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Voltage upgrading - An insulation coordination challenge

Article · June 2011

DOI: 10.1109/PTC.2011.6019174

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 1

Voltage Upgrading – an Insulation Coordination

Challenge
S. Berlijn, Member IEEE, K.Å. Halsan, A.T. Olsen, M. Runde
M. Hinteregger, T. Judendorfer, Student Member IEEE, M. Muhr, Senior Member IEEE

Abstract—When voltage upgrading, lightning-, switching- ice- II. TOWERS

and pollution performance of the insulators and airgaps in the The towers that have been used by Statnett in the 300 kV
overhead line play a very important role. The dimensioning
procedure is different and technically more challenging from the network have just enough space to make upgrading possible.
one used for new lines. Amongst others, the margins available in Depending on the load, this is wind-, ice-, and line
voltage upgrading are much smaller and therefore the temperature load, geography and line angles, in some towers
engineering needs to be done more precise. To be able to perform there is enough space to upgrade and in some towers it is tight
the required engineering for voltage upgrading Statnett has and special solutions have to be implemented. Already in the
performed and is busy performing a number of R&D projects.
beginning of the upgrading effort it became clear that most of
Different types of insulators have been studied, as well as
pollution and lightning performance of the most used glass the problems will occur in the middle phase.
insulator. The precise gapfactors have been determined In the two figures below, typical 300 kV towers are
theoretically and practically in full scale. Besides that, tools for presented both before and after upgrading.
the determination of the exact air clearances have been taken into
use. A tool for determination of the total line performance with
correct gapfactors and insulator performance has been and is
being developed.

Index Terms— High Voltage Techniques, Power Grids,

Availability, Voltage upgrading, Insulation coordination.

I. INTRODUCTION

T O be able to meet tomorrows demand on the power grid,

Statnett is busy upgrading a large part (5000 km) of its
300 kV network to 420 kV.
There are basically two different types of line
configurations that are of interest for upgrading, the simplex
lines (ca 3500 km) and the duplex lines (ca 1500 km). Each of Fig. 1 Typical 300 kV towers before upgrading. On the left hand side: duplex
arrangement with single I-strings. On the right hand side: simplex
the configurations has its own specific set of problems. The
arrangement.
problems that both line types have in common is the insulation
coordination challenge.
The insulation coordination challenge comprises different
parts, which are investigated on its own, but this paper focuses
on the interaction between all parts and has its main focus on
the required minimum air clearances.
The different parts that amongst others can be identified
when voltage upgrading are:
- The length and type of the insulator strings used
- The air clearances used
- The lightning performance
- The switching overvoltage profile and performance
- The actual wind load for the different load conditions Fig. 2 Typical 300 kV towers after upgrading. On the left hand side: upgraded
- Clearance to ground duplex arrangement with V-chains. The additional 4 insulator discs can be
seen by the difference in color in glass insulators. .
On the right hand side: the upgraded simplex arrangement from Fig 1. (now
duplex)
S. Berlijn, A. Olsen and K. Halsan are with Statnett, PB 5192, Majorstuen,
NO 0302 Oslo, Norway (e-mail: sonja.berlijn@statnett.no).
M. Hinteregger, T. Judendorfer and M. Muhr are with Graz University of
Technology, Graz, Austria (e-mail: thomas.judendorfer@tugraz.at) M. Runde
is with NTNU, Trondheim, Norge (e-mail: magne.runde@sintef.no)
 2

Because the length of the strings is mainly determined by

III. LENGTH AND TYPE OF INSULATORS the ice- and pollution performance of the insulators (as will be
The ‘typical insulators’ used in Statnett’s 300 kV lines are shown later), ice and pollution test on the most common used
glass insulators. Glass insulators were selected at that time, insulators have been performed [12]. The results of these
since they are the best choice considering maintenance and ice pollution- and ice tests will be used in the insulation
performance. coordination procedure that amongst others is using a special
Nowadays, there are many different types of insulators developed program called LPE (Line Performance Estimator)
which then also can be varied in length depending on the [9].
required performance. When upgrading there are two options:
a) replacing the existing insulator string by a different string
(arrangement) b) lengthening the existing string. Since it is
both the most practical and since it is difficult to get planned
outages for a long time on so many lines, the most cost
effective alternative is to lengthen the installed glass insulators
strings (where possible). However other alternatives are under
investigation. [7], [8]. Live data of this investigation can be
found on http://wap.stri.se.

