ljifo ;"rL

qm=;+= ljifo k]h g+=

kl/R5]b – !
! afv|fkfngsf] kl/ro !
!=! afv|fkfngsf] dxTj !
!=@ afv|fsf] jlu{s/0f @
!=# g]kfndf afv|fkfngsf] l:ylt #
!=$ g]kfndf ef}uf]lns tyf ljsf; If]qdf afv|fsf] ;+Vof $
kl/R5]b – @
@= g]kfndf kflnPsf afv|fsf hftx?
@=! :yfgLo hftsf afv|fx? %
-s_ t/fO{ afv|f %
-v_ vl/÷cf}+n] afv|f ^
-u_ l;Gxfn &
-3_ Rofª\u|f &
@=@ g]kfndf kflng] ljb]zL hftsf afv|fx? *
-s_ hd'gfkf/L *
-v_ af/a/L (
-u_ ;fgg !)
-3_ lj6n !)
-ª_ af]o/ afv|f !!
@=# g]kfndf kflng] j0f{z+s/ hftsf afv|fx? !@
! hd'gfkf/L qm; -v/L x hd'gfkf/L_ !@
@= af/j/L qm; - v/L x af/a/L_ !@
kl/R5]b – #
#= afv|fdf k|hgg\ Joj:yfkg !#
#=! afv|fsf] k|hgg\df l;hgsf] k|efj
(Seasonal effect on Mating) !#
#=@ af]sf nufpg] !#
#=# afv|fn] af]sf vf]h]sf] d'Vo nIf0fx? !$
#=$ xf8gftdf x'g] k|hgg\ k|0ffnL / o;af6 cfpg] ;d:ofx? !$
#=% afv|fdf a+z ;'wf/ ug]{ tl/sfx? !%

2
 -s_ 5gf}6 k|hgg\ k|0ffnL !%
-v_ j0f{z+s/ -qm; la|l8Ë_ !^
-u_ hftLo k|lt:yfkgf -gofF hft NofP/ kfNg]_ !&
#=^ k|hgg\sf] nflu af]sf afv|fsf] 5gf}6 !*
kl/R5]b – $
$ afv|fsf] vf]/ Joj:yfkg !(
$=! afv|fsf] vf]/ agfpFbf Wofg lbg' kg]{ s'/fx? !(
$=@ vf]/sf] lsl;d @$
kl/R5]b – %
% pd]/ / cj:yf cg';f/ afv|fx?sf] Joj:yfkg @&
%=! ule{0fL afv|fsf] x]/rfx @&
%=@ Aofpg] a]nfsf] dfpsf] x]/rfx @&
%=# AofPsf] dfpsf] x]/rfx @*
%=$ kf7fkf7L Joj:yfkg @*
kl/R5]b – ^
^ afv|fsf] cfxf/f Joj:yfkg @(
^=! afv+|fsf] nflu cfjZos kf}li6s tTjx? @(
^=@ pd]/ / zfl//Ls cj:yf cg';f/ afv|fsf] nflu
cfxf/f Joj:yfkg ##
^=# ljleGg zfl//Ls tf}n cg';f/ cfxf/fsf] Joj:yf #&
^=$ afv|fkfngsf nflu 3fF; tyf 8fn]3fF; #(
^=$=! afv|fkfngsf] nflu 8fn]3fF; $)
^=$=@ x]h/f] $*
^=$=# afv|fkfngsf nflu pko'Qm s]xL e'O{3f“;x? / ltgsf]
pTkfbg k|ljlw %)
^=$ afv|fsf] nflu jif{e/L xl/of] 3fF; pTkfbg %$
^=% afv|fsf] nflu x] pTkfbg %%
^=^ afv|fsf] nflu r/g Joj:yfkg %%
^=^=! ljiffn' 3fF;sf] klxrfg / afv|fdf 3fF;] ljifsf] pkrf/ %&
^=& afv|fsf] afgL Joxf]/f / Joj:yfkg %(
kl/R5]b – &
&= afv|fsf] :jf:Yo Joj:Yffkg ^)
&=! :j:y / c:j:y afv|fdf km/s ^)

3
 &=@ /f]usf] k|sf/ ^@
&=# /f]u nfUgfsf] sf/0fx? ^@
&=$ /f]u k|lt/f]ws Ifdtf ^#
&=% afv|fdf nfUg] k|d'v /f]ux? ^#
&=^ afv|fdf nfUg] k/hLljx? &!
&=& g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df afv|fdf nUg] d'Vo cfGtl/s k/lhljx?
/ logsf] /0fgLlts lgoGq0fsf tl/sf &$
kl/R5]b – *
*= afv|fkfngsf cGo Joj:yfkg *)
*=! tf}n lgsfNg] tl/sf *)
*=@ afv|fdf pd]/ kQf nufpg] tl/sf *!
*=# lrGx nufpg] *#
*=$ l;Ë x6fpg] *#
*=% v;L kfg]{ *#
*=^ s;/t *$
*=& v'/ sf6\g] *\$
*=* kf7fkf7L 5'6fpg] *%
*=( Jofj;flos afv|fkfngdf Joj:yfkg k|ljlwsf] cfjZostf
/ dxTj *%
kl/R5]b – (
( clen]v Joj:yfkg *&
-!_ k|fljlws /]s8{ *&
-@_ rfn' vr{;Fu ;DalGwt /]s8{x?sf] Joj:yfkg *&
-#_ k"+\FhLut vr{ *&
kl/R5]b – !)
( afv|fkfng kl/of]hgf ($
tflnsfx?
!)= tflnsf g++ – ! (&
!!= tflnsf g++ – @ (&
!@= tflnsf g++ – # (*
!#= tflnsf g+= – $ (*
!$= tflnsf g+= – % ((
!%= ;Gbe{ ;fdfu|L ((

4
 kl/R5]b !
afv|fkfngsf] kl/ro
s[lif k|0ffnLdf kz'kfngsf] 7"nf]] of]ubfg /x]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf] s'n s[lif u|fx:y
pTkfbgdf sl/a Ps ltxfO{ lx:;f kz'kfng If]qn] cf]u6]sf] 5 . kz'kfng Joj;fodf
afv|fkfng Ps cleGg Joj;fosf] ?kdf ;a} ef}uf]lns If]qsf s[ifsx?n] ckgfPsf] kfO{G5 .
o; Joj;fonfO{ lgjf{xd'vL cj:yfaf6 Joj;foLs/0f ub}{ pknAw ;fwg / >f]tsf] ;d'lrt
k|of]uaf6 pTkfbg Pj+ pTkfbsTj j[l4 u/L pTkfbg nfut sd ug'{ k|d'v r'gf}tLsf] ?kdf
/x]sf] 5 .
afv|fkfng Joj;fosf] k|d'v p2]Zo df;' pTkfbg ug'{ /x]tfklg pRr lxdfnL If]qdf
;fdfg 9'jfgLsf] lglDt ;d]t afv|fx?sf] k|of]u e}/x]sf] 5 . o; afx]s afv|fsf] 5fnf, /f}+
-klZdgf_ / x8\8Laf6 lgld{t ljleGg ;/;fdfgx/msf] pkof]u eO/x]sf]5 . afv|fsf] /f}+
-klZdgf_ d'VotM Rofª\u|fsf] ax'd'No ;fdfgsf] ?kdf lgof{tof]Uo j:t' /x]sf] 5 . afv|fsf]
b'wsf] pkef]u k|rngdf gePklg afnssf] lglDt k|efjsf/L x'g'sf ;fy} sdnlkQ /
Ifo/f]u h:tf /f]usf] pkrf/df ;d]t k|efjsf/L dflgPsf] xF'bf afv|fnfO{ Ps jx'p2]ZoLo Pj+
nf]slk|o hgfj/sf] ?kdf lnPsf] 5 . o; k|sf/ afv|fkfng Joj;foaf6 s[ifsx?sf] /f]huf/L
/ cfoj[l4df pNn]vgLo of]ubfg k'¥ofO/x]sf] 5 .
zx/Ls/0fsf] j[l4sf] ;fy} kz'hGo kbfy{sf] dfu a9L/x]sf] cj:yfdf dfusf]
cg'kftdf pTkfbg j[l4 ug'{ h?/L 5 . ljutsf] t'ngfdf xfnsf jif{x?df v;L afv|fsf]
pTkfbgdf j[l4 ePtfklg a9\bf] dfunfO{ k'lt{ ug{ l5d]sL /fi6«x?af6 v;L af]sf cfoft
eO{/x]sf] cj:yf 5 .
afv|fkfng Joj;fonfO{ Ps ;Ddflgt Joj;fosf] ?kdf ljsf;, lj:tf/ /
Joj;foLs/0f u/L cfoft k|lt:yfkg ug{ ;DalGwt ;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf] o; tkm{ Wofg hfg'
lgtfGt cfjZos 5 .
!=! afv|fkfngsf] dxTj
blIf0f tyf blIf0fk"j{ Plzofsf b]zx?df ufO{e}+;L / afv|fnfO{ cfly{s / ;fdflhs
b[li6sf]0fjf6 a9L dxTj lbPsf] b]lvG5 eg] dWok"jL{ Plzofsf b]zx?df e]8fafv|f / o"/f]kdf
ufO{nfO{ a9L dxTj lbPsf] kfOG5 . ljZjdf ljleGg lsl;dsf kz'x?sf] dxTj xfjfkfgL,
prfO{, jg:klt, wd{ / ;fdflhs l/lt l/jfh, dflg;x?sf] ?lr tyf cfjZostf, cfly{s

5
pkfb]otf / /fli6«o cGt//fli6«o ahf/sf] dfudf cfwfl/t ePsf] b]lvG5 . lg/Gt/ j[4L
eO/x]sf] hg;+Vof, hUufsf] ;Lldttf, v]ltkftL tyf kz'kfngsf] rfkn] ubf{ b]zdf b"w,
k'mn / df;' pTkfbgdf j[l4 u/fpg cfw'lgs kz'kfng k|ljlw ckgfO{ :yfgLo j:t'sf]
pTkfbg Ifdtf j[l4 ug'{k/]sf] 5 eg] csf]{tkm{ sd pTkfbg lbg] j:t'x?sf] ;+Vof 36fpg'
k/]sf] 5 .
afv|fkfngsf] dxTjnfO{ tn pNn]lvt a'Fbfx?df ;di6Lut ug{ ;lsG5 M
 afv|faf6 df;'sf] cnfjf b"w, 5fnf, /f}+ -klZdgf_ / dn cflb k|fKt x'g] / b]zsf] pRr
kxf8L Pj+ lxdfnL If]qdf 9'jfgL ug{ ;d]t k|of]u x'g] x'Fbf of] Ps ax'pkof]uL,
ax'p2]ZoLo 3/kfn'jf hgfj/ dfGg ;lsG5 .
 ;fwf/0ftof ufO{ e}+;L kfNg g;Sg] s[ifs kl/jf/n] klg Ps b'O{j6f afv|f ;lhn} kfNg
;Sg] x'Fbf o;nfO{ æu/Ljx?sf] ufO{Æ / ul/asf] a}+ssf] ?kdf klg lng ;lsG5 .
 Pp6f ufO{ e}+;Lsf] lgjf{xsf] nflu rflxg] cfxf/faf6 % j6f afv|f /fd|/L kfNg ;lsG5 .
 o;sf] cnfjf afv|fsf] df;' k|foM ;a} hfthfltdf u|fXo / nf]slk|o ePsf]n] o;sf] dfu
/ d"No lg/Gt/ a9\bf]qmddf 5 .
 afv|fsf] df;'df &^=* k|ltzt kfgL, @=^ k|ltzt af];f], !(=^ k|ltzt k|f]l6g / !
k|ltzt vlgh kbfy{ kfpg ;lsg] / af];f]sf] dfqf t'ngfTds ?kdf sd / k|f]l6g a9L
x'g] ePsf] / o;sf] b"wdf Tuberculibacillus eGg] ;'Id hLjf0f' k|foM b'n{e x'g] x'Fbf
:jf:Yosf] nflu nfebfos dflgG5 .
 afv|fsf] b"waf6 lgld{t lrh -Cheese_ sf] dfu a9\b} uPsf] kl/k|]Ifdf b"w pTkfbgsf]
nflu ;d]t afv|fkfng ug{ ;lsG5 .
 afv|fkfngaf6 pTkfbg x'g] 5fnf / /f}+ -klZdgf_ Ps pk–pTkfbg dfq geO{ j}b]lzs
d'b|f cfh{gsf] cfsif{s >f]t ;d]t x'g ;Sg] cj:yf ljBdfg 5 .
 g]kfndf dgfOg] ljleGg rf8kj{, k'hf, ;fdflhs l/ltlyltdf af]sf÷v;L, kf7fkf7Lsf]
ljz]if dxTj 5 .
 kxf8L If]qdf e]8f;Fu} kflng] afv|fn] v]t dNg, e]8fsf] ayfgnfO{ af6f] b]vfpg] / lxF;|s
hGt'jf6 hf]ufpg ljz]if ;xof]u u5{ .
 afv|f ;fgf] hgfj/ ePsf]n] o;nfO{ kfNg w]/} k"+hL tyf hldgsf] cfjZostf gkg]{ /
ufpF3/df dlxnf, s]6fs]6L Pj+ j[4x?n] ;d]t ;lhn} :ofxf/ ;';f/ ug{;Sg] x'Fbf lgDg
ju{sf s[ifsx?sf] u/LaL Go"lgs/0f / kfl/jfl/s cfoj[l4df afv|fn] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf
lgjf{x ug{ ;Sb5 .
!=@ afv|fsf] jlu{s/0f

6
 ljZjdf k|rlnt 3/kfn'jf hgfj/ afv|fnfO{ ltgLx?sf] zf/Ll/s agf]6, pTklQ,
pkof]lutf tyf lhg;sf] cfwf/df lgDg adf]lhd jlu{s/0f ul/Psf] kfOG5

-s_ lhg;sf] cfwf/df

!= Sofk|f lx/s; (Capra hircus)
@= Sofk|f Oj]S; (Capra ibex)
#= Sofk|f ss]l;sf (Capra caucasica)
$= Sofk|f kf/]lgsf (Capra pyrenarica)
%= Sofk|f kmfNsf]g]/L (Capra falconeri)
-v_ pkfb]otfsf] cfwf/df
! z/L/sf] cfsf/ (Size) sf] cfwf/df
-s_ 7"nf] z/L/ ePsf] hft–hd'gfkf/L, ;fgg, 6f]u]gju{ cflb .
@ sfgsf] cfsf/ / nDjfO{sf] cfwf/df
-s_ nfdf] / v;]sf] sfg — hd'gfkf/L, lj6n, g'ljog cflb .
-v_ 5f]6f] / p7]sf] sfg – ;fgg, v/L, c+uf]/f cflb .
# pTklQsf] cfwf/df
-s_ o'/f]lkog hft – ;fgg, cNkfOg, 6f]u]gju{ .
-v_ cf]/LoG6n hft – g'ljog, cËf]/f
-u_ Plzog hft – Rofªu|f, hd'gfkf/L, JNofs a+ufn, v/L cflb .
-3_ clk|msg hft — jf]o/, jf/j]/L, ;f]dfnL cfbL .
-$_ pkof]lutfsf] cfwf/df
-s_ df;' pTkfbgsf] nflu – jf/j]/L, v/L, JNofs a+ufn, clk|msg jf]o/, dfp6fp,
cflb .
-v_ b"w pTkfbgsf] nflu – ;fgg, g'ljog, 8fdf:s;, cNkfOg cflb .
-u_ pmg jf /f}+ -klZdgf_ pTkfbgsf] nflu –Rofª\u|f, slZd/L ;f]leot 8fpg cflb .

!=# g]kfndf afv|fkfngsf] l:ylt

cf=j= @)^^÷^& sf] tYofÍ cg';f/ g]kfndf afv|fsf] s'n ;+Vof **$$!&@
(2008/09 MOAC) j6f /x]sf] 5 . o;}u/L afv|faf6 pTkflbt df;' $(*%! d]=6= /x]sf]
5 . of] g]kfndf pTkflbt s'n df;'sf] @) k|ltzt xf] .

7
!=@ g]kfndf ef}uf]lns tyf ljsf; If]qdf afv|fsf] ;+Vof
-cf=j= @)^^÷^&_
ljsf; If]q
ef}uf]lns
dWo ;"b'/ hDdf
If]q k''jf{Grn dWodfGrn klZrdfGrn
klZrdfGrn klZrdfGrn

lxdfn 373871 331098 31629 227195 190694 1154487

kxf* 959755 1099859 1136891 865016 416656 4478177
t/fO{ 997243 992650 558460 427933 235222 3211508
hDdf 2330869 2423607 1726980 1520144 842572 8844172

kz'k+IfL] ;+Vofsf]] cj:yf

cjlw cf};t k|ltjif{
kz'k+IfLsf] ;g\ 1999÷2000 ;g\ 2009/2010
-jif{_ a[l$÷sdL k|ltzt

ufO{ 7023166 7199260 10 0.2

e};L 3525952 4836984 10 3.2

e]8f 851913 801371 10 -0.6

Affv|f 6325144 8844172 10 3.4

a+u'/ 877681 1064858 10 2.0

s'v'/f
18619636 25760373 10 3.3
-)))df_

>f]t M s[lif tyf ;xsf/L dGqfno, s[lif Joj;fo k|j4{g tyf ty\ofËs dxfzfvf

8
 kl/R5]b @
g]kfndf kflnPsf afv|fsf hftx?
@=! :yfgLo hftsf jfv|fx?
g]kfndf d'Votof rf/ hftsf :yfgLo afv|fx? kfNg] u/]sf] kfO{G5 . oL rf/}
hftsf afv|fx? ef}uf]lns If]qsf cfwf/df juL{{s/0f ul/Psf] kfOG5 . t/fO{ If]qdf t/fO{
afv|f, tNnf] tyf dWo kxf8L If]qdf vl/, pRr kxf8L If]qdf l;Gxfn tyf pRr lxdfnL
If]qdf Rofª\u|f hftsf afv|fx? kfOG5g\ . lo :yflgo hftsf afv|fx? o; k|sf/ 5g\ .
s_ t/fO{ afv|f
g]kfnsf] t/fO{ If]qlt/ kfOg]] hftsf] afv|fnfO{ t/fO{ afv|f elgG5 . of] z'4 hftsf]
afv|f geP/ ef/tLo hftsf] afvf hd'gfkf/Lsf] u'0fx? h:t}M dfly p7]sf]] gfs, e'ml08Psf]
nfdf] sfg ePsf]n] o;nfO{ hd'gfkfl/sf] vRr8 klg elgG5, oBkL o;af/] cWoog
cg';Gwfg x'g' h?/L b]lvG5 . of] afv|f demf}nf cfsf/sf] / ljleGg /+usf] ePtf klg k|foM
v}/f] zl//df ;]tf] w;f]{ /x]sf] x'G5 . of] afv|f b"w tyf df;' b'j}sf] nflu pko'St dflgG5 .
o;sf] zfl//Ls tf}n sl/j !* b]lv #% lsnf]u|fd;Dd x'G5 . ;fnfvfnf !% dlxgfsf]
pd]/df klxnf] k6s Jofpg] / v/L tyf t/fO{ afv|fsf] k|hgg\ Ifdtfdf w]/} ;dfgtfx?
kfO{G5g\ . udL{ 7fpFdf kfOg]] hft ePsf]n] hf8f] tyf lr;f] 7fpFdf sd} kfO{G5 .

9
 t/fO{ afv|f

-v_ v/L ÷cf}+n] afv|f

dWokxfl8 k|b]zdf kfOg]] afv|fnfO{ kxfl8 jf vl/ afvf| eGg] ul/G5 . ljleGg &
/+usf v/L afv|fx?df sfnf] tyf v}/f] /+usf afv|fx? t'ngfTds ?kdf w]/} kfO{G5g\ . k|foM
v/L afv|fx/mdf dWod cfsf/sf k5f8L jf dfyLlt/ kms]{sf l;+u x'G5g\ . yf]/} afv|fx?
d'8'n] klg kfO{Psf 5g\ . vl/ afv|fsf] zfl//Ls tf}n ;fwf/0ftof !% b]lv @% lsnf]u|f;Dd
x'G5 eg] af]sfsf] zfl//Ls tf}n @% b]lv #% lsnf]u|fd;Dd x'G5 . of] hftsf] afv|f
;fnfvfnf !^ dlxgfsf] pd]/df klxnf] k6s Jofpg], ;fwf/0f cj:yfdf @ jif{df # k6s
Aofpg] / k|lt a]t @ jf @ eGbfa9L kf7fkf7L x'sf{pg ;Sg] Ifdtf ePsf] x'gfn] g]kfnsf]
clwsf+z e'–efudf of] afv|f nf]slk|o ePsf] kfO{G5 . o;sf] zl// ;fgf] / km'lt{nf] x'G5 . of]
hftsf] jfv|fnfO{ aw'jf jf r/fP/ kfNg ;lsG5 .
g]kfndf kfOg] :yfgLo hftsf afv|fx?dWo] ;+Vofsf] lx;fjn] ;a}eGbf a9L ePsf]
v/L afv|f kxf8L If]qdf k}mlnPsf] 5 . xfjf kfgL, /f]u k|lt/f]wfTds Ifdtf / cf};t j[l4b/
cflbsf] b[li6sf]0faf6 g]kfnsf] kxf8L / dWo]kxf8L If]qsf] nflu v/L afv|f pkof]uL dflgPsf]
5 . v/L afv|fsf ljz]iftfx/m o; k|sf/ 5g\ M
 :yfgLo xfjfkfgLdf /fd|f];Fu km:6fpg],
 b'O{ jif{sf] cjlwdf # k6s;Dd Jofpg ;Sg],
 /f]uJofwL sd nfUg], g]kfndf lelqPsf ljb]zLhftx? eGbf /f]u k|lt/f]wfTds Ifdtf
a9L x'g],
 ;fwf/0f vf]/df klg kfNg ;lsg],
 ;fdfGotof Pp6f afv|Ln] Ps k6sdf @ j6f kf7fkf7L kfpg] .
 le/kx/fdf uO{ rg{;Sg] / sfF8fs'8L a9L dg k/fpg],
 ;Gt'lnt cfxf/f -bfgf_ sf] Tolt cfjZostf gkg]{,
 kf7fkf7L d[To"'b/ sd x'g],
 df;' :jflbnf] / vFlbnf] x'g],

10
 v/L afv|f
-u_ l;Gxfn
pRr kxf8L If]qdf kfO{g] of] hftsf] afv|f a?jfn jf EofËn'ªhftsf] e]8fsf]
ayfgdf rg{ ?rfpg] x'G5 . l;Gxfn hftsf] afv|f cGo g]kfnL afv|fx? dWo] ;j}eGbf 7"nf]]
z/L/ ePsf] afv|f xf] . o;sf] 5f]6f]] 6fpsf], ;Lwf gfs, lr;f] ;xg ;Sg] Ifdtf ePsf] /
o;af6 s]xL dfqfdf klZdgf;d]t pTkfbg ug{ ;lsG5 . jo:s afv|fsf] zfl//Ls tf}n #)
b]lv #% lsnf]u|fd;Dd x'G5 . l;Gxfn afv|fx? s/La @ jif{sf] pd]/df klxnf] k6s Jofpg],
;fwf/0ftof jif{df Ps k6s Jofpg] / Pp6} kf7f jf kf7L dfq kfpg] ub{5 . yf]/} afv|fx?n]
dfq h'DNofxf kf7fkf7L kfpg] ub{5g\ .

l;Gxfn

-3_ Rofª\u|f
Rofª\u|f lxdfno kj{t >[+vnfsf] k5fl8kl§ ;'Vvf, a9L xfjf nfUg], lr;f] /
cw{e"ldh:tf] 7fpFdf kfOG5 . Rofª\u|fn] To; If]qdf kfOg]] tfNnf eGg] emf/df knfPsf] kft,
km"n, h/f / 3fF;x? vfP/ hLjg lgjf{x ub{5g\ . Rofª\u|f klZdgf / g/d vfnsf] Gofgf]
e'jf pTkfbgsf] nflu k|l;4 5 . Rofª\u|fsf] z/L/ jfSnf] nfdf] /f}+n] 9fs]sf] x'G5 . /f}+sf] lelq
efudf dl;gf klZdgf /x]sf] x'G5 . o;sf] ;fgf] t/ nfdf] 6fpsf], ;Lwf gfs, ;fF3'/f]] y't'gf]
/ sl;nf] z/L/ tyf a6fl/Psf] l;Ë x'G5 . tLJjtL tyf slZd/L Rofª\u|f 7"nf]] vfnsf] x'G5
eg] g]kfnsf] pQ/L e]sdf kfOg]] Rof+u|f ;fgf] vfnsf] x'G5 . logLx? cGbfhL b'O{ jif{sf]
pd]/df klxnf] k6s Jofpg], jif{df Ps k6s Jofpg] / clwsf+zn] Ps k6sdf Pp6f dfq
kf7fkf7L kfpg] ub{5g\ . jo:s Rof+u|faf6 jif{df %) b]lv @)) ufd ;Dd klZdgf pTkfbg

11
x'g] ub{5 . jo:s Rofª\u|fsf] tf}n @% b]lv #) lsnf]u|fd;Dd x'G5 . o;sf] cfkm\gf] zfl/l/s
tf}nsf] #) k|ltzt a/fa/ jhgsf] ef/L af]Sg ;Sg] Ifdtf x'G5 .

Rofª\u|f
:yfgLo afv|fsf] ljz]iftf
g]kfndf kfOg] afv|fx? dWo] vl/ afv|f sl/j %^ k|ltzt, l;Gxfn !^ k|ltzt,
Rofª\u|f ! k|ltzt / t/fO{ afv|f @& k|ltztsf] xf/fxf/Ldf /x]sf] kfOG5 . hft, ef}uf]lns
If]q, zfl//Ls agfj6sf] cfwf/df :yfgLo afv|fx?sf] l:ytL lgDgg';f/ /x]sf]5 .
qm= afv|fsf] zf/Ll/s tf}n -s]=hL=_ s}lkmot
kfOg] If]q
;+= hft afv|f af]sf
())) lkm6eGbf dflysf] klZdgf
! Rofª\u|f @& b]lv #) #%b]lv $)
prfO{ pTkfbg x'g]
&))) lkm6b]lv ())) /f}}+ pTkfbg
@ l;Gxfn #)b]lv $) $)b]lv $%
lkm6;Dd x'g]
# v/L !)))b]lv &))) lkm6;Dd @)b]lv #) #)b]lv $) –
t/fO{
$ @))b]lv !))) lkm6;Dd @)b]lv @% #)b]lv $) –
afv|f

@=@ g]kfndf kflng] ljb]zL hftsf jfv|fx?

-s_ hd'gfkf/L
ef/tdf kfOg]] ;j}eGbf 7"nf hftsf] hd'gfkf/L afv|f ef/tsf] rDjn gbLsf] aLr
efu x'Fb} g]kfnsf] t/fO{ If]qdf cfO{ k'u]sf] xf] . hd'gfkf/L afv|fsf] /+u Psgf;sf] x'Fb}+g t/
;fwf/0ftof ;]tf] /+u ePsf afv|fx?df slx+slx+ uf9f /+usf] lrGxx? x'g] ub{5 . of] hftsf]

12
afv|fsf] lhp 7"nf] tyf cUnf], nfdf] v'§f, gfssf] aLr efu p7]sf]] -;'ufgfs]_ / e'ml08Psf]
nfdf sfgx? k|d'v ljz]iftfx? x'g\ . o;n] Ps lbgdf @=@% b]lv @=& lsnf]u|fd;Dd b"w
lbG5 . o;sf] hftsf] afv|fsf] jhg #) b]lv ^) lsnf]u|fd;Dd x'G5 . o; hftsf] afv|fsf]
z/L/ 7"nf]] ePsf]n] df;' el/g w]/} ;do nfUb5 . hd'gfkf/L afv|fsf] klxnf] kN6 Jofpg]
pd]/ tyf Jofpg] cGt/ qmdzM cf}ift &&) lbg tyf $@* lbg pNn]v ePsf] kfO{G5 .

hd'gfkf/L afv|f

-v_ af/a/L
o; hftsf] afv|fsf] pTklQ k'jL{ ckm|Lsfsf] af/a/f eGg] zx/df ePsf] xf] .
ef/tsf] pQ/ k|b]zsf] ljleGg efu -cfu/f, dy'/f_ df of] hftsf] afv|f k|z:t kfOG5 .
o:sf] sfg 5f]6f] tyf 7f8f], z/L/ ;fgf], /Ë /ftf] / ;]tf] /Ësf] 6f6]kf6] lsl;dsf] x'G5 .
em§ x]bf{ d[u h:tf] b]lvg] af/a/L hftsf] afvf rg{ Tolt dg k/fpFb}g . vf]/leq} /fv]/
kfnLg] hft ePsf]n] of] hftsf] afv|f vf;u/L zx/L jf zx/sf] jl/k/Lsf] If]qdf kflnG5g\ .
of] hftsf] afv|fsf] ;/b/ zfl//Ls tf}n afv|Lsf] @& b]lv #^ / v;L af]sfsf] #@ b]lv $!
lsnf]u|fd;Dd x'g] u/]sf] kfOG5 . klxnf] kN6 Jofpg] cf}ift pd]/ tyf b'O{ j]t ljrsf]
cGt/ qmdzM %** lbg tyf @&$ lbg kfO{Psf] 5 .

13
 af/a/L afv|f
-u_ ;fgg\
b"w pTkfbgsf] nflu ljZj k|lz4 ;fgg hftsf] afv|fsf] hGd:yfg :jLh/Nof08sf]
;fgg pkTosf xf] . of] hftsf] afv|f ;]tf] lqmd /+usf] x'G5 . o;sf] cg'xf/ ;Lwf jf cln
y]lKrPsf] / sfgx? 7f8f] tyf cufl8lt/ t]l;{Psf] x'G5 . ljsl;t kmf+rf] ePsf]n] o;n]
k|ltlbg @ b]lv $ s]=hL=;Dd b"w lbG5 . b"wdf cf};t #=%% k|ltzt lrNnf] kbfy{ kfO{G5 .
;fwf/0ftof of] hftsf] afv|fsf] l;Fu x'Fb}+g t/ s'g}s'g}df x'g klg ;S5 . af]sfsf] zfl//Ls
tf}n cf};tdf (% lsnf]u|fd / afvL|sf] ^% lsnf]u|fd;Ddsf] x'g] u/]sf] 5 .

;fgg afv|f
-3_ lj6n (Bettle)
o; hftsf] afv|f ef/tsf] u'h/ft / /fh:yfgdf kfOg] hft xf] . of] afv|f x]bf{
hd'gfkf/L;Fu ldNbf]h'Nbf] x'G5 . of] afv|fdf ;fdfGotof sfnf] / v}/f] /Ëdf a9L kfOg], gfs
p7]sf], sfg rf}8f nfdf] / 3'ld|Psf], rf}8f demf}nf z/L/ h:tf rfl/lqs ljz]iftfx/m ePsf]
kfO{G5 . o; hftsf] afv|fsf] cf}ift prfO{ (! ;]=ld=-af]sf_ / && ;]=ld= -afv|L_ / cf};t
tf}n jo:s efn]sf] %( s]=hL= / jo:s kf]yLsf] #% s]=lh= x'G5 . b'O{ jif{df klxnf] kN6
Jofpg] / b'O{ j]t jLrsf] cGt/ cf}iftdf Ps jif{ kfO{Psf] 5 . ;/b/ b''O{ jif{df # k6s
Aofpg] / %) k|ltzt h'DNofxf kfpg] ub{5 . g]kfnsf] t/fO{ / efj/ If]qdf aFw'jf k|0ffnLdf
o;jf6 /fd|f] pTkfbg lng ;Sg]b]lvG5 .

lj6n af]sf

14
-ª_ af]o/ afv|f -Boer Goat_
of] hftsf] afv|f ;g\ !()) bzsdf blIf0f clk|msfdf ljsf; ul/Psf] xf] .
;g\ !(*) df ci6]«lnof / Go'lhNof08df of] hftsf] afv|f kflnof] / xfn cGo
b]zx?df qmd};Fu km}lnb} uPsf] 5 . ljut % jif{b]lv g]kfndf cu'jf s[ifsx?n] of]
afv|f kfng ug{ yfn]sf 5g\ . g]kfnsf] ljleGg ef}uf]lns If]qdf of] afv|f kfNg
cfjZos k|ljlw ljsf;sf nflu gfs{n] s[lif cg';Gwfg s]Gb| -afv|f_ jlGbk'/df @)^%
;fnb]lv lj:t[t cWoogsf] yfngL u/]sf] 5 . of] afv|fsf] ljz]iftf lgDg cg';f/sf]
5g\ .
 l56f] a9\g] -*)-() u|fd k|ltlbg_
 k|lt j]t b'O{ kf7fkf7fL kfpg]
 b'O{ jif{df # k6s Jofpg]
 jfnL hfg l;hgsf] k|efj sd kg]{ ePsf]n] afx} dlxgf kf7fkf7L
hGdfpg ;Sg]
 df;'df Cholesterol sf] dfqf sd ePsf] .

af]o/ afv|f

15
@=# g]kfndf kflng] j0f{z+s/ hftsf afv|fx?
!= hd'gfkf/L qm; -v/L X hd'gfkf/L_
z'4 :yflgo v/L hftsf] afv|fdf -k|ltj]t !=* kf7fkf7L x'sf{pg ;Sg]_ z'4
hd'gfkf/L af]sf nufP/ hGd]sf] %) % sf ;GtfgnfO{ -slDtdf % k':tf;Dd gftf gkg]{
u/L %) k|ltzt Ps cfk;df qm; u/fP/ ljsf; ul/Psf]_ hd'gfkf/L a0f{z+s/ afv|f eGg]
ul/Psf] 5 . of] hftsf] j0f{z+s/ afv|f kxf8L e]udf hd'gfkf/L eGbf /fd|f];Fu km:6fpg
;Sb5 . of] afv|fsf] Jofpg] cGt/ em08} v/L h:t} 5f]6f] -@*) lbg_ x'G5 . pd]/ k'u]sf
!)) qm; dfpn] k|ltj]t !$% j6f kf7fkf7L kfp+5g\ eg] hd'gfkf/Ln] !!% j6f -ef/tdf
!)) j6f dfq_ kfp+5g\ .
@= af/a/L qm; -v/L X af/a/L_
z'4 :yflgo v/L hftsf] afv|fdf -k|ltj]t !=* kf7fkf7L x'sf{pg ;Sg]_ z'4 af/a/L
af]sf nufP/ hGd]sf %) k|ltztsf ;GtfgnfO{ -slDtdf % k':tf;Dd gftf gkg]{ u/L %)
k|ltzt qm; nfO{g la|l8‹ ul/Psf]_ af/a/L j0f{z+s/ afv|f elgG5 .
af/a/L a0f{z+s/ hftsf afv|f vf;u/L g]kfnsf] klZrdL dWo kxf8 / u/d
pkTosfdf a'6jn b]lv klZrddf /fd|f];Fu km:6fpg] cg'ej ul/Psf] 5 . o:tf] j0f{z+s/
afv|f df;'sf nflu pkof]uL x'g] 5 .

