gambrel Roof
Is a modification of the gable roof with each side having two slopes.
Ogee Roof
Is a Pyramid form having steep sides sloping to the center.
Mansard Roof
Where the sides of the roof slope steeply from each side of the building towards the
center forming a flat deck on top.
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French Or Concave Mansard Roof

Is a modification of the Mansard Roof where the sides are concave.
Conical Roof Or Sphire

Is a steep roof of circular section that tapers uniformly from the circular base to a central
point.
Dome
Is a hemispherical form of roof usually used on observatories.
Butterfly Roof
Is a two shed roof where the slope meet at the center of the building.
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Types Of Roof Frames
Rafter Type
Is a series of sloped structural members that extend from the ridge or hip to the wall
plate, downslope perimeter or eave, and that are designed to support the roof deck and
its associated load.
Truss Type
Truss is a built-up frame commonly employed on a long span roof unsupported by
intermediate columns or partitions. Truss is a design of a series of triangles used to
distribute load, stiffen the structure and flexibility for the interior spacing as well as
strength and rigidity.
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Rafter Type Roof Frames
Common Rafters
Are rafters extended at right angles from the plate or girts to the ridge.
Hip Rafters
Are rafters laid diagonally from the corner of a plate or girts to the ridge.
Valley Rafters
Rafters placed diagonally from the plate or girts at the intersection of gable extension
with the main roof.
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Octagonal Rafters
Are rafters placed on an octagonal shaped plate at the central apex or ridge pole.
Jack Rafters
Any rafter which does not extend from the plate or girts to the ridge.
Parts Of Roof Truss Frames
Girts
Is that structural member that supports the rafters or trusses of the building.
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Collar Beam
The ties between rafters on opposite sides of the roof.
Purlins
The structural member placed on top of a rafter or top chord of a truss that supports the
roof sheeting.
Types Of Truss Roof Frames
a) Light Truss (Trussed Rafters)
1. Pitched Truss
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2. Howe Truss
3. Scissors Truss
4. Raised Chord Truss
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5. Sawtooth Truss
B) Heavy Trusses
1. Flat Howe
2. Warren Trusses
3. Flat Pratt Trusses
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Roof Truss Framing Fasteners
1. Roofing Nails
2. Wood Screw
3. Lag Screw
4. Tek Screw
Essay: In no more than 80 words, please discuss in what possible ways you should do in order
to maintain roof framing and roofing sheets to reduce its deterioration.
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Module 8: Forms, Scaffolding and Staging

• Understand the function of forms, scaffolding, and staging.

• Understand the different type of forms and scaffoldings
• Understand the safety precautions needed for the proper installation of forms and
scaffoldings
Course Materials:
Formworks
Is a temporary boarding, sheating or pans used to produce the desired shape and size of
concrete. Forms are essential requirement in concrete construction. Structural members of a
building are built-up into its specified dimensions by the use of forms that serves as mould for
the mixed concrete are wooden sticks used as posts sharpened at one end driven into the
round to serve as boundaries or support of the batter boards.
Qualities and Requirements of Good Formworks:
1. It should be tight.
2. It should be strong.
3. It can be should be cheap reusable.
4. It should be in accordance to the sizes of members.
5. Swelling and shrinkage should be minimum.
6. It shoul be light weight and easy to strip.
Objectives That Must Be Considered In Assembling Formworks:
1. Quality
2. Safety
3. Economy
Main Stages In The Process Of Using Formworks
1. Assembly and Erection

2. Concrete placement
3. Stripping and Dismantling
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Types of Formwork Materials
1. Timber
• Most common material used for bracing.
• Can be easily cut.
2. Steel
• Steel forms are stronger, durable and have longer life that timber
formwork and they are reusable.
• Steel forms can be installed and dismantled faster and easier.
• Steel forms are light weight, reusable and chemical resistant and can be
easily cut.
• But in other cases this forms are expensive, easily damage by heat and
load carrying capacity is low
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3. Aluminum
Aluminum is strong and light and consequently fewer, supports and ties
are required.
Time of Removal of Concrete Formwork
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Causes of Failure of Formworks
• Accident caused by inadequate bracings during the concrete pouring period.