Fig. 5 Results of pollution testing

Fig. 3 Three insulators that are monitored to be able to check the ice accretion
of insulators in real life, and to check swing angle calculations.

In typical 300 kV lines with duplex arrangement both I-

string and V-string arrangements are used. Typically the I-
strings will be lengthened by 3 insulator discs (up to 17 discs)
and the V-strings with 4 insulator discs.
Because of problems with space in the middle phase, it was
a question if it would be possible to lengthen the I-strings in
there with only 2 discs (up to 16 discs). An investigation [10]
has shown that use of a shorter length can be allowed under
certain conditions. The total number of towers with this
solution should not exceed more than 25% of the total number
of towers, in case there is no heavy pollution and/or heavy
icing conditions.
Fig. 6 Test set-up during ice testing
Since in most cases the insulator will be lengthened live
line working is one possibility to be able to perform the
changes necessary to upgrade the line. A number of R&D
activities have been performed at Statnett to investigate this
possibility. In 2010/2011 all the suspension towers with V-
chains in one 300 kV line have been upgraded using this
method.

Fig. 4 A typical I-string used in 300 kV lines. In 300 kV lines the number of
insulators is typically 14-15, but can be more in locations with heavy ice Fig. 7 Live line working in 300 kV lines. On the right hand side of the V-
loads. chain the 4 new inserted glass insulators can clearly be seen.

IV. LOAD CASES
In [1] generally three load cases are considered:
1) Still wind conditions
2) 3 year return time wind conditions
3) 50 year return time wind conditions
For each of these conditions different air clearances are
required, see next section for more details.
The most frequently occurring load case will be the one in
between the three year return time and the still wind load case.
This will occur for 99,95% of the time. Wind over the three
year return time will occur only for 0,05% of the time (around
4 hours per year). The 50 year return time represents extreme
wind conditions (2-5 seconds per 50 years).
The three load conditions and their distance requirements
are visualized in Fig. 8. For these three wind conditions the
swing angle of the lines/insulators will be different, as can be
seen in the same figure.
Fig. 8 Sketch of a typical tower with the insulator in three different swing
angles (three different load cases)
Experience with upgrading showed that most problems
with clearances occur in the middle phase (ca 95%) in either
the still wind or three year return time wind condition. This
can be seen in the previous figure. Most of the other problems
occur in the outer phases.
V. DIFFERENT REQUIRED AIR CLEARANCES
For each of the three load cases there are different
requirements to the air clearance.
According to [1] the minimum clearance for still wind
condition is (1) or (2), whichever is greater. Since the ‘typical’
line to be upgraded is 50 km long and the most frequent type
of switching is single phase auto recovery switching, the
switching overvoltages are not that high [11]. Besides,
overvoltages can be limited by using surge arresters. And
because of this, the overvoltage that should be used for the
dimensioning of voltage upgraded lines for still wind
condition is lightning overvoltage.
Since the three year return time wind load condition only
occurs for less than 4 hours per year, the probability of
lightning to occur at the same time of the three year wind
condition is low [1]. So this means that the distance
requirement only considers switching overvoltages, i.e.
requirement given by (2).
3
The requirement for the extreme wind condition that only
occurs for 2-5 seconds per 50 year, is of course that it can
withstand AC overvoltages given by (3).
The requirements (1), (2) and (3) only consider external
clearances. Internal clearances might be decreased since they
only have an effect on the system outages. Therefore internal
clearances can be reduced.
As can be seen from (1) the insulator length choosen will
have a direct effect on the required/needed air clearances. A
15 cm shorter insulator, will result in a 15 cm shorter required
clearance and therefore 30 cm total distance will be gained.
For new lines this is within the building uncertainty, but when
voltage upgrading this will be the difference between feasible
or not feasible.
1 K g _ ff _ is
Del = ⋅ d is (1)
K a K g _ ff
1 ⎛⎜ 1080⋅K a ⋅K z _ sf ⋅K g _ sf ⎞
K cs ⋅U e 2% _ sf
Del = ⋅ e − 1⎟ (2)
0,46 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ ⎠
1 ⎛⎜ 750⋅ 3⋅K a ⋅K z _ pf ⋅K g _ pf ⎞
⋅U s
D pp = ⋅ e − 1⎟ (3)
0,55 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ ⎠
VI. DETERMINATION OF AIR CLEARANCE IN THE TOWERS
One important task is to determine the actual air clearance
using a particular insulator configuration in each tower. At
Statnett this is done by using PLS CADD. A complete power
line model is made in PLS CADD using land and height
profiles, results from helicopter scans that are made,
photographs, detail tower drawings, string lengths etc. Studies
have been made towards the uncertainty of PLS CADD and
the uncertainties between drawings and what is actually built.
First the tower model is made for the line as it is today.
Then the insulator strings is lengthened by 50 cm. For this
configuration an initial check is made to find ‘problem
towers’. After these ‘problem towers’ are identified, different
solutions are tried until the problem with the clearance has
been solved.
In Fig. 9 a tower and a part of the line are shown for the
three load conditions. A) is the still wind condition, b), the
three year return time wind condition and c) the 50 year return
time wind condition. In case of a tight tower, PLS CADD will
mark this with a line and the results can be obtained by a
reporting procedure in PLS CADD. It is however not so easy
to do this, since PLS CADD is not meant to be used for such
precision electrical engineering.
 4