16
 kl/R5]b #
afv|fdf k|hgg Joj:yfkg
afv|fkfngsf cfjZos Joj:yfkg kIfx? dWo] plrt k|hgg\ Joj:yfkg Ps k|d'v
kIf xf] . ;GttLsf] j+z ;'wf/df k|hgg Joj:yfkgsf] w]/} dxTj x'G5 . ;GttLx?df ;Dk'0f{
u'0fx? cfdf tyf j'jfaf6 cfwf cfwf ;g]{ x'G5g\ . To;/L cfPsf] cg'j+lzo u'0fx?;Fu} plrt
cfxf/f, :jf:Yo tyf cGo Joj:yfkg / jftfj/l0fo cg's'ntf af6 g} afv|fx?jf6 ck]lIft
pTkfbg tyf nfe lng ;lsG5 .
#=! afv|fsf] k|hgg\df l;hgsf] k|efj -Seasonal Effect on Mating_
afv|fsf] cfFvfdf kg]{ 3fdsf] k|sfzn] afv|f lx6df cfpg] -afv|fn] af]sf vf]Hg'_
s'/fdf k|efj kf5{ . /ft nfdf] x'g] ;dodf -;'o{sf] k|sfz sd cjlw;Dd nfUg]_ afv|fsf]
dl:tisf] kfO{gn u|GyLaf6 d]nf6f]lgg gfdsf] xdf]{g -/;_ pTkfbg x'G5 h;n] dl:tisf]
lk6'6/L u|GyLdf l;w} k|efj kf/L Ps lsl;dsf] Follicle Stimulating Hormone -FSH_
gfdsf] /; lgsfN5 / To;n] afv|fsf] kf7]3/df c08 :vng u/fp+5 . of] d]nf6f]lgg /;sf
k|efjn] ubf{ xfd|f] b]zdf kf}if df3df afv|fn] af]sf a9L ;+Vofdf vf]Hg'kg]{ t/ of] ;dodf
3fF+;kftsf] cefj x'g] ePsf]n] s'kf]if0fsf] c;/n] ubf{ afv|fn] af]sf sd vf]H5g\ . o:tf] x'g'
kf}if df3df a9L 708L eP/ klg x'g ;Sb5 . kf]if0f / 708Lsf] k|efjn] ubf{ afv|fsf] k|hgg\
;do cnL k/ ;/]/ r}q / a}zfvdf k'u]sf] 5, h'gj]nfdf 708Lsf] k|efj sd eO{/x]sf] x'G5
/ /ft klg Tolt 5f]6f] eO{;s]sf] x'Gg . tftf] / /fd|f] cfxf/fsf] Joj:yf ePsf g]kfnsf s]xL
efux/mdf kf}if / df3 dlxgfdf afv|fx?n] a9L ;+Vofdf af]sf vf]Hg] cg'ej ul/Psf] 5 .
pi0f k|b]zdf kfnLPsf afv|fn] jif}{e/L af]sf] vf]Hb5g\ hxf+ lbg /ftsf] nDjfO{df Tolt km/s
kb}{g .
#=@ af]sf nufpg] -Mating_
;fnfvfnf #) j6f afv|fdf afnL nufpg -k|hgg\ u/fpg_ Pp6f af]sf x'g' kb{5 .
af]sfnfO{ k|hgg\ sfo{sf] nflu k|of]u ug'{ eGbf Ps dlxgf klxnf b]lv /fd|f] cfxf/f -#))
u|fd k|lt af]sf k|lt lbg_ lbg'kb{5 . Jof8sf] af]sf w]/} b'Anf] jf w]/} df]6f] x'g' x'Fb}g . Ps jif{
b]lv 5 jif{;Dd pd]/ k'u]sf af]sf k|hgg\ sfo{df pkof]u ug'{k5{ . afv|fsf] hft x]/L !)
b]lv !% dlxgf pd]/ ePsf] afv|fnfO{ pd]/ k'u]sf] -Ps jif{ eGbf a9L pd]/ ePsf]_ cfk;L
gftf gkg]{ af]sf;Fu k|hgg\ u/fpg' kb{5 . o;/L k|hggsf] nflu k|of]u ul/g] af]sf k|To]s
!@ -!$ dlxgfdf km]bf{ xf8gftf k|hgg\af6 hf]ufpg ;lsG5 . af]sfx? slnnf] pd]/df -5
dlxgf eGbf sd_ afv|f nv]6\g yfNg] ePsf]n] k|hggsf] nflu k|of]udf NofO{g] af]sfnfO{

17
cnUu} g/fv]df cfkm\gf] gftf kg]{ afv|fdf afnL hfg ;Sb5 . k|hggsf] af]sf @ jf @ eGbf
a9L kf7fkf7L hGdfpg] dfpaf6 hGd]sf h'DNofxf dWo]af6 5gf}6 ug'{ kb{5 .
afv|Ln] af]sf vf]h]sf] ( b]lv #^ 306f leqdf af]sf nufpg ;lsG5 t/ !% 306f
b]lv @& 306f leqsf] ;dodf af]sf nufpg' ;a}eGbf /fd|f] x'G5 . af]sf nfu]sf] afv|fdf ue{
g/x]df k'g !* b]lv @! lbg leq Ct' rqm bf]xf]l/P/ af]sf vf]Hg] x'G5 . s'g} s'g} afv|Ln]
ueL{0fL cj:yfdf klg k6s k6s af]sf vf]hL /xg] eP klg of] cjlwdf af]sf nufpg'
x'Fb}g . k|hgg\sf] af]sf afv|fsf] jyfgaf6 ;w}+ cnu /fVg' kb{5 . af]sf afv|f Ps} 7fp+df
;w}+ /fv]df clgolGqt k|hgg\ x'gfsf] ;fy} af]sfn] afv|fnfO{ b'Mv lbG5 .
of}g c+u jf of}g ;DaGwL /f]u nfu]sf] af]sf of afv|+LnfO{ k|hggsf] nflu k|of]u ug'{
x'Fb}g . s'g} s'g} hftsf] afv|fn] af]sf vf]h]sf] aflx/L nIf0f gb]vfpg] klg x'G5 . To;sf/0f
k|To]s lbg s]xL a]/ af]sfnfO{ afv|L;Fu ayfgdf ld;fp+bf k|hgg ;DaGwL ;d:ofdf sdL
cfpF5 .
708L ofdsf] @ dlxgf -d+l;/ !% b]lv df3 !%;Dd_ / jiff{sf] ofddf Ps dlxgf -
>fj0f_ u/L jif{df # dlxgf kf7fkf7L ghGdg] u/L afv|fdf k|hgg u/fpg' kb{5 . o;f]
ugf{n] kf7fkf7Lsf] d[To'b/nfO{ sd u/fpg ;lsG5 .
#=# afv|fn] af]sf vf]h]sf] d'Vo nIf0fx?
o a]r}g x'g]
o k'R5/ xNnfpg]
o dg nufP/ bfgf 3fF; gvfg]
o cs:dft b"w pTkfbg 36\g]
o ;'t /ftf] x'g] / clncln ;'lGgg]
o af]sf afv|f cuf8L h] e]6] klg r9\g]
;fwf/0ftof JofPsf] %) b]lv ^% lbgkl5 afv|fn] km]/L af]sf vf]Hg yfNb5 . afv|f
JofPsf] @–# dlxgfsf] cjlwdf k'gM af]sf nufpFbf pko'Qm x'G5 / afv|f @ jif{df #
k6s;Dd Jofpg ;Sg] x'G5 .
#=$ xf8gftfdf x'g] k|hgg k|0ffnL / o;af6 cfpg] ;d:ofx?
xfd|f] b]zsf] u|fld0f If]qdf clwsf+z s[ifsn] Pp6} af]sfnfO{ a"9f]] geP;Dd afv|fdf
k|hgg\ u/fpg] u/]sf] pbfx/0fx? k|z:t} b]Vg kfOG5 . h;n] ubf{ pQm af]sfaf6 cfkm\g}
;Gtfgdf lg/Gt/ k|hgg\ x'ghfG5 . o; k|sf/sf] k|ToIf gft]bf/sf] ljrdf x'g] k|hgg
k|0ffnLnfO{ xf8gftf k|hgg\ elgG5 . o:tf] k|hgg k|0ffnLaf6 hGd]sf kf7fkf7Lx?sf]
pTkfbg Ifdtf a9\g'sf] ;§f qmlds ?kn] k':t}lkR5] 36\g] / a+zf0f'ut ljs[ltx/m klg Ps
k':tfaf6 csf]{ k':tfdf ;b}{ hfG5 . o; k|sf/sf] k|hgg k|0ffnL lgDg k|sf/sf a]kmfO{bfx?
5g\ M

18
 o afv|fsf] pTkfbg Ifdtfdf qmlds ?kn] Xf; cfpg' .
o kf7fkf7Lsf] d[To'b/ a9L x'g' .
o afv|fsf] /f]u k|lt/f]wfTds Ifdtfdf sdL x'+b} hfg' .
o klxnf] k6s Jofpg] pd]/ k':t}lkR5] a9\b} hfg' .
o /f]u Joflwn] a9L ;tfpg' .
o afv|Lsf] b"w pTkfbg Ifdtfdf sdL x'+b} hfgfn] kf7fkf7L Vofp6] / zfl/l/s j[l4 b/
sd x'g' cflb .
o;/L glhssf] gft]bf/;Fu k|hgg\ u/fp+bf afv|fkfng Joj;foaf6 ck]lIft
pknlJw xfl;n ug{ sl7g kg{ ;S5 . g]kfndf :yfgLo kz'j:t'sf] pTkfbg Ifdtf qmdzM
36\b} hfg'sf] d'Vo sf/0f klg o;}nfO{ dflgPsf] 5 . o; k|sf/sf] x|f;f]Gd'v k|hgg\
k|0ffnLaf6 pTkfbgd'vL k|hgg k|0ffnL ckgfpbf j+z ;'wf/ af/] hfgsf/L /fVg cfjZos
5.
#=% afv|fdf j+z ;'wf/ ug]{ tl/sfx?
afv|fsf] pTkfbg tyf pTkfbsTjdf ;''wf/ Nofpg k|hgg\ Joj:yfkgn] k|d'v e'ldsf
v]Nb5 . j+z ;'wf/ ug'{sf] d'Vo p2]Zo cfly{s ?kdf dxTjk'0f{ u'0fx? h:t} df;' pTkfbg,
b"w pTkfbg, klZdgf pTkfbg cflb u'0fx?df ;'wf/ Nofpg' xf] . k|hgg\ Joj:yfkgaf6
pTkfbsTjdf ;'wf/ Nofpg d'Vo ?kdf # tl/sfx? ckgfpg ;lsG5 .
-s_ 5gf}6 k|0ffnL ckgfO /fd|f] afv|fx? 5fGb} qmlds ?kdf pTkfbg Ifdtfdf ;'wf/
Nofpg] .
v_ sd pTkfbg Ifdtf ePsf afv|fdf pGgt gZnaf6 k|hgg\ u/fO qm; kf7fkf7L
pTkfbg ug]{ .
-u_ sd pTkfbsTj ePsf afv|fnfO{ pGgt afv|faf6 k|lt:yfkg ug]{ .
-s_ 5gf}6 k|hgg k|0ffnL
s'g} klg lhljt k|fl0fdf kfOg] ;Dk'0f{ u'0fx? o;sf] j'jf tyf cfdfjf6 cfwf-cfwf
?kdf k|fKt x'G5g\ . o; cy{df /fd|f] cfdf j'jfjf6 lg:s]sf ;Gtfg /fd|f] x'g] ub{5g\ . o;
l;4fGtsf] cfwf/df k|hgg\sf] nflu cfly{s dxTjsf u'0fx? -df;', b"w / kf7fkf7L pTkfbg_
/fd|f] ePsf jf]sf tyf afv|Lx? 5gf}6 u/L k|hgg\ u/fO{ lg:s]sf ;GttLdf lt cfly{s
dxTjsf u'0fx?df ;'wf/ Nofpg] k4ltg} 5gf]6 k|hgg\ k|0ffnL xf] .
5gf}6 sfo{nfO{ k|efjsf/L jgfpg ;aeGbf klxn] /fd|f] /]s8{ /fVg] Joj:yf ldnfpg'
kb{5 . pTkfbg Ifdtf j+zf0f'ut u'0fsf] ;fy} kfng kf]if0fsf] jftfj/0f / Joj:yfkgdf
;d]t e/ k5{ . zf/Ll/s j[låb/, b"w pTkfbg Ifdtf cflb h:tf u'0fx? ;GttLdf rFf8} /
w]/} ;'wf/ ug{ ;lsG5 eg] k|hgg\ ;DalGw u'0fx?sf] ;'wf/ l9nf] / yf]/} x'G5 .
5gf}6af6 x'g;Sg] ;'wf/ lgDg s'/fx?df e/ kb{5 .
 u'0fx?sf] ;Gtltdf ;g{ ;Sg] cg'kft

19
  afv|fx? aLrdf u'0fx?df /x]sf] km/s
 jyfgdf /x]sf ;Dk"0f{ af]sf afv|fx?sf] ;+Vof / 5gf]6 ug'{ kg]{ ;+Vof
5gf]6 ug]{ cfwf/x?
af]sf tyf jfv|fx?sf] j+z ;'wf/sf nflu 5gf}6 lgDg cfwf/df ug{ ;lsG5 .
s_ cfkm\g} Ifdtfsf] cfwf/df
v_ a'jf cfdf tyf ;DjlGwtx?sf] Ifdtfsf] cfwf/df
u_ ;Gtltsf] Ifdtfsf] cfwf/df
cfkm\g} Ifdtfsf] cfwf/df 5gf}6 ug{sf] nflu ayfgsf ;a} af]sf afv|fx?sf] /]s8{
l7s;Fu /fvL lt /]s8{ s]nfO{ x/]ssf] pTkfbg Ifdtf lgsfnL pRr pTkfbg Ifdtf ePsf
af]sf tyf afv|fx?nfO{ k|hgg\sf] nflu 5gf}6 ul/G5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu Pp6f ayfgdf
ePsf] % kf7fx?sf] ^ dlxgfsf] tf}n qmdzM !*, !&=%, !&, !^=% / !^ s]=hL 5 eg]
;a}eGbf a9L ^ dlxgfsf] tf}n ePsf] klxnf] pTkfbg Ifdtfsf] cfwf/df 5gf}6 ug'{ pko'Qm
x'g ;Sb5 .
pbfx/0fsf] nflu df;'sf] u'0f:t/df ;'wf/ Nofpgsf] nflu hgfj/ g} dfg'{kg]{ ePsf]
x'Fbf o:tf] cj:yfdf cfkm\g} Ifdtfsf] cfwf/df k|hgg\sf] nflu 5gf}6 ug{ ;lsb}g . To:t}
s'g} cj:yfdf ;DalGwt u'0f k|bz{g ug'{ eGbf klxn] g} To; afv|f af]sfnfO{ 5gf}6 ug'{kg]{
klg x'g ;Sb5 . o:tf] cj:yfx/mdf 5gf}6 ug{'kg]{ af]sf afv|fx?sf] a'jf cfdf tyf
;DalGwtx?sf] Ifdtfsf] cfwf/df 5gf}6 ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .
o;sf] ;fy} ;GttLsf] Ifdtfsf] cfwf/df klg 5gf}6 ug{ ;lsG5 . b"wsf] nflu
kflng] afv|fx?sf] ayfgdf b"w pTkfbg Ifdtfsf] nflu af]sfx/m 5gf}6 ug'{k/]df lt
af]sfx?af6 hlGdPsf kf7Lx/maf6 b"w pTkfbg ePkl5 cf};tdf h'g afv|fx/msf] ;d"x
-Pp6} af]sfaf6 hGd]sf_ af6 a9L b"w pTkfbg x'G5 . Tolx af]sfnfO{ k|hgg\sf] nflu 5gf}6
ul/G5 . o; sfo{sf] nflu 36Ldf $-% jif{ nfUb5 .
-v_ j0f{z+s/ -qm; la|8LË_
b'O{ leGg hft gZnsf afv|f af]sfjLr qm; u/fO kf7fkf7L pTkfbg ePkl5 To:tf
kf7fkf7LnfO{ j0f{z+s/ elgG5 . afv|fsf] hft g} 5'§} ePsf]n] gftf kg]{ cj:yf o; k|hgg
k|0ffnLdf x'Fb}+g . kf7fkf7L pTkfbg ug{ afv|fsf] jyfgdf csf]{ hftsf] af]sf nufP/ qm;
u/fpg] rng /x]sf] 5 . xfn g]kfndf hd'gfkf/L, aL6n, jf/j]/L / ;fgg hftsf pGgt
af]sfx? s'g} s'g} 7fpdf :yfgLo afv|f;Fu qm; u/fP/ kf7fkf7L pTkfbg ul/G5 .
/f]u k|lt/f]w Ifdtf a9L ePsf], h'DNofxf, ltDNofxf hGdfpg] u'0f ePsf], b'O{ j]tsf]
cGt/df w]/} km/s gePsf], sd;n cfxf/f Joj:yfkgdf klg /fd|f] pTkfbg lbg ;Sg] u'0f
ePsf] :yfgLo hftsf afv|fnfO{ pRr pTkfbg Ifdtf ePsf d"nsf afv|fx?;Fu k|hgg

20
u/fO{ ;du| pTkfbsTjdf j[l4 ug{ of] k|0ffnL ckgfO{G5 . of] k|0ffnL ckgfpbf Ps kIfLo
u'0fdfq gx]/L b'O{ kIfLo cfly{s dxTjsf u'0fx?dfly Wofg lbg' kg]{ x'G5 . j0f{z+s/
k|hgg\af6 hlGdPsf kf7fkf7Lx? pTkfbg Ifdtfsf lx;fan] a'jf cfdfsf] cf};t cyjf ;f]
eGbf klg /fd|f] x'g ;Sb5g\ .
pbfx/0fsf] nflu vl/ jfv|fsf] hGdb]lv ! jif{sf] pd]/;Dd cf};t b}lgs zf/Ll/s
j[l4b/ %) u|fd tyf hd'gfkf/L afv|fsf] !)) u|fd k|ltlbg 5 eg] oL b'O jfv|x?sf]
j0f{;+s/ kf7fkf7Lx?sf] cf};t b}lgs j[l4b/ &% u|fd cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 t/ oL
kf7fkf7Lx?sf] cf};t b}lgs j[l4b/ &% u|fd eGbf a9L klg x'g ;Sg] ;Defjgf x'G5 .
-u_ hftLo k|lt:yfkgf -gof“ hft NofP/ kfNg]_
o; ljlwdf gofF hftsf] afv|fn] k'/fgf] hftsf] afv|fnfO{ k|lt:yfkg ul/G5 . t/
Ps lsl;dsf] xfjfkfgLdf x's{g] hft csf]{ lsl;dsf] xfjfkfgLdf n}hf+bf k|lts'n df};dsf]
sf/0f gkm:6fpg] dfq xf]Og, gofF hftsf afv|fn] k'/fgf] of :yfgLo hftsf]nfO{ k|lt:yfkg
ubf{ lgs} vlr{nf] x'g] ePsfn] of] k|s[of xfd|f] h:tf] b]zsf] lglDt pko'Qm b]lvb+}g .
g]kfndf ePsf s]xL hftx?sf] pTkfbg / k|hgg\ ;DaGwL
ljj/0f tflnsf
hftx?
qm=
ljj/0f %)Ü %)Ü %)Ü
;+= vl/ jf/j]/L l;Gxfn Rofª\u|f
hd'gfkf/L jf/j]/L lssf]
! cf};t hGd tf}n- !=^! !=%& !=&( !=%! !=&^ !=&! !=^(
ls=u|f=_
kf7f !=^( !=^@ !=(& !=&! !=(! !=*@ !=&
kf7L !=%@ !=%# !=^! !=#@ !=^! !=^! !=^(
@ hGd k|sf/
Psn !=*@ @=)@ @=)# !=&^ !=(% @=@! –
h'DNofxf !=%% !=(# !=(( !=^( !=^( !=&% –
#= kf7fkf7Lsf] afFRg] ^@=#& &@=^@ &#=%) &#=%) %)=&# %^=(@ ^(
b/ -k|ltztdf_
$ kf7fkf7Lsf] x's{g] !=#( !=!# !=)* !=)& !=@( )=(% –
b/÷jfnL
% dfpaf6 5'6fpFbfsf] *=#^ *=*$ &=&$ &=^& &=)$ !)=## !)=^
tf}n (Weaning
weight)
^= ^ dlxgfdf tf}n (=&* !)=^# (=*@ (=* !! !!=@* !@=&^
s]=lh=
&= ( dlxgfdf tf}n !!=*@ !!=(% !)=@^ !!=& !@=^^ !#=)! !&=))
s]=lh=

21
 hftx?
qm=
ljj/0f %)Ü %)Ü %)Ü
;+= vl/ jf/j]/L l;Gxfn Rofª\u|f
hd'gfkf/L jf/j]/L lssf]
* ! jif{df tf}n s]=lh= !$=@ !$=* !@=%! !$=^@ !%=*! !$=@ @)=))

#=^ k|hggsf] nflu af]sf afv|fsf] 5gf}6

k|hgg\sf] nflu af]sf afv|fx? 5gf}6 ubf{ lgDg s'/fx?df Wofg lbg' kb{5 M
afv|f
 km'lt{nf], bfgfkfgL ?rfP/ vfg], 5fnf, /f}+ ;kmf / rlDsnf], pd]/ cg';f/ zfl/l/s
j[l4 ePsf :j:y afv|fx? dfq k|hggsf nflu 5gf}6 ug]{ .
 ;se/ h'DNofxf ?kdf hGd]sfx? dWo]af6 5gf}6 ug'{kb{5 . k|hgg\ ;GalGw tyf
cGo /f]u gePsf] x'g' kb{5 .
 b"wsf] nflu kflng] afv|fx?df b"w pTkfbg Ifdtf /fd|f] ePsf] tyf nfdf] v'§f, l5gf]
-Wedge_ cfsf/sf] zfl//Ls jgfj6 tyf sNrf}8f]sf] /fd|f] ljsf; ePsf] x'g'
kb{5 .
 zdl//Ls jgfj6df s'g} vf]6 x'g' x'Fb}g . df;'sf] nflu kflng] afv|fdf zfl//ls
j[l4b/ a9L ePsf] tyf cfoftsf/ zl//sf] -Rectangular Shape_ ePsf] x'g' kb{5 .
 a9L kf7fkf7L hGdfO{ x'sf{pg] Ifdtf ePsf] x'g'kb{5 .
 hGd tf}n ;fdfGotof @ s]=hL= eGbf a9L / ^ dlxgfsf] pd]/df !% s]=hL= eGbf
a9L zfl/l/s tf}n ePsf] afv|fx? 5gf}6 ug]{ .
 5gf}6 ug]{ afv|fn] :yflgo xfjfkfgL ;xg ;Sg] / :yflgo ?kdf pknAw 3fF;kft
pkof]u ug]{ vfnsf] x'g'kb{5 .
 !* dlxgfsf] pd]/df ;a}eGbf a9L zfl/l/s tf}n ePsf] afv|fsf] ;Gtfgx? 5gf}6
ug'{kb{5 .
af]sf
 5gf}6 ul/g] af]sfx?sf] hft cg';f/ hftLo u'0f k|i6 b]lvg] x'g'kb{5 .
 af]sfx? :jf:Yo, zfl//Ls j[l4 /fd|f] ePsf], jlnof] tyf cfsif{s zfl//Ls jgfj6sf]
x'g' kb{5 .
 af]sf s'g} klg k|hgg ;DalGw /f]u tyf cGo /f]ux/af6 d'Qm x'g' kb{5 .
 af]sfsf] 6fpsf] tyf ub{g zl//sf] cg''kftdf ldNbf] x'g'kb{5 .
 af]sf rf}8f 5ftL, l;wf tyf alnof] v'§f ePsf] x'g'kb{5 .
 b'j} c08sf]if /fd|f];Fu ljsf; ePsf] x'g' kb{5 .
 e/;s h'DNofxf hlGdPsf] dWo]af6 ayfgdf cfkm\gf] bf}t/Lx/msf] eGbf a9L

22
 zfl//Ls j[l4 b/ ePsf] x'g' kb{5 .
 b"wsf] nflu afv|f kfng ul/Psf] xf] eg] k|hgg\sf] nflu 5gf}6 ul/g] af]sf /fd|f] b"w
lbg] dfpaf6 hGd]sf] x'g' kb{5 .

kl/R5]b $
afv|fsf] vf]/ Joj:yfkg
$=! afv|fsf] vf]/ agfp“bf Wofg lbg'kg]{ s'/fx?
afv|fkfng Pp6f /f]huf/L tyf cfod"ns Joj;fo xf] . o; Joj;fodf vf]/sf]
cfjZos Joj:yfkg ug'{ clt h?/L x'G5 . afv|fkfngsf] nflu ufp+3/df ls;fgx?n]
cfk\mgf] k/Dk/fut t/Lsfn] vf]/ agfpg] rng 5 . ;fwf/0ftof ;fgf] vf]/df a9L ;+Vofdf
afv|f /fVg] u/]sf] kfOG5 . o:tf] vf]/df 7fp+ yf]/} dfqfdf pknJw x'g] ePsf]n] afv|fx?
lj/fdL x'g], Ps cfk;df h'w]/ t'lxg], j:g gkfO{ cg]sf}+ ljs[lt b]vf kg]{ ub{5g\ . afv|fsf]
vf]/ s:tf] agfpg] eGg] s'/f afv|fsf] hft, :yfgLo xfjfkfgL / jftfj/0fdf e/ kg]{ eP
tfklg ;fdfGotof pko'Qm vf]/ lgdf{0fsf nflu lgDg s'/fdf Wofg lbg' kb{5 M–
 afv|fsf] vf]/ agfpFbf ufpF÷7fpFsf] j:t'l:ylt vf;u/]/ em/L, afbn, l;/]6f], tftf]
xfjf, hldgsf] lr:ofg Pj+ ;"o{sf] k|sfzsf] cjlwnfO{ ljrf/ k'¥ofO{ :yfgsf] 5gf}6
ug'{kb{5 .
 afv|fsf] vf]/ p7\g÷j:g ;'ljwfo'Qm / xfjf Pj+ k|sfzsf] /fd|f] k|jGw ePsf] x'g'
kb{5 .
 vf]/df 3fF;, kfgL bfgf vfgsf] nflu pko'Qm / k|z:t 7fpF ePsf] x'g' kb{5 .
 vf]/ r/g tyf 3fF; v]tLsf] ljsf; ug{ ;lsg] 7fpFaf6 glhs x'g'kb{5 .
 vf]/ lgdf{0f ug]{ :yfg oftfoft / jhf/sf] ljsf; ePsf] 7fpFaf6 glhs x'g' kb{5 .
 :jR5 lkpg] kfgL pknJw x'g;Sg] :yfgdf afv|fsf] vf]/ lgdf{0f ug'{ kb{5 .
 vf]/ lgdf{0f ug]{ :yfg k|b'if0faf6 d'Qm ePsf] x'g' kb{5 .
 vf]/ lgdf{0fdf cfw'lgs k|ljlwsf] k|of]u u/L :yfgLo:t/df pknJw x'g] sd vlr{nf]
j:t'x?sf] k|of]u ug'{ kmfObfhgs x'G5 .
 kxf8Le]udf vf]/ agfpFbf blIf0f jf k"j{ df]xf]8f / t/fO{ jf uld{ 7fpFdf pQ/ jf
klZrd df]xf]8f kf/L agfpg' pko'Qm x'G5 .

23
  vf]/df /fVg] afv|fsf] ;+Vof cg';f/ vf]/sf] rf}8fO{ / nDjfO{ lgwf{/0f ug'{ kb{5 .
 6fF8af6 dnd"q ;lhn} hldgdf v:g ;sf];\ / afv|fsf] v'§f l5g{ gkfcf]; eGgsf
nflu cfwf OGrsf] km/s kf/]/ kmn]s 7f]Sg' kb{5 / kmn]ssf] rf}8fO{ $ ;]=dL=sf] x'g'
kb{5 . kf7fkf7L /fVg] 7fpFdf v'§f gl5g]+ ul/ cem sd b'/Ldf kmn]s 7f]Sg' k5{ .
 afv|fn] ;fwf/0ftof e'FO{df v;]sf] 3fF; jf bfgf l6k]/ vfg g?rfpg] ePsf]n] 3fF;
/fVg] ¥ofs -6f6\gf]_ agfpg' kb{5 .
 afv|fsf] nflu cfjZos bfgf, 3fF; /fVgsf] nflu 5'§} sf]7fsf] Joj:yf ug'{k5{ .
3fddf 3fF; / bfgf /fVf]df kf}li6s tTj gi6 x'g ;S5 .
 Vff]/ lgdf{0f ubf{ kf7fkf7L, yf/f dfp, Jofpg] dfp, v;L / k|hgg\ af]sfnfO{ 5'§f 5'§}
/fVg] Joj:yf ldnfpg' k5{ . jo:s af]sfx?nfO{ afv|fx?;Fu} Ps} 7fpFdf /fVbf
clgolGqt ue{wf/0f x'g] / Jofpg] afv|f ePdf t'lxg] 8/ x'G5 .
 dfp;Fu b"w g5'6]sf kf7fkf7Lx?sf] vf]/÷sf]7f / dfp j:g] sf]7f Ps cfk;df b]lvg]
x'g'kb{5 .
 dfpaf6 5'6fO{;s]sf, x's]{sf] / jo:s x'g nfu]sf kf7fkf7Lx?nfO{ 5'§f5'§} sf]7fdf
/fVg] Joj:yf ul/ vf]/ agfpg' k5{ .
 lj/fdL afv|f / cGoqaf6 lsg]/ NofOPsf afv|faf6 ;qmfds /f]ux? km}lng] ;+efjgf
ePsf]n] o:tf afv|fnfO{ cnUu} vf]/sf] Joj:yf ug'{kb{5 . o:tf] vf]/ :j:Yo afv|fsf]
vf]/ eGbf 6f9f agfpg' k5{ .

afv|fnfO{ cfjZos kg]{ If]qkmn

s|=;+= ljleGg pd]/ tyf cj:yfsf afv|f If]qkmn k|lt afv|f -ju{ld6/_
! kf7fkf7L )=$
@ yf/f ao:s afv|f !
# Jofpg] afv|f !=%
$ af]sf @=%

vf]/sf] Joj:yfkgdf Wofg lbg'kg]{ s'/fx?

 lxpFbsf] ;dodf vf]/leq a;]sf afv|fnfO{ lr;f]af6 arfpg h'6sf af]/f em'08fpg]
t/ lbgdf -em/L afbnsf] lbg jfx]s_ af]/f ;f/]/ -kbf{ ;f/] h:t}_ 3fd vf]/df k:g
lbPdf vf]/ :j:ys/ x'G5 .

24
  lxpFbsf] ;dodf 708Ln] ubf{ vf; u/L n}gf afv|fdf b"w 36\5 / kf7fkf7L s'kf]if0fn]
ubf{ j9L d[To' x'G5 . 708Lsf] k|efjn] dfq @) k|ltzt;Dd kf7fkf7Lsf] d[To' x'g] s'/f
cg';Gwfgaf6 kQf nfu]sf] 5 .
 pRr kxf8L If]qdf sflt{sb]lv r}q;Dd t'iff/f] tyf lxdkftsf] sf/0fn] ubf{ a9L 708L
x'G5 / o;af6 aRgsf] nflu vf]/leq ;f]Q/sf] k|of]u ug'{kb{5 .
 ;fwf/0ftof aRrf hGdfpg' eGbf $ b]lv & lbg cufl8b]lv aRrf kfPsf] Ps
xKtf;Dd dfp afv|fx? cnUu} /fVg' k5{ . Ps} ;dodf w]/} afv|fx?n] aRrf hGdfpg]
ePdf k|To]s afv|fsf] nflu cnUu} sf]7fsf] Joj:yf ug'{kb{5 . hf8f] x'g] ;dodf afv|f
/ kf7fkf7LnfO{ lr;f]jf6 arfpg rf/}lt/af6 k|of]u u/L /fv]sf] h'6 af]/fx?n] af/L
Gofgf] agfpg' kb{5 .
 6fF8d'gL y'lk|Psf] a8\sf}nfnfO{ xKtfsf] @ k6s x6fPdf /fd|f] x'G5 . ;do ;dodf
o;/L a8sf}+nfx? glgsfn]sf] v08df o;af6 lg:sg] UofF; / kmf]xf]/n] afv|fsf]
:jf:Yodf k|lts"n c;/ kfg'{sf ;fy} jhg ga9\g] / k|hgg\ Ifdtfdf ;d]t x|f;
cfpg'sf] ;fy;fy} ;–;fgf kf7fkf7Lx?sf] d[To'b/ a9\g] ub{5 .
 Vff]/ ;kmf ug{ lkmg]n kfgLsf] !∞ sf] emf]n k|of]u ug'{ pko'Qm x'G5 . of] emf]nsf]
k|of]un] hLjf0f'sf] j[l4 x'g kfpb}g . @ b]lv % ∞ sf] emf]n k|of]u u/]df hLjf0f' d5{ .
vf]/sf] jl/k/L ;kmf ug{ lkmg]n / kfgLsf] cg'kft !M#@—!M%) x'g'k5{ .
 lANflrË (Bleaching) kfp8/sf] %∞ sf] emf]n tof/ kf/L dnd"q ePsf] 7fp+df k|of]u
ul/ ;kmf ubf{ klg x'G5 .
 aw'Fjf k4ltdf afv|f kfng ubf{ d'Vo vf]/ aflx/ Jofofdsf] nflu v'nf 7fpF x'g'
pko'Qm x'G5 .
 v'nf If]qsf] jl/kl/ 8fn] 3fF; nufpg' pko'Qm x'G5 .

afXo k/lhjL lgoGq0fsf] nflu afv|fsf] vf]/nfO{ klg pkrf/ ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . o;sf]
nflu l8lkË ubf{ k|of]u ul/g] ljiffbL g} k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . o; afx]s lgDg tflnsf
adf]lhdsf] dfqf ldnfP/ vf]/df 5bf{ a9L k|efjsf/L x'g] b]lvG5 .
ljiffbLsf] gfd cf}iflwsf] dfqf cjlw
g'efg ! k|ltzt x/]s !% lbgdf
;]leg )=* k|ltzt x/]s !% lbgdf
c;G6f]n )=@% k|ltzt x/]s !% lbgdf
lnG8]n )=@% k|ltzt x/]s !% lbgdf

25
t/fO{ tyf dWo kxf8L If]qsf] nflu vf]/sf] gd'gf

26
27
 3f“; xfNg] 6f6gf] agfpg] tl/sf

gf]6 M dfly pNn]v ePsf uf]7 ;DaGwL lrqx?sf] gfk ld6/df ul/Psf] 5 .
kj{tLo If]qsf] vf]/
o; If]qdf sflt{sb]lv r}q;Dd t'iff/f] tyf lxdkftsf] sf/0fn] ubf{ a9L 708L x'G5
/ o;af6 aRgsf] nflu vf]/leq ;f]Q/sf] k|of]u ug'{kb{5 . vf]/sf] df]x8f blIf0f kms]{sf] x'g'
kb{5 . sflt{sb]lv r}q;Dd k|of]u ul/Psf] ;f]Q/ / afv|fsf] h'tf] Ps} k6s r}qdf lemSg]
rng 5 . vf]/ cf]efgf] /xg] Joj:yff ePdf of] rng l7s} dfGg ;lsG5 geP sDtLdf
dlxgfsf] b'O{ k6s ;kmf ug'{ g} j]; dflgG5 .

