Q: 1

1) Long-distance running,
Research question
1. What is the impact of long distance running on mental and emotional health?
2. What factors influence the performance of long distance running?
3. What is the relationship between long distance running and mood changes?
4. Does long distance running provide a healthy life-style?
5. What are the benefits of long distance running for health?

Research objective
1. To know the impact of long distance running on mental and emotional health
2. To determine the factors influencing performance of long distance running
3. To investigate the relationship between long distance running and mood changes?
4. To know whether long distance running provide a healthy life-style
5. To know the benefits of long distance running for health

2) Psychological wellbeing,

Research question

1. What is the relationship between psychological wellbeing and internet addiction?

2. What is the role of psychological well being in adult life?
3. What is the relationship between social support and psychological wellbeing?
4. What is the association between self esteem and psychological wellbeing?
5. What is the influence of online technology on the children’s psychological wellbeing?

Research objective

1. To investigate the relationship between psychological wellbeing and internet

addiction
2. To explore the role of psychological well being in adult life
3. To determine the relationship between social support and psychological wellbeing
4. To know the association between self esteem and psychological wellbeing
5. To investigate the influence of online technology on the children’s psychological
wellbeing
3) Social anxiety,

Research question

1. What is the relationship between perfectionism and social anxiety in university

students?
2. What are the cultural aspects in social anxiety?
3. What is the relationship between depression, social anxiety and shame?
4. What is the influence of social anxiety on student academic performance?
5. What is the relationship between loneliness and social anxiety?

Research objective

1. To determine the relationship between perfectionism and social anxiety in university

students
2. To determine the cultural aspects in social anxiety
3. To know the relationship between depression, social anxiety and shame
4. To examine the influence of social anxiety on student academic performance
5. To determine the relationship between loneliness and social anxiety

4) Bullying,
Research question
1. What is the effect of workplace bullying on women’s engagement in workplace?
2. What are the causes of bullying at school?
3. What is the emotional impact of bullying on victims?
4. What are the effects of bullying on mental health?
5. What is relationship between bullying and harassment?
Research objectives
1. To know the effect of workplace bullying on women’s engagement in workplace
 2. To know the causes of bullying at school
3. To determine the emotional impact of bullying on victims
4. To know the effects of bullying on mental health
5. To examine the relationship between bullying and harassment

5) Memory for early childhood events.

Research questions
1. What is the level of accuracy of children’s memory of abuse and maltreatment?
2. What is the impact of gender difference on memory of childhood events?
3. What is the quality of adult memory of childhood events?
4. What is the impact of memory of childhood events on adult’s psychology?
5. What factors affect the memory for childhood events?

Research objectives
1. To examine the level of accuracy of children’s memory of abuse and
maltreatment.
2. To determine the impact of gender difference on memory of childhood events.
3. To know the quality of adult memory of childhood events.
4. To know the impact of memory for childhood events on adult’s psychology.
5. To know the factors affecting the memory for childhood events.

Qno2.

(1)
Summary: “Eating for Pleasure or Profit: The Effect of Incentives on Children’s
Enjoyment of Vegetables”
Parents often use the prizes to encourage children to eat well, but this practice
remains contentious as it is thought that the awards undermine the natural drive of
children. In a randomized cluster experiment, children were tested for 12 daily taste
exposures to the hated vegetable. These exposures had been combined with an
effective reward, a social reward or no reward, and the results were compared to the
outcomes of a non-treatment condition. In a free choice consumption task during pre-
 intervention, post-intervention, one month after intervention and three months after
intervention, the likeness and intake of vegetables were evaluated. Liking grew more
in the circumstances for free intervention than in the conditions for control, and there
were no significant differences among the criteria for intervention. These effects
continued during evaluation. The consumption of children was raised under both
incentive circumstances, and these effects were maintained for three months.
However, no-reward effects were negligible by three months. These results show that
external rewards are not necessarily adverse and may be helpful in encouraging
healthy eating.[ CITATION Luc10 \l 1033 ]

This paper can be replicated as reported due to the nature of the study and also the
resources are also present so it would be completely feasible to replicate the study.
The sample and the design can also be same while replicating and there would not be
any difficulty or problem.

(2)

Summary: “The Negative Effect of Smartphone Use on Academic Performance May Be

Overestimated: Evidence from a 2-Year Panel Study”

In this study, they had regularly observed smart phone utilization of 470 university
students over 2 years in order to examine the connection between smart phone usage in
class and academic achievement. They had utilized a unique data set that allowed them to
analyze this link at the student and the student-in-course level by recording smart phone
usage and ranks over many courses. The results indicated according to the current
literature that the use of smart phones in the classroom by students was negatively related
to their grades, even though they have checked a wide variety of student qualities.
However, in a model for fixed factors, the magnitude of the connection declined
significantly, leveraging the data structure panel to control all stable student and course
properties, even those that the researchers did not see. This indicates that in research that
controlled for just student features observations, the extent of the impact of smart phone
use on academic achievement has been overstated.[ CITATION And20 \l 1033 ].