even on the same line, is that lightning is a local phenomena.

Fig. 9: The determination of the distances for the three load cases using PLS
CADD.
Fig. 10 PLS CADD identifying the clearance problem. In this case for still
wind conditions. (the angle of the insulators is caused by the line having an
angle)
Statnett prefers to have the lightning flashovers over the
insulator and not to the guy wire. With shorter insulators, the
distance required to prevent flashover to the guy wire is
shorter as well. However, the lightning performance of the line
might change. The external clearance requirement is based on
the longest insulator and remains untouched.
The first solution chosen is studied closer by using LPE
that besides the accurate distances obtained from PLS CADD
in every tower is using, the real gap factors as found in the
study presented in the next chapters.
Let’s explain the procedure by an example. In Fig. 11 the
fault contribution of the different failure types and the
successful auto reclosing rate is presented for a line without
surge arresters. When the deviation from the selected insulator
length is zero (this means the standard length of insulator, e.g.
17 discs), 8% of the failures will be caused by ice flashovers,
35% of the failures will be caused by pollution flashovers and
57% of the failures will be caused by lightning flashovers. The
successful auto reclosing rate is 58%, which is unacceptable.

VII. INSULATION COORDINATION PROCEDURE

The procedure for determining which insulator length will
be used in a particular tower, which air clearance should be
used in the towers, whether or not surge arresters shall be
used, single phase or three phase switching, what an
acceptable level of outages is for icing outages, pollution Standard length
outages and lightning outages is very complicated. All
parameters will influence the other choices. Besides that a
very detailed and accurate engineering is necessary since the
margins available are small.
Quite often, a number of co-ordination procedures on the
same line are necessary to get everything on place. 1 insulator extra
Before starting, climatic loads, failure statistics and
lightning statistics are collected. This data is used to
‘calibrate’ LPE (Line Performance Estimator) and to be able
to calculate swing angles and future outage rates. Then a very
accurate model of the line is made in PLS CADD. In the first
model of the 420 kV line, the ‘standard’ solution of insulators
and insulator lengths is used. This is the lengthened glass
insulator string. The number of insulators used is depending Fig. 11 Failure contributions of the different failure types and the rate and
on the climatic conditions such as ice and pollution. Typically successful auto reclosing rate, with no surge arresters on the line
17 insulator discs are used. The required clearances for this
First of all, by lengthening the insulators, the total number
length of insulators are set, using the formulas (1,2 and 3).
of failures will be decreased. In this case from 2,5 to 1,5
Using these required clearances, problem towers are
failures per 100 km per year. From Fig. 11 it can be seen that
identified. Most of the problems will occur in still wind or
by lengthening the insulator string with one disc, the number
three year return time wind condition. For these towers, 16
of pollution and ice failures will decrease, while the failure
insulator discs might be used, using the required clearances for
contribution of lighting will increase (relatively). Lighting
16 insulators in still wind conditions and the same condition
failures are of short duration while outages because of ice and
for the three year return time wind condition.
pollution last longer, so this is positive. From the same figure
Most of the problems will be solved but in case some
it can be seen that lengthening the insulators have almost no
problems still exists, alternative solutions such as V-chains are
effect on the successful auto-reclosing rate. This problem can
considered. In some cases also smaller distances might be
be solved by placing surge arresters, as can be seen in Fig. 12.
accepted if the influence to the total line performance is not
significant.
The reason why the internal clearance requirements are
different for lightning impulses, with different insulator length