28
 pRr kxf8 -lxpF tyf t'iff/f] kg]{ If]q_ sf] nflu afv|f uf]7sf] gd"gf
$=@ vf]/sf] lsl;d
dfly pNn]v ePcg';f/ 7fp“ ljz]ifsf vf]/x?nfO{ lgDg cg';f/ ljefhg ug{
;lsG5 .
e'“O{sf] ;txdf lgdf{0f ul/g] vf]/ (Ground Level Housing)
g]kfnsf] kxf8L efudf k/Dk/fb]lv e'Osf] ;txdf g} vf]/ jgfO{ afv|fkfng ug]{
ul/G5 . afv|fsf] ;+Vofcg';f/ afF;, sf7sf] k|of]u u/L 6x/f / v/, 5jfnL k/fn h:tf
a:t'af6 5fgf jgfO{G5 . e'O{df ;f]]Q/sf nflu kTs/, 5jfnL /fVg' pko'Qm x'G5 . lsgls
;f]Q/ gxfn]df hdLg lr;f] eO{ b'u{Gw ;d]t km}ng] ;Defjgf /xG5 . vf]/nfO{ cf]efgf]
/fVgsf] lglDt cj:yf cg';f/ k'/fgf] ;f]Q/ -h'tf] x6fO gofF ;f]Q/_ xfNg'kg]{ x'G5 . hf8f]
7fp“df o; lsl;dsf] vf]/ agfpFbf Gofgf]sf] nflu O{+6f, 9'+ufsf] ufx|f] klg nufpg] ul/G5 .
hldgsf] ;txdfly lgdf{0f ul/g] vf]/ (Stilted Housing)
t/fO{, leqL dw]z / dWo kxf8L Onfsfsf] lglDt o; lsl;dsf] vf]/ pko'Qm
dflgPsf] 5 . hldgb]lv sl/a () ;]=dL= prfOdf 6f“8 jgfpg' k5{ / o;sf] nflu a9L
sf7sf] cfjZostf kg]{ x'G5 . 6f“8af6 dnd"q ;lhn} hldgdf v:g ;sf];\ / v'§f l5g{
gkfcf]; eGgsf nflu cfwf OGrsf] km/s kf/]/ kmn]s 7f]Sg' kb{5 . jl/kl/ afg{sf] nflu
;jeGbf /fd|f] sf7 eP klg ;:tf]sf] nflu ds}sf] 9f]8, 5jfnL, k/fn v/, ;'s]sf] 3f“; cflb
k|of]udf Nofpg ;lsG5 . t/ o;/L afg{sf] nflu afv|fn] gvfg] vfnsf] a:t' pkef]udf
Nofpg' /fd|f] x'G5 . vf]/ agfpFbf dfp afv|f, kf7fkf7L / v;Laf]sf 5'§} /fVg]u/L sf]7f
agfpg ;lsG5 . hf8f] ofddf lr;f]af6 hf]ufpg rf/}lt/ k'/fgf] af]/f of Knfli6sn] afg'{
cfjZos x\'G5 .
Joj;flos ?kdf afv|fkfng ubf{ dfp, af]sf / kf7fkf7Lx? /fVgsf] nflu cnu
cnu vf]/÷sf]7fsf] cfjZos kb{5 .
-s_ ;fwf/0f dfp jyfg /fVg] vf]/
jo:s / k|hgg\ of]Uo afv|fx? o; vf]/df /flvG5 . o; k|sf/sf] vf]/sf] If]qkmn
x]/Lsg ;fwf/0ftof %)–^) j6f;Dd afv|fx? /fVg ;lsG5 . Pp6f jo:s afv|fnfO{
slDtdf ! ju{ ld6/ ePsf] 7fpF cfjZos kb{5 . o;k|sf/ vf]/df /fVg] afv|fsf] ;+Vof

29
cg';f/ vf]/sf] rf}8fO{ / nDjfO{ lgwf{/0f ug'{ kb{5 . t/ ;fdfGotof vf]/sf] rf}8fO{ !@ ld6/
eGbf a9L /fVg' pko'Qm dflgb}g .
-v_ af]sf /fVg] vf]/
jo:s / k|hgg\ of]Uo af]sf afv|fx?af6 cnUu} /fVg' kb{5 . jo:s af]sfx?nfO{
afv|fx?;Fu} Ps} 7fpFdf /fVbf clgolGqt ue{wf/0f x'g] 8/ x'G5 . w]/} af]sfx? 5g\eg] k|To]s
af]sfx?nfO{ cnu cnu 7fpFdf /fVg] Joj:yf ldnfpg' k5{ . Pp6f af]sfsf] nflu @=# ld6/
nDjfO{ / !=% ld6/ rf}8fO{ cyf{t #=$% ju{ld6/sf] sf]7fdf cfxf/f / kfgLsf] efF8f ;d]t
ePsf] 7fpF rflxG5 .
-u_ aRrf hGdfpg] vf]/
;fwf/0ftof aRrf hGdfpg' eGbf $b]lv & lbg cufl8b]lv aRrf kfPsf] Ps
xKtf;Dd o; vf]/df afv|fx? /fVg] ul/G5 . Ps} ;dodf w]/} afv|fx?n] aRrf hGdfpg]
ePdf k|To]s afv|fsf] nflu cnUu} sf]7fsf] Joj:yf ug'{kb{5 . hf8f] x'g] ;dodf afv|f /
kf7fkf7LnfO{ lr;f]jf6 arfpg rf/}lt/af6 k|of]u u/L /fv]sf] h'6 af]/fx?n] af/L Gofgf]
agfpg' kb{5 .
-3_ kf7fkf7Lsf] vf]/
kf7fkf7LnfO{ dfpaf6 5'6fPkl5 jo:s geOGh]n;Dd o; vf]/df /fVg] ul/G5 . !=*
ju{ld6/ tyf !=# ld6/ cUnf] kvf{n ePsf] Pp6f sf]7fdf !) j6f;Dd kf7fkf7Lx? /fVg
;lsG5 . Pp6f ;fgf] kf7f]nfO{ )=$ ju{ld6/ 7fpF cfjZos kb{5 . Jofj;flos ?kdf
afv|fkfng ubf{ kf7fkf7Lsf] vf]/, dfpaf6 g5'6\ofPsf, 5'6fO{;s]sf, x's]{sf] / jo:s x'g
nfu]sf kf7fkf7Lx?nfO{ 5'§f5'§} sf]7fdf /fVg' kb{5 . dfp;Fu b"w g5'6]sf kf7fkf7Lx?sf]
vf]/÷sf]7f / dfp j:g] sf]7f Ps cfk;df b]lvg] x'g'kb{5 .
-ª_ lj/fdL afv|f /fVg] vf]/
of] vf]/ cGo afv|fx? /fVg] vf]/eGbf cln 6f9f :jR5 / ;kmf :yfgdf agfpg' kb{5 .
o;k|sf/sf] vf]/df k|sfzsf] Joj:yf, kfgL / bfgfsf] plrt k|jGw ldnfpg' kb{5 . o;sf]
cfsf/ @ ld6/ nDjfO{ / !=@ ld6/ rf}8fOsf] x'g' kb{5 .
-r_ x] ¥ofs -6f6\gf]_ sf] Joj:yf
afv|fn] ;fwf/0ftof e'FO{df v;]sf] 3fF; jf bfgf l6k]/ vfg g?rfpg] ePsf]n] 3fF;
/fVg] x]¥ofs -6f6\gf]_ agfpg' kb{5 . 6f6\gf] agfpFbf afv|fsf] ;+VofnfO{ Wofgdf /fv]/
agfpg' pko'Qm x'G5 . ;fdfGotof 6f6\gf]sf] d'vsf] rf}8fO{ $) ;]=ld=/ lkFw !% ;]=ld= /
k|lt afv|fsf] nflu #) ;]=ld=nDjfO{ cfjZos kb{5 . 6f6\gf]sf] dflyNnf] efu 6fF8b]lv ()
;]=ld=sf] prfO{df x'g'kb{5 .

30
 kl/R5]b %
pd]/ / cj:yf cg';f/ afv|fx?sf] Joj:yfkg
Jojl:yt / cfod'ns afv|fkfng Joj;foaf6 clwstd nfe lngsf] nflu afv|fsf]
ljz]if cj:yfdf ul/g] x]/rfx / kmfd{ Joj:yfkgsf lqmofsnfkx/msf] ljz]if e'ldsf x'G5 .
o; v08 cGt/ut ljleGg cj:yfsf afv|f÷kf7fkf7Lsf] x]/rfx h:tf ljifox? af/] pNn]v
ul/Psf] 5 .
%=! ule{0fL afv|fsf] x]/rfx
afv|fnfO{ ule{0fL cj:yfdf k'¥ofOPsf] /]vb]v / x]/rfxn] kf7fkf7Lsf] hGdg] / x's{g]
k|ltztdf j[l4 eO{ dfpsf] :jf:Yodf ;d]t ;sf/fTds k|efj kb{5 . ule{0fL{ cj:yfdf
/fd|f];Fu x]/rfx ug{ lgDg a'Fbfx?df Wofg lbg' h?/L x'G5 M
o ule{0fL afv|fnfO{ cgfjZos xnrn u/fpg' / rnfpg' x'Fb}g .
o uef{j:yfsf] kl5Nnf] ;dodf afv|fnfO{ ayfgaf6 cnu /fvL yk cfxf/fsf] Joj:yf
ug'{ kb{5 . o;af6 lk|Ug]G;L 6lS;ldof, ;do gk'Ub} aRrf hlGdg], tf}n sd x'g],
t'lxg] cflb ;d:ofaf6 arfpg ;xof]u ldN5 . uef{j:yfsf] kl5Nnf] # dlxgfdf
e|'0fsf] ljsf; ltj| x'g] x'g]x'Fbf afv|fnfO{ ;s];Dd Jofpg' eGbf @ dlxgf cufl8
geP ! dlxgf cuf8L yk bfgf / vfPhlt kf]lifnf] 3Ff; pknAw u/fpg' kb{5 .
o afv|fnfO{ Jofpg' eGbf $–^ lbg klxn] g} Jofpg] :yfgdf g/d ;f]Q/sf] Joj:yf
u/L 5'§} /fVg' kb{5 .
o afv|fsf] Jofpg] lbg cfFsng u/L pQm lbg ljz]if lgu/fgL /fVg'kb{5 .
o Jofpg] afv|fnfO{ lr;f]af6 arfpg cfjZostf cg';f/sf] Joj:yf ldnfpg' kb{5 .
%=@ Jofpg] a]nfsf] dfpsf] x]/rfx
o ule{0fL afv|fsf] k|hgg /]s8{sf] cfwf/df ;Defljt Jofpg] lbgsf] cg'dfg ug'{
kb{5 .

31
 o afv|f Jofpg' eGbf @–# 306f cuf8L afv|f a]r}g x'g], s/fpg] u5{ . o; cj:yfdf
lgDg nIf0fx? b]lvG5g\ M
o afv|fsf] kmfFrf 7"nf] x'g]
o afv|fsf] k]6sf] efu v'lDrP h:tf] / bfofF afofF vf]qmf] h:tf] b]lvg]
o k'R5/ ;fdfGo cj:yfdf eGbf a9L p7fpg] .
o of]lg4f/af6 ;]tf] afSnf] t/n kbfy{ lg:sg] h'g s]xL ;do kl5 uf9f x'Fb} hfg] .
o of]gLaf6 t/n kbfy{ lg:s]sf] s]xL ;dokl5 kfgL kmf]sf b]vfkg]{ / kfgL kmf]sf
lg:s]sf] !% ldg]6kl5 km'6L To;af6 kf7fsf] 6fpsf]] aflx/ cfpg] .
o afv|fnfO{ :jefljs cj:yfdf JofpFbf s'g} klg ;xfotf cfjZos kb]{g t/ kfgL
kmf]sf km'6]kl5 klg kf7f b]vf gk/]df jf :jefljs cj:yfdf kf7f gb]lvPdf
aRrfsf] l:ytLnfO{ ldnfO{ lbg'kg]{ x'G5 . o;sf] nflu kz' ;]jf k|fljlwsx?sf]
;xfotf lng' /fd|f] x'G5 .
o h'DNofxf jf ltDNofxf kf7fkf7L hGdg] cj:yfdf Ps kl5 csf]{ hGdsf] cGt/df
s]xL ;dosf] lj>fdb]lvG5 .
%=# JofPsf] dfpsf] x]/rfx
o JofPsf] nuQ} afv|fnfO{ df};d cg';f/ tftf]÷lr;f] lkpg] kfgL lbg' kb{5 .
o JofPsf] s]xL ;dokl5 afv|fnfO{ hf}, ds}, e'; cflbsf] dgtftf] vf]n] v'jfpg'
kb{5 .
o JofPsf] afv|fnfO{ Ifdtf cg';f/ b"w pTkfbgdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] k|z:t dffqfdf
kf]lifnf] 3fF; / bfgf lbg' kb{5 .
o JofPsf] ;fdfGotof @–# lbg kl5 zfl/l/s cj:yf, b"w pTkfbg / kf7fkf7lsf]
;+Vof cg';f/ bfgf tyf 3fF;sf] Joj:yf ug'{kb{5 .
%=$ kf7fkf7L Joj:yfkg
aRrf hlGdgf;fy kf7fsf] gfsd'v j/Lk/L ePsf] hfnf], kq / kmf]x/ ;kmf sk8fn]
k'l5 :jefljs ;f; km]g{ ;xof]u ug'{kb{5 . kf7fkf7L hlGdgf;fy l6Gr/ cfof]l8g, wfuf] /
An]8sf] d2tn] gflenfO{ sf6L lbg' kb{5 .
kf7fkf7L hGd]sf] tLglbg;Dd ljuf}tL b"w v'jfpg' lgtfGt cfjZos 5 . ljuf}tL
b"w ctL g} kf]lifnf] x'G5 / ;fy} o;n] kf7fkf7Ldf /f]usf] lj?4df n8\g ;Sg] Ifdtfsf]
ljsf; ub{5 .
hGd]sf] # xKtf;Dd kf7fkf7LnfO{ lbgsf] # k6s;Dd b"w v'jfpg' k5{ eg] tLg
xKtf b]lv b"w 5'6fpg] ;do;Dd -!@)_ lbgsf] @ k6s -ljxfg / a]n'sf_ dfq b"w v'jfP

32
k'U5 . b"w gk'u]df ufO{+÷e}+;Lsf] b"w v'jfpg' kb{5 . b"w 5'6fPkl5 cfGtl/s k/hLlj lj?4sf]
cf}iflw v'jfpg' kb{5 .

kl/R5]b ^
afv|fsf] cfxf/f Joj:yfkg
^=! afv|fsf] nflu cfjZos kf}li6s tTjx?
;+;f/df kfO{g] h'g;'s} k|f0fL cfxf/f ljgf afFRg ;Sb}g . cfxf/f k|f0fLsf nflu geO{
gx'g] tTj xf] . cfxf/fdf ljleGg kf]ifs tTjx? /x]sf x'G5g\ h;n] z/L/sf dxTjk'0f{ sfo{x?
;+rfng ul//x]sf x'G5g\ .
kz'x?nfO{ lhljt /fVg / kz'hGo kbfy{sf] pTkfbg lng geO{ gx'g] kbfy{x/m
sfjf]{xfO{8«]6, k|f]l6g, lrNnf] kbfy{, vlgh tTj, le6fldg / kfgL x'g\ .
sfjf]{xfO{8«]6 / lrNnf] kbfy{
afv|fsf] ;du| pTkfbsTj / vfPsf] cfxf/f k"0f{ k|of]usf] nflu zlQm (Energy)
cToGt dxTjk"0f{ tTj xf] . zl//sf nflu cfjZos zlQm d'VotM sfjf]{xfO{8«]6 / lrNnf]
kbfy{af6 k|fKt x'G5 . o;sf] sdLn] zf/Ll/s j[l4b/ sd x'g], afnL l9nf] nfUg], pTkfbg
sd x'g], plN6/xg] h:tf ;d:ofx? b]vfkb{5g\ . z/L/df zlQmsf] nuftf/ sdL ePdf
afv|fsf] /f]u / k/hLljx? lj?4 k|lt/f]ws Ifdtf u'dfpg ;Sg] x'G5 .
sfjf]{xfO{8«]6sf >f]tx?
jfnLhGo kbfy{ M ds}, ux'+, hf}, h} wfg, rfdn h:tf :6fr{ ePsf cfxf/fx? .
pk kbfy{x? M 3fF;, k/fn, rf]s/, gn, 9f]8, 5\jfnL, s'gf}/f] h:tf a9L /]zf ePsf
cfxf/fx? .
afv|fsf] tf}n s]=hL=df gfk] h:t} zlQm gfKg] OsfO{ d]ufh'n xf] . zlQmsf]
cfjZostfnfO{ lx;fa ubf{ afv|fsf] zfl//Ls tf}nnfO{ d]6faf]lns a8L ;fO{hdf abn]/
To;sf] cfwf/df lx;fa ul/G5 .
pbfx/0f M

33
 )=&%
afv|fsf] zfl//Ls tf}nnfO{ s'g} vf; ;'qdf /fv]/ lx;fa lgsflnG5 h:t} M Kg w .
#) s]=hL= zfl//Ls tf}n ePsf] afv|fsf] d]6faf]lns a8L ;fO{h !@=*! x'G5 . of] lgsfNg
;fO{lG6kmLs SofNs'n]6/df -s_ #) c+s lyRg], -v_ To;kl5 SofNs'n]6/sf] X y df lyRg], -u_
)=&% lyRg], -3_ clg = lyRg] pQ/ !@=*!*^!)!( b]vf k5{ . ca of] !@=*!* d]6faf]lns
a8L ;fO{h xf] .
hLjg lgjf{xsf] nflu zlQmsf] cfjZostf
dfyL pbfx/0fdf pNn]v ePsf] cfwf/df o;/L lgsflnPsf] d]6faf]lns a8L ;fO{hnfO{
cfwf/ dfg]/ hLjg wfGgsf] nflu cfjZos zlQmsf] lx;fa ul/G5 . NRC n] l;kmf/L; u/]
cg';f/ afv|fsf] k|lt s]=hL= d]6faf]lns a8L ;fO{h -W)=&%_ nfO{ )=$@$ d]ufh'n zlQmsf]
cfjZos k5{ . ljleGg zfl//Ls tf}nsf, ljleGg d]6faf]lns a8L ;fO{h ePsf afv|fx/m
ljleGg kfng Joj:yfdf cfjZos kg]{ zlQm lgDg tflnsfdf b]vfO{Psf] 5 .
hLjg lgjf{xsf] nflu k|lt lbg cfjZos d]6fjf]nfO{h]jn zlQm
Zfl//Ls tf}n d]6faf]lns a8L cfjZos d]6fjf]nfO{h]jn zlQm -MEMJ_
-s]=hL=_ ;fO{h kgw )=&% aw'Fjf kfngdf r/g tyf aw'Fjf k"0f{ r/gdf
10 5.625 2.384 2.779 3.065

15 7.621 3.231 3.767 4.155

20 9.457 4.009 4.674 5.155

25 11.180 4.740 5.526 6.095

30 12.818 5.434 6.336 6.988

35 14.389 6.100 7.112 7.844

40 15.905 6.743 7.862 8.671

45 17.374 7.366 8.588 9.472

50 18.806 7.97 9.293 10.249

gf]6 M
 aw'jf kfngdf !^=^ k|ltztn] a9L zlQm yk ul/Psf]
 k'0f{ r/gdf @*=^ k|ltztn] a9L zlQm yk ul/Psf]

zfl//Ls jl4sf] nflu cfjZos zlQm

34
ljleGg b/df x'g] zfl//Ls j[l4sf nflu b}lgs cfjZos kg]{ zlQmsf] lx;fa lgDg tflnsfdf
b]vfO{Psf] 5 M

zfl//Ls j[l4sf nflu b}lgs zlQmsf] cfjZostf

Zffl//Ls tf}n- b}lgs zfl//Ls zlQmsf] cfjZostf -d]ufhf]n_ hDdf
s]=hL=df_ j[l4 b/ -u|fd_ hLjg lgjf{x J[l4sf] nflu
10 50 2.32 1.77 4.1
75 2.32 2.66 4.97
20 50 3.91 1.77 5.68
75 3.91 2.66 6.56
30 50 5.30 1.77 7.09
75 5.30 2.66 7.95
40 50 6.58 1.77 8.35
75 6.58 2.66 9.23

k|f]l6g
k|f]l6g afv|fsf] nflu cltg} dxTjk"0f{ kf}li6stTj xf] . zl// tGb'?:t /fVg tyf
zfl//Ls j[l4sf] nflu k|f]l6gsf] cfjZostf k5{ . afv|fsf] ;Dk"0f{ cfxf/fdf Go"gtd ^
k|ltzt sf]/f k|f]l6g pknJw u/fpg' k5{ cGoyf afv|fn] cfxf/f sd vfg] u5{ . cfxf/fdf
k|f]l6gsf] sdLn] afv|fdf kfrg k|0ffnL d} c;/ u/]/ vfPsf] cfxf/fsf] pkef]udf ;d]t c;/
u5{ . ;fwf/0ftof k|f]l6gsf] sdLn] ef]s sd nfUg], tf}n 36\g], zfl//Ls j[4L sd x'g],
k|hgg Ifdtfdf x|f; cfpg], /f}+ ljsf;df c;/ ug]{ cflb x'G5 . olb nfdf] ;do;Dd
nuftf/ k|f]l6gsf] sdL ePdf kfrg k|s[ofdf u8j8L, /Qm cNktf;Fu;Fu} z/L/ ;'lGgg]
ub{5 .
afv|fnfO{ lgjf{xsf] nflu k|lt lsnf] zfl//Ls tf}ndf k|lt lbg )=%() u|fd b]lv @=%&
u|fd;Dd tyf cf}iftdf !=*@ u|fd kfRo k|f]l6gsf] cfjZostf k5{ .

hLjg lgjf{xsf] nflu cfjZos kfRo k|f]l6g

zfl//Ls tf}n -s]=hL=_ 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
kfRo k|f]l6gsf] cfjZostf 10.2 13.9 17.2 20.3 23.3 36.1 29.0

35
-u|fd÷lbg_

afv|fx?df k|lt u|fd zfl//Ls tf}n j[l4sf] nflu hLjg lgjf{xsf] nflu rflxg] k|f]l6gdf yk
)=@* u|fd k|f]l6gsf] cfjZos kb{5 . To:t} u/L $ k|ltzt 3[tf+z ePsf] ! lsnf] b"w
pTkfbgsf] nflu yk &@ b]lv ** u|fd;Dd k|f]l6gsf] cfjZos k5{ . Pp6f $) slnf]sf]
Jofpg] afv|fnfO{ hLjg lgjf{x tyf zfl//Ls j[l4sf] ;fy} lgDg cg';f/sf] yk k|f]l6gsf]
cfjZos k5{ M
 ue{sfnsf] klxnf] !% xKtfsf] nflu $%=$ u|fd kfRo k|f]l6g k|ltlbg cyjf ;f]
cjlwsf] nflu $=* lsnf] s'n kfRo k|f]l6g .
 ue{sfnsf] kl5NNff] % xKtfsf] nflu ^*=& u|fd kfRo k|f]l6g k|ltlbg cyjf ;f]
cjlwsf] nflu @=$ lsnf] s'n kfRo k|f]l6g .
k|f]l6gsf >f]tx?
sf]if] hftsf 3fF;x?, e6df;sf] lkgf, tf]/Lsf] lkgf, bnxg jfnL .
vlgh kbfy{ (Minerals)
vlghtTjx?n] z/L/sf] sf]if j[l4 / sf]ifx?sf] rfknfO{ lgwf{/0f u/L z/L/sf] sf]if
tyf sf]lifsfx?nfO{ cfjZos vfBtTjx?sf] cf];f/ k;f/, sf]if Pj+ tGt'x?sf] kmf]xf]/
lgisf;g / lkQ emf]n h:tf dxTjk"0f{ /;fog tof/ kfg{ dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]n]sf] x'G5 .
;fdfGotof afv|fn] vfg] cfxf/f Pj+ r/gaf6 cfjZos dfqfdf vlgh kbfy{ pknJw x'g]
ePtf klg Sofnl;od, kmf]:km/;, nj0f (Salt) / ;Nkm/ h:tf vlgh tTj cj:yf cg';f/
yk ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .
g"g (Sodium Chloride)
AofPsf] b"w lbg] afv|LnfO{ bfgfdf )=%Ü ld;fO{ lbg] jf dg nfu]hlt rf6\g lbg]
ug'{kb{5 .
Sofnl;od (Cal)
AofPsf] b"w lbg] aflv|nfO{ yk Sofnl;od clgjfo{?kdf pknJw u/fpg' kb{5 . o;n]
x8\8Lsf] ljsfz, d'6'sf] df+;k]zLx?sf] rfn / no agfpg' d2t ub{5 . Aofpg] jf AofPsf]
b"w lbg] afv|fdf o;sf] sdLn] lztfË Hj/f] u/fpg ;Sb5 .
kmf]:kmf]/; (P)
o;n] x8\8LnfO{ dhj't /fVg, z/L/df sfjf]{xfO8]«8sf] kl/rfng ug{ / k|f]l6gsf]
c+zsf] ?kdf dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x u/]sf] x'G5 . ;fdfGotof afv|fnfO{ Sofnl;od /
km:kmf]/; @M! b]lv $M! sf] cg'kftdf pknJw u/fpg' kb{5 . afv|fsf] lgjf{xsf] nflu

36
Sofnl;od !$& ld=u|f=k|lt s]=hL= hLljt tf}n / kmf];kmf]/; &@ ld=u|f=k|lt s]=hL= hLljt
tf}n cfjZos kb{5 .
le6fldg
afv|fn] vfg] cfxf/f / r/gaf6 k|fKt le6fldgx? afv|fsf] nflu kof{Kt x'G5 / …laÚ
le6fldg afv|fsf] 3fF;] k]6df cfjZostf c'g;f/ cfk}mn] pTkfbg ug]{u5{ . w]/} b"w lbg] 7"nf
hftx? afx]s ;fdfGotof le6fldgsf] cfjZostf kb}{g .

kfgL
;a} hLljt j:t'x?sf] nflu kfgL geOgx'g] vfBtTj xf] . hgfj/sf] z/L/df af];f]
afx]s hLljt tf}nsf] &# Ü kfgL x'G5 . z/L/sf] sf]if sf]lifsfsf] lgdf{0f j[l4 kl/rfngb]lv
zf/Ll/s tTjx?sf] cf];f/ k;f/ / tfk kl/rfngsf] nflu kfgL cfjZos x'G5 . To;}n] ;a}
vfBtTj cfjZos dfqfdf k'¥ofP klg oy]i6 kfgL pknJw ePg eg] kz'j:t' af6 eg]h:tf]
pTkfbg lng ;lsFb}g . ;fdfGotof @) s]=lh= tf}n a/fj/sf] afv|fnfO{ $%)–^*)
ld=ln=;Dd kfgL k|ltlbg cfjZos x'G5 . o; afx]s afv|fnfO{ ;'s]sf] kbfy{ / kfgL !M$
sf] cg'kftdf pknJw u/fpg' k5{ .
;'Vvf kbfy{ (Dry matter)
kz' j:t'sf] cfxf/fdf ;'Vvf kbfy{n] p;sf] :jfefljs vfg] Ifdtf / pknJw
cfxf/fsf] pTkfbgdf k|of]u ug]{ Ifdtfsf] ;+s]t lbG5 . ;fdfGotofM afv|fn] ufO{e}+;L /
e]8feGbf a9L ;'Vvf kbfy{ vfg ;Sb5 . df;'sf] nflu kflng] afv|fnfO{ eGbf b"wsf] nflu
kflng] afv|fx?sf] cfxf/fdf a9L ;'Vvf kbfy{ rflxG5 .
;'Vvf kbfy{sf] pkef]u pknJw 3fF;÷cfxf/f, cfxf/fsf] :jflbnf]kgf / cfxf/fdf
ePsf] hnfz+ k|ltzt cflbdf e/ kg]{ eP tfklg df;' pTkfbgsf] nflu kflng] afv|fx?nfO{
hLljt tf}nsf] #–$ k|ltzt / b"wsf] nflu kflng] afv|fnfO{ hLljt tf}nsf] %–& k|ltzt
;'Vvf kbfy{ cfjZos x'G5 .
^=@ pd]/ / zfl/l/s cj:yf cg';f/ afv|fsf] nflu cfxf/f Joj:yfkg
afv|fkfngnfO{ xfdLn] 3fF;kftsf] dfWodn] dfq Jojl:yt ug{ ;s]df pTkfbg nfut
sd x'g ;Sg] ePtfklg ljleGg pd]/ / zfl/l/s cj:yfcg';f/ zfl/l/s j[l4 b/nfO{ sfod
/fVg / pTkfbg IfdtfnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ xl/of] 3fF;kft;Fu} bfgf (Ration) sf] k|of]u
Joj;flos afv|fkfngsf] nflu h?/L dflgG5 .
ueL{0fL afv|fsf] nflu

37
 afv|f ueL{0fL ePsf] !)) lbg;Dd ue]{ kf7f]sf] zfl/l/s j[l4 @% k|ltzt dfq
ePsf] x'G5 eg] jfFsL &% k|ltzt j[l4 ue{sf] clGtd !)) lbg b]lv !$% cyjf !%)
lbgleqsf] cjlwdf x'G5 . of] cjlwdf j9L kf]if0ftTjsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . ue{df kf7f]
a9\b} uPkl5 kf7]3/sf] cfsf/ klg a9|\b} hfG5 / afv|fn] w]/} vfg ;Sb}g . o:tf] cj:yfdf
Psflt/ afv|fnfO{ a9L cfxf/f vfg h?/L x'G5 eg] csf]{ tkm{] k]6df cfjZostf cg';f/sf]
a9L 3fF; c6\b}g . t;y{ a9L vfB tTj ePsf t/ sd 7fpF cf]u6\g] ;+t'lnt bfgf v'jfpg
h?/L x'G5 . o; cj:yfdf kf]lifnf] 3fF;sf] ;fy} !$–!^ k|ltzt k|f]l6g ePsf] bfgf b}lgs
?kdf @)) b]lv @%) u|fdsf b/n] pknAw u/fpg' pko'Qm x'G5 . h;n] ubf{ Psflt/
kf7fsf] hGd tf}n a9L -@ s]=hL eGbf a9L_ x'G5 eg] csf]{ tkm{ clGtd ueL{0fL cj:yfsf]
kf]lifnf] cfxf/fn] ;lhn} Jofpg] / klxnf] dlxg] n}gf] cj:yfnfO{{ /fd|f] ub{5 . lsgeg] afv|fn]
ueL{0fL cj:yfsf] clGtd * xKtfdf ;+lrt u/]sf] jf];f] g} klxnf] * xKt] n}gf] cj:yfdf
k|of]u ub{5 . t;y{ kf]lifnf] ueL{0fL /f;gn] n}gf]df a9L b"w lbg] ePsf]n] kf7fkf7L :j:y
/xL d[To'b/ sd x'G5 .
JofPsf] dfpsf] nflu
olb afv|fnfO{ @$ dlxgfdf # k6s Jofpg / #) lbgsf] cf/fd ug]{ Joj:yf
ldnfO{Psf] 5 eg] afv|f JofPsf] () lbgdf km]/L jfnL nfu]sf] x'g' kb{5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf
afv|f Jofpg' eGbf * xKtf klxn] b]lv * xKtf n}gf] cj:yfdf kf]lifnf] cfxf/f lbg' kb{5 .
pQm p2]Zo k|fKtLsf] nflu k|ltlbg @)) b]lv $)) u|fd sf b/n] ;+t'lnt cfxf/f v'jfpg]
ug'{ kb{5 . o;sf] ;fydf xl/of] 3fF; / :jR5 kfgL cfjZostf cg';f/ lbg] Joj:yf ug'{
kb{5 . o:tf] Joj:yf ug{ g;s]df afv|fsf] b"w pTkfbg sd x'g uO{ kf7fkf7L sdhf]/ x'g],
afv|f l9nf] jfnL hfg] eO{ cfzfltt nfe lng sl7gfO{ x'G5 .
v;Lsf] nflu
Pp6f jo:s v;LnfO{ kf]lifnf] hftsf xl/of] 3fF;sf] cnfjf b}lgs !%) u|fd sf b/n]
;+t'lnt bfgf v'jfpg] ubf{ zfl/l/s tf}nsf] j[l4 b/ /fd|f] x'G5 . v;LnfO{ dfqf eGbf a9L
bfgf lb+bf cgfjZos ?kdf af];f] nfUg] / pkef]Qmfsf] rfxgf cg';f/sf] df;' v;Laf6
pTkfbg gx'g] x'Fbf xl/of] 3fF;kftdf hf]8 lbg' /fd|f] dflgG5 .
k|hgg\sf] nflu /flvPsf] af]sfsf] nflu
xfd|f] ufpF3/df kfnLPsf Jof8sf af]sfnfO{ Tolt Wofg lbP/ kfngkf]if0f u/]sf]
kfO{Gg . af]sf Jof8sf nflu k|of]u ug'{eGbf $% lbg klxn] b]lv af]sfnfO{ zfl/l/s tf}n x]/L
xl/of] 3fF;sf] cltl/Qm k|ltlbg #)) b]lv %)) u|fd;Dd ;+t'lnt bfgf v'jfpg' kb{5 .
Jof8sf] af]sf w]/} df]6f] jf w]/} b'Jnf] x''g' x'Fb}g .
sf]ni6«d lkml8Ë