This article can be replicated with some of the simplifications such as if we use survey
rather than observation to know whether smart phone have that much effect on student
performance or not and the study can be conducted at one time rather than for observing
2 years.

(3)

Summary: “Do Dogs Resemble Their Owners?”

The study was conducted to see the resemblance between dogs and their owners. First the
author looked at whether the common informal reports by observers trying to link dogs
with their owners are accurate. They also studied whether the observer's capacity to make
such matches is due to people who select dogs that resemble them. In this case, the
likeness of predictable pure races should be higher than for non-pure raises or because of
the convergence in which case the likeness with the time of ownership should increase.
Forty-five dogs and their owners were individually photographed and judges were
presented with the duty of selecting the actual match to one owner and the dog of that
owner. The results were aligned with the results of a selection report: Observers were
able to match only purebred dogs with their owners and the ability to pair a person with
their pet was not related with the period that they lived together. There appears to be no
straightforward matching characteristics for people or animals (e.g., size or hairiness).
The results show that when you choose an animal, it looks at a level that looks similar to
it, and if you have a pure breed, you get what you desire

This study can’t be replicated the larkana city due to the lack of target population as there
is very much lesser number of people owning any kind of pet and more specifically dog
so the study won’t meet the standard of sample size and the results won’t be applicable
for generalization.
Q: 3

1)
Advantage:
The advantage of the questionnaire would be that the respondent won’t need to talk
about their fears and anxieties to someone rather they would write them and also the
identity remain unknown so the answers can be genuine which will provide a better
understanding. Questionnaires are filled with the consent of respondent unlike
observation.
Disadvantage:
The disadvantage of questionnaire can be that the response can be biased and
respondent may not tell about their true fears so there will be lack of honesty.
Respondents may not answer all the questions. There can be difference in
understanding and interpretation which will change the meaning of question for
respondent.

2)
Strength:
Interviews can provide detailed information about the respondent and unstructured
questions can encourage openness and can help in better understanding about the
point of view of the individual.
Weakness:
Unstructured interviews are difficult to analyze and the response may be dependent
on the mood, desirability and interviewer effect.

Q: 4

1)

Academic performance includes academic accomplishment, achieving learning goals,

gaining the necessary competencies, satisfaction, consistency and post-academic
 performance [ CITATION Kuh06 \l 1033 ]. The independent variable of the study would be the
gender difference and the dependent variable is the academic performance of the students.
The other constructs of the study would be study trend, study effort, seriousness of student,
understanding of student, teacher cooperation and student behavior which will act as the
mediator.

Study trend

Student effort

Seriousness of student

Gender difference Academic performance

Student behavior

Teacher’s cooperation

Student understanding
capability

2)

The above ideas and constructs play an important part in the researchers' hypothesis. It will give
tangible notions to help researchers have a better understanding of what to anticipate. The
researcher understands better what kind of information is seen throughout the experiment and
eventually leads to the capacity to make hypotheses because of the fact that the performance
between males and females is a question.
Q: 5

1)

The causation is when an event can lead to another action or occurrence. The main aspect
of causation is that 'A' creates 'B' or 'A' forces to make 'B.' Never with certainty can A-B
causality be proved. Due to the fact that casual connection cannot be shown deductively,
deductive findings are different from affected empirical findings. These are the
probability assertions that "A" generates "B" based on the observations and
measurements (Cooper and Schindler, 2011).

2)
Induction is when a conclusion is drawn from one or more specific facts or evidence
(Cooper and Schindler, 2011). When the researcher uses induction, he concludes that one
variable or thing is linked to another variable or thing based on evidence before you.
While employing induction, it is difficult to establish that if the information before you is
true or whether the conclusion is right without taking all accessible research into
consideration.
3)
This statement describes that it is not necessary that if two things have relationship with
each other then they also cause each other for example pizza corner and food panda are
related to each other but that doesn’t mean that piazza corner has an impact on food
panda. Other example can be of Szabist larkana campus and Szabist College both are
linked with each other but don’t have impact on each other.
Bibliography
Andreas Bjerre-Nielsen, A. A. (2020). The Negative Effect of Smartphone Use on Academic Performance
May Be Overestimated: Evidence From a 2-Year Panel Study. psychology science .

Kuh, G. D. (2006). What Matters to Student Success: A Review of the Literature.

Lucy J. Cooke, L. C. (2010). Eating for Pleasure or Profit: The Effect of Incentives on Children’s Enjoyment
of Vegetables. psychological science .