Fig. 12 Failure contributions of the different failure types and the rate and
successful auto reclosing rate, with two surge arresters
For voltage upgrading, however, it is not self-evident that
the failure rate decreases with increasing length of insulators.
This because the percentage of the failures caused by lightning
will increase caused by the longer insulator and this causes
decreased air distances. Here is where accurate gap-factors
play an important role.
It is not let to be unmentioned that due to the climatic
conditions of Statnett’s 300 kV network, longer insulators are
preferred compared to large airgaps inside towers.
VIII. THE IMPORTANCE OF GAP FACTORS
When voltage upgrading it turned out that the gap factor
will have a significant influence on the whole design
procedure, as mentioned in previous paragraphs.
In [2] it is discussed that compacting towers (or upgrading
towers) has a positive influence towards the real gap factors.
Since also the distances used in [1] where thought to be a
bit conservative and since Statnett didn’t want to take high
risk, a study was started to know the exact margins, or better
the right gap factors for the towers to be upgraded. First a
theoretical study was performed. This study showed that there
were margins in the gapfactor and therefore full scale tests
have been performed in 2010.
That gapfactors play an important role as can be seen in (1)
and (2). The required clearances are proportional to the
gapfactors. It was found that by using the correct gap factors,
the distances can be reduced between 10-20% (this is 20-
35 cm or two insulator discs). When taking into account that
the requirement for lightning impulses is around 3 meters and
for switching impulses around 2 meters, one can deduce
directly that this is the difference in 1 insulator disc more in
the string – meaning decreased number of faults caused by
pollution and ice or preventing mounting a V-chain
configuration in the middle phase.
5
IX. GAP FACTORS IN UPGRADED TOWERS, THEORETICAL STUDY
The air space inside the tower window may be seen as
multiple air gaps with a strike length d. The tower window can
mainly be divided into three air gaps: conductor-cross arm,
conductor-tower pole and conductor-guy wire.
Fig. 13 The different airgaps in the tower window and tower
When designing new transmission lines, it makes sense to
use one common gap factor, which would be the lowest one of
the three, for the whole air space within the tower window as a
conservative value. When it comes to voltage upgrading, the
air clearances within the tower is limited, making it interesting
to examine all relevant air gaps within the tower window to
get a more accurate description of the characteristics of the air
gap and hence the withstand strength.
The theoretical study performed by NTNU, showed that
previous performed tests (at STRI and at SINTEF) have
shown that the lightning performance of insulators is around
12% higher than the values obtained from the standard. The
Switching performance is about 5% better than the values
obtained from the standard.
Further it showed that when determining the gap factors
accurately compared to using the standard values given in [1],
the withstand strength of the air gap to the guy wire would be
7-8% better than the insulator strength, instead of being equal.
This gave enough evidence to make it interesting to
perform full scale tests. The reason to perform full scale test
and not scaled tests, is that the insulators and accessories are
difficult to scale down and besides that it might have influence
on the final results.
X. GAP FACTORS IN UPGRADED TOWERS, FULL SCALE TEST
The practical full scale tests have been performed at the
High Voltage Laboratory of the Graz University of
Technology [5]. Most of the problems in terms of insulation
coordination will occur at the centre phase of the steel tower.
Therefore, a full scale model of the centre phase of a relevant
tower has been designed and constructed in Graz (Fig. 14).
With this model it was possible to research specified distances
 6