38
 e/v/} hGd]sf] kf7fkf7Lx/mn] dfpsf] ljuf}tL b"w vfg kfPgg eg] z/L/sf] /f]u
k|lt/f]wfTds Ifdtdf sdL cfO{ d[To' ;d]t x'g;Sg] x'Fbf hGd]sf] ! 306f leq kf7fkf7LnfO{
dfpsf] ljuf}tL b"w v'jfpg' clgjfo{ x'G5 . dfp d/]sf] jf cGo sf/0faf6 ljuf}tL b"w
pknAw x'g g;s]sf] v08df lgDg adf]lhdsf] ld>0f agfO{ lbgsf] #–$ k6s;Dd v'jfpg'
pko'Qm x'G5 .
;fdu|L dfqf
s'v'/fsf] c08f ! j6f
dg tftf] kfgL @)) Pd=Pn=
b"w #)) Pd=Pn=
lnlSj8 Kof/flkmg !) Pd=Pn=
lqmk lkml8‹
cfhef]nL afv|fsf] b"waf6 aGg] rLhn] nf]slk|otf kfPsf] 5 . afv|fsf] b"waf6
rLh agfO{ 7"nf xf]6nx?sf ljqmL ug{ ;lsG5 . o;sf] nflu kf7fkf7LnfO{ sd b"w v'jfP/
jf+sL b"w o:tf pTkfbgsf nflu pkof]u ug{ ;lsG5 . pRr u'0f:t/sf], kf]lifnf], ;lhn} kRg]
/ ;:tf] bfgf tof/ kf/L b"wsf] ;§fdf kf7fkf7LnfO{ v'jfpg ;lsG5 . o:tf] bfgfnfO{ :6f6{/
/f;g elgG5 .
kf7fkf7LnfO{ $ b]lv & lbg;Dd ljuf}tL b"w v'jfO{;s]kl5 cfdfaf6 5'6fO{G5 .
o;/L 5'6fPsf] kf7fkf7LnfO{ :6f6{/ /f;g v'jfO{G5 / k|ltlbg @ jf # k6s cfdfsf] b"w
tf]lsPsf] dfqfdf ;kmf jf]tndf /fvL r';fpg' k5{ . g/d bnxg ju{sf 3ff;af6 ag]sf] x],
vlgh nj0f / ;kmf lkpg] kfgL :6f6{/ /f;gsf] ;fydf lbg'k5{ . kf7fkf7Lsf] nflu lqmk
lkm8÷:6f6{/ /f;g lgDg tflnsf adf]lhdsf] kf]if0ftTj o'Qm x'g' kb{5 .

kf7fkf7Lsf] :6f6{/÷lqmk cfxf/f

bfgf sRrf
l;=g+= bfgf sRrf kbfy{sf] k|ltzt
kbfy{
! bfgfsf] gd'gf 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
@ ds} 60 40 20 15 - 25 30
# hf} jf h} 23 45 40 40 40 30
$ tf]/Lsf] lkgf 20 19 20 20 22 10 10
% df5fsf] w'nf] 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
^ v'bf] - - - 10 20 - 10
& ux'Fsf] rf]s/ 7 5 2 2 5 12 7
* vlgh nj0f 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
g'g 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

39
 bfgf sRrf
l;=g+= bfgf sRrf kbfy{sf] k|ltzt
kbfy{
s'n 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
k|fKt kf]if0f 18 17 17 17 17 12 12
tTj DCP%
TDN% 78 77 75 71 70 72 70
ME 2=9 2=9 2=8 2=6 2=5 2=7 2=6
(M.cal)/kg

csf]z] 3fF;x? pknAw ePdf dflysf] tflnsfdf lbPsf] gd'gf g+ ! b]lv % ;Ddsf]
lqmk÷:6f6{/ lkm8 v'jfpg ;lsG5 . olb b'O{ blno ju{sf slnnf 3fF;kft pknAw ePdf
;f]xL tflnsfdf pNn]lvt bfgf gd'gf g+ ^ / & cg';f/sf] bfgf k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .
hGd]b]lv () lbg;Dd pd]/sf kf7fkf7Lsf] cfxf/f
-Feeding Schedule for a Kid from Birth to 90 days_
kGw| lbgsf] pd]/ ePkl5 kf7fkf7Ln] 3fF; l6Kg yfNb5g\ . of] pd]/df
lqmk lkm8 -Creep feed_ klg v'jfpg yflnG5 . of] cj:yfdf v'jfO{Psf] lqmk
lkm8n] kf7fkf7Lsf] ?d]gnfO{ l56f] l56f] a9fpg d4t u5{ . kf7fkf7Lsf] zfl/l/s
j[l4 b/ klg /fd|f] x'G5 . ljuf}tL b"w, g/d slnnf] 3fF;, lqmk bfgf, afv|f jf
ufO{sf] b"wnfO{ lgDg tflnsf cg';f/ v'jfpg' k5{ .
hGd]b]lv () lbg;Ddsf kf7fkf7Lsf] b}lgs cfxf/f
lqmk lkm8; slnnf] g/d
l;=g+= pd]/ lbg afv|f jf ufO{sf] b"w -Pd=Pn=÷lbg
-u|fd_ 3fF;
1 1-3 300 Pd=Pn= ljuf}tL b"w 3 k^s - -
v'jfpg]
2 4-14 350 Pd=Pn= b"w 3 k^s v'jfpg] - -
3 15-30 350 Pd=Pn= b"w 3 k^s v'jfpg] cnLstL cnLstL
4 31-60 400 Pd=Pn= b"w 2 k^s v'jfpg] 100-150 rfx]htL vfg
lbg]
5 61-90 200 Pd=Pn= b"w 2 k^s v'jfpg] 200-250 rfx]htL vfg
lbg]

lqmk bfgf v'jfPsf] / gv'jfPsf kf7fkf7Ldf zfl/l/s j[4L b/sf] glthf -() lbg cjlwsf]_
s[lif cg';Gwfg s]Gb| n'Dn]af6 ePsf] cg';Gwfg cg';f/ lgDg adf]lhd 5 .

40
 v/L afv|fsf] kf7fkf7Ldf lqmk bfgfsf] k|efj -#)-!@) lbg pd]/_
z'?sf] tf}n clGtd tf}n s'n tf}ndf cf};t b}lgs
;d"x
-s]=hL=_ -s]=hL+_ j[l4 -s]=hL+_ j[l4 b/ -s]=hL+_
lqmk bfgf v'jfPsf] %=@$ ± )=## !#=(# ± )=&( *=^( ± )=^& &@=$ ± %=^
lqmk bfgf gv'jfPsf] %=@( ± )=$& (=%& ± !=)! $=@* ± )=^! #&=% ± %=!$

dflysf] tflnsfdf b]vfO{Psf] glthfn] k|i6 b]vfPsf] 5 ls lqmk lkm8 v'jfPsf]

kf7fkf7Lsf] ;d"xsf] b}lgs zfl/l/s j[l4 b/ gv'jfPsf] ;d"xsf] t'ngfdf bf]Aa/ eGbf a9L
x'G5 . o;n] lqmk lkm8sf] dxTjnfO{ k'li6 u/]sf] 5 .
x's{g] /f;g -Growers Ration_
/fd|f] u'0f:t/o'Qm 3fF;n] -!) k|ltzt eGbf a9L l8=l;=lk= / ^% k|ltzt eGbf a9L
l6=l8=Pg=_ x's{g] kf7fkf7LnfO{ kof{Kt kf]if0f tTj lbG5 . x's{bf] pd]/sf kf7fkf7LnfO{ lbg]
bfgf tnsf] tflnsfdf pNn]v ul/Psf] :yflgo :t/df pknAw x'g] cGg / cGo vfB
kbfy{x/msf] pkof]u u/L agfpg ;lsG5 .
afv|fsf] nflu x's{g] bfgf
bfgf sRrf kbfy{ tyf cGo
cfxf/fdf k|ltzt cgfhx?
l;=g== ;fdu|Lx?
bfgfsf] gd'gf ! @ # $
1 ds} 10 5 - 10
2 bfnx?sf] rf]s/ 50 5 30 22
3 hf} / h} - - 30 35
4 ux'+sf] rf]s/ - 50 30 20
5 tf]/Lsf] lkgf 30 20 - 5
6 v'bf] 7 17 7 5
7 ldg/n ldS:r/ 2 2 2 2
8 g'g' 1 1 1 1
s'n 100 100 100 100
gf]6 M ds}sf] ;§f wfgsf] 9'6f] k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . bfnsf] rf]s/sf] ;§fdf cGo s'g}
bnxgsf] rf]s/ k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . ux'Fsf] rf]s/sf] ;§fdf rfdnsf] slgsf, sf]bf],
sfu'gf] cflbsf] k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .
^=# ljleGg zfl/l/s tf}n cg';f/ cfxf/fsf] Joj:yf
-Feeding for Different Body Weight_

41
 ljleGg zfl/l/s tf}n ePsf afv|fnfO{ b"w, bfgf, / 3fF; b}lgs lbg'kg{] kl/df0f
tnsf] tflnsfdf lbPsf] 5 . zfl/l/s tf}n % s]=hL=sf] ePkl5 kf7fkf7Lx?n] bfgf vfg
yfNb5g\ / xl/of] 3fF; klg l6Kg yfN5g\ . pd]/ cg';f/ b"wsf] dfqfdf 36a9 / 3fF; bfgf
qmd};Fu a9b} uPsf] l:ytL ;f] tflnsfn] k|i6 b]vfpF5 .

a9\g] kf7fkf7L, afv|fnfO{ cfxf/f v'jfpg] ;"rL÷tflnsf

tf}n b"w bfgf ld>0f
l;=g+= xl/of] 3fF; -s]=hL_*
-s]=hL_ -Pd=Pn÷ k|ltlbg_ -u|fd÷k|ltlbg_
1 2=5 400 - -
2 3=0 500 - -
3 3=5 600 - -
4 4=0 600 - -
5 5=0 600 50 vfP htL
6 6=0 700 100 ,,
7 7=0 700 150 ,,
8 8=0 600 200 ,,
9 9=0 500 250 ,,
10 10=0 300 350 ,,
11 15=0 200 350 ,,
12 20=0 - 350 2
13 25 - 350 3
14 30=0 - 350 4

gf]6M ljuf}tL b'w lbgsf] # k6s v'jfpg' kb{5 .

*@)-@% % ;'Vvf kbfy{ ePsf] .
afv|fsf] nflu gd'gf bfgfx?
sRrf kbfy{x? !$ k|ltzt k|f]l6g !^ k|ltzt k|f]l6g !* k|ltzt k|f]l6g
ds} #& efu #% efu #@ efu
h} #& efu #% efu #@ efu
ux'+sf] rf]s/ !% efu !# efu !$ efu

42
e6df;sf] lkgf ( efu !% efu @) efu
ldg/n ldS:r/ ! efu ! efu ! efu
g'g ! efu ! efu ! efu

e6df;sf] lkgf dx+uf] klg x'g] tyf gkfO{Psf] v08df tf]/Lsf] lkgf k|of]u ubf{ klg
x'G5 t/ tf]/Lsf] lkgfdf sRrf k|fl6g e6df;sf] lkgfdf eGbf sd x'g] ePsf]n] logLx?sf]
dfqf ldnfpg eg] h?/L x'G5 .

^=$ afv|fkfngsf nflu 3f“; tyf 8fn]3f“;

afv|fkfngaf6 a9L kmfObf lng k/Dk/fut afv|fkfng k|s[ofnfO{ Toflu cfw'lgs
tl/sfaf6 afv|fkfng z'? ug'{ cl3g} r/g Pj+ cfxf/fsf] afx|} dlxgf cfk"lt{ ;'lglZrt
ug'{kb{5 . o;sf] nflu k|fs[lts >f]t jg hËndf pknAw 3fF; / r/gdf dfq e/ gk/L
ef}uf]lns Pj+ jftfj/0fLo b[li6sf]0faf6 pko'Qm x'g] e'FO{ tyf 8fn]3fF;sf] plrt Joj:yf
ldnfpg'sf] ;fy;fy} pknJw r/gnfO{ j}1flgs 9Ëaf6 Joj:yfkgug{ h?/L 5 .
lxdfnL e]udf sd kfgL kg]{ / t'ngfTds ?kdf lr;f] x'G5 . To:tf] 7fpFdf afv|fnfO{
3fF;sf] cfk"lt{ / r/g ;'wf/df ToxLFs} :yfgLo 3fF;x?sf] ;+/If0f, k|j4{gsf ;fy} pGgt
3fF;sf] ljsf; h/m/L 5 . To:t} lxdfnsf] blIf0flt/sf] pRrkxf8L efudf e]8f afv|fx?
a'u]gdf r/fpg] rng 5 . a'u]gdf x'g] a'uL -:yfgLo 3fF;_ 3fF;nfO{ k|;f/ / k|j{4g ug'{
kb{5 . lxpFbdf lxFp kg]{ :yfgdf 3'lDtvf]/ k|0ffnLnfO{ Jojl:yt u/L Ps} 7fpFdf kz'x?
r/fpg glbO{ 3fF;kftnfO{ k'gM pld|g x's{g / ljp nfUg lbg' k5{ . 3fF; k|z:t x'g] ;dodf
3fF; sf6]/ x] agfO{ /fVg] / lxpFbdf v'jfpg] ug'{kb{5 . o;f] ug{ ;lsPdf e]8fafv|f tyf
cGokz'x?nfO{ jif{el/g} k|z:t cfxf/f kfpg] x'Fbf /fd|f] pTkfbg lng ;lsG5 .
dWo kxf8L If]qdf df6f] /fd|f] x'g] / kfgL kg]{ / cf};t tfkqmd klg t'ngfTds ?kdf
a9L x'g] x'Fbf r/gvs{df pGgt vfnsf] 3fF; nufO{ r/g vs{ ;'wf/sf nflu Snf]e/,
/fO{u|f;, 6f]df]yL, sS;k'm6 cflb h:tf 3fF;x? nufpg ;lsG5 .
tNnf] kxf8L If]qdf r/g Pj+ vs{x?sf] sdL x'g] / jg h+undf k'0f{ ?kdf cfl>t eO{
afv|fkfng Joj;fo ubf{ cfxf/f cfk'tL{df ;d:of kg{ ;S5 . o; If]qdf jftfj/0f klg
Gofgf] / kfgL klg a9L kg]{ x'gfn] kfvf] le/ tyf v]tsf] sfGnfx?df e'O{ 3fF; tyf 8fn]3fF;
nufpg pko'Qm x'G5 . 8fn]3fF;df a8x/, r'n]qf], 6fFsL, sfO/fnf], s'6ld/f], Olkn Olkn,
lsDa', lgef/f], vGo", sfe|f] / pGgt 3fF;df /f]8\;, kf:kfnd, /fO{, sS;k'm6, 8]:df]8Lod,
:6fOnf] cflb o; If]qsf nflu pko'Qm 3fF;x? x'g\ .

43
 blIf0fsf] ;dtn t/fO{ If]qdf glhssf] ag h+un If]qdf afv|f r/fpg] ul/G5 .
v]tjf/L afFemf] jf vfnL ePsf] a]nfdf alif{d, h}, sfplksf] v]tL ug'{sf ;fy} d'n jflndf
3';'jf jfnLsf] ?kdf klg 3fF; v]tL ug{ ;lsG5 . o;sf] ;fy} o; If]qdf g]lko/, n';g{,
s'8\h", e]r, afh/f, :6fOnf], l6cf];]G6L cflb h:tf 3fF;x? nufpg ;lsG5 .

^=$=! afv|fkfngsf] nflu 8fn]3f“;

g]kfndf 8fn]3fF; kz' cfxf/fsf] k|d'v >f]tsf] ?kdf lrlgG5 . kz' cfxf/sf] cfk"lt{df
8fn]3fF;af6 $! k|ltzt of]ubfg /x]sf] 5 . e'FO{3fF;x? ;'Sg] ;'Vvf df};ddf klg
8fn]3fF;sf] :ofpnf xl/of] /lx/xg] x'Fbf ;'Vvfofddf xl/of] 3fF;sf] ljsNkdf 8fn]3fF;sf]
k|of]u ug]{ ul/G5 . :ofpnf ljz]ifu/L d+l;/b]lv r}q÷a}zfv;Dd pkof]uL x'g] u/]sf] kfOG5 .
8fn]3fF;sf] :ofpnfdf k|foMh;f] q'm8 k|f]l6g !!–@$ k|ltzt / cfjZos dfqfdf
le6fldg / vlgh tTjx? kfOG5 . 8fn]3fF;df 6\oflgg, lddf];Lg h:tf xflgsf/s tTj klg
kfOg] x'G5 . o;af6 kz' :jf:Yodf c;/ sd ug{ gofF kfpnf gv'jfpg], cf]OnfP/ Vjfpg] /
cGo 3fF; jf :ofpnf -8fn]3fF; h'g;'s} eP tfklg_ ld;fP/ v'jfpg pko'Qm x'G5 .
?vsf] ?kdf lj?jfnfO{ l56f]5l/tf] x'sf{pg @ lkm6 prfO{, @ lkm6 nDjfO{ / @ lkm6
rf}8fO{ ePsf] juf{sf/ vfN6f] vGg'k5{ . vfN6f] vGbf lg:s]sf] df6f]df cfwfefu sDkf]i6dn
ld;fO{ k'gM vfN8f]df k'g'{k5{ . j]gf{ Knfl:6sn] j]l/Psf] 5 eg] /f]Kbf clgjfo{ ?kn] x6fpg'
kb{5 .
8fn]3fF; / pGgt jx'jlif{o 3fF;x?nfO{ jf/sf] ?kdf l;NeLkf:r/ tl/sfn] nufpg]
k|ljlwnfO{ ckgfpg ;s]df 6fFsL, lsDa', Olkn Olkn h:tf pRr sf]l6sf 8fn]3fF;af6
rfx]hlt xl/of] 3fF; (Biomass) pTkfbg ug{ ;lsG5 .
Olkn – Olkn (Leucaena leucocephala)
Olkn Olkn s:tf] 8fn] 3f“; xf] <
Olkn-Olkn demf}nf lsl;dsf] af]6 x'g] sf];] hftsf] ax'pkof]lu 8fn]3fF; xf] .
o;sf] kftdf @* b]lv #$ k|ltzt;Dd s|'8 k|f]l6g kfO{g] ePsf]n] o:sf] :ofpnf kz'x?sf
nflu lgs} kf]lifnf] 3fF; dflgG5 . t/ kz'nfO{ w]/} v'jfpg eg] x'Fb}g . Ps efu Olkn
Olknsf] 3fF;;Fu tLg rf/ efu c? 3fF; jf k/fn ld;fP/ v'jfpg' kb{5 . Olkn-Olkndf
lddf]l;g gfdsf] Ps xflgsf/s tTj kfOG5 . of] a9L vfPdf laiffn' x'G5 . kz'x?df Olkn-
Olknsf] dfqf a9L ePdf zl//sf] s]z emg]{, ef]s gnfUg] O{Toflb s'k|efjx? b]lvG5g\ . of]
3fF; e]8f tyf Rofªu|f nfO{ v'jfpFbf pg tyf klZdgf emg{ ;Sb5 . o;sf xf+ufx?

44
bp/fsf] ?kdf k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 eg] kft / xf+ufsf dl;gf 6'Kkfx? v]taf/Ldf dnsf] ?kdf
k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .
Olkn Olkn s:tf] s:tf] 7fp“df nufpg ;lsG5 <
Olkn Olkn t/fO{ b]lv dWo kxfl8 e]ssf] !%)) ld6/ prfO;Dd kxfl/nf] -3fd_
hUufdf /fd|f];Fu ;lk|G5 . Olkn-Olkn af/Lsf] l8ndf sl/j $-% xftsf] km/sdf nufpg
;lsG5 . olb 3'+8f;Dd dfq /fv]/ sf6|g] Joj:yf ug]{ xf] eg] k|To]s Pp6f g]lko/ 3fF;sf]
lardf #/$ af]6 x'g] ul/ ! laQfsf] km/sdf nufpg ;lsG5 . of] v/af/L / eL/kv]/fdf
klg /fd|f];Fu x's{G5 . /fd|f] 3fF; lngsf] nflu pRr kxf8df 8fOel;{kmf]lnof hft / dWo
kxf8 tyf t/fO{df No'sf];]kmnf hftsf] Olkn-Olkn nufpg pko'Qm x'G5 .
Olkn Olkn af6 3f“; slxn] lng ;lsG5 <
la?jf ;f/]sf] Ps aif{ leq} cyjf !-!=% ld6/ cUnf] eP kl5 klxnf] k6s Olkn-
Olknsf] 8fnf sf6\g ;lsG5 . a9L 3fF; lng / af/Lsf] aflnnfO{ ;]k x'g jf6 hf]ufpg Ps
dfG5] eGbf a9L a9\g glbO{ 3'+8f;Dd dfq x'g] ul/ !-@ dlxgfsf] km/sdf 8fnf sfl6/xg'
kb{5 .
Olkn–Olknsf] ljp slxn] l6Kg] / s;l/ yGsfpg] <
Olkn-Olknsf] ljp sflQs b]lv df3 dlxgf;Dd kfS5 . kfs]sf sf];fx? Jff]6 jf6
l6k]/ /fd|/L 3fddf ;'sfpg' kb{5 . ;'ls;s]sf sf];fnfO{ Ps} 7fp+df y'kfl/ n6|7Ln] r'6]/
lap emfg'{ kb{5 . To;kl5 gfËnf]n] atfP/ jf s]nfP/ ;kmf ug''{ kb{5 / cf]efgf] Knfli6s
jf h'6sf] jf]/f jf Knfli6ssf] jÝf jf l6gdf 6Gg e/]/ 6Dd aGb ul/ cf]efgf] t/ l;Qn
7fp+df yGsfpg' kb{5 . o:tf] ljp w]/} aif{;Dd sfd nfUb5 .
Olkn-Olknsf] a]gf{ s;/L pdfg]{] <
a]gf{ pdfg{sf] nflu Olkn-Olknsf] aLp kmfu'g jf r}t dlxgfdf g;{/Ldf /f]Kg'
kb{5 . aLp /f]Kg' eGbf klxnf Ps efu lapsf] nflu !% efu kfgLsf] lx;fjn] pdfn]/
lgsfn]sf] tftf] kfgLdf @/# ldg]6;Dd lehfpg' kb{5 . To; kl5 ljpnfO{ lgsfn]/ lr;f]
kfgLdf @$ 306f;Dd lehfpg' kb{5 . o;l/ lehfPsf] ljp b'O-b'O j6f u]8fsf] b/n]
Knfli6s y}lndf /f]Kg' kb{5 . la?jf cln 7'nf] ePkl5 Pp6f y}lndf Pp6f dfq lj?jf /xg]
ul/ a9L lj?jf 5f+6\g' kb{5 . o;af6 c;f/ ;fpgdf ;fg{nfos a]gf{ tof/ x'G5g\ . Olkn-
Olknsf] ljp aiff{tdf l;w} afl/sf] l8ndf s'n];f] vg]/ Ps Ps laQfsf] km/sdf klg /f]Kg
;lsG5 .
as}gf] (Melia azedarach)

45
 as}gf] demf}nf vfn] jf]6 x'g] 8fn] 3fF; xf] . o;sf] 3fF; e]8f afv|nfO{ pko'Qm
dflgG5 . o;sf] xf+uf bfp/fsf] nflu k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 eg] sf7 kmlg{r/ Pj+ 3/ agfpgsf]
nflu klg k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . as}gf]sf] 8fnf -3fF;_ a}zfv b]lv ebf};Dd s'g} klg a]nf
sf6\g ;lsG5 .
as}gf] s:tf] 7fp“df nufpg ;lsG5 <
as}gf] t/fO b]lv n]ssf] !*)) ld6/ prfO;Dd nufpg ;lsG5 . kfgL hDg] hUuf
afx]s c? ;j} lsl;dsf] hUufdf as}gf] nufpg ;lsG5 . as}gf] vf; u/]/ v/af/L, kfvf
kv]/f, af/Lsf] l8n / v]tsf] l8ndf klg nufpg ;lsG5 . ?vf] hUufdf klg rf+8} x's{g
;Sg] ePsf]n] o;nfO{ /fd|f] 8fn]3fF; dflgG5 .
as}gf]sf] ljp slxn] l6Kg] / s;/L yGsfpg]
as}gf]sf] kmn d+l;/ b]lv r}t;Dd kfSb5 . kfs]sf] kmn kx]+nf] /ªsf] x'G5 . kfs]sf]
kmnsf] em'Kkf af]6jf6 l6k]/ t'?Gt} kfgLdf lehfpg' kb{5 . To;kl5 To;df clnslt afn'jf
xfn]/ b'O xftn] kmnx? /u8]/ aflx/L u'lb lgsfng' kb{5 . aLpjf6 u'lb cnu e};s]kl5
kfgLn] lap /fd|f];Fu kvfng' k5{ / Ps lbg cf]em]ndf lkmhfP/ /fVg' kb{5 . To;kl5
3fddf /fd|f]/L ;'sfpg' kb{5 . o;l/ ;'ls;s]sf aLpnfO{ Knfli6s jf l6gsf] ef+8f]df 6Gg
e/]/ 6Dd aGb ul/ cf]efgf] t/ l;Qn 7fp+df yGsfpg' kb{5 . o:tf] ljp kf+r aif{;Dd
k|of]udf Nofpg ;lsG5 .
as}gf]sf] a]gf{ slxn] / s;/L pdfg]{
as}gf]sf] lap t/fO{df r}t-a}zfv / kxf8df ebf} dlxgfdf hdfpg' kb{5 . jLp
hdfpg' eGbf klxnf o;nfO{ a];/L kfgLdf lehfpg' kb{5 . olb ;lsG5 eg] ljpnfO{ s]lx
lrh -9'Ëf_ dfly /fv]/ nfxf]/f]n] lj:tf/} xfg]/ rsf{of] eg] rf+8} pd|G5 . as}gf]sf] Pp6f
u]8fdf kf+rj6f;Dd lap x'G5g\ . o;}n] klxnf Jof8df /f]Kg' j]z x'G5 . ljp /f]lk;s] kl5
5fkf] -kft kltË/n] 5f]Kg]_ xfNg' /fd|f] x'G5 . b'O{ b]lv cf7 xKtfdf aLp 6';fp+5g\ . lj?jf
cln 7'nf] ePkl5 lj:tf/} u]8f vf]tn]/ lj?jfx? 5'6\ofpg' kb{5 lsgsL Pp6} u]8fjf6 %
uf]6f;Dd lj?jf pd|g ;Sb5g\ . Pp6f Pp6f u/]/ lj?jf 5'6\ofO ;s]kl5 Ps Ps u/]/
Knfli6ssf] y}nf]df ;fg'{ kb{5 . lo lj?jfx? t/fO{df # b]lv $ dlxgfdf / kxf8df !!
dlxgfdf ;fg{ nfos x'G5g\ .
lsDa' (Morus alba)
lsDa' s:tf] 8fn] 3f“; xf] <
lsDa' l56f] a9\g] ax'pb]ZoLo, ax'jlif{o ktem/ x'g] vfnsf] ;fgf] af]6 x'g] 8fn] 3fF;
xf] . t/ n]sfnL e]udf kfOg] lsDa' 7"nf] jf]6 x'g] vfnsf x'G5g\ . lsDa' rf+8} knfpg] 8fn]
3fF;sf] ?kdf lrlgG5 . lsDa'df cTofjZos kf}li6s tTjx? kfO{Psfn] kz' cfxf/fsf] nflu

46
pko'Qm dflgG5 . o;df @) k|ltzt eGbf a9L s|'8 k|f]l6g kfOG5 . e]8f afv|fsf] nflu
lsDa' k"0f{ cfxf/fsf] ?kdf lnOG5 eg] b'x'gf ufO{ e}+;LnfO{ lsDj' v'jfp+bf bfgf sd eP klg
k'Ub5 . lsDa'sf] 8fnf c;f]h b]lv k';;Dd k6s k6s sf6]/ v'jfpg ;lsG5 . lsDa'sf]
xf+uf bfp/fsf] ?kdf klg sfd nfU5 / kmn vfg] rng 5 .
lsDa' s:tf] 7fp“df nufpg ;lsG5 <
lsDa' t/fO{ b]lv pRr kxfl8 e]ssf] @))) ld6/ prfO{;Ddsf] If]qdf nufpg
;lsG5 . of] ;dtn, ulx/f], dlnnf] /fd|/L kfgLsf] lgsf; ePsf] lrD6fOnf] (Loam) df6f]
/ /fd|/L lr:ofg /fVg ;Sg] Ifdtf ePsf] df6f]df nufpg pko'Qm x'G5 . lr:ofg ePsf]
7fp+df a9L ;k|g] x'+bf lsDa' vf]N;f vfN;L jf gbL gfnfsf] 5]p 5fpdf klg nufpg
;lsG5 . t/ ;'Vvf kfvf kv]/fdf klg x's{g ;Sb5 . af/Lsf] l8ndf klg /fd|f] x's{G5 .
la?jf ;fbf{ Wofg lbg' kg]{ s'/fx?
 af/Lsf] l8n jf sfGnfdf nufp+bf Ps la?jf b]lv csf]{ la?jfsf] b'l/ sl/j ! ld6/
/fVg]
 lj?jf /f]Kbf nfdf] h/f ePdf k|'lgª -sf+65f+6_ ug'{ kb{5 . pv]n]sf] lj?jf g;'sf];
eg]/ 5xf/Ldf /fVg' kb{5 .
 /f]k]sf] lj?jfnfO{ xNsf;Fu prfln 5f8]df h/f bf]la|g kfp+b}g . lj?jf l;wf
cj:yfdf /f]lk xNsf bafj lbg' kb{5 .
 lj?jf /f]k] kl5 ;txjf6 !)-@) ;]=ld= prfO{ sfod ul/ af+ls k|'lgª -sf+65f+6_
ug'{ kb{5 .

lsDa' s;/L km}nfpg] <

lsDa' 8fF7 jf6 km}nfpg ;lsG5 . k'; df3 dlxgflt/ lsDa'sf] kft em5{ jf emg{
;'? ub{5 . To;}n] k';sf] clGtd jf df3df Ps jif{ k'/fgf] xf+ufjf6 sl/j Ps c+u'n df]6f] /
8]9 laQf nfdf] 8fF7 tof/ kfg'{ kb{5 . xf+uf gof x'g' x'Fb}g / a9L l5lKkPsf] klg sfd
nfUb}g . tof/ ePsf] 8fF7nfO{ Knfli6ssf] y}lndf Ps Ps u/]/ 8fF7sf] b'O{ efu df6f] d'lg /
Ps efu df6f] dfly kg]{ ul/ /f]Kg' kb{5 . To;kl5 5fof / lgoldt ?kdf kfgL lbg' kb{5 .
o;l/ /f]lkPsf 8fF7 af6 c;f/ ;fpgdf ;fg{nfos la?jf tof/ x'G5g\ .
e6df;] (Flemingia macrophylla)
ax'jlif{o, ulx/f];Dd h/f hfg], kft} kft ePsf], dWod prfO{ ePsf], # ld6/;Dd
cUnf] x'g] Pp6f jx'pb]Zo sf]z] 3fF;]jfnL xf] . o;nfO{ x]hsf] ?kdf e"-;+/If0fsf lglDt,
l8n sfGnfdf x]h/f]df dNr (Mulch) / xl/of] dnsf] ?kdf, slkm / sf]sf /f]kfO{ ubf{

47
5fof lbg] lj?jfsf] ?kdf, emf/kft lgoGq0f ug{, kmnkm"n au}+rfdf df6f] dlnnf] agfpg,
bfp/fsf nflu, nx/f x'g] aflnsf nflu yf+s|f]sf] ?kdf pkof]u ub}{ cfPsf 5g\ . of] 3fF;nfO{
ufO{a:t'sf] cfxf/fsf] nflu vf; ul/ e]8f tyf afv|fsf] nflu pko'Qm cfxf/fsf] ?kdf k|of]u
ug{ ;lsG5 .
ljz]iftf
;'Vvf ;xg ;Sg] IfdtfM of] 3fF; ;fwf/0ftof ;'Vvf df};d sflkm dfqfdf ;xg ;Sb5 /
;'Vvf ofdsf] #-$ dlxgf;Dd xl/of] /lx /xG5 .
kfgL ;xg ;Sg] IfdtfM of] 3fF; kfgL hDg] tyf sd kfgL lgsf; ePsf] hUufdf klg af+Rg
;Sb5 .
xfjfkfgL tyf df6f] M of] 3fF; ;dlztf]i0f b]lv pi0f k|b]lzo xfjfkfgLdf nufpg ;lsG5 .
of] 3fF; lrD6\ofO{nf] b]lv anf}6] df6f]df, clDno df6f]df, sd pj{/s df6f]df klg km:6fpg
;S5 .
hUufsf] tof/L tyf /f]kfO{
hUufsf] /fd|/L tof/L u/] kl5 dfq of] 3fF; nufpg ;lsG5 . z'?df lj:tf/}
km:6fpg] ePsfn] g;{/Ldf ljp /f]Kbf g;{/L emf/kft jf6 d'St ePsf] x'g' kb{5 . g;{/Ldf
x'sf{O{Psf @ dlxgfsf lj?jfnfO{ cfjZos 7fp+df ;fg{ ;lsG5 . lj?jfsf] ;+Vof tyf b'/L
To;sf] k|of]udf lge{/ ub{5 . x]h/f]df nufpgsf] nflu Ps lj?jf b]lv csf]{ lj?jfsf] b/L
cln glhs x'g' kb{5 . Ps nfO{g b]lv csf]{ nfO{gsf] b'/L )=% b]lv !=% ld6/, Ps lj?jf
b]lv csf]{ lj?jfsf] b'/L )=% b]lv !=) ld6/ x'g' kb{5 . z'?df l9nf] a9\g] ePsfn] nufPsf]
^ dlxgf;Dd emf/kft lgoGq0f /fd|/L ug'{ kb{5 .
s6fO{ Joj:yfkg
 of] 3fF; l56f] a9\g] tyf s6fO{ lnP kl5 k'gM l56f] emf+luP/ cfpg] ePsfn] #% b]lv
!)) ;]=ld= prfO{ k'u]kl5 s6fO{ lng ;lsG5 . df};d cg';f/ 3fF;sf] s6fO{sf] cGt/
km/s kb{5 . x/]s @ b]lv # dlxgfsf] cGt/df 3fF; s6fO{ ubf{ pTkfbg a9L x'G5 .
ef}uf]lns If]q cg';f/ nufO{g] k|d'v 8fn]3f“;x?
t/fO{ tyf leqL dw]z dWo kxf8L e]s n]sfnL e]s -n]s_
Olkn—Olkn Olkn—Olkn Olkn—Olkn
-8fOel;{kmf]lnof_
sfa|f] sfa|f] —
lsDa' lsDa' lsDa'
sf]O/fnf] sf]O/fnf] sf]O/fnf]
s'6\ld/f] s'6\ld/f] —
v;|] vGo' v;|] vGo', /fO{ vGo' b'w] vGo'÷/fO{ vGo'

48
 t/fO{ tyf leqL dw]z dWo kxf8L e]s n]sfnL e]s -n]s_
— v/L v/L
— lu7L lu7L
— uf]ug uf]ug
lrp/L lrp/L —
— r'n]qf] r'n]qf]
lhË6 lhË6 —
6fFsL 6fFsL —
ltldnf] -lgdf/f]_ ltldnf] -lgdf/f]_ ltldnf] -lgdf/f]_
kfv'/L kfv'/L —
— b'lwnf] b'lwnf]
— k}+o' k}+o'
a8x/ a8x/ —
as}gf] as}gf] —
— — afFem
afF;! afF; —
— a]?nf] -u]8'nf]_ a]?nf] -u]8'nf]_
a}+; a}+; —
ledn ledn —
;fh ;fh —
cdl/;f]@ cld|;f] —
— — v;|'
gf]6 M
!= afF; 8fn]3fF;sf] hftLo ;"rLdf kb}{g .
@= cld|;f] klg 8fn]3fF;sf] ;"rLdf kb}{g .