• Overloading
• Mis-alignment
• Pre-mature stripping of formworks
• Inadequate strength of form materials.
• Failure to follow codes and standards.
Safety Precautions
• Material used for the construction of formworks must passed the standards and
specifications.
• Formworks must be properly fixed, firm, and rigid.
• The construction site specially in excavation must be properly protected.
• Warning signage must be properly indicated on strategic locations.
• Inspection must be done before the concrete pouring
Staging
A more substantial framework progressively built-up as tall buildings rise up. The term
staging is applied because it is built-up in stages one story at a time.
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Scaffolding
Is a temporary structure of wooden poles and planks providing platform for working men
to stand on while erecting or repairing the building. It is further defined as a temporary
framework for other purposes.
Several Types of Scaffolding
1. Trestle Scaffolding
The working platform is supported on movable ladders or tripods in trestle
scaffolding. It is used up to a height of 5m and is normally used for work inside
the room like repairs, paintings and likewise.
2. Steel Scaffolding
Steel scaffolding is made from steel tubes that are set jointly by steel fittings or
couplers. It is simple to erect and to dismantle. It has better robustness, greater
durability and superior fire resistance. Though it is not affordable cost wise, it
provides greater safety for workers. That’s the precise reason it is used so widely
these days.
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3. Patented Scaffolding
Patented scaffoldings are also made from steel; however, they are fitted with
special couplings and frames etc. These readymade scaffoldings are obtainable
on the market. Working platform is set on the brackets that are adjustable to the
required level in this type of scaffolding.
4. Suspended Scaffolding
Suspended scaffolding is mainly used for paintings, repair works, etc. Here, with
the assistance of chains or wire ropes etc., the working platform is suspended from
roofs. It can be lifted or lowered to the desired level.
5. Cantilever Scaffolding
In cantilever scaffolding, the standards are supported by a chain of needles and
these needles are pulled out via holes in the wall. This is known as “single frame”
scaffolding-type. In another type, needles are supported inside the floors via the
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openings and this is called independent or double frame scaffolding type. When
constructing cantilever scaffolding, good care should be taken.
Normally, under below mentioned conditions, cantilever scaffolding is used.
• When the upper part of the wall is under construction
• When ground is close to the wall and is free from traffic
• When the ground is not capable of supporting standards
6. Single Scaffolding
Single scaffolding is usually used for brick masonry and so it is also known as brick
layer’s scaffolding. Single scaffolding comprises of standards, putlogs, ledgers
etc., which corresponds to the wall at a distance of around 1.2 m. Distance
amongst the standards is around 2 to 2.5 m. Ledgers join the standards at an
upright gap of 1.2 to 1.5 m. Putlogs are extracted from the gap remaining in the
wall to one end of the ledgers. Putlogs are positioned at a gap of 1.2 to 1.5 m.
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7. Double Scaffolding
Double Scaffolding is normally used for stone masonry job, therefore, it is also
known as mason’s scaffolding. It is also known as the independent scaffolding.
Typically, in stone walls, it is tough to make holes in the wall for supporting putlogs;
thus, two scaffolding rows are made to make it robust. Basically, the first row is
about 20 to 30 cm away from the wall, and another one is 1m away from the first
row. Then after putlogs are positioned that are supported by both the frames. In
order to make it sturdier, cross braces and rakers are supplied.
8. Kwikstage Scaffolding
The Kwikstage system is manufactured from hard wearing galvanised steel.
Kwikstage scaffolding system is effortless to assemble and erect and simple to
take down. For builders working on big or small projects, this scaffolding system is
very helpful. Wherever regular scaffold is used, Kwikstage scaffolding can also be
used as an alternative. Using a strong and safe interlocking system, the
patented Kwikstage modular system can be built to any height.
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ACTIVITIES/ASSESSMENT:
Essay: In no more that 80 words, please dices on what action must be taken on the
photo below.
Watch:
[1] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=03Y6B9k5ibA (how it’s made – gypsum boards)
[2] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Smwe2Li-OI (how it’s made – nails)
[3] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YrJas4_L4Wo (how it’s made – Construction Wood –

