Professional Documents
Culture Documents
OF
MATERIALS
FOR MECHANICAL ENGINEERS
BIBIN CHIDAMBARANATHAN
Stress
• Whenever an external force is applied on a body then a
resisting force is induced in the body.
• This resisting force acting per unit area of the body is called
stress.
• Under equilibrium condition this resisting force is equal to the
applied load.
• So the stress is also defined as the ratio of applied force to the
cross sectional area on which this external force is applied.
• The force applied on the body is called load
• Here we use a symbol 𝜎 to represent the stress.
𝑃 𝐹
𝜎= =
𝐴 𝐴
TYPES OF STRESSES
TYPES OF STRESSES
only two basic stresses exists :
• (1) normal stress and
• (2) shear stress.
• Other stresses either are similar to these basic stresses
or are a combination of these
• e.g. bending stress is a combination tensile, compressive
and shear stresses.
• Torsional stress, as encountered in twisting of a shaft is a
shearing stress.
Direct stress or Simple stress
𝑁𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒, 𝑃
𝑁𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝜎 =
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎, 𝐴
Tensile stress
• The stress-induced in a body when it is subjected to two equal and opposite
pulls as shown in the figure given below is called tensile stress.
• Due to the tensile stress there is an increase in the length of the body and
decrease in the cross section area of the body.
• Tensile stress is a type of normal stress, so it acts perpendicular to the area.
• The strain which is induced due to tensile stress is called tensile strain. It is
equals to the ratio of increase in the length to the original length
𝑇𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒, 𝑃
𝑇𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝜎 =
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎, 𝐴
Compressive stress
• The stress which induced in a body when it is subjected to two equal and
opposite pushes as shown in the figure given below is called compressive
stress.
• Due to the compressive stress, there is a decrease in the length and increase in
the cross section area of the body.
• Compressive stress is also a type of normal stress and so it also acts
perpendicular to the area.
• The strain which is induced due to compressive stress is called compressive
strain. It is equals to the ratio of decrease in the length to the original length.
𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒, 𝑃
𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝜎 =
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎, 𝐴
Biaxial state of stresses
𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑒 =
𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛
Types of Strain
According to the direction of loading:
❖ Lateral Strain
❖ Longitudinal Strain
According to the loading:
❖ Normal strain
• Compressive strain
• Tensile Strain
❖ Shear Strain
❖ Volumetric strain
Longitudinal Strain
• When an axial tensile or compressive load
is applied on a body, then there is an axial
deformation appears in the length of the
body.
• The ratio of axial deformation to the
original length of the body is called as
longitudinal strain.
• It is also defined as the deformation per
unit length in the direction of the applied
load.
𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝛿𝑙
𝐿𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑙 = =
𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑙
Lateral Strain
• When an axial tensile load is applied on a
body, there is an increase in the length of the
body.
• But at the same time, other dimensions
which are at right angles to the line of action
of the applied load decreases.
• The strain which produced at right angles to
the direction of the applied load is known as
lateral strain.
𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝛿𝑏
𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑡 = =
𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑏
Normal strain
𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝛿𝑙
𝑇𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑒 = =
𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑙
Compressive strain
• Strain measure under
compressive loading is known as
compressive strain.
• It tends to increase the cross
section area and decrease the
length of the body.
𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝛿𝑙
𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑒 = =
𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑙
Shear Strain
• When the shear stress is applied on a body, it tends to deform
the shape of the body as shown in the figure.
• The change in tangential angle in the direction of the loading
is called shear strain 𝛿𝑙
𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑒 = = tan 𝜃
𝑙
Volumetric strain or Bulk Strain
• The ratio of change in volume to original volume under
normal loading condition is known as volumetric
strain
𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝛿𝑉
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑉 = =
𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑉
Hooke’s law
❖According to Hooke’s law, when a material is loaded within elastic
limit, the stress induced in the material is directly proportional to
the strain produced.
❖It means that the ratio of stress with the corresponding strain
gives us a constant within elastic limit.
❖When the elastic materials are stretched, the atoms and molecules
deform until stress is been applied and when the stress is
removed they return to their initial state.
Thank You