8fn]3f“;sf] aLp ;+sng ug]{ dlxgf

aLp ;s+ng 8fn]3fF;x¿
ug'{kg]{ dlxgf
j}zfv sf]O/fnf], uf]ug, 6fFsL, k}o'F
h]i7 sf]O/fnf], s'6\ld/f], 6fFsL, k}o'F
cfiff9 sf]O/fnf], s'6\ld/f], vGo', lrp/L, a8x/, a]?nf]
>fj0f s'6\ld/f], vGo', lrp/L, a8x/, a]?nf]
efb| vGo', lrp/L, a]?nf], s'6ld/f]
cflZjg vGo', v/L / lu7L
sflt{s Olkn—Olkn, vGo', lu7L, afFem

49
dfu{ Olkn—Olkn, vGo', lu7L, as}gf], afFem, ledn
kf}if Olkn—Olkn, as}gf], afFem, ledn
df3 Olkn—Olkn, , as}gf], ledn, ;fh
kmfu'g 6fFsL, as}gf], ;fh
r}q sf]O/fnf], uf]ug, 6fFsL, k}o'F, as}gf]

8fn]3f“; sf6\g ;lsg] dlxgf

8fn]3fF; dlxgf
Olkn—Olkn jif}{el/
sfa|f] j}zfvb]lv c;f/;Dd
lsDa' c;f]hb]lv k';;Dd
sf]O/fnf] d+l;/b]lv r}q;Dd
s'6\ld/f] sflQsb]lv kmfu'g;Dd
vGo' sflQsb]lv r}q;Dd
v/L kmfu'gb]lv c;f/;Dd
lu7L d+l;/b]lv kmfu'g;Dd
uf]ug k';b]lv r}q;Dd
lrp/L sflQsb]lv r}q;Dd

50
 8fn]3fF; dlxgf
r'n]qf] sflQsb]lv r}q;Dd
lhË6 sflQsb]lv j}zfv;Dd
6fFsL k';—df3
ltldnf] –lgdf/f]_ sflQsb]lv r}q;Dd
kfv'/L c;f]hb]lv r}q;Dd
b'lwnf] k';—df3 / h]7—c;f/
k}o'F c;f/—;fpg
a8x/ sflQsb]lv r}q;Dd
asfOgf] a}zfvb]lv ebf};Dd
afFem k';b]lv c;f/;Dd
a]?nf] -u]8'nf]_ d+l;/—k'; / j}zfv—h]7
afF; r}q—a}zfv
a}+; n]sdf a}zfvb]lv sflQs;Dd / tNn]
e]sdf sflQsb]lv k';;Dd
ledn c;f]hb]lv kmfu'g;Dd
;fh c;f]hb]lv d+l;/;Dd
cld|;f] d+l;/—k';

lj?jf pTkfbsn] hfGg'kg]{ s'/fx¿

Ps lsnf] tf}ndf aLp ;+sng pd|g]
8fn]3f“; s}lkmot
aLpsf] ;+Vof dlxgf k|ltzt
a8x/ !,())—#,))) c;f/—;fpg *) Ps lsnf] kmndf &)—&% uf]6f
aLp x'G5 . aLp kfgLn] ;kmf
u/]/ @÷$ lbg;Dd lr;f]
afn'jf;Fu ld;fP/ vfN8f]df
e08f/ ug{ ;lsG5 . t/
e08f/ gul/sg l;w} 5g'{
pQd .
as}gf] !,@))—!,%)) dª\l;/—r}q *) k|To]s bfgfaf6 % uf]6f;Dd
la?jf pd|G5 . ltgnfO{ 5'6\ofP/
kf]nL Jofudf ;fg]{ .
afFem %))—*)) sflQs—k'; ^)—*) aLpnfO{ ;+sng u/]kl5 $—%
dlxgf;Dd e08f/ ug{ ;lsG5
ledn !,@))—!,%)) dª\l;/—df3 !)—^) aLp lgsfNg;fy 5/]df c+s'/0f
rfF8} x'G5 gq Hofb} s7Lg x'G5
uf]ug *) nfv b]lv ! r}q—j}zfv *) xfjf gl5g]{ efF8f]df /fvL lr;f]
s/f]8 $) nfv 7fpFdf e08f/ u/]df Ps

51
 Ps lsnf] tf}ndf aLp ;+sng pd|g]
8fn]3f“; s}lkmot
aLpsf] ;+Vof dlxgf k|ltzt
jif{;Dd /xG5 .
Olkn— @),)))—@^,))) df3—kmfu'g &) !% u'0ff a9L -dfqf_ pdfn]sf]
Olkn kfgLdf aLpnfO{ @÷# ldg]6
/fv]/ @$ 306f lr;f] kfgLdf
lehfP/ /f]Kg] .
v;|' !%)—@)) c;f/—efb| *) aLp l6Kg] ljlQs} 5g'{ kb{5 .
sf]O/fnf] @,%))—#,%)) r}q—c;f/ () c+s'/0fsf] ;dodf nfUg ;Sg]
9';L /f]u x6fpg aLp 5g'{eGbf
klxnf #÷$ k6s kfgL km]b}{
@$ 306f;Dd lr;f] kfgLdf
lehfP/ aLp 5g]{ .
s'6\ld/f] %,)))—%,#)) h]7—ebf} ^) aLp jflx/sf] ynyn] u'bL
/fd|f];Fu ;kmf u/]/ dfq 5g]{ .
k}o'F @,%))—#,@)) r}q—h]7 *% aLp 5g'{eGbf klxnf @÷# lbg
lr;f] kfgLdf lehfpg]
6fFsL $,)))—%,))) kmfu'g—h]7 &)—() c+s'/0fsf] ;dodf nfUg ;Sg]
9';L /f]u x6fpg aLp 5g'{eGbf
klxnf #÷$ k6s kfgL km]b}{
@$ 306f;Dd lr;f] kfgLdf
lehfP/ aLp 5g]{ .

^=$=@ x]h/f]
x]h/f] eg]sf] s] xf] <
x}l;ot lju|]sf] le/fnf] hldgdf enkfgL;Fu} au]/ hfg] dl;gf] dlnnf] df6f] cl8g]
lsl;dn] t];f]{ nfOgdf nufOPsf] 3fF;kft hftLsf] jf/nfO{ x]h/f] elgG5 -lrqdf x]g'{xf];\_ .
o;/L /f]lsPsf] df6f]n] !)÷!% jif{sf] cGt/fndf x/]s x]h/f]sf] ljrdf cfkm} ux|fx? aGb}
hfG5g\ / hldgsf] pTkfbg Ifdtf a9\g uO{ lbuf] ?kdf le/fnf] hUufsf] ljsf; x'G5 .
kxf8L le/fnf] hUUffdf e'O{ 3Ff; tyf ax' p2]lzo, ax'jlif{o 8fn] 3Ff; ;dfj]; u/L x]h/f]
Joj:yfkgubf{ a9L pTkfbg lng ;lsG5 . hUuf Pj+ df6f] hf]ufpg of] k|ljlw cltg}
pkof]uL dflgG5 . o;nfO{ e" ;+/If0fdf cfwfl/t v]tL k|0ffnL klg elgG5 . x]h/f] :yfkgf
ubf{ 3fF;sf] cfk'lt{ x'g'sf] ;fy;fy} hldg tyf df6f]sf] klg ;+/If0f x'G5 / ;fy;fy} df6f]sf]
pj{/fkg ;d]t j9fp5 .
x]h/f]sf] nflu pko'Qm 3f“;sf hftx?

52
 lsDj', Olkn Olkn, 6fFsL, e6df;], l8:df]l8od, ;gx]Dk h:tf 8fn] 3fF; tyf
g]lko/, cd[;f] cflb h:tf e'O3fF;x?
x]h/f] nufpg] tl/sf
jiff{ofd nfUg yfn] kl5 Olkn Olkn, e6df;], ;gx]Dk, 6fFsL, h:tf 8fn] 3fF;sf
ljp jf/Lsf] l8nsfGnfdf jfSnf] ul/ /f]lklbg] .
z'?df ! ld6/ t];f]{ hUuf vf];|]/ slDtdf # y/Lsf] 3fF;kftsf] ljp ld;fP/ ;a}lt/
Ps}gf;n] 5g]{ . ljp pd|]kl5 olb afSnf] ePdf cj:yf / lj?jfsf] 3gTj x]/L ju]sf]
df6f]nfO{ lj?jfx?n] /f]Sg] u/L Joj:yf ldnfpg' k5{ . o;/L au]/ v]/ hfg nfu]sf] dlnnf]
df6f] lj/mjfsf] km]bdf hDdf x'g hfFbf lj?jfsf] j[l4b/ l56f] x'G5 / kmn:j?k e' Ifo klg
/f]lsg hfG5 .
x]h/f]sf] ljrsf] !)-!% ld6/ efudf 3fF;kft nufpbf Ps jf]6 b]lv csf]{ jf]6sf]
b'/L !% ;]dL /fVg] -Olkn Olkn, e6df;], abfd], ;gx]Dksf] nflu_ olb 6fFsL, e6df;], lsDj'
nufpg] xf] eg] Ps jf]6 b]lv csf]{ jf]6sf] b'/L @% ;]=dL= To:t}, g]lko/ cd[;f] nufpg] xf]
eg] %) ;]=dL=sf] km/sdf lj?jf /f]Kg' kb{5 . Ps nfOg b]lv csf]{ nfOgsf] b'/L #) ;]dL
x'g'k5{ / nfOgdf leGg hftLsf] lj?jf nufpg' kb{5 . h;n] ubf{ Ps lsl;dsf] dfq lj?jf
/f]Kbf jftfj/0f kl/jt{gsf]] sf/0fn] ubf{ s'g} Ps k|hftLsf] dfl;g uPdf csf]{ k|hftLaf6
3fF; pTkfbg lng ;lsG5 ;fy} jftf/0f ;+t'ng sfod /xG5 .
5g'{eGbf klxnf olb s8f jf]qmf ePsf] lap ePdf ljpnfO{ @ lbg cyf{t $* 306f
lehfP/ dfq 5g'{k5{ .
le/kfvfdf x]h/f] nfufpbf P km|]dsf] ;xof]un] sG6'/ nfOg lvrL nufpg' kb{5 . P
km|]d g ePdf xfdL cfkm}n] l;wf pleO b'j} xft l;wf cuf8L km}nfP/ cf}nfsf] 6'Kkf]n] h'g
7fp b]vfp5 Tolx 7fpdf nfOg lvRg] / pQm nfOgdf b'Osf]bfnL htL rfSnf] ul/ vGg]
3f;sf] ljp jfSnf] ul/ jf nfOgdf 5g'{ kb{5 .
lj?jf /f]Kg' kbf{ Ps jf]6 b]lv csf]{ jf]6sf] b'/L !% b]lv @% ;]dL / nfOg nfOgsf]
b'/L #) ;]dL /fVg' kb{5 .;Dd hldgdf jf/sf] ?kdf jf]6 lj?jf nufpg' kb{5 .
x]h/f]sf] Joj:yfkg
x]h/f]sf] ?kdf nufpg] 3fF; w]/} k6s 3fF; sf6g ;lsg] u'0f ePsf x'G5g .
logLx? hft x]/]/ k|To]s 8]9 dlxgf b]lv # dlxgfsf] cGt/df 3f; sf6g ;lsG5 . 3f;sf]
jf]6sf] prfO &% ;]=dL= eGbf sd x'g' kb{5 . 3f; sf6bf klxnf sf6]sf] eGbf clnslt
dfyLjf6 sf6g' kb{5 . g]lko/ / cd[;f]sf] xsdf jif{sf] Ps k6s tn}jf6 sf6\g' kb{5 .
hf8f]sf] # dlxgf dl;/ kf}if df3 jfx]s cGo dlxgf 3f; sf6g ;lsG5 .

53
x]h/f]sf] kmfObf
 hldg tyf df6f]sf] e" Ifo x'g jf6 hf]ufp5 .
 xl/of] jf/sf] ?kdf jf/jGb]hsf] sfd ub{5 .
 kz' j:t'nfO{ kf]lifnf] 3f; pknAw x'G5 .
 x]h/f]sf] jl/kl/ cGo jfnL nufpg ;lsG5 .
 v]/ u} /x]sf] hldgsf] ;b'kof]u x'G5 .
 sf]z] hftsf 3f; nufPdf df6f]sf] pj{/fzlQm j9fp5 .
 a'9fa'9L s]6fs]6L ;j}n] 3fF; sf6]/ Nofpg ;lsG5 .
 jif{df Ps k6s dfq 3f; sf6\g] rng ePsf] xfd|f] h:tf] d'n'sdf w]/} k6s 3f;
lng] rng rN5 h:n] 3f; sf] cfk'lt{ df ;xof]u x'G5 .
! ld6/sf] x]h/f]
le/fnf]sf] cfwf/df % b]lv !%
ld6/ hUuf x]h/f]sf] aLrdf
5f]8g' kb{5 .

x]h/f]

^=$=# afv|fkfngsf nflu pko'Qm e'O{3f“;x? / ltgsf] pTkfbg k|ljlw

:6fOnf] 3f“;
:6fOnf] s:tf] 3f“; xf] <
:6fOnf] Pp6f jx'jlif{o sf]if] 3f+; xf] . o;sf ;-;fgf kftx?, k|z:t xf+ufljuf+x?
x'G5g\ . o;sf] emf+u a9Ldf !%) ;]= dL= ;Dd cUnf] x'G5 .
:6fOnf] lsg <
:6fOnf] kf]lifnf] hftsf] 3f+; xf] / o;nfO{ kz' j:t'n] dg k/fp5g\ . :6fOnf]sf] x]
klg jgfpg ;lsG5 . :6fOnf] e';+/If0fsf] nflu klg pkof]uL x'G5 . s]fif] jfnL ePsf]n]
:6fOnf]n] jfo'd08ndf /x]sf] gfO6«f]hg tTjnfO{ df6f]df ldnfpg] ub{5 .
:6fOnf]sf hftL÷k|hftLx?
54
 g]kfndf xfn;Dd ljleGg hftL tyf k|hftLsf :6fOnf]x? lelqP klg clxn]
k|of]udf cfPsf k|hftLx?df s's g} a9L 5 . of] k|hftLdf PGyo|fsgf]h (Anthracnose)
eGg] /f]u nfUg ;S5 . To;f] ePsf] v08df of] /f]un] ;f/f s's :6fOnf] nufPsf] If]q
;vfk kfg{ ;S5 . To;sf/0f of] /f]u sd nfUg] k|hftLx?df Wofg lbg' kg]{ x'G5 . o;sf]
nflu CIAT 184 pko'Qm k|hftL xf] . g]kfndf a9L k|rngdf /x]sf hftx?df kfNkf
:6fOnf], s's :6fOnf] / xdf6f xf] .
sxf“ nufpg] <
:6fOnf]nfO{ ;df]i0f k|sf/sf] hnjfo' rflxG5 . o;nfO{ g]kfnsf] t/fO{ tyf dWo
kxf8L If]qsf] @))) ld6/ prfO;Dd nufpg ;lsG5 . :6fOnf]nfO{ v]tjf/Ldf dfq geO{
af+emf] klt{ hUuf, cfnL, sfGnf, u/fsf] l8n, le/fnf] hUufx? / j[Iff/f]k0f ul/Psf] 7fp+df
;kmntfk"j{s nufpg ;lsG5 . :6fOnf]nfO{ z'4 jfnLsf] ?kdf jf cGo 3f+;x?;+u ldl>t
v]tL ug{ ;lsG5 .
aLp slxn] 5g]{ <
:6fOnf]nfO{ u[id Ct'df dg;'g z'?ePkl5 h]i7 c;f/df 5g'{ kb{5 . l;+rfO{sf]
;'ljwf ePsf] hUufdf :6fOnf] kmfu'g r}qdf 5/] klg x'G5 .
aLp s;/L 5g]{ <
aLp 5g'{ cl3 pdfn]sf] kfgLdf @ ldg]6 /fv]/ @$ 306f lr;f] kfgLdf /fVg' kb{5 .
To;kl5 h}ljs dn ld;fP/ 5g'{ kb{5 . :6fOnf]sf] jLp ;fgf] / dl;gf] x'G5 . :6fOnf]
v]tLsf] nflu hUuf /fd|f] tof/ u/]sf] x'g' kb{5 . hUuf tof/ ubf{ /fd|f] vghf]t u/]sf] df6f]
j'j'{/fpbf] kf/]/ emf/kft /lxt x'g' kb{5 . ;fwf/0ftof Ps /f]kgLdf @%) u|fd -! x]S6/df %
lsnf]_ aLp eP k'U5 . jLp 5bf{ v]tdf Psgf;;+u ;j}lt/ 5g'{ kb{5 . jLpnfO{ nfOgdf
klg 5g{ ;lsG5 . nfOgdf 5bf{ Ps nfOgb]lv csf]{ nfOgsf] b"/L %) ;]dL x'g' kb{5 . aLp
5bf{ jLpnfO{ df6f]df ulx/f] u/L k'g'{ x'Gg . jLp ! ;]dL eGbf ulx/f] df6f]df k'l/Pdf 6';fx?
pd|g ;Sb}g .
slxn] pJhf lng] <
;fwf/0ftof :6fOnf] 5/]sf] @ b]lv # dlxgfdf 3f+; sf6g nfos x'G5 . :6fOnf]nfO{
ynf]d} r/fP/ jf 3f+; sf6]/ klg v'jfpg ;lsG5 . klxnf] s6fO{ lnPsf] 8]9 dlxgfdf bf]>f]
s6fO{ lng ;lsG5 . jif{e/Ldf :6fOnf]jf6 @ b]lv # jfnL lng ;lsG5 . 3f+; sf6bf e'O{jf6
sl/j !) ;]dL dflyjf6 sf6g' kb{5 . jLp lng] xf] eg] Ps k6s 3f+; sf6]/ k'mn k'mNgsf]
nflu 5f8L lbg' kb{5 .
aLp s;/L ;+sng ug]{ <

55
 aLp @ t/Lsfn] ;+sng ug{ ;lsG5 .
!= jf]6 sf6]/ emfg]{ M— w]/}h;f] jLp kf]skl5 jf]6sf] 6'Kkf 6'Kkf sf6g] / /fd|f];Fu
;'sfP/ r'6\g] .
@= jf]6nfO{ n77Ln] r'6]/ emfg]{ M— jLp kfSg z'? u/]kl5 ljpsf] k]mbdf gf+unf],
Knfli6s cyjf sk8f lj5fP/ ;f] jLpnfO{ k|To]s @ xKtfsf] cGt/fndf n77Ln] lj:tf/}
r'6]/ jLp emfg]{ . aLp ;+sng ug]{ ;do d+l;/ b]lv df3 ;Dd xf] . jLpnfo{ #
ldlnld6/sf] rfngf]jf6 rfNg] / lgkmGg] . aLpsf] z'4tf (* k|ltzt eGbf a9L x'g'
kb{5 .
slt;Dd xl/of] 3f“; pJhf x'G5 <
:6fOnf] k|foM jif}{e/L xl/of] /lx/xG5 t/ r}q j}zfvlt/ of] s]xL ;'Sg
;Sb5 . ;fwf/0f cj:yfdf Ps /f]kgLjf6 !)))–!%)) s]hL -k|lt x]S6/ @)–#)
6g_ ;Dd xl/of] 3f+;sf] pJhf lng ;lsG5 . olb pGgt t/Lsfn] v]tL u/]df
3f+;sf] pJhf bf]Jj/ j9fpg ;lsG5 . :6fOnf]nfO{ xl/of] 3f+;sf] ?kdf dfq jf
k/fn;+u ld;fP/ v'jfpg ;lsG5 .
aLp slt pTkfbg x'G5 <
:6fOnf]sf] sf];f lxpbdf l5lkG5g\ / kf}if df3 lt/ jfnL sf6g nfos x'G5 . jLp
;+sngsf] nflu sf]iff ;d]tsf] xf+uf xl;ofn] sf6g' kb{5 . sf6bf sf]iffnfO{ IftL k'of{pg'
x'Gg gq sf]iff k'm6]/ jLp 5l/P/ hfG5 . sf6]sf] sf]iff ;xltsf] efunfO{ ;kmf lnk]sf], 3fd
nfUg] 7fp+df ;'Sg lbg' kb{5 . sf]iff ;'s]/ km6g nfu]kl5 bfpgL u/L r'6]/ jLp emfg'{ kb{5 .
jLpnfO{ lgkmg]/, ;kmf kf/L b'O{ 3fd ;'sfO{ yGsfpg' kb{5 . ;fwf/0ftof :6fOnf]jf6 k|lt
/f]kgL !) lsnf] -k|lt x]S6/ @)) lsnf]_ jLp k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 . olb pGgt k|ljlw
ckgfPdf jLp pTkfbg j9fpg ;lsG5 . jLp lnO{;s]kl5sf] e'; kz' cfxf/fdf k|of]u
x'G5 .
g]lko/
kl/ro
of] Pp6f jx'jlif{o csf]z] 3fF;] afnL xf], /f8]]l;ofsf] s[lif ljefudff sfd ug]{
g]lko/ eGg] a}1flgsn] ;g\ !()( df o;nfO{ 3fF;sf] ?kdf lrGxfPsf]n] g} o;sf] gfd
g]lko/ x'g uPsf] xf] . o; 3fF;sf] prfO{ @–# ld6/;Dd x'g] w]/} g} uf+h xfNg] / xfQLn] klg
gf]S;fg ug{ g;Sg] ePsf]n] o;nfO{ xfQL3fF; klg elgG5 .
xfjfkfgL / df6f]
o; 3fF;sf] v]tL pi0f tyf ;dlztf]i0f xfjfkfgLdf ug{ ;lsG5 . o;nfO{ jflif{s
jiff{ #) b]lv &) OGr;Ddsf] cfjZostf x'G5 / ;d'Gb| ;tx b]lv $%)) lkm6sf]
pRrfO{;Dd o:sf] v]tL ;kmntf k"j{s ug{ ;lsG5 .

56
 o; 3fF;sf] v]tL lrD6] / l;d hUuf jfx]s ;j} lsl;dsf] df6f]df ug{ ;lsG5 t/
kfgL ghDg] k+fuf] df6f] o;sf] nflu clt pko'Qm x'G5 . ;fwf/0ftof h'g df6f]df pv'sf]
v]tLug{ ;lsG5 Tof] df6f] o; 3fF;sf] nflu pko'Qm x'G5 .
hdLgsf] tof/L M
jfnL sf6\gf;fy jf vfnL hUuf /x]sf] 5 eg] @–# k6s vghf]t u/L 8Nnf km'6fO{
df6f]nfO{ j'j{'/fp+bf] jgfO{ kf6f nufO{;Dd jgfpg' kb{5 . of] 3fF; g]lko/sf] ?6l:nk jf
sl6Ëaf6 nufpg ;lsG5 .
dnsf] dfqf
of] 3fF; Ps k6s nufP kl5 #–$ jif{;Dd nuftf/ xl/of] 3fF; pknJw x'g]
ePsf]n] klxnf] k6s of] 3fF; nufp+bf @)–@% d]=6g= uf]j/sf] dn df6f]df xfnL /fd|f];Fu
ldnfpg' kb{5 . g]lko/sf] sl6Ë nufpg'eGbf cufl8 k|lt x'S6/ %) s]=hL= gfO6«f]hg, %)
s]=hL= kmf:kmf]/; tyf $) s]=hL= kf]6f; hldgsf] clGtd tof/Ldf xfNg' kb{5 . To;kl5
k|To]s sl6Ë pk|fGt k|lt x\S6/ #) s]=hL= gfO6«f]hg xfn]sf] v08df a9L pTkfbg lng
;lsG5 . h'g 7fpFdf uf]j/ jf sDkf]i6 dn 5}g To:tf] 7fpFdf hUuf tof/ ub{f !)) s]=hL
gfO6«f]hg, %) s]=hL= kmf:kmf]/; tyf $) s]=hL= kf]6f; hdLg tof/ ub{f g} df6f]df xfNg'
kb{5 .
nufpg] ;do
g]lko/ 3fF; nufpgnfO{ ;aeGbf pko'Qm ;do h]i7 cfiff9 xf] t/ sflt{s /
kmfNu'0f dlxgfdf klg nufpg ;lsG5 t/ o; ;dodf nufPsf] 3fF;df l;rfO{sf]
cfjZostf x'G5 .
ljpsf] dfqf / nufpg] tl/sf
of] 3fF; sl6Ëaf6 nufpFbf # j6f cfVnf ePsf] sl6Ë $% l8u|Lsf] sf]0f jgfO{ Ps
sl6Ë b]lv csf]{ sl6Ësf] b"/L !% ;]=dL= sf] km/sdf nufpg' kb{5 . sl6Ë nufpFbf b'O{
ltxfO{ dfq hdLg d'lg / Pp6f cf+Vnf hdLg eGbf dfyL kg]{ u/L nufpg'
kb{\5 . o; lsl;dsf] sl6Ë klxnf] Jof8df nufO{ h/f xfln;s]sf] sl6ËnfO{ v]tjf/Ldf
nufPsf] v08df /fd|f] x'G5 . l;w} v]tdf nufp+bf s'g} s'g} 7fpFdf lj?jf g;/]sf] klg
kfOG5 . To:tf] 7fpFdf k'gM sl6Ë nufpg h?/L x'G5 . Ps nfOg b]lv csf]{ nfOgsf] km/s
() b]lv !)) ;]=dL= /fVg' kb{5 . le/, klx/f] tyf sfGnf]df nufp+bf ^) ;]=dL= /fVg' kb{5 .
le/, klx/f] tyf sfGnf]df nufpFbf ^) ;]=dL= nfOgaf6 nfO{gsf] b'/L / %) ;]=dL lj?jfaf6
lj?jfsf] b"/Ldf nufpg' kb{5 . k|lt x]S6/ !),))) b]lv @%,))) sl6Ë jf ?6l:nksf]
cfjZostf kb{5 .
g]lko/sf hftx?
k';f g]lko/ –! k';f g]lko/– @, Pg= aL –@!, uh/fh k';f h]G6 Ouk|mL – ^, df]6/
C03 .

57
l;rfO{
of] 3fF; jif{f ofddf x'g] ePsf]n] ;+rfO{sf] Tolt cfjZostf kb}{g tf klg lxp+b]
;dodf o:sf] a9L pTkfbg lng df3 b]lv a}zfv;Dd @÷# l;+rfO{sf] cfjZostf kb{5 .
uf]8d]n
;fwf/0ftof o; 3fF;nfO{ uf]8d]nsf] cfjZostf kb}{g t/ of] ax'–jlif{o 3fF; ePsf]
x'Fbf jif{sf] clGtd sl6Ë lnO{;s]kl5 kmfu'glt/ Ps k6s sf]bfnf]n] vgL df6f] r9fpg'
cfjZos x'G5 .
ldl>t v]tL
g]lko/ 3fF;sf] kf}li6stfdf j[l4 Nofpg s'6\h', af]8L, nf]ljof, l;/]6«f] / ;]g6«L b'O{
nfO{gsf] ljrdf nufpg ;lsG5 .
of] 3fF; nufPsf] tLg dlxgf kl5 sf6\g pko'Qm x'G5 . jif{f ofddf ^÷* xKtfsf]
km/sdf sl6Ë lng ;lsG5 . t/ lxp+bdf !)÷!@ xKtfsf] km/sdf sl6Ë lngnfO{ pko'Qm
x'G5 . sl6Ë lnFbf hdLgsf] ;tx b]lv ^ OGr b]lv !@ OGrsf] pRrfO{df lng' kb{5 . cf};t
pTkfbg %))÷^)) SjLG6n k|lt x]SS6/ x'G5 eg] /fd|f];Fu dn hn u/L v]tL u/]df !@))–
!%)) SjLG6n;Dd lng ;lsG5 .

ef}uf]lns If]q cg';f/ nufO{g] 3f“;x/msf] ljj/0f

kxf8
t/fO{ -%)) dWo] kxf8 afnL
-!%))–@))) nufpg]
qm=;+ afnLx? ld= -%))–!%)) lng]
dL=prfO dlxgf
prfO;Dd_ dL=prfO{;Dd_ dlxgf
;Dd_
! ax' jlif{o !=g]lko/ !=g]lko/ !=sS;k'm6 cfiff9–>fj0f kf]}if–
3fF;x? @=:6fOnf] @=:6fOnf] @= k}mn]l/; a}zfv
#=e]r÷;]G6«f] #= cd[;f] #=kf:kfnd
$=kf:kfnd $=df]nf;]; $=;]6fl/of
%= kf:kfnd %= ;]tf] Snf]e/
^= ;]6fl/of ^=k]/]lgon /fO3fF;
@ lxpFb] !=h}÷e]r != h}÷e]r !=h}, ;fgf] s]/fp cflZjg– d+l;/–
3fF; @=alif{d @= ;fgf] s]/fp sflt{s kmfNu'g
#=;fgf] s]/fp
# jif]+ 3fF; !=l6cf];]G6L !=l6cf]l/;]G6L kmfNu'g–r}q d+l;/–
@=sfpkL ds} @=afh/f kmfNu'0f
cflb

58
^=$ afv|fsf] nflu jif{e/L xl/of] 3f“; pTkfbg
afv|f kfngsf] nflu bfgfsf] k|of]un] pTkfbg d"No a9\g uO{ cfzfltt k|ltkmn lng
sl7g x'G5 . t;y{ ;se/ kf]lifnf] tyf xl/of] 3f“; pTkfbgdf hf]8 lbO{ ;:tf] tl/sfn]
pTkfbg lng ;Sof}+ eg] Joj;fo gfkmfd'vL jgfpg ;lsG5 .
xl/of] 3f“; v'jfpgfn] bfgfdf nfUg] vr{ gx'g] / kf7fkf7L pTkfbgdf ;d]t
;sf/fTds j[l4 x'g'sf] ;fy} afv|fsf] zfl//Ls j[l4 klg l56f] x'G5 .
3f“; nufpg] of]hgfsf nflu lgDg a'“bfx?df Wofg k'¥ofpg' kb{5 M
 3f“;sf] 5gf}6
 nufpg] ;do
 3f“; nufpg] tl/sf
 3f“; sf6\g] cj:yf / ;do
3f“; v]tL ug'{ cl3 lgDg a'“bfx?df Wofg lbg' h?/L 5 M
 cfk"m;“u ePsf] afv|fsf] ;+Vof / ltgLx?nfO{ cfjZos kg]{ xl/of] 3f“;sf] dfqf .
 pko'Qm 3f“;sf] klxrfg .
 pknAw hUuf / cfjZos ;|f]tx? .
3f“;sf] 5gf}6 s;/L ug]{ <
xl/of] 3f“;sf] c6'6?kdf cfk"lt{ ug{sf nflu s'g} Pp6f hftsf] 3f“; nufP/ dfq
x'Gg . df};dcg';f/ ljleGg hftsf 3f“;sf] lj?jf klg cfjZostfg';f/ nufpg' kb{5 .

h:t}M
s_ 8fn] 3f“; – Olkn–Olkn, sf]O{/fnf], vGo', uf]ug, lrp/L 6fsL, lsDa' e6df;] cflb .
v_ ax'jlif{o 3f“;x? – g]lko/, cd[;f], :6fOnf], Snf]e/, ss\;k'm6, /fOu|f;\, ;]6fl/of, 3f“;
cflb .
u_ df};dL 3f“;x? M
lxp“b] – h}±e]r, h}±;fgf] s]/fp jf jl;{d -t/fO{sf] nflu_
jif]{ – l6cf];]N6L±sfpkL, ds}±sfpkL, g]lko/ cflb .
^=% afv|fsf] nflu x] pTkfbg
x] eGgfn] xl/of] 3fF;nfO{ vf;u/L pTkfbg a9L ePsf] a]nf sf6L ;'sfO{ agfO{Psf]
kz' cfxf/f xf] . x] pTkfbgsf nflu km"n km'Ng z'? u/]kl5 3fF; sf6\g' pko'Qm x'G5 . x]
;'sfpFbf 3fF;df ePsf] kfgLsf] dfqf 36fO{ !%–@! k|ltztdf Nofpg' k5{ . x] ;'sfpFbf
;s];Dd 3fddf kfgL gkg]{ :yfgdf ;'sfO{ tof/ ug'{kb{5 . x] ;'sfpFbf kfgL k¥of]{ eg]
3fF;df ePsf] 3'ngzLn vlgh, le6fldg, sfjf]{xfO{8]«6 cflb kvflnP/ hfg] x'Fbf ;'sfpg]
k|lqmofnfO{ ljz]if Wofg lbg' kb{5 . o;sf] nflu 3fd dfq nfUg] t/ kfgLaf6 arfpg] Pp6f