between the centre phase to the tower and guy wires

A. Results for lightning impulse tests
respectively, which occur at relevant swing angles.
The test program contained experiments with lightning The results for the lightning impulse tests are presented in
impulse voltages and switching impulse voltages. Furthermore Table I to Table III. With these test results, the gap factors can
switching impulse voltage tests have been conducted as wet be calculated. They are presented in Table IV and in Table V.
test with artificial rain also. The tests have been performed for With these gap factors, the required distances can be
several gaps to get a trend of withstand behaviour. In case of calculated and as one can see, this results in a distance
lightning impulse voltage testing, the area of occurrence of requirement that is ca 25-30 cm smaller.
flashovers inside the tower window was of particular interest. If one looks back to the paragraph about the line
The tower window has been divided into 6 areas and the performance one can see that this possible increase in insulator
flashovers have been photographed to assign them to the length has an impact on the line performance and also on the
appropriate area. The U90%-voltage has been determined lightning performance. And in case of upgrading it can make
beforehand and remained constant for all lightning impulse the difference between being able to use an I-String or not.
TABLE I CORRECTED U50%-VALUES AND U90%
tests. Type of Shortest Corrected voltage value in [kV]
The main target of the tests with switching impulse voltage corona ring striking U50% U90%
was to determine the U50%-voltage for several specified gaps distance in [m]
respectively swing angles. Similar to the tests with lightning 1 2.73 1515.62 1574.73
2 2.60 1483.44 1541.30
impulse voltage, the area of flashover occurrence has been
determined visually and with photographs. TABLE II RESULTS - CORONA RING TYPE 1
Within the impulse voltage test series, two different types Shortest striking Percentage of flashover
distance in [m] Along Insulator In air gap
of corona ring have been evaluated (Fig. 15). The first type of
2.60 100 0
corona ring consists of one horizontal ring, the second type of 2.50 70 30
two vertical rings. The total length of the insulator (number of 2.44 20 80
cap-and-pin insulators) is depending on the type of corona 2.35 0 100
ring. TABLE III RESULTS - CORONA RING TYPE 2
Shortest striking distance Percentage of flashover
in [m] Along In air gap
Insulator
2.45 100 0
2.35 95 5
2.28 0 100

TABLE IV COMPARISON OF GAP FACTORS FOR INSULATOR

STRENGTH
Type of Gap factor: Gap factor: Gap factor:
Fig. 14 Full scale test model used in Graz: simulated displacement of insulator corona ring Test TU Graz Standarda, b Literaturec,d
due to wind (left); dielectric wet test (right 1 1.052 1.07 (1.12) 0.99 (1.08) c;
1.10 d
2 1.081 1.07 (1.12) 0.99 (1.08) c;
1.10 d
a. Standard EN 50341-Part 1 [1]
b. Standard IEC 60071-Part 2 [13]
c. see [14] d. see [4]

TABLE V COMPARISON OF GAP FACTORS FOR AIRGAP

Type of Interpolation Gap factor Gap factor
corona ring striking Test TU Standarda,b
distance in Graz
[m]
1 2.476 1.15 1.07
Fig. 15 Corona ring – Type I (left) and type II (right) 2 2.317 1.21 1.07
a. Standard EN 50341-Part 1 [1]
b. Standard IEC 60071-Part 2 [13]
XI. EVALUATION OF THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL
TABLE VI COMPARISON OF REQUIRED DISTANCES
RESULTS
Type of corona Required Distance Required distance
The test results and the results from the theoretical study, ring Test TU Graz Standarda,b
which are explained in detail in [5] and [4] can be summarized 1 2.51 2.74 (2.87)
2 2.45 2.74 2.87)
as follows. a. Standard EN 50341-Part 1 [1]
b. Standard IEC 60071-Part 2 [13]
 7

Table VII RESULTS OF BOTH CORONA RINGS (DRY TESTS) – insulator

strength
Type of Shortest Corrected voltage value in
corona ring striking [kV]
distance in [m] U50% U10%
1 2.73 1098.25 1012.59
2 2.60 1101.51 1015.59

TABLE VIII RESULTS OF BOTH CORONA RINGS (DRY TESTS) – AIRGAP

STRENGTH
Type of Shortest Corrected voltage value in
corona ring striking [kV]
distance in [m] U50% U10%
1 1.90 962.21 887.16
1 1.55 871.25 803.29
1 1.40 796.40 734.28
2 1.90 911.16 840.09

