Experiment No.

: 02
Name of the Experiment: Study & Observation of Tensile Test of a Mild
Steel Specimen.

Objectives:
1. To observe a mild steel specimen till failure under load
2. To determine the tensile properties
a. Proportional limit
b. Elastic limit
c. Yield point
d. Ultimate strength
e. Rupture strength
f. Modulus of elasticity
3. To determine the percent (%)s of elongation.
4. To draw stress-strain diagram.

Theory :
When a specimen is subjected to the action of a force, it is deformed no matter
how small the force is. If the specimen is elongated due to the application of the
force, the specimen is said to be in tension and the force may be termed as
tensile force.

Stress: Stress is the internal resistance offered by the body to the external load
applied to it per unit cross sectional area. As we know that in mechanics of
deformable solids, externally applied forces acts on a body and body suffers a
deformation.

Mathematically stress is written as ζ = P/A

Where,

ζ = Stress

P = Applied load.

A = Cross sectional area.

Strain: Strain is the deformation of a material from stress. It is simply a ratio of the
change in length to the original length. Deformations that are applied
perpendicular to the cross section are normal strains, while deformations applied
parallel to the cross section are shear strains. It is denoted by ε.
Mathematically strain is written as Ɛ = δ / L

Where,

δ = Elongation strain

L = Initial length

Stress – Strain Diagram:

In engineering and materials science, a stress–strain curve for a material gives

the relationship between stress and strain. It is obtained by gradually applying
load to a test coupon and measuring the deformation, from which the stress and
strain can be determined. An example of a stress strain curve is given below:

Fig 2.1: Typical Stress - Strain diagram for mild steel

The stress strain graph has different points as follows:

 Elastic limit
 Proportional limit
 Yield point
 Ultimate strength
 Fracture point
Proportional Limit:
The proportional limit is the maximum stress that a dental material sustains
without any deviation, or the magnitude of elastic stress above which
plastic deformation occurs. So, the proportional limit is defined as the
highest stress at which the stress-strain curve is a straight line.

Elastic Limit:

Elastic limit, maximum stress or force per unit area within a solid material that
can arise before the onset of permanent deformation. When stresses up to the
elastic limit are removed, the material resumes its original size and shape.
Stresses beyond the elastic limit cause a material to yield or flow.

Yield point:

The yield point, alternatively called the elastic limit, marks the end of elastic
behavior and the beginning of plastic behavior. When stresses less than the
yield point are removed, the material returns to its original shape.

Ultimate Strength:

The ultimate strength is the maximum amount of stress that a material can
withstand while being stretched or pulled. The breaking strength refers to the
point on the stress-strain curve where the material can no longer withstand the
stress of the tension and it breaks.

Fracture Point:

The fracture point is the point of strain where the material physically separates.
At this point, the strain reaches its maximum value and the material actually
fractures, even though the corresponding stress may be less than the ultimate
strength at this point .

Rupture strength:
The stress at failure is called the rupture strength.

Modulus of elasticity:

The quantity E, i.e. the ratio of the unit stress to the unit strain, is the

modulus of elasticity of the material in tension, as it is often called, Young’s

modulus. E has the same units as that stress.

%of elongation = (L f – L i/ L i) × 100 %

where,

Li = Initial length of the specimen

Lf = Final length of the specimen

Apparatus:
1. Universal Testing Machine (UTM)
2. Extensometer
3. Slide Calipers
4. Scale
5. Mild Steel Sample

Working Procedure:

1. At first we measured the length and diameter of the mild steel by steel
rule and slide calipers respectively.
2. Then the dial gauge was gripped in the load unit od UTM of tensile
test.
3. The dial gauge was set with a magnetic stand by keeping its pointer
to zero. The load was started to give control unit.
4. We took the deflection for every load. When the specimen was close
to break the final dimension and diameter of breaking area was
measured.
5. Finally, modulus of elasticity was calculated with necessary data. The
percentage of elongation was also determined with initial and final
length

Data:
Initial diameter of the specimen D i = 7.25 mm
Final diameter of the specimen D f = 4.5 mm

Initial length of the specimen, L i = 255 mm

Final length of the specimen, L f = 309.25 mm
Initial Area, A i = 41.28 mm2

Table:
 Graph:
600000 Chart Title

500000

400000

300000

200000

100000

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33
Calculations: (From Data Table)
1. We know that,

Modulus of elasticity, E= ζ / Ɛ

From stress – strain curve the stress and strain at proportional limit,
ζ = 2.79× 108 N/m2

Ɛ = 1.9607× 10-3

E = (2.79× 108 N/m2) ÷ (1.9607× 10-3)

= 1.42296 × 1011 Pa

= 142.296 GPa

Result :
Modulus of Elasticity, E=142.296 GPa