59
ljz]if k|sf/sf] Knfli6ssf] 3/ jf cf]t agfO{ k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . x] nfO{ lxpFb jf cGo
cfxf/f sd kfOg]] a]nfdf ;'/lIft cfxf/fsf] ?kdf k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .
c;n x] df lgDg cg';f/sf u'0fx? x'g' kb{5 M
- xl/of] 3fF;nfO{ x] df ?kfGt/0f ug{'sf] d'Vo p2]Zo xl/of] 3fF;df ePsf] kfgLsf]
dfqfnfO{ 36fO{ s'lxg, 9';L kg{ / cDn aGgnfO{ /f]Sg] / xl/of] 3fF;df ePsf]
kf}li6stfnfO{ sfod /fVg] xf] .
- /fd|f] x] df 3fF;sf kftx? z'?sf] cj:yfdf h:t} x'g' kb{5 h;n] x] sf] kf}li6stf
oyfjt /fVb5 .
- x] df kf}li6stf w]/} x'g'kb{5 .
- x] xl/of] / g/d x'g'sf ;fy} w'nf] tyf kmf]xf]/af6 d'Qm x'g'kb{5 .
^=^ afv|fsf] nflu r/g Joj:yfkg
xfd|f] b]zdf kz' cfxf/fsf] csf]{ >f]t eg]sf] ;fj{hlgs rl/r/g, v]tjf/Lsf] l8n jf
cfnL, jg / v]tjf/Laf6 k|fKt x'g] 3fF;, gn, k/fn, 9f]8 cflb g} x'g\ . w]/}h;f] e"–efudf
Jojl:yt / pTkfbgzLn r/g If]qsf] cefj ePsf] / ePsf r/g If]qx?sf] a}1flgs
Joj:yfkgsf] sdLn] ubf{ rfx] / vf]h]h:tf] ?kdf kz' cfxf/fdf ;xof]u geO{/x]sf] jt{dfg
cj:yfdf r/g If]qsf] Jojxfl/s / a}1flgs Joj:yfkgug{' r'gf}tLsf] ?kdf /x]sf] 5 . t/fO{
If]qdf ;fd'bflos jg / ;3g v]tL k|0ffnLn] ubf{ r/g If]qsf] cefj x'g', pRr kxf8L
If]qdf ePsf r/g If]qdf k|ljlwsf] kx'Fr gx'g' / clgolGqt Pj+ cJojl:yt r/Lr/gn] ubf{
ePsf] r/g If]qx?sf] cj:yfdf qmdzM x|f; cfpg', dWo] kxf8L If]qx?df ePsf r/gx?df
cTolws kz'j:t'sf] rfk x'g' h:tf sf/0fx?n] ubf{ g]kfndf em08} Ps ltxfO{ kz' cfxf/f
ck'u ePsf] dflgG5 . o;sf] ;'wf/sf] nflu 7fpF ;'xfpFbf] tl/sfaf6 r/g If]qsf] a}1flgs
Joj:yfkg/ ljsf; ug]{, r/g If]qdf 3fF;]jfnL tyf 8fn]3fF; nufpg] / r/g If]qsf] ;+/If0f
ug]{ lqmofsnfkx? ;+rfng ug'{ clt cfjZos e};s]sf] 5 . o;sf nflu lgDg cg';f/sf]
k4lt ;xof]uL x'g ;Sg] b]lvG5 .
!= r/g ljsf; tyf ;+/If0f ul/g'kg]{ r/g If]q jf vs{sf] 5gf}6 / k|fyldstf :yflgo
hgtfx?sf] ;xeflutfdf ug]{ / k|fyldstfdf k/]sf r/g Pj+ vs{x?sf] :ynut
lg/LIf0f u/L ;+efJotf, afwf, c8\rg, sdhf]/L cflbsf] cWoog ljZn]if0f ug]{ /
ljZn]if0faf6 k|fKt lgisif{ adf]lhd r/g ljsf; ug{ ckgfO{g] k4lt, ;do / nfut
;d]t lgwf{/0f ug]{
@= r/g vs{x?df nufO{g] 3fF; tyf 8fn]3fF;sf] 5gf}6 lgDg cfwf/df ug]{
- :yflgo jftfj/0f / xfjfkfgL ;'xfpFbf]
- pknAw df6f]df /fd|f];Fu pd|g] / a9\g]

60
 - r/Lr/g kl5 rf+8} k'gM knfpg]
- pGgt 3fF; ePdf cWoog / k/LIf0faf6 pko'Qm egL l;kmfl/; ul/Psf]
- ldl>t 3fF; v]tLdf ;xh} df}nfpg]
- ;s];Dd k|To]s jif{ jLp kfSg]
- e'–Ifo /f]Sg] / k|fs[lts ;+/If0fsf] lglDt pkof]uL x'g]
#= 5gf}6 ul/Psf] 3fF;÷lj?jfsf] ljp ;+sng ug]{ . o;sf] nflu /fd|f];Fu kfs]sf], cGo
3fF;sf] jLpsf] ld;fj6 gePsf] / ljpsf] pdf/zlQm, z'4tf cflb k/LIf0f ul/Psf]
x'g'kb{5 .
$= r/g If]qdf 5g]{ jf /f]Kg] 3fF;sf] ljp cfjZos pkrf/ kZrft dfq /f]Kg] jf 5g]{ ug'{
kb{5 .
%= dfly pnn]v eP cg';f/sf] pkrf/ u/]sf] 3fF;sf] jLp÷lj?jfnfO{ hft cg';f/sf]
b//]6df pko'Qm k|ljlw adf]lhd /f]Kg] jf 5g]{ ug'{kb{5 . o;sf] nflu pRr kxf8L If]qdf
hxf+ vghf]t ubf{ e"–Ifo x'g], lr;f] jftfj/0fn] pdf/ zlQm sd x'g] cj:yfdf 3fF;sf]
ljp v'Nnf r/gdf 5g]{ . v'Nnf r/gdf ljp 5bf{ klxn] vs{ ;kmf ug]{ . ljp 5g]{ /
pknAw ePdf sDkf]i6 dn 5g]{ / dlNrË ug]{ . olb 3fF;sf] ljpnfO{ df6f]sf] kqn] 5f]Kg
clgjfo{ 5 eg] o:tf] cj:yfdf ! ld6/sf] km/sdf ! O{Gr hlt ulx/f] s'n];f] agfP/ /
s'n];f]df ljp /f]kL df6f]n] k'g]{ ul/G5 .
^= ljp 5/]kl5 r/g If]q k"0f{{/mkn] :yflkt geP;Dd lgDg k|lqmofnfO{ ckgfpg' kg]{ x'G5 M
- gofF pld|Psf] 3fF;nfO{ hgfj/n] Psk6s r/]kl5 k'gM knfP/ cfpg] ePkl5 dfq pQm
r/g If]qdf hgfj/ r/fpg] .
- gofF :yfkgf ePsf] r/g If]qdf jiff{ jf kfgL kl//x]sf] ;dodf kz' gr/fpg] .
- r/gdf kz'j:t'sf] rfk lgoGq0f ug{ 3'lDt r/g k|0ffnL ckgfP/ kz' r/fpg] .
- pko'Qm ;dodf r/g If]qdf ePsf 3fF;sf] ljp kfSg] u/L 5fl8lbg] / pQm cjlwdf
kz'j:t' rl/r/gdf gNofpg] .
pNn]lvt k4tL jf k|lqmofx?sf] cnfjf lgDgfg';f/sf] lqmofsnfkx?n] r/g If]qsf]
ljsf; / Joj:yfkgdf cem a9L k|efjsf/Ltf Nofpg d4t k'Ug] b]lvG5 .
!= If]qkmnsf] Joj:yfkgM k|of]udf cfO{/x]sf / sltko gcfPsf If]qnfO{ lj:tf/ u/L
afv|fsf] ;+Vofsf] cfwf/df k|ofKt If]qkmnsf] Joj:yf ul/g'kb{5 .
@= ;+/If0f M r/g If]qnfO{ cGo k|of]hg Pj+ cGo lgsfoaf6 x:tIf]q x'g glbO{ ;+/If0f
ul/g'kb{5 .

61
#= 3F“;sf] Joj:yfkgMr/g If]qdf eO{/x]sf pko'Qm 3fF;sf] klxrfg u/L ljsf; ug]{ /
;Defljt gofF hftsf] 3fF; 5/L lj:tf/ ug]{ .
$= kfgLsf] Joj:yf M r/g If]qdf kfos kg]{ :yfgx?df /fd|f] kfgLsf] Joj:yf u/L
afv|fx?nfO{ kof{Kt kfgL v'jfpg'kb{5 .
%= vs{ hfg] af6f] lgdf{0f M afv|f hfg;Sg] lsl;dsf] af6f] lgdf{0f ug'{ tyf e}/x]sf]
af6f] dd{t ;+/If0f ug'{kb{5 .
^= af/aGb]h M af]6 lj?jf sfF8f cflbn] r/g If]qsf] jl/k/L af/aGb]h ul/g' /fd|f] x'G5
;fy} h|unL hgfj/sf] cfqmd0faf6 hf]ufpg plrt ;ts{tf ckgfpg' kb{5 .
&= emf8L a'6\ofg kmf“8\g] M r/g If]qdf cgfjZos emf8L a'6\ofg ;a} x6fP/ ;kmf u/L
3fF; kmi6fpg] jftfj/0f tof/ ug'{ kb{5 .
*= ljiffn' emf/ g:6 ug]{ M r/g If]qdf /x]sf ljiffn' emf/sf] klxrfg u/L pv]n]/ gi6
ug'{ kb{5 .
(= 3'DtL r/g M clws r/gn] r/g If]qdf /fd|f 3fF;x? lj:tf/ x'g g;sL hUuf vfnL
x'Fb} uO{ To;df g/fd|f emf/kft j[l4 eO{ r/g If]q cg'ko'Qm x'g] x'Fbf lglZrt cjlwdf
Ps 7fpFaf6 csf]{ 7fpF r/fpg] Joj:yf ug'{ lgtfGt cfjZos 5 .
^=^=! ljiffn' 3f“;sf] klxrfg / afv|fdf 3“F;] ljifsf] pkrf/
kz'nfO{ ljif nfUg] lsl;dsf 3fF;kft g]kfnsf] t/fO{ efub]lv pRr kxf8L e]u;Dd
kfOG5 . kz'x? xl/of] 3fF;kft vfFbf slxn]sfFxL ljiffn' 3fF;x? vfg k'Ub5g\ / To;df /x]sf]
ckfRo ljiffn' kbfy{n] hgfj/nfO{ /f]uL agfpF5 . s]xL pRr k|f]l6go'Qm 3fF;kft jf af]6
lj?jf vf;dfqfdf ;]jg u/]df cltg} kmfO{bfhgs x'G5 t/ w]/} dfqfdf vfg k'u]df ljif
nfUg] x'G5 .
ljiffn' 3f“;kft s;/L vfG5g\ <
 ;fgf kf7fkf7LnfO{ ljif nfUg] 3fF;kft af/] 1fg geP/ .
 gofF 7fpF of r/gdf afv|fnfO{ r/fpgfn] .
 ld7f] 3fF;;Fu ljiffn' 3fF;kft ldl;Psf]n] .
 ;'Vvf ofddf xl/of] /xg] ljiffn' 3fF;kft b]lv kz'x? nf]leP/ vfgfn] .
 s[ifsx?nfO{ ljiffn' 3fF;af/] hfgsf/L sd ePsf] sf/0f .
!= gfO6«f]6÷gfO6«fO6 ljif
h}, ux'+, ds}, ;8fg 3fF;, l:j6 Snf]e/ km'n km'Ng cufj} slnnf 3fF; w]/} dfqfdf
vfPdf ljif nflu dg]{ ;d]t x'G5 .

62
nIf0f
¥ofn sf9\g], k]6 b'Vg], 56k6fpg], df+zk]zL sDkg x'g], t'lxg], yf]/} lk;fa k6s
k6s ug]{, b"w pTkfbg 36\g] cflb .
pkrf/
ldyfO{nLg An' @ b]lv $Pd=Pn= -@) b]lv $) Pd=Pd=_ gzfdf ;'O{ lbg] . lnlSj8
kf/flkmg v'jfpg] .
@= n]sfnL ljif
pRr kxfl8 r/gIf]qdf n]sfnL 3fF;sf] kft km'n cflb cGo 3fF;;Fu ldl;P/
e]8fafv|fn] vfPdf n]sfnL ljif nfUb5 .

nIf0f
rg{ 5f]8\g], emf]qmfpg], e'F8L km'Ng], d'vaf6 lkmFh lgsfn]/ dg]{ .
pkrf/
;f]l8od yfof] ;Nkm]6 !) u|fd !)) Pd=Pn=kfgLdf 3f]nL vfg lbg] .
#= pGo'sf] ljif
o; k|sf/sf] ljiffn' 3fF; dWo kxf8sf] r/g If]qdf kfOG5 h'g ;fwf/0ftof 3fF;sf]
cefj ePsf] ;dodf kz'n] vfg] ub{5 .

$= ;fOgfO{8 ljif
slnnf] cj:yfsf] h'g]nf] vfPdf ;fOgfO8 ljif nfUb5 . o;n] :gfo' / /utdf
clS;hgsf] sdL u/fpF5 h:t} Zjf; km]g{ sl7gfO{ x'g], d'vaf6 lkmFh sf9\g], cfFvfsf] gfgL
km}ng], df+zk]zLdf sDkg x'g] cflb .
%= c+u]/Lsf] ljif
of] emf/kft a'6\ofg;Fu ldl;P/ /xg] ePsf]n] kz'n] o;nfO{ vfPdf $÷% 306fdf
ljif nfUb5 . o;sf] sf/0fn] ¥ofn cfpg], emf]qmfpg], :jf; km]g{ cK7]/f] x'g], k]6 km'Ng] / 5]g{]
x'G5 .
pkrf/
;f]l8od yfof] ;Nkm]6, ?d]g jf]n;, Dofu;Nkm cflb v'jfP/ lbzf u/fpg] . gd{n ;nfOg
lbg] .

63
^=& afv|fsf] afgL Joxf]/f / Joj:yfkg -Habits & Management of
Goats_
c? kfNt' kz'x? eGbf afv|fdf vf; lsl;dsf afgL Joxf]/f x'G5g\ . o:tf afgL
Joxf]/fsf] 1fg ls;fgn] lnP/ To; cg';f/ afv|fsf] Joj:yfkgx'g ;s]df afv|fkfng
Joj;foaf6 kmfO{bf lng ;lsG5 . afv|fn] b]vfpg] s]xL :jefjx? lgDg cg';f/ 5g\ M
 ;fwf/0ftof cGo 3/kfn'jf hgfj/n] vfg g;Sg] e'“O{sf] 5f]6f] 3f“; / ?v lj?jfsf]
kftx? afv|fn] ;lhn};“u vfG5 .
 cfk"mnfO{ dgkg]{ 3f“; 5fgL5fgL vfG5 . kmf]xf]/ nfu]sf] 3f“;kft afv|fn] vf“b}g .
 e]+8f / ufO{n] gvfg] 3f“;kft klg afv|fn] vfG5 .
 afv|fn] lttf], u'lnof], cldnf] tyf g'lgnf] :jfb yfxf kfp“5 . ufO{n]eGbf o;n] a9L
lttf] vfg;S5 .
 afv|fn] cfk\mgf] jo:s cj:yfdf s'g} hftsf 3f“;x? dg k/fP/ vfG5 eg] cGo
cj:yfdf gvfg ;S5 .
 afv|fn] cfxf/fsf] cefj x'g] cj:yfdf d?e"ldsf 3f“;x? klg pv]n]/ vfOlbG5 .
 k/fn 9f]8 klg vfg ;S5 .
 e'O{df rg'{eGbf ?vlj?jfsf] slnnf] kft tyf d'gf vfg afv|fn] a9L dg k/fp“5 .
 e'O{ 3f“; eGbf sf“8fsf“8L, emf8L a'6\ofg vfg dg k/fp“5 .
 afv|fn] sf]if] tyf 8fn]3fF; a9L dgk/fpF5 . o;n] ;fO{n]h eGbf sf]if]3fF;sf] x] a9L
?rfP/ vfG5 .
 afv|fx/m e]8fsf] h:tf] 6f9f6f9f;Dd r/gdf rg{ ?rfp+b}gg\ .

kl/R5]b &
afv|fsf] :jf:Yo Joj:yfkg
kz'x? :j:Yo ePdf dfq pTkfbg /fd|f] lbg] ePsf]n] afv|fkfns s[ifsx?n] kfn]sf
afv|fx? :j:Yo jf lj/fdL ePsf] 5'6\ofpg ;Sg'k5{ . kz' lj/fdL ePdf s] eP/ To:tf]
ePsf] xf] ;f]sf] lgbfg ug'{k5{ jf t'/Gt} k|fljlws;Fu k/fdz{ lng' k5{ .
:j:y afv|fdf ;fdfGotof tfkqmd !)!=#ْ km=b]lv !)#=%ْ km=;Dd / cf}ift tfkqmd
!)@=#ْ km, gf8Lsf] utL ^* b]lv () k6s k|lt ldg]6 / :jf; k|:jf; !) b]lv @) k6s
k|lt ldg]6 x'G5 . jo:ssf] eGbf kf7fkf7Lsf] tfkqmd a9L x'G5 . afv|fnfO{ /f]u nfu]/
pkrf/ ug'{eGbf s'zn Joj:yfkg, afv|fsf] j/Lk/Lsf] jftfj/0fsf] :jR5tf sfod /fvL

64
/f]u nfUg glbg' g} cfly{s Pj+ Joj:yfsLo lx;fadf /fd|f] x'G5 .
/f]u
/f]u eg]sf] To:tf] cj:yf xf] h'g kz'sf] zf/Ll/s agfj6, zfl/l/s lqmofsnfk jf
dfgl;s cj:yf ;fdfGoeGbf km/s x'G5 . /f]un] kz'nfO{ plrt cj:yfdf pTkfbgzLn
x'gaf6 jlGrt u/fpF5 . /f]uL cj:yfsf] kz'n] pko'Qm jftfj/0f / cfxf/fsf] cj:yf
;fdfGo x'Fbfx'Fb} klg cfkm\gf] zfl/l/s lqmofsnfk / zfl/l/s k|q[mof :jefljs cj:yfdf
;+rfng ug{ ;Sb}g .
&=! :j:y / c:j:y afv|fdf km/s
/f]uL / lg/f]uL afv|f 5'6\ofpgsf] nflu :j:y cj:yf / c:j:y cj:yfsf] af/]df hfGg
cfjZos 5 .
lg/f]uL afv|fsf] nIf0fx?
 km'lt{nf] / lhp x[i6k'i6 x'G5 .
 cfFvf rlDsnf] / sfg rgfvf] x'G5 .
 5fnfdf k|fs[lts rds / /f}+ Psgf;n] ldn]sf] x'G5 .
 ;dodf pu|fpg] u5{ .
 lbzf a8\sf}nf k/]sf] / lk;fa ;fdfGo x'G5 .
 pd]/ cg';f/ zfl/l/s j[l4 ePsf] x'G5 .
 bfgfkfgL ?rfP/ vfG5 .
 s'g} zf/Ll/s vf]6 x'Fb}g .
 y't'gf] /l;nf] x'G5 .
 gf8Lsf] ult, zf/Ll/s tfkqmd / Zjf; k|Zjf; ;fdfGo x'G5 .
lg/f]uL afv|fsf] nIf0fx?
/f]uL afv|fn] /f]usf] k|s[tL cg';f/ km/s km/s nIf0f b]vfpg] x'G5g\ t/ klg
;fdfGotofM /f]uL afv|fsf] nIf0f o; k|sf/ x'G5g\
 emf]qmfpg], bfgfkfgL gvfg] jf sd vfg],
 ayfgaf6 5'l§P/ cnUu} a:g ?rfpg],
 k'mlt{ x/fpg] / /f}F 7f8f] k/L lhFu|LË b]lvg],
 5fnf v;|f] / ?vf] x'g],
 zfl/l/s j[l4 b/ sd x'g],
 cfFvf /ftf], cfFz' au]sf] jf lrk|f nfu]sf] x'g],
 gf8Lsf] utL, Zjf; k|Zjf;, zfl/l/s tfkqmd ;fdfGo eGbf km/s x'g] / Zjf; b'u{lGwt

65
 x'g],
 lbzf kftnf], /ut ldl;Psf] jf lrKnf] x'g],
 lk;fa a9L kx]+nf] x'g] / slxn]sfFxL aGb ;d]t x'g],
 d'vaf6 ¥ofn cfpg] cflb .
afv|fnfO{ /f]u nfu]/ pkrf/ ug'{eGbf Joj:yfkg / jftfj/0fdf ;'wf/ u/]/ /f]u
nfUg] cj:yfnfO{ Go'g u/L pTkfbsTjdf cfpg] IfltnfO{ sd ub}{ a9L kmfO{bf lng
;lsG5 . o;sf] nflu tn pNn]lvt a'Fbfx?nfO{ ckgfpg' h?/L x'G5 M
- ;kmf / :jR5 kfgL rfx]hlt lkpg lbg],
- vf]/ ;kmf / kfgL ghDg] u/L 6fF8df /fVg],
- Jojl:yt u/]sf] rl/r/gdf r/fpg], ;+t'lnt xl/of] 3fF;kft v'jfpg], ;]lknf], cf]l;nf]
r/gdf gr/fpg],
- lgoldt / tflnsfa4 ?kdf cfGtl/s k/hLlj lj?4 cf}iflw v'jfpg] / afXo
k/hLljx?sf] nflu lgoldt l8lkË ug]{,
- vf]/df k|z:t xfjf cf]xf]/bf]xf]/ ug]{ / pHofnf] 3fd nfUg] 7fpFsf] Joj:yf ug{],
- vf]/ / afv|fsf] lgoldt ?kdf ljxfg a]n'sf cjnf]sg ug]{,
- ayfgdf afv|f lj/fdL ePsf] kfO{Pdf ayfgaf6 cnUu} /fvL pkrf/sf] Joj:yf
ldnfpg],
- lgoldt ?kdf vf]/ / j/Lk/Lsf] If]qdf pko'Qm cf}iflwx?sf] k|of]u u/L lg;+qmd0f ug]{,
- lgoldt / tflnsfa4 tl/sfaf6 /f]u lg/f]ws vf]kx? nufpg],

&=@ /f]usf] k|sf/

/f]ux? w]/} k|sf/sf x'G5g\ / w]/} k|sf/n] ljefhg ul/Psf] x'G5 . afv|fsf] /f]ux?
af/] ;fdfGo hfgsf/Lsf] nflu s]xL k|sf/sf /f]ux? af/] oxfF pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
s= lj/fdL cjlwsf] cfwf/df /f]unfO{ rf/ efudf ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 –
!= tLI0f /f]u M o; k|sf/sf] /f]u cs:dft z'? eO{ 5f]6f] cjlw d} cTolws dfqfdf
;+qmd0f u/fpg ;Ifd x'G5g\ . o; k|sf/sf] /f]usf] cjlw ;fdfGotof !–$ lbg;Dd
x'G5 . h:t} vf]/]t, lk=lk=cf/ cflb .
@= clt tLI0f /f]u M o; k|sf/sf] /f]u crfgs b]vf kg]{ / clt 5f]6f] ;dodf g}
hgfj/x/mnfO{ cToGt s8f vfnsf] ;+qmd0f u/fpg ;Ifd x'G5g\ . o:tf /f]usf] ;do

66
 ;fdfGotof $* 306f;Ddsf] x'G5 h:t} clt tLI0f y'g]nf] .
#= sd ltI0f /f]u M o; k|sf/sf] /f]usf] z'?jft / c;/ cGo ltI0f /f]ux? eGbf
a9L ;do -@–$ xKtf;Dd_ x'G5 . h:t} lgdf]lgof, y'g]nf] cflb .
$= hL0f{ /f]u M o; k|sf/sf] /f]usf] z'?jft / c;/ nfdf] ;do;Dd sfod /xL
/xG5 . h:t} l6=la=, a|';]nf]l;; cflb .
v= /f]usf] sf/0fsf] cfwf/df /f]unfO{ b'O efudf afFl8Psf] 5 –
!= ;+qmfds /f]ux? M o; k|sf/sf /f]ux/m Ps kz'af6 csf]{ kz' Pj+ kz'af6 dfG5] /
dfG5]af6 kz'x?df ;g]{ / k|ToIf c;/ k'¥ofpg] vfnsf x'G5g\ h:t} vf]/]t, 5 df;] /f]u
cflb .
@= c;+qmfds /f]ux? M o; k|sf/sf /f]ux/m Ps kz'af6 csf]{ kz'df g;g]{ / kz'sf]
zfl/l/s lqmof of c+ux?df cfPsf] v/faL of u8a9Lsf] sf/0faf6 ePsf] kfOG5 h:t}
l;tf+u Hj/f], k]6 km'Ng] cflb .
&=# /f]u nfUgfsf] sf/0fx?
z/L/nfO{ ;fdfGo cj:yfaf6 c;fdfGo / /f]uL cj:yfdf k'¥ofpg] w]/} sf/0fx?
dWo] s]xL cfGtl/s k|s[ltsf x'G5g\ eg] s]xL afXo k|sf/sf x'G5g\ .
/f]usf afXo sf/0fx?df k|d'v sf/0fx? o; k|sf/ 5g\
!= z'Id ljiff0f'x? -Viruses_
@= z'Id lhjf0f'x? -Bacteria_
#= z'Id k/hLljx? -Protozoa_
$= k/lhjLx? -Parasites_
/f]usf afx\o sf/0fx?M
kz'nfO{ ;fdfGo cj:yfdf /fVg z/L/sf sf]if sf]lifsf c+u / k|0ffnLn] cf cfˆgf
lhDd]jf/L cg';f/sf] lqmofx? ul//x]sf x'g5g\ . olb oL lqmofx?df s'g} k|sf/sf] u8a9L
ePdf /f]u nfUb5 . o:tf c+u jf k|0ffnLdf c;/ kfg]{ aflx/sf tTjx?sf] k|j]z g}} /f]usf]
afXo sf/0f x'g\ . h:t} clh0f{, ckr, k]6 km'Ng] jf 9fl8g] cflb .
&=$ /f]u k|lt/f]ws Ifdtf
/f]usf] sf/s lhjf0f' jf ljiff0f' z/L/leq k|j]z ul/;s]kl5 ltlgx?nfO{ lgl:qmo
kfg]{ jf gf; ug]{ k|qm[of jf k|0ffnL z/L/ leq ;lqmo jf ljsl;t x'G5 . olx k|0fflnsf]
IfdtfnfO{ /f]u k|lt/f]wfTds Ifdtf elgG5 . o; k|sf/sf] Ifdtfsf] k|s[lt, /f]usf] sf/s
tTj, o;sf] cfqmd0f ug]{ / j[l4b/sf] cfwf/df ljsl;t x'G5 .

67
 ;fdfGotof /f]usf] ljiff0f' jf lhjf0f'sf] ;+Vof cg';f/ zl//df o;sf] lj?4df Ps
k|sf/sf] k|f]l6gsf] s0fx?sf] ljsf; x'G5 h;nfO{ k|lt/f]ws s0f jf Pl06j8L elgG5 .
Pl06j8Ln] /f]usf lhjf0f'÷ljiff0f'nfO{ ;dfTg] jf gi6 ug]{ ub{5g\ . z/L/df ljsl;t x'g] ;a}
vfnsf k|lt/f]ws Ifdtf rfx] Tof] ;s[o -Active), ;';'Kt -Passive_ jf cflh{t -
Acquired_ h];'s} eP klg /f]usf] k|s[tL, sf/s / kz'j:t' cg';f/ km/s km/s x'G5g\ .
z/L/df pkflh{t k|lt/f]ws Ifdtfsf] plrt ljsf;sf] nflu ;+t'lnt / k|f]l6go'Qm cfxf/f
cfjZos x'G5 . k|f]l6gsf] sdLn] of] Ifdtfsf] ljsf;df cj/f]w k'¥ofpg] x'Fbf sdhf]/ /
s'kf]lift kz'x?df /f]u;Fu n8\g] Ifdtf klg sd x'G5 . cfdfdf pTkGg k|lt/f]ws Ifdtf
ue{sf] aRrfdf ;d]t cfpg] / ljuf}tL b"wsf] dfWodaf6 gjhft aRrfx?df hfg] x'Fbf
ljuf}tL b"w gjhft aRrfx?nfO{ v'jfpg' h?/L 5 .
&=% afv|fdf nfUg] k|d'v /f]ux?
ljleGg lsl;dsf ljiff0f' hLjf0f', ;'Id k/hLjL / 9';Lsf] sf/0f afv|fnfO{ cg]s
y/Lsf] /f]u nfUb5g\ . tL dWo] s]xL d'Vo /f]ux? lgDgjdf]lhd 5g\ M
lk=lk=cf/=
of] ljiff0f'sf] sf/0faf6 nfUg] Psbd} vt/gfs /f]u xf] . o;nfO{ e]8f jfv|fsf] x}hf
klg elgG5 . of] w]/} h;f] s8f cj:yfdf b]vf k5{ . t/ slxn]sfFxL xNsf k|sf/sf] klg x'g
;S5 . of] /f]u nfu]df lgDgcg';f/sf nIf0fx? b]vf k5{g\ .
 /f]usf] cj:yf s8f ePdf cs:dft !)$) b]lv !)^) km/]gxfO{6–;Dd Hj/f]
cfpg] .
 lhlu|+Ë kg]{ .
 y't'gf] ;'Vvf x'g] .
 cfFvf /ftf] x'g] .
 vfgf gvfg] h:tf nIf0f z'?df b]lvG5 .
 gfsaf6 kfgL cfpg] .
 kLk jufpg] .
 gfsleq 3fp x'g] .
 d'vleq /ftf] eO{ cf]7, lhj|f] / d'vleq htftt} vl6/f lg:sg] .
 sfnf] 5]g]{ .
 hnljof]hg x'g] .
 z/L/sf] tfkqmd 36\b} uP/ /f]u nfu]sf] % b]lv !) lbgdf hgfj/ dg]{ ub{5 .
 /f]un] e]6]sf] #÷$ lbg kl5 lgdf]lgof x'g], vf]sL nfUg] nIf0f b]lvG5 .
 Jofpg] kz' t'lxg yfN5g\ .

68
 /f]un] e]6]kl5 jo:s eGbf kf7fkf7Lsf] d[To'b/ j9L x'G5 .
/f]syfd / pkrf/
/f]usf] nIf0f b]vfkl/;s]kl5 vf; pkrf/ ug{ ;lsb}g, To;}n] nIf0f cg';f/
pkrf/ ug{' k5{ . /f]syfdsf] lglDt @÷@ jif{sf] cjlwdf vf]k nufpg' h?/L x'G5 .
5]/f}6L
ljifflb, ljleGg /f]usf ls6f0f' / cfGtl/s k/hLjLsf] sf/0faf6 5]/f}6L nfu]sf]
kfOg]5 . 5]g{ yfn]kl5 kz' b'JnfpFb} hfg], pTkfbg 36\g], sdhf]/ x'g], h:tf];'s} vfgf klg
krfpg g;Sg] ;d:of b]vf k5{ .
pkrf/ / /f]syfd
5]/f}6L nfu]sf] afv|fsf] nflu g]Jnf]g, kuf]{s]o/ h:tf cf}iflw v'jfpg] ;fy} ;Nkmf
cf}iflwsf] rSsL v'jfpg] . k/hLljsf] sf/0fn] /f]u nfu]sf] eP s'g lsl;dsf] k/hLlj xf]
;f]xLcg'?k pkrf/ ug{' k5{ . /f]syfdsf] lglDt ;/;kmfO, ljleGg /f]u lj?4sf] vf]k / ;do
;dodf k/hLjL lj?4 cf}iflw v'jfpg] Joj:yf ldnfpg' k5{ .
k]6 km'Ng] jf 9fl8g] -Bloat_
of] /f]u afv|fx?df k]6df xfjf w]/} hDdf x'g] cj:yf xf] . cS;/ afv|fn] ds} jf
cGo cGg, s]xL 8fn]3fF;, sf]if] 3fF; jf ljiffn' 3fF;x? vfFbf k]6df ePsf lhjf0f' / z'Id
k/lhjLx/måf/f kfrg lqmofdf xfjf jf lkmFh pTkGg eO{ x'g] ub{5 . xfjf jf lkmFh ltI0f?kn]
hDdf eO{ lgsf; ug{ g;s]df kz'x? dg]{ ub{5g\ .
nIf0fx?
- b]a|] k]6 km'Ng] / es'08f] h:tf] x'g],
- ltI0f / ulDe/ k|sf/sf] /f]udf k'/} k]6 km'Ng],
- d'vaf6 ¥ofn lgsfNg],
- ;f; km]g{ cK7]/f] x'g] / d'v vf]n]/ ;f; km]g]{,
- k]6 b'v]sf] cg'ej ug]{ / s/fpg],
- lbzf lk;fa aGb x'g],
- kz' n8]/ ;f; km]g{ g;sL dg]{,
pkrf/
- bfgf lbg aGb ug]{, cuf8Lsf] efu pRrf kf/]/ /fVg],

69
 - Plen ;'O{ nufpg],
- 6«f]s/ Sofg'nf jf df]6f] ;'O{sf] dfWodaf6af6 xfjf lgsfNg],
- Pl06afof]l6ssf] k|of]u ug]{,
- ckmflgn, Anf]6f]l;n jf l6Dkf]nsf] k|of]u ug]{,
- le6fldg la sf] ;'O{ nufpg],
Go"df]lgof -Pneumonia_
lgdf]lgof afv|fx?df nfUg] k|d'v /f]ux?sf] dWo]sf] /f]u xf] . k|lts'n lr;f] df};ddf
kf7fkf7Ldf of] /f]u a9Lb]lvG5 . of] /f]u ljleGg sf/0fn] ubf{ x'g;Sb5 . h;dWo] –
- ljiff0f'
- lhjf0f'
- 9';L
- kmf]S;f]sf] h'sf
nIf0fx?
- z'?df rfF8f] rf8f] Zjf; km]g]{ / kl5 Zjf; k|Zjf;df cj/f]w cfpg]
- vf]sL nfUg], Hj/f] cfpg] / gfsaf6 l;Fufg aUg]
- vfgf dg gug]{
- 3fF6L £of/£of/ aHg]
pkrf/ tyf /f]syfdM
- /f]uL kz'nfO{ Gofgf] / cf]efgf] 7fpFdf nuL /fVg]
- Plen ;'O{ nufpg]
- Sofkm\nf]g kfp8/ v'jfpg]
- P06Lafof]l6s ;'O{ #–% lbg;Dd nufpg]
5 df;] /f]u -Enterotoxamia_M
of] /f]u lhjf0f'sf] sf/0faf6 afv|fdf nfUb5 . Joj;flos ?kdf ;3g Joj:yfkgdf
kflnPsf afv|fx?df of] /f]u r/gdf kflnPsf afv|fx?dfeGbf a9L x'G5 . o;df hLjf0f'n]
pTkGg u/fPsf] ljifsf] sf/0faf6 x'G5 . ;lhn} kRg] sfjf]{xfO{8«]6 / cGo cfxf/fn] afv|fsf]
cfGb|fsf] utLnfO{ sd u/L lhjf0f'n] pTkGg u/]sf] ljifsf] dfqf a9L x'Fbf of] /f]usf] c;/
b]vfk5{ . sd;n cfxf/faf6 PSsf;L /fd|f] cfxf/fdf hfFbf / cTolws cfGtl/s k/hLjLsf]
rfkn] klg of] /f]un] cfqmd0f ub{5 . ;fdfGotof of] /f]usf] c;/n] 5]/f}6L, hnljlgof]hgsf]
sf/0f cfGb|f ;'lGgg] ub{5 . lduf}{nf sdnf] eO{ sfd ug{ 5f]8\b5 .
nIf0fx?