TABLE IX COMPARISON OF GAP FACTORS FOR INSULATOR

STRENGTH
Type of Shortest Gap factor Gap factor
corona ring striking Test TU Standarda,b
distance in Graz
[m]
1 2.73 1.26 1.25 (1.45)
2 2.60 1.31 1.25 (1.45)
a. Standard EN 50341-Part 1 [1]
b. Standard IEC 60071-Part 2 [13]
Fig. 16 Flashover from the conductor to the guy wire
TABLE X COMPARISON OF GAP FACTORS FOR THE AIR GAP
Type of Shortest Gap factor Gap factor
corona ring striking Test TU Standarda,b
distance in Graz
[m]
1 1.55 1.50 1.25
1 1.40 1.48 1.25
a. Standard EN 50341-Part 1 [1]
b. Standard IEC 60071-Part 2 [13]

XII. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

Fig. 17 Flashover over the insulator string
B. Results for switching impulse tests
The results for the switching impulse tests are presented in
Table VII and Table VIII. With these test results, the gap
factors can be calculated. They are presented in Table IX and
in Table X. With these gap factors, the required distances can
be calculated and for a required U50%-withstand voltage of
780,9 kV and can be reduced from 1,70 m to 1,36 m in case of
dry conditions.
A very thorough investigation has been performed towards
the best insulation coordination possible for upgraded lines
and is presented in detail in this paper. The different load
cases and air clearance requirements have been discussed as
well as the procedure to determine the actual clearances of the
line to be upgraded as well as the procedure used for the
insulation coordination. The full scale test results have shown
that the air gap distances can be reduced significantly without
meaning any extra risk for failure. With significant it is meant
that the air gap clearances to the guy wires can be reduced
from 1,9 or 1,7 m to 1,4 m for switching impulse and from
2,8 m to 2,5 m for lightning impulse. This means that either
longer insulator strings can be used, that reduce the failure
rate, or that use of different chain configurations are
prevented.
The results show that there is an enormous saving potential
when doing accurate insulation coordination, without
influencing the failure rate.
For a 100 km line it meant a saving of 650 k Euro. When
keeping in mind that Statnett has plans of upgrading 1500 km
duplex line, by keeping the same towers and increasing the
insulation, one can calculate very easily that this project was
worth the trouble.

