CALCULATION SHEET Document Ref: SX016a-EN-EU Sheet 1 of 8 CALCULATION SHEET Document Ref: SX016a-EN-EU Sheet 2 of 8

Title Example: Determination of loads on a building envelope Title Example: Determination of loads on a building envelope
Eurocode Ref EN 1991-1-3, EN 1991-1-4
Eurocode Ref EN 1991-1-3, EN 1991-1-4
Made by Matthias Oppe Date June 2005 Made by Matthias Oppe Date June 2005
Checked by Christian Müller Date June 2005 Checked by Christian Müller Date June 2005

1 Wind loads
Example: Determination of loads on a building
Basic values
envelope
This worked example explains the procedure of determination of loads
on a portal frame building. Two types of actions are considered: wind Determination of basic wind velocity: EN 1991-1-4
actions and snow actions. vb = cdir × cseason × vb,0 § 4.2
Where: vb basic wind velocity
cdir directional factor
cseason seasonal factor
vb,0 fundamental value of the basic wind velocity
α
0
Fundamental value of the basic wind velocity (see European windmap):
,0
7,30

7
5,988

vb,0 = 26 m/s (for Aachen - Germany)

0
,2
7 Terrain category II ⇒ z0 = 0,05 m EN 1991-1-4
30,00 [m]

z > zmin § 4.3.2

Basic data Table 4.1

• Total length : b = 72,00 m ⇒ vb = cdir × cseason × vb,0 = 26 m/s

For simplification the directional factor cdir and the seasonal factor cseason
• Spacing: s = 7,20 m are in general equal to 1,0.
• Bay width : d = 30,00 m Basic velocity pressure
• Height (max): h = 7,30 m 1 2
EN 1991-1-4
• Roof slope: α = 5,0° qb = 2 × ρair × vb § 4.5
where: ρair = 1,25 kg/m³ (air density) eq. 4.10
Height above ground:
1
h = 7,30 m ⇒ qb = 2 ×1,25 × 262 = 422,5 N/m²
α = 5°
Peak pressure
leads to:
2
1 EN 1991-1-4
h´ = 7,30 – 15 tan 5° = 5,988 m
qp (z) = [1 + 7lv (z)]× 2 × ρ × vm (z) § 4.5, eq. 4.8
Calculation of vm(z)
vm(z) mean wind velocity
vm(z) = cr(z) × co(z) × vb
Where: k I is the turbulence factor recommended value for kI is 1,0
a) vertical walls

for h = 7,30 = 0,24 ≤ 0,25

d 30,00

EN 1991-1-4
§ 7.2
Table 7.1

D: cpe = 0,7
E: cpe = - 0,3
 CALCULATION SHEET Document Ref: SX016a-EN-EU Sheet 5 of 8 CALCULATION SHEET Document Ref: SX016a-EN-EU Sheet 6 of 8
Title Example: Determination of loads on a building envelope Title Example: Determination of loads on a building envelope
Eurocode Ref EN 1991-1-3, EN 1991-1-4 Eurocode Ref EN 1991-1-3, EN 1991-1-4

Made by Matthias Oppe Date June 2005 Made by Matthias Oppe Date June 2005
Checked by Christian Müller Date June 2005 Checked by Christian Müller Date June 2005

b) duopitch roofs EN 1991-1-4 The internal pressure coefficient depends on the size and distribution of
§ 7.2 the openings in the building envelope.
with α = 5,0°,
Table 7.4a Within this example it is not possible to estimate the permeability and
θ = 0° (wind direction) EN 1991-1-
opening ratio of the building. So cpi should be taken as the more onerous of +
e = min (b; 2h) 4 § 7.2.9 (6)
0,2 and – 0,3. In this case cpi is unfavorable when cpi is taken to + 0,2. Note 2
= min (72,00; 14,60)
= 14,60 m
Wind loads
1) upwind face The wind loadings per unit length w (in kN/m) for an internal frame
G: cpe = - 1,2 2) downwind face are calculated using the influence width (spacing) s = 7,20 m:
H: cpe = - 0,6 w = (cpe + cpi) × qp × s
I: cpe = - 0,6 Internal and external pressures are considered to act at the same time. The EN 1991-1-
J: cpe = 0,2 / - 0,6 worst combination of external and internal pressures are to be considered
4 § 7.2.9
for every combination of possible openings and other leakage paths.
⇒ cpe = - 0,6
(see Table 7.4a , Note 1) Characteristic values for wind loading in [kN/m] for an internal frame:
- zones D, E, G, H, I and J
G: w = 9,18 H: w = 5,25 J: w = 5,25 I: w = 5,25

7,30
D: w = 4,59 E: w = 3,28

External pressure coefficients cpe (for zone D, E, G, H, I and J): e/10 = 1,46 1,46
G: cpe = -1,2 H: cpe = -0,6 J: cpe = -0,6 I: cpe = -0,6

D: cpe = 0,7 E: cpe = -0,3

[m]
30,00

Internal pressure coefficient EN 1991-1-4

The wind pressure acting on the internal surfaces of a structure, wi should §5.2 eq.5.2
be obtained from the following expression
wi = qp(zi) × cpi
where: zi is the reference height for the internal pressure
cpi is the pressure coefficient for the internal pressure
 CALCULATION SHEET Document Ref: SX016a-EN-EU Sheet 8 of 8
CALCULATION SHEET Document Ref: SX016a-EN-EU Sheet 7 of 8
Title Example: Determination of loads on a building envelope Title Example: Determination of loads on a building envelope
Eurocode Ref EN 1991-1-3, EN 1991-1-4
Eurocode Ref EN 1991-1-3, EN 1991-1-4
Made by Matthias Oppe Date June 2005 Made by Matthias Oppe Date June 2005
Checked by Christian Müller Date June 2005 Checked by Christian Müller Date June 2005

2 Snow loads
Snow load on the roof
General s = 0,8 × 1,0 × 1,0 × 0,772 = 0,618 kN/m²
Snow loads on the roof should be determined as follows: EN 1991-1-3 spacing = 7,20 m
s = μi × ce × cz × sk for an internal frame:
§5.2.2 eq.5.1
where: μi is the roof shape coefficient s = 0,618 × 7,20 = 4,45 kN/m
ce is the exposure coefficient, usually taken as 1,0 s = 4,45 kN/m
ct is the thermal coefficient, set to 1,0 for normal situations
sk is the characteristic value of ground snow load for the
relevant altitude α
Roof shape coefficient

7,30
Shape coefficients are needed for an adjustment of the ground snow load to a
snow load on the roof taking into account effects caused by non-drifted and
drifted snow load arrangements. EN 1991-1-3
The roof shape coefficient depends on the roof angle. 30,00 [m]
§5.3
0°≤α ≤30° ⇒ μ1 = 0,8 Table 5.1
Snow load on the ground

The characteristic value depends on the climatic region.

For a site in Aachen (Germany) the following expression is relevant:
2
A EN 1991-1-3
sk = (0,264 × 2 − 0,002)× 1 + kN/m² Annex C
256
Table C1
Where: z is the zone number (depending on the snow load on sea
level), here: z = 2
A is the altitude above sea level, here A = 175 m
2
175
sk = (0,264 × 2 − 0,002)× 1 + = 0,772 kN/m²
256