Lumber)
[4] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eF5LVBW1vl8 (manufacturing plywood)
[5] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WnS5_NPDXJg (wood mouldings)
[6] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0DvLExJEzoI (wood mouldings)
[7] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rhbDbR9Z47g (Safety: work at height)
[8] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FYIu8mc4RaU (Safety: safe on site)
[9] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m6a-I4y8CG4 (tools)
[10] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3cME3vK1aaQ (wood working)
[11] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B1A3aiEHIzk (butt joints)
[12] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FmL-3tD-QTM (building foundation layout)
[13] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0QYRiKV4lug (building foundation layout)
[14] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nH7vzBF_q0I (excavation accident)
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[15] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fl6xY86_60I (excavation collapse)
[16] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ey0Ai-qWvH8 (types of footing)
[17] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vN8smpxhL9c (types of footing)
[18] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8j-QUyFr_5I (difference of foundation and footing)
[19] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aHsTFooJfq4 (piling works)
[20] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=clAgKSAApl8 (installation of sheet piles)
[21] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i9eQcc7ilVw (Geotechnical Investigation – soil testing)
[22] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H1sWkfHb2Hg (Structural members)
[23] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pLC5cyapZig (types of columns)
[25] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BVMLQVDhr0E (wooden floor system)
[26] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e7DXW4DNJJo (timber trusses)
[27] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=erS68UMivAs (sheet pile failure)
Read:
[1] Max B. Fajardo Jr. (2001). Simplified Building Construction. 5138 Merchandising
[2] Salvan G. (1986). Architectural Building Materials. JMC Press, Inc. ISBN: 971-11-
0321-4
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Cien 20012 - Civil Engineering Orientation 1

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Cien 20012 - Civil Engineering Orientation 1

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PUP Civil Engineering Department

ENGR. RYAN MAYNARD A. MAZO

Course Title : CIVIL ENGINEERING ORIENTATION 1

Course Grading System:

Class Standing 70%

Midterm / Final Examinations 30%

Midterm Grade + Final Term Grade = FINAL GRADE

MODULE TOPIC Page

2 Carpentry Tools and Safety 13

3 Layout and Excavation 24

4 Types of Foundation and Soil Testing 30

5 Post & Columns 44

6 Platform Floor Structure 50

8 Forms, Scaffolding and Staging 66

• Understand the uses of the oldest material in construction.

Physical Properties of Wood That Attract Us:

Advantages of Wood as Building Material:

a. Crook a distortion of the board in which long edge is convex or

b. Bow It is a distortion of the board in which the face is convex or

c. Cup It is a distortion of the board in which the face is convex or

d. Twist It is a distortion of the board in which one corner is raised.

Log Timber Lumber

Cut tree Tree Cut to specified dimension

Four Classification Of Lumber

1. Strips – lumber less than 2” thick and less than 8” wide.

2. Board Lumber – pieces less than 2” thick and at least 8” wide

4. Timbers – pieces 5” or more on the smallest dimension.

Nominal Size – the size of lumber

Products made from a mixture of wood and other materials.

• Most common wood composites.

Medium Density Fiberboard (Mdf)

Gypsum Board / Plaster Board

• Non-combustible building board.

Two Edge Designs

1. Square Edge (SE)- coverstrip jointing

Made of small wood chips and base

1. 4.00 meters in height by 40.50 meters in length. (left and right)

Sample Problem No.2

Module 2: Carpentry Tools and Safety

• Understand the works involved in the carpentry.

TYPES OF CARPENTRY TOOLS

Zig-zag Rule A rule having a length (4 ft.)

Push-Pull Tape Rule generally used in measuring

Slide Caliper Rule generally used in measuring

Marking Gauges generally used in making

Is generally used for marking

Is generally used for marking

Is generally used in marking

Is generally used in marking

Compass Generally used to inscribe

generally used in dividing

TESTING AND GUIDING TOOLS

Is generally used for both

Is the best and accurate tool

Is generally used as a guide

Miter Shooting Board is a plain board with two 45°

Sliding T-bevel Generally used is like a try

Angle Divider Is a double bevel used to

Square Is a right angle standard at

Miter Square Is a square with blades

A hand tool with a handle and a

Screw Driver hand tool with a head and a

ROUGH FACING TOOLS OR STRIKING TOOLS