70
of] /f]usf] nIf0f # k|sf/n] b]vfkg{ ;Sb5
 ltI0f k|s[tLsf nIf0f
 clt ltI0f k|s[tLsf nIf0f
 lb3{ k|s[ltsf nIf0f
clt ltI0f k|s[tLdf kz'x? PSsf;L yfx} gkfO{ r/g jf vf]/df d/]sf] e]l6G5 eg]
ltI0f k|s[tLdf Hj/f] cfpg], emf]qmfpg], vfgf gvfg], /ut ld;LPsf] 5]g]{ ub{5g\ . z/L/
sdfpg] / ;'tL/xg] h:tf nIf0fx? klg b]vf kb{5g\ . /f]u nfu]sf] #–$ lbg;Dd nIf0f
b]vfpg] / dg]{ ub{5g\ . s]xL kz'x? nIf0f b]vfP/ lgsf] ePdf lb3{ k|s[ltsf] nIf0f b]vfO{
/f]uafxssf] ?kdf /lx/xG5g\ .
pkrf/ / /f]syfd
- afv|fsf] cfxf/f crfgs gabNg] / w]/} bfgf Ps}k6s glbg]
- /f]usf] nIf0f cg';f/ Pl06afof]l6s ;lxt pkrf/ ug]
- ^–^ dlxgfdf vf]k nufpg] .
y'g]nf]
ljleGg lsl;dsf lhjf0f'sf] sf/0faf6 y'g]nf] /f]u nfUg] ub{5 . y'g sNrf}8f] ;'lGg],
y'gaf6 /ut jf lkk cfpg], b"w ;'Sg] / pkrf/ gkfPdf y'g aGb x'g] h:tf nIf0f of]
/f]udf b]lvG5 . sf/s / /f]usf] cj:yf cg';f/ y'g]nf] leGg leGg k|sf/sf] x'G5 / nIf0f
klg km/skm/s b]lvg ;S5 .

pkrf/ / /f]syfd
 Pl06afof]l6s ;'O jf dNxd df;' jf y'gdf nufpg]
 nIf0f cg';f/ cf}iflwsf] k|of]u ug]{
 /f]syfdsf] nflu afv|f / vf]/sf] ;/ ;kmfO{ / y'g Pj+ vf]/ leq lg;+qmd0fsf] Joj:yf
ldnfpg]
l;=l;=lk=lk=
z'Id ls6f0f'sf] sf/0faf6 afv|fdf nfUg] o; /f]unfO{ vt/gfs g} dflgG5 / o;df
d[To' b/ ^)–!)) k|ltzt;Dd ePsf] kfO{Psf]5 . w]/} afv|f Ps}7fpFdf hDdf ug]{ / /fVg] jf
;fgf] 7fpFdf Ifdtf eGbf w]/} hgfj/x? /fVgfn] of] /f]u b]vfkg{ ;Sb5 .
nIf0fx?
- afv|f sdhf]/ b]lvg]

71
- vfgf dg gug]{
- hf]/f] cfpg]
- vf]Sg]
- lx8fp+bf t'?Gt yfSg] / ;f; km]g{ ;d:of x'g]
- d'6', hf]gL / uLbLdf c;/ kg]{

pkrf/ / /f]syfd
- 6fO{nf]l;g gfds cf}iflw v'jfpg] jf ;'O{ nufpg]
- /f]uL lg/f]uL 5'6\ofP/ pkrf/ ug]{
- /f]syfdsf] nflu lgoldt vf]k nufpg]
- w]/} afv|f Ps}7fpFdf le8 u/]/ g/fVg]
vf]/]t
vf]/]t ljiff0f'hGo ;?jf /f]u xf] . ufO{e}+;L a+u'/nfO{ h:tf] c;/ o;n] afv|fdf
k'¥ofpFb}g t/ afv|fdf /f]usf] c;/n] t'lxg], vfg g;Sg] / lx8\8'ndf sl7gfO{ x'g] x'bF f
;ts{tf eg] lng'k5{ .
nIf0fx?
- Hjf]/f] cfpg] !)$–!)%ْ km= .
- ¥ofn sf9\g] .
- vfg dg gug]{ .
- d'v Rofk Rofk ug]{ .
- v'/sf] ljr efudf /ftf] eP/ 3fp b]lvg] / v'§f vf]Rofpg] .
- lha|f] ;'lGgg] / kfgL kmf]sf b]lvg] cflb .
pkrf/ / /f]syfd
- nIf0f cg';f/ pkrf/ ug]{
- d'vsf] 3fp ;kmf ug{ lkm6ls/L kfgL of kf]6f; kfgL k|of]u ug]{ .
- v'§fdf lkmg]n emf]nn] ;kmf u/L lxd]S; dNxd nufpg] .
- kz'nfO{ ayfgaf6 cnUu} /fvL pkrf/ ug]{ .
- k|To]s jif{ vf]k nufpg] .
afv|fsf] ljkm/

72
 afv|f nufot cGo hgfj/df cfpg] ljkm/ ljiff0f'sf] sf/0faf6 x'G5 . ljkm/ kz'sf]
nflu 3fts klg x'g;S5 . of] /f]u ;?jf ePtf klg Ps kz'af6 csf]{ kz'df ;g]{ ult
lj:tf/} x'G5 .
nIf0fx?
- z'?df Hjf]/f] cfpg]
- cfFvf ;'lGgg], lrk|f nfUg]
- gfsdf afSnf] l;Fufg hDg] / gfs aGb x'g]
- Zjf; gnLdf c;/ kg]{ / kmf]S;f]df 3fp x'g ;Sg]
- z/L/sf cGo efudf ;d]t k|efjb]lvg]

pkrf/ /f]syfd
- nIf0f cg';f/ pkrf/ ug]{
- 3fpdf Pl06afof]l6s dNxd / cfFvfdf Pl06afof]l6s emf]n k|of]u ug]{
- /f]syfdsf] nflu kS; EoflS;g nufpg]
bfb
9';Lsf] sf/0fn] of] Ps lsl;dsf] 5fnfdf b]lvg] ;d:of xf] . o; /f]udf 5fnf v>f] /
afSnf] eP/ cfpg], lrnfpg, /f}+ emg]{, lhp v;|f] x'g] / leQfdf nu]/ bNg], w]/} c;/ u/]sf]
v08df vfgf sd vfg] / b'Anfp+b} hfg] x'G5 .
pkrf/ / /f]syfd
- u|L;f]Nkm]leg rSsL !)–!% lbg;Dd v'jfpg] .
- bfb ePsf] 7fpFdf lh+s cS;fO{8 / ;]n];]lns Pl;8 ePsf] dNxd k|of]u ug]{ .
- lxd]S; jf rfld{n dNxdsf] k|of]u ug]{ .
v'/ s'lxg] -Foot Rot_
of] e]8f afv|fsf] ;+qmfds /f]u xf] . of] lhjf0f'af6 nfUg] ub{5 . jiff{ofddf v'/
leh]sf] of rf]6k6s nfu]sf] :yfgdf lhjf0f'sf] ;+qmd0faf6 of] /f]u pTkGg x'g] ub{5 .
nIf0fx?
- e]8f afv|f PSsf;L nË8f] x'g]
- v'§f ;'lGgg] / 5fDbf b'Vg]
- v'/ j/Lk/Lsf] 5fnf / sfk lr/LPsf]b]lvg]
- g/fd|f] uGw cfpg] / lkk aUg]

73
- Hjf]/f] cfpg]
- /f]usf] k|sf]k;Fu} v'/ km'lSnP/ 5'l§g] / kz'n] v'§fdf pleg g;s]/ cuf8Lsf] efun] 6]Sg]
pkrf/ / /f]syfd
- v'/nfO{ /fd|f];Fu sf6]/ Pl06afof]l6s emf]nn] ;kmf ug]{
- % k|ltzt sk/ ;Nkm]6sf] emf]nn] @ ldg]6;Dd lbgsf] @ km6s v'/nfO{ rf]kNg]
- Pl06afof]l6s ;'O{ nufpg]
- afv|fnfO{ ;'Vvf / ;kmf :yfgdf /fVg] / ;do ;dodf v'/ sf6\g]
df]xf]nf -Orf_
ljkm/ h:t} df]xf]nf klg afv|fsf] ;+qmfds /f]u xf] . ljiff0f'af6 nfUg] of] /f]udf cf]+7
tyf d'vdf 3fp cfpg], kz'n] vfg jf rg{ 5f]8\g] / kf7fkf7LnfO{ a9L c;/ kfg]{ u/]sf]
kfOg]5 . of] /f]usf] ljiff0f'x? /f]uL kz'sf] 3fpaf6 lg:s]sf] kfk|f jf vtx?af6 e'O{+df bfgf
3fF;, ef8f jf xfjfsf] dfWo]daf6 ;+qmldt eO{ c? kz'df ;g]{ ub{5 . ljz]if u/L d'v, cf]7
/ j/Lk/Lsf] :yfgdf 3fpx? b]lvg] x'Fbf vfgf vfg g;sL afv|fx? b'Anfpg] x'G5 .
nIf0fx?
 5fnfdf ;–;fgf bfgf b]vfkg]{
 bfgf 3fpdf kl/0ft eO{ kfk|f nfUg]
 o:tf] 3fp z'?df cf]7sf] r]k / kl5 cf]7, d'v, sfg, v'§fsf] 5fnf, c08sf]if, ;'t
/ y'gdf b]lvg]
 3fpx? #–$ xKtfdf cfkm}+ lgsf] x'g]
 8/nfUbf] cj:yfdf z/L/e/L cfpg], hf]/f] a9\g], cfGtl/s c+ux?df 3fp eO{
kf7fkf7L dg]{ klg x'G5 .
 afv|f l5§} b'Anfpg], gvfg] cflb x'G5 .
pkrf/ / /f]syfd
 3fpdf Pl06afof]l6s dNxd nufpg]
 lem+ufaf6 arfpg % k|ltzt lgnf]t'yf]sf] emf]n jf lxd]S; dnd nufpg]
 /f]u nfu]sf] ayfgdf /f]uL kz'sf] 3fpsf] kfk|f lgsfn]/ luN;L/Lg ;fnfO{gdf
agfPsf] vf]k sfgsf] leqL efudf sf6]/ blnlbg] / ! dlxgfsf] kf7fkf7LnfO{
lt3|fsf] leqL efu sf6]/ vf]k bNg] . /f]u b]vf gk/]sf] ayfgdf o:tf] vf]k k|of]u
gug]{
afv|fdf t'lxg] /f]u

74
 Aofpg] ePsf afv|Lx? t'lxg] ;d:of afv|fkfng Joj;fosf] k|d'v ;d:ofsf] ?kdf
b]vf k/]sf] 5 . afv|f t'lxPdf t'lxg] sf/0faf6 k"gM jfnL uPdf jf yf/} a;]df Joj;flos
tyf cfly{s ?kn] IftL x'g] / sltko t'lxg] /f]un] kl5;Dd klg pTkfbgdf c;/ kg]{ x'G5 .
afv|f t'lxg] sf/0fx?
afv|fsf] ue{sf] aRrfdf ue{df vfgf k'¥ofpg] ;fngfn jf cd|f]df kg]{ c;/sf]
sf/0faf6 afv|f t'xg] ub{5 . afv|f t'lxg] k|d'v sf/0fx?df lgDg sf/0f dxTjsf 5g\
;?jf /f]u
ljiff0f', lhjf0f' jf 9';Lsf] sf/0faf6 x'g] s]xL /f]un] afv|fnfO{ t'xfpg] / cGo s]xLn]
t'xfpg'sf ;fy} c? ;d:ofx? klg pTkGg ug]{ ub{5g\ . h:t}, a|';]nf]l;;, ;fNdf]g]nf]l;;,
lea|Lrf]l;;, 6S;f]Knfdf]l;;, O{Gh'6Ls Pjf];{g cflb .
- Jofpg] clGtd jf z'? dlxgfsf] ;|qmd0f
- ljif tyf cf}iflwx? h:t} ;L=6L=l;=, lkmgf]yfof]lhg, sl6{sf]O:6]/fO{8 cflb
- Jofpg] cj:yfsf] rf]6k6s
- vfgf jf kf]if0fsf] sdL
- vlgh tTjsf] sdL h:t} M tfdf, cfof]l8g
- dxfdf/L /f]ux?, lk=lk= cf/= vf]/]t cflb

nIf0fx?
o;sf] nIf0f g} t'xfPsf kf7fkf7Lx? x'g\
- kf7fkf7Lx? k|foM d/]sf] cj:yfdf, s]xL lhp+b} cj:yfdf / ;do gk'u]sf] sdhf]/ x'g]
x'G5
- ;fn g} gemg]{
- 6f]S;f]Knfhfn] t'xfPsf]df ;fnsf] luvf{df r'gfsf] h:tf] bfgf b]lvg]
- SnfO{d]l8ofaf6 t'x]sf]df ;fnsf] luvf{ ;'lGgPsf] / s'lxPsf] kfO{g]
- ayfgdf /f]usf] ;|qmd0f ePdf k|fo ;a} pd]/ / j]tsf afv|Lx? t]lxg] ub{5g\ .
pkrf/
- t'lxg] /f]u nflu;s]kl5 pkrf/ sl7g x'G5,
- klxnf] j]t Jofpg] kz' t'lxPdf csf]{ j]t jf To;} j]tdf pkrf/ ug'{ kb{5,
- /f]u nfu]sf] z+sf ePsf ayfgaf6 afv|fx? cfkm\gf] ayfgdf gld;fpg]

75
- t'lxPsf afv|fsf] ;fn kf7fkf7L / of]gL/; nfO{ n;k; gug]{,
- t'lxPsf] kf7fkf7L / ;fngfnnfO{ Jojl:yt lj;h{g vfN8f]df k'/]/ jf hnfP/ ug]{ .
afv|fsf] s]xL /f]ux? lj?4 nufO{g] vf]kx?sf] tflnsf
;do Vff]ksf] dfqf
/f]usf] gfd
-dlxgf_ jo:s Kff7fkf7L
Kff}if÷df3 l;=l;=lk=lk= )=@ Pd=Pn=5fnfd'gL )=@ Pd=Pn=5fnfd'gL
kmfu'g÷r}q lk=lk=cf/ ! Pd=Pn=df;'÷5fnfd'gL !Pd=Pn=df;'÷5fnfd'gL
Rf}q÷a}zfv ljkm/ l;of]n] 5fnfdf vf]k]/ l;of]n] 5fnfdf vf]k]/
Af}zfv÷Ho]i7 O{G6/f]6lS;ldof % Pd=Pn=5fnfd'gL @=% Pd=Pn=5fnfd'gL
Af}zfv÷Ho]i7 Vff]/]t @ Pd=Pn=5fnfd'gL ! Pd=Pn=5fnfd'gL

&=^ afv|fdf nfUg] k/hLjLx?

afv|fdf nfUg] cfGtl/s k/hLjLx? / ;+qmd0fdf k|efj kfg]{ sf/s tTjx?
afv|fdf k|efj kfg]{ cfGtl/s k/lhjLx?df P:sf/L;, 6]lgof, x]d+s;, cf]:6f]6flh{of,
6]nf8f];lh{of, cf];f]km]uG6f]d, 6«fOsf]:6«ufOn;, a'gf]:6f]dd, lne/Nkm's, kf/flkm:6f]dd hftsf
h'sfx? k|d]v x'g\ . lo dWo] x]d+s;, cf]:6f]6flh{of, 6]nf8f];lh{of htsf h'sfx? cfdf;odf
6«fOsf]:6«ufOn; / P:sf/L;x? ;fgf] cfGb|f / a'gf]:6f]dg, cf];f]km]uG6f]d hftsf h'sfx?
7'nf] cfGb|fdf kfOg]5g\ . k|foh;f] ;a} uf]nf] h'sfx/sf] lhjg rqm s]xL ckjfb afx]s
Ps}gf;sf] x'G5 . h'sfx?sf] k|j]z ;fdfGotof 3fF;, bfgf kfgL / lbzfsf] dfWodaf6 eP
tfklg c+s'z] h'sf h:t} a'gf]:6f]dg v'§f 5fnfaf6 k|j]z ub{5 . h'sfsf] ljsf; h'sfsf]
k|sf/ cg';f/ Ps jf b'O{ j6f hftsf Host x? k|fo cfGb|fdf x'g] ub{5g\ . t/ lkmQ] h'sf
6]lgof dN6L;]k / O{sfO{gf]sf]s; u|fg'nf];;sf] dWo] cj:yf qmdzM 6fpsf], lubL / sn]hf]
kmf]S;f]df x'g5 . s]xL hftsf h'sfx?sf] nfef{x? k"0f{{ ljsl;t ePkl5 dfq aflx/ lg:sG5g\
eg] cGo s]xL hft cfGb|fsf] leqL ;txdf nfdf] ;do;Dd a;]/ dfq aflx/ cfp+5g\ .
;fdfGotof cg's'n df};ddf h'sfx?sf] hLjgrqm lgjf{w ?kdf rnL/xG5 /
kz'x?df ;+qmd0f u/fO/xG5 . k|lts"n jftfj/0fdf klg h'sfx?n] hLjgrqm rnfpg
ljlzi6 k|fjwfgx? ljsl;t u/]sf] kfOG5 . lo k|fjwfgx?sf] hfgsf/L /fVg' k/lhjL
lgoGq0fdf ;xof]u x'g ;Sb5 .
!= h'sfsf] t]>f] cj:yfsf] nfef{x? ;'Vvf df};ddf klg nfdsf] ;do afFrL/xg ;Sb5g\ .

76
@= s]xL hftsf nfef{x/m hldgsf] ulx/f] df6f]df a:b5g\ / cg's'n cjh:yfdf dfq
aflx/ lg:sG5g\ .
#= cfdfzosf k|fo h'sfx? k|lts'n cj:yfdf kz'sf] z/L/ leq nfef{ cj:yfdf ;';'Kt
a:b5g\ / cg's'n jftfj/0f dfq jo:s x'G5g\ . o; k|sf/sf ;';'Kt cj:yfsf
nfef{x/m Ps}k6s ljsl;t x'Fbf kz'nfO{ /f]usf] c;/ w]/} kg]{ x'G5 .
$= s'g} hftsf h'sfn] cTolws km'n kf/]/ cfkm\gf] lhjg rqmnfO{ rnfpg a9L cj;/sf]
>[hgf ub{5 .
%= kz'x? AofpFbf kz'sf] k]6df ePsf h'sfx?n] cGo a]nfeGbf a9L k'mn kfg]{ / gjhft
kf7fkf7LnfO{ w]/} ;+qmd0fsf] ;Defjgf k}bf ub{5g\ .
^= w]/} hftsf h'sfx?n] pkrf/sf] nflu k|of]u x'g] cf}iflw, cf}iflwsf] k|lt/f]ws Ifdtf
ljsf; ul/;s]sf x'G5g\ .
-s_ afv|fdf nfUg] d'Vo d'Vo cfGtl/s k/hLjL / ltgsf] k|sf]kn] b]lvg]
nIf0fx?
c?sf] /ut r'';]/ afRg] ls/fnfO{ k/hLjL elgG5 . afv|fsf] z/L/leq ljleGg y/Lsf
h'sfsf] ?kdf b]vfkg]{ ls/fnfO{ cfGtl/s k/hLjL eGb5g\ . s]xL d'Vo k/hLjLx? lgDgk|sf/
x'G5g\ .
gfDn]
gfDn]n] sn]hf]df c;/ kf5{ . k/hLaLsf] ;+Vof a9L ePsf] cj:yfdf logLx?n]
sn]hf]nfO{ l5ofl5of kfl/lbG5g\ . /f]u nfu]sf] afv|fdf lgDg nIf0fx? b]vf k5{g\ .
 dg nufP/ gvfg] .
 3f“;kft 5flg5flg vfg] .
 slxn] 5]g]{, slxn] slJhot ePsf] nIf0f b]vfpg] .
 5fnf km';|f] eP/ hfg] .
 ;'Vvf j:t' j9L dg k/fP/ vfg] .
 tf}n ga9\g] Rofk' ;'lgg], b'JnfP/ hfg] .
gfDn] /f]u nfu]sf] xf] xf]Og eGg] kQf nufpg lbzf k/LIf0f ug'{ cfjZos x'G5 .
kf/fdlkmi6f]d
of] h''sfnfO{ cfGb|fsf] gfDn] klg eGg ;lsG5 . o;n] sn]hf]nfO{ eg] s'g} c;/
kf/]sf] x'“b}g t/ kf/flkmi6f]dsf] ;+Vof a9\b} hf+bf lgDgnIf0fx? b]vf k5{g\ .
 cfGb|fdf o;sf] ;+Vof a9\b} uPkl5 afv|fn] 5]g{ yfNb5 .
 afv|fx? b'Jnfpb} hfG5 .

77
 vfg dg gug]{ / j9L ltvf{pg] h:tf nIf0fb]lvG5 .
x]d°;
of] hftsf] h'sf afv|fsf] k]6df kfOg]] u5{ / h'sfsf] ;+Vof a9\b} hf+bf lgDgnIf0fx?
b]vf k5{g\ .
 c;/n] /Qm cNktf x'g]
 k"/f} hLp g} ;'lGgP/ cfp“g], Rofk' ;'lGgg] x'G5 .
 uf]j/ Psgf;sf] gx'g],
 slxn] 5]g]{ tyf slxn] slJhot x'g] / slxn] /fd|f] a8\sf}nf lbzf ub{5 .
lkmQ] h'sf
lkmQ] h'sf k/]sf] afv|fsf] lbzfaf6 lkmQ] h'sfsf] k"mn / h'sfsf ;fgf ;fgf 6'qmf
rf}/df emg]{ / c? kz'x?nfO{ To:tf] 7fp“df r/fpg] ugf{n] 3f“;;Fu} To:tf j:t' k]6df k'U5g
/ kl5 cfGb|fdf lkmQ] h'sfsf] ?kdf ljsl;t x'G5g . oL lkmQ] h'sf Tolt xflgsf/s geP
klg logLx?sf] ;+Vof j9L x'Fb}+hfbf lgDg nIf0fx? b]vf k5{g\ .
 hgfj/n] 5]g]{ / b'Jnfpb} hfg] .
 /f]uL hgfj/n] cK7\of/f] eP h:tf] ug]{ .
 b'Jnfpb} hfg] .
 /utsf] sdL x'g] .
 slxn] 5]g]{, slxn] slJhot x'g] .
uf]nf] h'sf
Ps jif{ d'lgsf kf7fkf7Ldf uf]nf] h'sf j9L b]lvg] eP klg slxn]sf+xL jo:s
hgfj/nfO{ klg nfUg ;S5 . x'ls{Psf] uf]nf] h'sfsf] cfsf/ em08} u8\of}nf h:tf] x'G5 .
h'sfsf] km"n ePsf] bfgf, kfgL, 3f“;kft vfPdf of cGo n;k;af6 lg/f]uL kz'df
logLx?sf] ljsf; x'g hfG5 . uf]nf] h'sf nfu]sf afv|fdf lgDg nIf0fx? b]vfk5{g\ .
 k]6 km'Ng] .
 cfxf/f 5flg5flg vfg] .
 a9L ltvf{pg] .
 ;'Vvf rLh a9L dg k/fpg] .
 slxn] ;fljssf] lbzf ug]{, slxn] 5]g]{ .
 hgfj/ b'Jnfpb} hfg] .
 5fDbf k]6 ;f¥xf}+ x'g] .

78
 lbzfjf6 j9L uGw cfpg] cflb .
&=& g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df afv|fdf nUg] d'Vo cfGtl/s k/lhljx? / logsf]
/0fgLlts lgoGq0fsf tl/sf
jfv|fdf nfUg] k|d'v /f]ux? dWo] cfxf/f gnL, sn]hf] tyf kmf]S;f]df ljleGg
k|sf/sf h'sfx?sf] cfs|d0fjf6 pTkGg x'g] /f]u klg kb{5g\ . o:tf /f]ux? g]kfnsf] ;j}
ef}uf]lns If]q tyf :yfgx?df /x]sf] kfO{G5 . h'sfjf6 x'g] xfgL gf]S;fgL h'sfx?sf]
;+s|d0fdf e/ kb{5 . lolgx?sf] ;+Vof hlt;'s} eP klg jfv|fdf ;w}+ eO{ /xg] zf/Ll/s
gf]S;flg dxTjk"0f{ s'/f xf] . h'sfx?sf] ;+Vof cToflws ePdf kz'x? dg{ ;Sg] / ;+Vof w]/}
gePtf klg logLx?sf] pkl:ytLn] kz'x?sf] zf/Ll/s ljsf;, cfxf/f krfpgdf / krfPsf]
cfxf/fsf] pkof]udf sdL Nofp+b5g\ . g]kfnsf] 3'DtL afv|f kfng / 3/kfn'jf afv|fx?df
ul/Psf] cWoog cg';f/ h'sfx?sf] ;+s|d0f jf6 Ps jif{df ! kf7fsf] zf/Ll/s tf}ndf
s|dzM $ lsnf] / % lsnf] sld ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 . o;sf/0f o:tf h'sfx? jf6 x'g]
gf]S;flg jf6 jRg o;sf] lgoGq0f tyf /f]syfdsf pkfox? cjnDjg ug{ lgtfGt cfjZos
5.

d'Vo d'Vo cfGtl/s k/lhlj / ltgsf] jf;:yfg

s|=;+ k/lhljsf hft k/lhljsf lsl;d jf;:yfg
! lxdf]Í; sG6f]6{; uf]nf]h'sf cfdfzfo (Abomasum)
(Haemonchus)
@ cf]:6/ 6fluof (Ostertagia) uf]nf]h'sf cfdfzfo (Abomasum)

# 6«fOsf] :›f]ªufn; uf]nf]h'sf cfdfzfo (Abomasum)

(Trichostrongylus)
$ s"kl/of –Cooperia uf]nf]h'sf ;fgf] cfGb|f
Species_
% cf;f]km]uf]:6f]dd\ uf]nf]h'sf 7"nf] cfGb|f
(Oesophagostomum)
^ km]l;of]nf (Fasciola) gfDn] h'sf sn]hf]

79
 s|=;+ k/lhljsf hft k/lhljsf lsl;d jf;:yfg
& df]g]lhof (Moniezia lkmQ] h'sf ;fgf] cfGb|f
expensa)

uf]nf] h'sfx?sf] pkrf/ tyf /f]syfd

hsfsf] pkrf/sf] nflu xfn ahf/df ljleGg k|sf/sf cf}iflwx? pknJw 5g\ . oL
dWo] s]lx cf}iflwx? ;'if'Kt cj:yfdf /x]sf nfef{x?sf] lj?4 klg k|efjsf/L 5g\ . s]lx
cf}iflw kmf]S;f]df k/]sf lgdf]lgof u/fpg] tyf 5fnfsf jfXo k/lhljx?sf nflu klg
k|efjsf/L 5g\ . pNn]lvt h'sfsf] nflu k|of]u ul/g] d'Vo d'Vo cf}iflw lgDg 5g\ h;dWo]
s'g} Pssf] k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .
 km]Gj]G8fhf]n-% ld=u|f=/lsnf] zf/Ll/s tf}n cg';f/ v'jfpg] – of] cf}iflw ljleGg
sDklgn] cnu cnu gfdn] pknJw uf/fPsf 5g\, h:t} km]gdf/, k]gfSo"/,km]ghf]n
cflb . cS;km]G8fhf]n -% ld=u|f=/lsnf] zf/Ll/s tf}n cg';f/ v'jfpg]
 Pnj]G8fhf]n -&=% ld=u|f=/lsnf] zf/Ll/s tf}n cg';f/ v'jfpg]
 d]j]G8fhf]n -!@=% ld=u|f=/lsnf] zf/Ll/s tf}n cg';f/ v'jfpg]
 n]efld;f]n -* ld=u|f=/lsnf] zf/Ll/s tf}n cg';f/ v'jfpg]
 kfO/]G6n -!) ld=u|f=/lsnf] zf/Ll/s tf}n cg';f/ v'jfpg
 cfOe/d]lS6g -)=@ ld=u|f=/lsnf] z/L/sf] tf}n cg';f/ ;'O{ lbg] (s/c) .
h'sf kl/;s]kl5 pkrf/ ug'{ eGbf h'sfn] jfv|fx?df c;/ ug'{ eGbf klxn] g} lgoGq0f ug'{
cfjZos x'G5 . h;n] ubf{ logLx?jf6 x'g] gf]S;fgL hf]ufpg ;lsof]; . uf]nf] h'sfx?sf]
hLjg rs| k|foM cfb| df};d -xfd|f] b]zsf] ;Gbe{df aiff{ofdsf] z'?jft_ df l56f] k"/f x'g]
ePsf]n] oL h'ufx?nfO{ ;f]lx df};ddf lgoGq0f ug'{ kb{5 .
lgoGq0f/pkrf/sf] nflu aiff{ofd ;'? ePsf] ! dlxgf kl5 ! dfqf Broad
Spectrum Anthelmentic -dfly pNn]lvt_ cf}iflw v'jfpg' jf ;'O{ nufpg' pko'St x'G5 .
To;kl5 jiff{ofd /x'Gh]n;Dd ! b]lv !=% dlxgfsf] km/sdf k'gM pkrf/ ug]{ / lxp+b ;'?
x'g'eGbf cl3 -sflQs dlxgfdf_ ! dfqf cf}iflw k'gM u/]df lxp+b el/ cyf{t sflQs b]lv
jiff{ofd ;"? geP;Dd afv|fx?nfO{ nueu k/lhlj d'St /fVg ;lsG5 .
df6] /f]u (Liverfluke) sf] pkrf/ tyf /f]syfd
of] ;j} 3/kfn'jf kz'x?nfO{ nfUg] /f]u ePsfn] afv|fx? nfO{ klg of] /f]u nfUg
;S5 . Fasciola sf] Infection jiff{ofd ;lsPkl5 k|foM
wfgv]tsf] r/g jf6 ;'? x'G5 / kmfu'g r}t;Dd Infection x'g] ;Defjgf j9L
/xG5 . o;sf/0f sflQs b]lv r}t;Dd @-# dlxgfsf] km/sdf Fluke lj?4 k|efjsf/L
cf}iflw v'jfpg' .kb{5 . xfn k|of]u ul/g] df6] /f]u lj?4sf d'Vo cf}iflw lgDg 5g\M

80
 /]kmf]S;f]gfO8 -&=% ld=u|f=/lsnf] z/L/sf] tf}n cg';f/ v'jfpg] jf
Pnj]G8fhf]n -!% ld=u|f=/lsnf] z/L/sf] tf}n cg';f/ v'jfpg] jf
clS;Snf]hfgfO8 -!% ld=u|f=/lsnf] z/L/sf] tf}n cg';f/ v'jfpg] jf
6«fOsnfj]08fhf]n (Fasinex)-!) ld=u|f=/lsnf] z/L/sf] tf}n cg';f/ v'jfpg] . of]
/f]u jf6 arfpg l;dv]tsf] 3fF;kft of k/fn kz'x?nfO{ v'jfpg' x'Fb}g / l;d v]tdf
kz'x?nfO{ r/fpg' x'Fb}g .
df]g]lhofsf] pkrf/ tyf /f]syfd
lkmQ] h'ufx?n] ;j} pd]/sf afv|fx?df ;+s|d0f ug]{ eP klg logLx?sf] a9L c;/
sd pd]/sf kf7f kf7LnfO{ dfq x'G5 . jo:s pd]/sf afv|fx?nfO{ lkmQ] h'ufx?n] vf;
c;/ ub}{gg\ . of] h'ufsf] cfsf/n] ubf{ ls;fgx?n] 7"n} ;d:ofsf] ?kdf lnPsf] kfOG5 .
lkmQ] h'ufsf] k|sf]k lgs} a9L ePdf ;fgf kf7f kf7L nfO{ s]lx c;/ k'¥ofpg ;Sb5g\ , olb
;d:of lgs} ePdf Niclosamide, Praziquental cfbL cf}iflw jf6 pkrf/ ug'{ kb{5 .
x'ls{;s]sf kz'x?df lkmQ] h'ufsf] pkrf/ Tolt cfjZos x'Fb}g .lkmQ] h'ufsf] /f]syfdsf]
nflu lkmQ] h'ufsf Cyst x? s's'/sf] dfWodjf6 ;g]{ ePsf]n] afv|fl;t kflng] s's'/sf]
lgoldt ?kdf pkrf/ ug'{ kb{5 .
&=* jfx\o k/hLljx?
jfx|o k/hLjLsf] sf/0f afv|f nufot cGo kz'k+lIfdf lgDg ;d:ofx? b]vfkg]{
ub{5g\ .
 n'tf]
 /f]uLaf6 lg/f]uLdf /f]u ;fg]{
 /Qm cNktf
 b'Jnfpg]
n'tf]
dfO{6 gfd u/]sf] Ps k|sf/sf] dl;gf ls/fsf] sf/0faf6 n'tf] /f]u nfU5 . n'tf]
nfu]sf] nIf0fx? lgDg cg';f/ b]vf kb{5g\ .
 n'tf] cfPsf] 7fpFdf a9L lrnfpg] .
 sGofO/x]kl5 TofFxfsf] 5fnf jfSnf] eP/ cfpg] .
 /ut cfpg] .
 5fnf km'6\g] /f}+ emg]{ .
 hgfj/ b'Jnfpb} hfg] x'G5 .
 n'tf] k|foMh;f] Pp6faf6 csf]{df ;g]{ u/]sf] kfOG5 .