XIII. ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors would gratefully acknowledge the
contributions of STRI – Igor Gutman, Jan Lundquist, Konrad
Kupisz and EFLA – Ragnhildur Jonsdottir for their work in
the described voltage upgrading effort.
XIV. REFERENCES
[1] EN 50341-1: ‘Overhead Electrical Lines exceeding 45 kV part 1:
General requirements – common specifications’ October 2001
[2] M. Kvarngren: ‘Screening of sharp points in compact transmission
towers’ TRITA-EEA-9706 ISSN 1100-1593
[3] A.T. Olsen: ‘Voltage Upgrading of Overhead Lines’ Pre study Master
thesis Dec 18. 2009 NTNU dept of electric power engineering
[4] A.T. Olsen: ‘Voltage Upgrading of Overhead Lines’ Master thesis June
11. 2010 NTNU dept of electric power engineering
[5] M. Hinteregger et al.: ‘Voltage withstand tests on a full-scale overhead
tower model for line upgrading’, EIC 2011, Annapolis; to be published
[6] Sonja Berlijn et al., ‘Optimizing the electrical clearances in towers
voltage upgraded from 300 kV to 420 kV’, NORD-IS 2011, Tampere,
Finland; to be published
[7] I Gutman, A. Dernfalk, K. Halsan, S. Berlijn, L Carlshem, M. Uehara, J.
Seifert: ‘Flashover performance of line composite insulators with
different profiles intended for ice & snow environment’ , IWAIS 2009
[8] S.M. Berlijn, I. Gutman, K.Å. Halsan, M. Eilertsten, I.Y.H. Gu: ‘
Laboratory Tests and Web Based Surveillance to determine the Ice- and
Snow Performance of Insulators’ IEEE DEIS 2007
[9] I. Gutman, J. Lundquist, K. Halsan, L. Wallin, E. Solomonik, W.
Vosloo: “Line Performance Estimator Software: Calculations of
Lightning, Pollution and Ice Failure Rates Compared with Service
Records”, in Proc. of CIGRE Session 2006, B2-205
[10] Andreas Dernfalk ‘Effect on the pollution performance of an upgraded
OHL when reducing the insulator length in the middle phase. STRI
report R10-698, 2010
[11] Jan Lundquist ‘Calculated overvoltages at line energization’ and
Calculation of witching overvoltages STRI UTM09-327 and STRI
report R04-202, 2009 and 2004
[12] I. Gutman, A. Dernfalk, “Pollution flashover performance curve for NTP
33048 50 insulator”, STRI Technical Message, UTM09-332, 2009
[13] Standard IEC 60071 ‘Insulation coordination’ part 2 ‘application guide,
p.195, June 1996
[14] A.R. Hileman, Insulation Coordination for Power Systems, New York:
Dekker, 1999, p. 167.
XV. BIOGRAPHIES
Sonja BERLIJN received her M.Sc. degree from the
TUE, Eindhoven, the Netherlands in 1994, and her PhD
degree from TUG, Graz, Austria, in 2000. She has been
working at the High Voltage Laboratory of KEMA; the
Netherlands, and at STRI in Sweden. Since 2008 she is
working at the overhead line department at Statnett and
she is responsible for a number of R&D activities. From
1993-2008 she was a member of CIGRE WG D1.33
¨High Voltage Testing and Measuring Techniques¨.
Since 2009 she is a member of TC 11 High voltage
power lines. In 1998 she got a Working Group
Recognition Award from PES IEEE and in 1999 she got
the prize paper award from ISH 99/Hydro-Quebec.
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8
Anders OLSEN received his Master of Science in
Electrical Power Engineering from the Norwegian
University of Science and Technology in Trondheim in
2010. During spring 2110 he wrote a thesis on voltage
upgrading. Since June 2010 he has been working at the
overhead line department at Statnett, mainly on voltage
upgrading projects.
Kjell HALSAN received his Master of Science in
Electrical Power Engineering from the Norwegian
University of Science and Technology in Trondheim in
1987. Involved in electrical engineering of transmission
lines in Statnett since 1988. Active in various research
projects on electrical components for transmission lines
and development of engineering tools for design of
transmission lines. He has been manager for section of
electro-mechanical design of transmission lines since
year 2000. He is active in CIGRE and is Norwegian
National member of SC B2-Transmission Lines
Magne RUNDE was born in Skien, Norway, in 1958.
He received a MSc degree in physics and a PhD degree
in electrical power engineering from the Norwegian
University of Science and Technology (NTNU) in
Trondheim, Norway in 1984 and 1987, respectively. He
has been with SINTEF Energy Research in Trondheim,
Norway since 1988. From 1996 on he is a professor in
high-voltage technology at NTNU. He fields of interest
include circuit-breakers and switchgear, electrical
contacts, power cables, diagnostic testing of power
apparatus, and power applications of superconductors.
Michael HINTEREGGER is currently pursuing his
Dipl.-Ing. degree in electrical engineering at Graz
University of Technology. Since March 2009 he is also
with the Test Institution of High Voltage Engineering
Graz Ltd. and responsible for insulation coordination
and transient simulation studies.
Thomas JUDENDORFER received the Dipl.-Ing.
degree from Graz University of Technology, Austria in
2007. Since 2008 he is working as research assistant at
the Institute of High Voltage Engineering and System
Management at Graz University of Technology. His
major fields of research include insulation coordination,
insulation systems and high voltage overhead lines.
Furthermore he is pursuing his PhD in the field of oil-
cellulose insulation systems for HVDC applications.
Michael MUHR is Professor and Vice Rector
Academics at the Graz University of Technology in
Austria. He is the Head of the Institute of High Voltage
Engineering and Managing Director of the Test
Institution of High Voltage Engineering Graz Ltd. He is
also a member in national and international societies as
ÖVE, ÖGE, DKE, IEEE, IEC and convener of 5
working groups in CIGRE. He is supporting
cooperation’s with institutes in several countries as well
as with national and international industry and utilities.