81
/f]u ;fg]{
lsgf{, plkof, nfdv'§], lemËf, h:tf k/hLjLx? /f]uL kz'sf] /ut r':g] / km]/L
lg/f]uLnfO{ uP/ 6f]Sbf /utsf] dfWodaf6 lg/f]uL kz'df ls/fsf] k|j]z eO{ ljleGg lsl;dsf
/f]ux? b]vfkg]{ yfNb5 .
pkrf/
 Ps b'O{ j6fnfO{ dfq n'tf] cfPsf] cj:yf :Sofj]n emf]n of lxd]S; dnd nufpg
;lsG5 . !) efu vfg] t]ndf Ps efu uGwssf] w'nf] lkm6]/ nufpg] ugf{n] klg n'tf]
lgsf] eP/ cfp+5 . t/ afv|fsf] jyfgdf g} /f]u km}lnPsf] 5 eg] o:tf cf}iflw k|of]u
ubf{ w]/} vr{ nfUg] x'G5 . To:t} ;:tf] tl/sfn] pkrf/ ug{ !))) efu kfgLdf # b]lv
% efu dfnflyg of ;folyg ld;fO{ l8lkË 6\of°df cf}iflw kfgL e/L kz'nfO{ 8'jfpg]
ug{' k5{ .
 h'd|f, lsgf{, plkof, lemËf, ;'n;'n] h:tf k/hLjLsf] lgoGq0f ug{sf] lglDt klg
dfnflyg, ;foflygsf] k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . ;f] jfx]s lgof]l;8f]n, Ao'6f]S; j'6f]s;,
OS6cfp6 dWo] s'g} Ps cf}iflw ! ln6/ kfgLdf # Pd=Pn=ldnfO nufpgfn] o:tf
ls/fx?sf] lgd'{n ug{ ;lsG5 . lsgf{sf] lgoGq0f ug{ ;'tL{, ltt]kftL / g"gnfO{ Ps}
7fpFdf s'6L kfgL ld;fP/ bNgfn] klg ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg x'g] / ;:tf] tl/sfn] pkrf/
ug{ ;lsG5 .

l8lkË
afXo k/lhjLx?n] afv|fsf] /ut r';L b'Anf], sdhf]/ / /Qm cNktf u/fpg'sf ;fy}
c? ayfgdf ;d]t t'?Gt} ;g{;Sg] / n'tf], bfb, nx'd't] h:tf /f]ux? pTkGg ug]{ ub{5g\ .
o;n] afv|fsf] pTkfbgdf k|lts'n c;/ kfg'{sf ;fy} 5fnf tyf /f} sf] u'0f:t/df ;d]t c;/
ub{5g\ . o;sf/0f logLx/msf] lgoGq0f ug'{ ctL h?/L b]lvG5 . o;sf] nflu ayfgsf]
afv|fx/m / ;d'bfodf l8lkËnfO{ k|efjsf/L dflgPsf] 5 . afXo k/lhjL lgoGq0fsf] nflu
kfgLdf ljiffbLsf] k|of]u u/L afv|fnfO{ kf]v/Lsf] ?kdf g'xfpg] jf 8'jfpg] k|ljlwnfO{ l8lkË
egLG5 .
l8lkË ug{ l8lkË 6\of+ssf] lgdf{0f ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . afv|fsf] ayfgdf cfwf/df l8lkË
6\of+ssf] lgdf{0f / ;+rfng JolQmut jf ;fd'bflos b'j} k|sf/af6 ug{ ;lsG5 . o;sf]
k|fljlws kIf / gd'gfsf] nflu glhssf] kz' ;]jf s]Gb| jf lhNnf kz' ;]jf sfof{nodf
;Dks{ /fVg' j]z x'G5 .
l8lkË 6\of+s lgdf{0f :yn ;a}nfO{ kfos kg]{ ufpFaf6 6f9f, k|;:t 3fd nfUg] /

82
kfgL kof{Kt pknAw x'g] :yfgdf lgdf{0f ug'{k5{ .
l8lkËdf k|of]u x'g] ljifflb / dfqf
ljiffbLsf] gfd emf]nsf] dfqf
lj=Pr=l;= kfp8/ % k|ltzt )=$b]lv ! k|ltzt
dfnflyg )=% k|ltztsf] emf]n
;fO{lyog )=% k|ltztsf] emf]n
g'efg )=@ k|ltztsf] emf]n
a'6f]S; )=$ k|ltztsf] emf]n
lo dflysf s'g} klg Ps ljiffbL / kfgLsf] ld>0f tf]lsPsf] dfqf jf k|ltztsf]
3f]n tof/ u/L l8lkË 6\of+sdf /fVg' k5{ .
l8lkË ubf{ Wofg lbg'kg]{ s'/fx?
- afbn, em/L jf lr;f] df};ddf l8lkË ug'{ x'Fb}g .
- l8lkË ug'{ cl3 afv|fnfO{ k|z:t dfqfdf kfgL vfg lbg'k5{ .
- l8lkË ug'{ cuf8L afv|fsf] z/L/sf] kmf]x/ x6fO{lbg] / 3fp rf]6 k6s nfu]sf] afv|fnfO{
l8lkË ug'{xFb}g .
- ule{0fL afv|fnfO{ ;fjwfgLk'j{s dfq l8lkË ug'{k5{ cGoyf t'lxg] 8/ x'G5 .
- l8lkË ubf{ sDtLdf Ps k6s 6fpsf] 8'jfO{ lbg' /fd|f] x'G5 .
- l8lkË 6\ofÍnfO{ ;do ;dodf rnfO{ ljiffbLnfO{ a/fa/ ljt/0f ug'{ k5{ / sdL ePdf
kfgL / ljiffbL dfqf ldnfO{ yKg'k5{ .
- ljiffbLnfO{ cGoq kg{ glbg l8lkË ul/;s]sf afv|fnfO{ !)–!% ldg]6 l8lkË 6\ofÍsf]
3]/fdf /fVg'k5{ .
- l8lkË ;dfKt ePkl5 ljiffbLsf] 3f]nnfO{ Jojl:yt tl/sfaf6 lj;h{g ug]{ jf vfN8f]
vgL k'/Llbg'k5{ .
- l8lkË u/]sf] afv|fnfO{ df;'sf] nflu # xKtf;Dd k|of]u ug'{x'Fb}g .
- l8lkË ubf{ ljif nfu]df cf}iflwsf] n]andf pNn]v eP cg';f/ k|fljlwssf] ;xfotfaf6
pkrf/ ug'{kb{5 . ljif nfUbf ;fdfGotof w/d/fpg], jfGtf ug]{, nfbL cf]sNg] / ¥ofn
sf9\g] x'G5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf k|fylds pkrf/sf] ?kdf s8f lrofsf] emf]n, hf} sf] vf]n]
jf cldnf] r's vfg lbg'k5{ / pknAw eP;Dd P6«f]lkg ;Nkm]6sf] ;'O lbg'k5{ .

83
 /f]u nfu]/ pkrf/ ug'{eGbf /f]u nfUg
glbg' g} /fd|f] xf] .

kl/R5]b *
afv|fkfngsf cGo Joj:yfkg

*=! tf}n lgsfNg] tl/sf

afv|fkfng Joj;fosf] ljleGg Joj:yfksLo sfo{x?sf] nflu afv|fsf] tf}n af/]
hfgsf/L x'g cfjZos 5 . h;sf] nflu t/fh' k|of]u ug{ g;lsg] cj:yfdf tnsf] ;'q
k|of]u u/L afv|fsf] tf}n lgsfNg ;lsG5 .
@
nDjfO{ -O{Gr_ X uf]nfO{ -OGr_
tf}n -s]=hL=_ =
^^)

hxf+,

84
nDjfO{ = s'dsf] r'Rrf]b]lv rfs]xf8;Dd
uf]nfO = 5fltsf] uf]nfO{
nDjfO ln+bf jfv|f, af]sfsf] rf/} v'§f a/fa/ kf/L plePsf] cj:yfdf x'g' kb{5 .
uf]nfO{ / nDjfO{ klxn] 8f]/Ljf6 lnO{ To; kl5 O{Grdf gfKg' k5{ . nDjfO{ / uf]nfO{ O{Grdf
eP klg dfly pNn]v eP adf]lhdsf] ;"q k|of]u ubf{ tf}n s]=hL= df cfp+5 . o;/L tf}n
lgsfNg] ;"q yfxf eP kl5 k|hggsf] nflu pko'Qm a9L tf}n ePsf] af]sf afv|f 5gf}6 ug{
;xof]u ldN5 .
h:t} M Pp6f af]sfsf] s'dsf] r'Rrf] b]lv rfs]xf8 ;Ddsf] nDjfO{ $) O{Gr / 5ftLsf]
uf]nfO{ #) O{Gr 5 eg] Tof] af]sfsf] hLljt tf}n stL xf]nf ?
;'q M
@
nDjfO{ -O{Gr_ X 5ftLsf] uf]nfO{ -OGr_
tf}n -s]=hL=_ =
^^)

oxfF M nDjfO{ $) O{Gr

ufnfO{ #)
$) X #) X #)
O{Gr
af]sf]sf] tf}n -s]=hL=_ = ^^)
$) X ())
af]sf]sf] tf}n -s]=hL=_ = ^^)

#^)))
af]sfsf] tf}n -s]=hL=_ = ^^)

ctM pQm af]sfsf] tf}n M #^)))÷^^) = %$=%$ s]=hL x'g cfp+5 .

*=@ afv|fdf pd]/ kQf nufpg] t/Lsf
afv|fsf] tNnf] a+uf/fdf ePsf cufl8sf -Incisor_ bfFtx?sf] k/LIf0faf6 afv|fsf]
pd]/ kQf nufpg ;lsG5 .
klxnf] jif{ M ! jif{ d'lgsf kf7fkf7Lsf] cuf8Lsf] bfFt ;fgf / ltvf x'G5g\ .

85
bf]>f] jif{ M ljrsf] Ps hf]8L bfFt emg]{ / Tolx 7fpFdf :yfoL bfFt knfpF5 .
t]>f] jif{ M cuf8lsf] :yfoL bfFt;Fu} @ j6f 7'nf bfFt pd|G5g\ .
rf}yf] jif{ M ^ j6f :yfoL bfFt b]vf k5{ .
kf+rf} jif{ M of] pd]/df tNnf] a+uf/fsf] cufl8kl§ * j6f bfFt b]Vg ;lsG5 .

pd]/ cg';f/ afv|f x'g] bf“tsf] cj:yf

l;=g+= pd]/ bfFt bfFtsf] lrq
! ^ b]lv !) dlxgf cufl8sf * j6f
b"w] bfFt

@ !) b]lv !$ cufl8sf @ j6f

dlxgfsf] pd]/ :yfoL bfFt / ^ j6f
b"w] bfFt

86
 # @ jif{sf] pd]/ cufl8sf $ j6f
:yfoL bfFt / $
j6f b"w] bfFt

$ # jif{sf] pd]/ cufl8sf ^ j6f

:yfoL bfFt / @j6f
b"w] bfFt
% $ jif{sf] pd]/ cufl8sf * j6f
:yfoL bfFt

^ ^ jif{ dflysf] pd]/ cufl8sf lvOPsf /

emg{ z'? u/]sf
:yfoL bfFt
 ! jif{ d'lg -^ b]lv !) dlxgf _sf kf7fkf7Lsf] cuf8Lsf] * c:yfO{ ;fgf, ltvf
b"w] bfFt x'G5g\ .
 klxnf] jif{ M ljrsf] Ps hf]8L bfFt em5{ / Tolx 7fpFdf :yfoL bfFt knfpF5 .
 bf;|f] jif{ M @ hf]8f :yfoL 7'nf bfFt pd|G5g\ .
 t];|f] jif{ M # hf]8f :yfoL bfFt b]vf k5{g
 rf}+yf] jif{ M of] pd]/df tNnf] a+uf/fsf] cufl8kl§ $ hf]8f :yfoL bfFt b]Vg
;lsG5 .
 5}7f}+ jif{ M bfFt lvOg / emg{ z'? u5{ .
*=# lrGx nufpg]
afv|fnfO{ klxrfg ug{ / afv|f ;DaGwL clen]v /fVg / cGo Joj:yfklso
lqmofsnfknfO{ ;xh agfpg afv|fnfO{ lrGx nufpg] ul/G5 . lrGx nufpbf kf7fkf7Lsf]
sfg -af]sfnfO{ bflxg] / kf7LnfO{ b]a|]_ df gDa/ 6\ofu nufpg' kb{5 . klxrfg lrGx
nufpgfn] M
o kflnPsf] afv|fx?sf] clen]v /fVg d2t k'U5 .
o ;xL dfqfdf bfgfkfgLsf] lx;fa ug{ ;lhnf] x'G5 .
o plrt Joj:yfkgldnfpg d2t k'U5 .
o k|hgg\ / :jf:Yo /]s8{ /fVg ;xof]uL x'G5 .

87
 o rf]/L ePdf jf x/fPdf vf]h tnf; ug{ ;lhnf] x'G5 .
klxrfg lrGxsf] nflu ljleGg ljlwx? ckgfpg] ul/Psf] 5 . lt dWo] afv|fdf k|rlnt
lrGx nufpg] ljlwdf 6f6'O{Ë, 6\ofluË / gf]lrË k|d'v 5g\ .
;fdfGotof Pp6f kmfd{ jf ayfgdf Ps} ljlwåf/f Ps} k|sf/sf] lrGx nufpg] ul/G5 .
;fwf/0f tyf ;fFrf] -Clincher) sf] d2taf6 Knfli6s jf d]6nsf] gDa/ c+lst 6\ofu sfgdf
nufpg] k|rng ;fgf hgfj/df k|efjsf/L dflgPsf] 5 . sfgdf nufpg] 6\ofu hGd]sf]
lbgdf g} nufO{ gDa/ cg';f/ clen]v /fVg] sfd k|f/De x'G5 .
*=$ l;Ë x6fpg]
g]kfndf k|rngdf gePtfklg afv|fsf l;Ë x6fpg] k|lqmof ljsl;t / cg';Gwfg
s]Gb|x/mdf u/]sf] kfOg]5 . ;fwf/0ftof l;Ë ;'/lIft kfngkf]if0f ug{, 3fprf]6 af6 arfpg
x]/fO{df Ps}gf;] b]vfpg / vf]/df sd If]qkmnsf nflu x6fpg] ul/G5 .
afv|fdf l;Ë x6fpg kf7fsf] pd]/ @–% / kf7Ldf @! lbg;Dd pko'Qm x'G5 . o;sf]
nflu l;Ësf] d'gf cfPsf] 7fpFsf] j/Lk/Lsf] /f}+ x6fpg] / d'gf j/Lk/Lsf] efunfO{ k]6«f]lnod
h]nLn] 5f]Kg] . sf:6Ls ;f]8f jf kf]6f;nfO{ a8sf] j/Lk/L 3:g] . of] k|lqmofnfO{ lhnlhn
eO{ /ut b]lvg gyfn];Dd hf/L /fVg] / skf;n] /ut cfPsf] :yfgdf k'l5 kfp8/ jf
PlG6jfof]l6s cf}iflw 5g]{ . o; afx]s ljB'lto d]l;gsf] ;xfotfn] klg l;Ë x6fpg] ljlw
;'/lIft / ;lhnf] dflgG5 .
7"nf l;Fu ePsf jo:s afv|fdf l;Fu cf/Lsf] d2tn] sf6\g ;lsG5 . of] ljlw hf8f]
df};ddf k|of]u ug'{ pko'Qm x'G5 h;n] ubf{ 3fp rf+8} lgsf] x'G5 . l;Fu sf6]kl5 /fd|f];Fu
8«]l;Fu ug'{ h?/L 5 .
*=% v;L kfg]{
jLo{ jflxgL g;fdf al8{hf] Sofi6«]6/n] lyr]/ v;L kf/]df ;a}eGbf /fd|f] x'G5 .
al8{hf] Sofi6«]/n] r]Kbf b'O{ 7fpFdf ;jf b'O{ ;]=ld=sf] b'/Ldf r]k]df lglZrt ?kdf v;L kb{5 .
afv|fkfngaf6 pTkfbg x'g] df;'sf] u'0f:t/nfO{ sfod /fVg, cjflG5t k|hggnfO{ /f]Sg /
k|hgg\sf] nflu cof]Uo af]sfnfO{ aGWofs/0f jf v;L kfg]{ ul/G5 . af]sfnfO{ v;L kfbf{ lgDg
kmfO{bfx? x'G5g\ .
 af]sfsf] eGbf v;Lsf] zfl/l/s j[l4 l56f] x'G5 .
 sd;n vfnsf] afv|fsf] ;+Vof lgoGq0f ug{ d2t k'U5 . o;sf] nflu sd;n /
k|hggsf] nflu cg'ko'Qm af]sfnfO{ v;L kf/L c;n af]sfnfO{ Jof8df k|of]u
ug'k5{ . h;n] pGgt kf7fkf7Lsf] pTkfbg j[l4 x'ghfG5 .
 v;L kf/]sf] df;'df af]sfsf] uGw cfp+b}g / df;' :jflbnf] x'G5 .
 v;L kf/]kl5 af]sf] zfGt / ayfgdf ldn]/ a:5 .

88
  v;L kf/]sf] af]sf !@–!* dlxgfdf df;'sf] nflu pko'Qm x'G5 / To;eGbfkl5
o;sf] zfl/l/s j[l4 b/ sd ePsf] kfOg]5 .
v;L kfg{ ljleGg ljlwx/m k|rngdf ePtfklg xfd|f] b]zdf ;/n / cfw'lgs ;fwg
al8{hf] Sof:6]«6/ nfO{ k|of]u ug]{ ul/G5 . al8{hf]sf] dfWodaf6 v;L kfbf{ af]sfsf] pd]/
;fdfGotof # dlxgfs]f x'g'kb{5 . o; ljlw w]/} ;fgf] pd]/df k|of]u ubf{ lk;fa ;DaGwL
;d:of b]vf kg]{ x'Fbf b"w 5'6fpg] pd]/ -# dlxgf_ df kfbf{ s'g} c;/ gkg]{ x'G5 . o;
cf}hf/n] ljo{aflxgL gnLnfO{ kQf nufO{ RofKg] sfd ul/G5 . b'j} kl§sf] ljo{ aflxgL
gnLnfO{ cf}hf/n] RofKbf c08sf]if / b"wsf] d'G6f]nfO{ hf]ufpg' kb{5 / Roflk;s]kl5
l6Gr/ cfof]l8gsf] k|of]u ug'{kb{5 .

*=^ s;/t
afv|fnfO{ zfl/l/s ?kdf :j:y / k|hgg\sf] nflu r':t /fVg s;/tsf] e'ldsf
x'G5 . ;fdfGotof rl/r/gdf nlug] afv|fnfO{ r/gdf cfjZos s;/t x'g] x'Fbf yk
cfjZos kb}{g t/ k|hggsf] af]sf / y'g'jf k|0ffnLdf kflnPsf] afv|fnfO{ k|hgg / :jf:Yodf
;'wf/ ug{ b}lgs #–$ 306f s;/t u/fpg' pko'Qm x'G5 . k|hggdf /flvPsf] af]sfnfO{
u/fOg] #–$ 306f sf] s;/tn] k|hgg Ifdtfdf j[l4 x'g'sf] ;fy} ljo{sf] u'0f:t/df ;d]t
/fd|f] k|efj kg]{x'G5 .
*=& v'/ sf6\g]
b}lgs le/kfvfdf r/fpg] afv|fx?nfO{ v'/ sf6\g Tolt cfjZos gePtfklg
Joj;flos ?kdf afv|fnfO{ y'g'jf k|0ffnLdf kfNbf v'/ sf6\g' afv|fsf] pTkfbg Ifdtfdf j[l4
ug{ ;xof]uL x'G5 . ;fdfGotof /fd|f] vfgkfg / Joj:yfkgdf y'g'jf jf lgolGqt r/gdf
ePsf afv|fx?df v'/sf] j[l4 rfF8f]] x'g] / ;do ;dodf gsf6\bf nfdf] v'/sf] sf/0f lxF8\bf
kL8f x'g], v'§f sdhf]/ x'g], vfg jf rg{ dg gug]{ / b"w tyf df;' sd pTkfbg x'g] u5{ .
;fdfGotof wfl/nf] k]g rSs', x'km s6/, jf xft] k|'lg+u s}+rLn] v'/sf] ;+j]bglzn efudf
c;/ gkg]{ u/L lgoldt lqmofsnfksf] ?kdf v'/ sf6\g] Joj:yf ldnfpg' /fd|f] x'G5 .
*=* kf7fkf7L 5'6fpg]
afv|fsf] dfpnfO{ csf]{ k|hggsf] nflu ;dodf tof/ ug{ / tf]lsPsf] tflnsfdf
k|hgg u/fpg dfpaf6 kf7fkf7LnfO{ pgLx?sf] zfl/l/s j[l4 b/df c;/ gkg]]{ u/L 5'6fpg'
Joj:yfklso lqmofsnfksf] dxTjk"0f{{ kf6f] xf] . hGd]sf] z'?sf] cj:yfdf kf7fkf7Lsf] hGd
tf}n / jl4b/ cfdfsf] b"wsf] pknJwtf;Fu ;DalGwt ePtf klg Ps dlxgfkl5 k]6sf]
ljsf; ;Fu;u} xl/of] cfxf/f klg j[l4sf] nflu cfjZos x'G5 . ;fdfGotof xfd|f] h:tf]
afv|fkfngsf] cj:yfdf JofPsf] # dlxgfdf dfpaf6 kf7f 5'6\ofpFbf gsf/fTds c;/ kf/]sf]

89
kfO{+b}g . dfpaf6 kf7f 5'6\ofpFbf Ps k|sf/sf] kL8f -Shock_ n] zfl/l/s j[l4 s]xL ;dosf]
nflu sd x'g] x'Fbf 5'6fPsf] s]xL ;do kf7fkf7Lsf] /]vb]v / cfxf/fdf ljz]if Wofg
lbg'k5{ .
*=( Joj;flos afv|fkfngdf Joj:yfkg k|ljlwx/msf] cfjZostf /
dxTj
Joj;flos afv|fkfngaf6 plrt kmfO{bf lng lgDg Joj:yfklso kIfx?df Wofg
k'Cofpg' cfjZos x'G5 M
 lgolGqt k|hgg\ k|0ffnL ckgfpg] M af]sf tyf afv|fx? 5'§f5'§} /fvL gftf gkg]{
afv|fx?df dfq lgolGqt k|hgg Joj:yf ckgfpg' k5{ .
 k|hgg\sf] cjlwdf afv|fx?df lgoldt ?kdf af]sf] vf]h]sf] kl/If0f ug]{ M k|hgg\
cjlwdf lgoldt ?kdf afv|fx?n] af]sf vf]h]sf] 5 ls egL ljrf/ ug'{kb{5, o;n]
lgolGqt k|hgg\ k|0ffnL cfgfpg ;xof]u k'Ub5 . afv|fx?af6 af]sf 5'6\ofP/ /fv]sf] 5
eg] kf7fkf7L 5'6\ofPsf dfp afv|fx?df af]sf ld;fpFbf w]/} afv|fx? Ps}rf]6L jfnL hfg
;S5g\ / o;/L w]/} afv|fx? Ps}rf]6L JofpFbf kf7fkf7L Joj:yfkgdf ;lhnf] x'G5 .
 k|fljlws tyf cfly{s clen]vx? /fVg] / s]nfpg] M afv|fkfngsf] p2]Zo cg'?k
ljleGg lsl;dsf cfjZos /]s8{x? h:t} zfl/l/s j[l4, b"w pTkfbg, klZdgf pTkfbg,
k|hgg\ /]s8{x?, a+zfjnL cflb Jojl:yt ?kdf /fVg] / lgoldt ?kdf s]nfpg] u/]df
cGo Joj:yfksLo kIfdf ;xof]u k'Ub5 . o;sf] cltl/Qm cfDbfgL tyf vr{sf] cfly{s
/]s8{x/msf] klg Tolts} cfjZostf kb{5 .
 5gf}6 ug]{ tyf x6fpg] Joj:yf ug]{ M ;d'lrt ?kdf /fvLPsf] k|fljlws tyf cfly{s
/]s8{x? s]nfP/ g/fd|f] Ifdtfsf afv|fx? qmdzM x6fpb} hfg' kb{5 tyf /fd|f] Ifdtfsf
afv|fx? k|hgg\sf] nflu 5gf}6 ug'{kb{5 .
 lgoldt ?kdf jyfgdf lg/LIf0f ljlwaf6 :jf:Yo kl/If0f ug]{ M lgoldt ?kdf
afv|fx?nfO{ v'nf 7fpFdf /fvL jfXo ?kdf c:j:y b]lvg] afv|fx? ePdf ltlgx?nfO{
jyfgaf6 5'6\ofO{ ;dodf g} ;+alGwt k|fljlwsx?af6 pkrf/ u/fpg' kb{5 .
 cfGtl/s tyf afXo k/hLlj lgoGq0fsf] Joj:yf ug]{ M afv|fx?nfO{ lgoldt ?kdf
cfGtl/s tyf afXo k/hLljx?sf] lgoGq0f ug{ cfjZos ePsf]n] o;nfO{ lgoldt
?kdf Jojxf/df Nofpg' kb{5 .

90
 plrt cfxf/fsf] Joj:yf ug]{ M ayfgdf ljleGg cj:yfsf tyf k|of]hgsf] nflu
/fvLPsf afv|fx?nfO{ ;d"lxs[t u/L cfjZostf cg';f/sf] cfxf/fsf] Joj:yf ug'{
kb{5 .
 kmfd{df h}ljs ;'/Iff ljlw ckgfpg] M c;DalGwt JolQmx?nfO{ kmfd{leq k|j]z ug{
lbg' x'Fb}g . kmfd{ k|j]zåf/df r'gf cflbsf] Joj:yf ug{' /fd|f] x'G5 .
 Sjf/]G6fO{gsf] Joj:yf nfu' ug]{ M e/;s jflx/af6 afv|fx? kmfd{df Nofpg'
x'Fb}g . olb Nofpg} k/]sf] cj:yfdf /f]ud'Qm jyfgaf6 dfq Nofpg] tyf NofO{;s]kl5
s]xL lbg cnUu} /fVg] / s'g} /f]u gePsf] kfO{P kl5 dfq jyfgdf ld;fpg] .
 afv|fsf] vf]/ M vf]/sf] lgdf{0f :yfg ljz]ifsf] nflu tyf :jf:Yosf] b[li6n] pko'Qm,
;/;kmfO{ ug{ ;lhnf] tyf sd vlr{nf] / h+unL hgfj/af6 arfj6 ug{ ;Sg]u/L
lgdf{0f ug'{kb{5 .

kl/R5]b (
clen]v Joj:yfkg

Jofj;flos?kdf afv|fkfng ubf{ o;df nfu]sf] nufgL / To;jf6 x'g] cfDbfgLsf]

clen]v /fVg' h?/L b]lvG5 . vl/b d"No, vf]/ lgdf{0fdf nfu]sf] nufgLb]lv lnP/ cfxf/f,
cf}iflw vr{ hgzlQm hUuf cflb h:tf s'/fx?df z'?d} vr{ ug'{kg]{ / kl5 pTkfbg z'?
ePkl5 v;L af]sf, kf7fkf7L, dn, /f}+, 5fnf, xf8, ljqmL ug]{ ul/G5 . oL ;j} s'/fsf]
Jojl:yt tl/sfaf6 clen]v /fVg vf;} j9L d]xgt / vr{ gkg]{ / oltj6f afv|faf6
jif{e/Ldf olt;Dd gfkmf lng ;lsG5 eGg] yfxf ePkl5 Joj;fonfO{ lj:tf/ ub}{ n}hfg
lgs}} ;lhnf] k5{ . o;sf cltl/St afv|fsf] pTkfbg Ifdtf yfxf kfpg k|To]s afv|fsf]

91
JolStut lja/0f /fd|f];Fu /fVg' k5{ . To;}sf] cfwf/df jfv|f 5gf}6sf] sfo{ cufl8 a9fpg
;lsG5 . afv|fkfng ubf{ lgDgcg';f/sf clen]vx? cWofjlws /fVg' h?/L b]lvG5 .
clen]v Joj:yfkgdf d'Vo u/L ltg lsl;dsf] /]s8{ Joj:yfkgug{ h/m/L x'G5 .
h'g lgDg cg';f/ 5g\ M
!_ k|fljlws /]s8{
s_ dfp afv|fsf] pTkfbg /]s8{
v_ :jf:Yo ;DaGwL /]s8{
@_ rfn' vr{;“u ;DalGwt /]s8{x?sf] Joj:yfkg
s_ v;L af]sf afv|f pTkfbg tyf ljqmL /]s8{
v_ 3fF;÷bfgfsf] /]s8{
u_ n]a/ /]s8{
3_ cf}iflw, ldg/n, le6fldg, k|fljlws vr{ cflbsf] /]s8{
ª_ cGo vr{ eO{ hfg] dfn;fdfg÷lhG;L /]S8{
#_ k'+hLut vr{;“u ;DalGwt /]s8{x?sf] Joj:yfkg
s_ afv|f af]sfsf] v/Lb /]s8{
v_ vf]/sf ;fy} pk/s0f, d]l;gx?sf] /]s8{
u_ nufgLsf] ljj/0f -/]s8{_

92
-!_ k|fljlws /]s8{
s_ dfpm afv|fsf] pTkfbg clen]v
s[ifssf] gfd: &]ufgf:
dfpm afv|fsf] gfd jf ;+s]t: gZn: ^\ofu gDa/: hGd ldlt:
dfpm afv|fsf] dfpm dfpm afv|fsf] afpm
klxnf] k^s af]sf nfUbfsf] ldlt: klxnf] k^s AofPsf] ldlt:
dfpm afv|fsf] lautsf] ;+lIfKt hfgsf/L:

a]t af]sf af]sfsf] AofPsf] tf}n lnPsf] tf}n kf&fkf&Lsf] lnË -M or FF_ / tf}n (s]lhdf) s}lkmot
gDa/ nfu]sf] ^\ofu g+ ldlt k^s lnPsf] ! @ #
ldlt ldlt
lnË tf}n lnË tf}n lnË tf}n
hGd]sf] lbg
klxnf] dlxgf
bf]<>f] dlxgf
t]>f] dlxgf
%}&f}+ dlxgf
cf&f}+ dlxgf
2 hGd]sf] lbg
klxnf] dlxgf
bf]<>f] dlxgf
t]>f] dlxgf
%}&f}+ dlxgf
cf&f}+ dlxgf
3 hGd]sf] lbg
klxnf] dlxgf
bf]<>f] dlxgf
t]>f] dlxgf
%}&f}+ dlxgf
cf&f}+ dlxgf
4 hGd]sf] lbg
 klxnf] dlxgf
bf]<>f] dlxgf
t]>f] dlxgf
%}&f}+ dlxgf
cf&f}+ dlxgf
5 hGd]sf] lbg
klxnf] dlxgf
bf]<>f] dlxgf
t]>f] dlxgf
%}&f}+ dlxgf
cf&f}+ dlxgf

6 hGd]sf] lbg
klxnf] dlxgf
bf]<>f] dlxgf
t]>f] dlxgf
%}&f}+ dlxgf
cf&f}+ dlxgf
7 hGd]sf] lbg
klxnf] dlxgf
bf]<>f] dlxgf
t]>f] dlxgf
%}&f}+ dlxgf
cf&f}+ dlxgf
8 hGd]sf] lbg
klxnf] dlxgf
bf]<>f] dlxgf
t]>f] dlxgf
%}&f}+ dlxgf
cf&f}+ dlxgf
9 hGd]sf] lbg
klxnf] dlxgf
bf]<>f] dlxgf

94
 t]>f] dlxgf
%}&f}+ dlxgf
cf&f}+ dlxgf
10 hGd]sf] lbg
klxnf] dlxgf
bf]<>f] dlxgf
t]>f] dlxgf
%}&f}+ dlxgf
cf&f}+ dlxgf

dfp afv|f ayfgaf^ x^]sf] ldlt................ sf/)f.. d[To" olb d[To" ePsf] eP sf/)f /f]u nfu]/
lals| u/]sf] b'#^gf jf h+unL hgfj/sf]
cfs|d)faf^

k|To]s ;xeflu s[ifsn] kf&f hGd]sf] klxnf] tLg dlxgf;Dd k|To]s dlxgfs]f Ps k^s / tLg dlxgf kl% s/La tLg
dlxgfsf] km/sdf 2 k^s u/L hDdf 5 k^s tf}n lng] / ;f]lx lbgdf kf&fkf&Lsf] pd]/ slt xf] lbgdf pNn]v ug{' kb{% .

95
v_ :jf:Yo ;DaGwL /]s8{
!= vf]k ;DjGwL
nufPsf] vf]ksf] kl5 nufpg' kg]{ hgfj/sf] Gffd÷6\ofu
qm=;+= ldlt
gfd ldlt g+=÷lrGx
!=
@=
@= k/hLjL lgoGq0f ;DjGwL
ljj/0f kl5 cf}iflw hgfj/sf]
qm=;+ ldlt -cfGtl/s÷jfXo k|of]u ug'kg]{ Gffd÷6\ofu
k/lhjL_ ldlt g+=÷lrGx
!=
@=
#=

@_ rfn' vr{;“u ;DalGwt /]s8{x?sf] Joj:yfkg

s_ v;L, af]sf, afv|fsf] ljlqm /]s8{

ljqmL ubf{sf] ljlqm ubf{sf] k|lt

ljqmL ljj/0f hDdf
ldlt pd]/ lhljt tf}n - s]=lh= s}lkmot
-v;L, af]sf, afv|f_ d"No
s]=lh=_ d"No -?=_

v_ bfgf 3f“; ;DaGwL /]s8{

gf]6M jfv|f k||fo r/fP/ kflng] x'+bf o;df h+un If]q jf r/g If]qdf r/fOg] eP ;f] df nfUg]
b:t'/÷ z'Ns klg ;dfj]z ug'{ kb{5 .
u_ n]j/ /]s8{
!= :yfoL sfdbf/sf] ;+VofM k|lt sfdbf/ tnj ?= k|lt dlxgfM

gf]6M 3/d} vfgf vfg] eP, ! dlxgfsf] cg'dflgt vfgf vr{ ?= =======
@= c:yfoL jf lbguGtL sfdbf/sf] ljj/0fM
jif{M dlxgfM
hDdf s"n
sfdbf/ k|ltlbg
lbg xflh/L hDdf
sf] gfd Hofnf
lbg Hofnf
! @ # $ % ^ & ==

3_ pkrf/ ;DaGwL /]s8{ -cf}iflw, le6fldg, ldg/n, k|fljlws vr{_

qm=;+ ldlt cf}iflw÷k|fljlws vr{ e'QmfgL /sd

!=
@

ª_ cGo vr{ eO{ hfg] ;fdfgx?÷ lhG;L /]s8{

ldlt vl/b ul/Psf] kl/df0f k|lt OsfO{ hDdf k/n s}lkmot
;fdfgsf] gfd -;+Vof jf d"No d"No
s]=lh=_

97
#_ k'“hLut vr{;“u ;DalGwt /]s8{x?sf] Joj:yfkg
s_ afv|f, af]sfsf] /]s8{ -:6s ljj/0f_
afv|f ;+Vof
qm=;+= ldlt dfp kf7f kf7L af]sf v;L cGo

v_ vf]/, pks/0f, d];Lg cflbsf] /]s8{

l;=g+= k'+lhut ;fdfgsf] vl/b ul/Psf] jf vl/b ubf{ jf If]qkmn jf cfsf/
gfd lgdf{0f ul/Psf] ldlt lgdf{0f ubf{sf] -/f]kgL÷ju{k'm6÷;+Vof
k/n d"No
! hUuf
@ vf]/÷;]8
# dfp jfv|f
$ jf]sf
% cGo dlzg/Lx?

u_ nufgLsf] ljj/0f
ldlt nufgLsf] >f]t nufgL ul/Psf] nufgL u/]sf] Jofh b/ s}lkmot
/sd ldlt
! cfkm\g} k'+lh
@ j}+ssf] C0f
# ;fyLefO{÷gft]bf/
$

gf]6M k|fljlws /]s8{, rfn' vr{ / k'+hLut vr{ cGt/ut pNn]v ul/Psf kmd]{6x? sfo{ ePs}
lbgdf e/L jif{sf] Ps k6s Joj;fosf] ljZn]if0f u/L ;f] sf] cfwf/df Joj;fosf]
cj:yf cjut u/L ;'wf/sf sfo{qmdx? ;+rfng ug{ pko'Qm x'G5 .

98
 kl/R5]b !)
Joj;flos afv|fkfng kl/of]hgf
-%) dfp afv|f / !)) kf7fkf7L_

s'g} klg Jofj;fo z'? ug'{ k"j{ To; Jofj;foaf6 cfpg] k|ltkmnsf] n]vfhf]vf
ug'{nfO{ Joj;fosf] klxnf] zt{sf] ?kdf lnO{G5 lsgls gfkmf g} Joj;fosf] k|f0f xf] . To;/L g}
Joj;flos ?kdf afv|fkfng z'? ug'{ k"j{ klg afv|fkfngsf] kl/of]hgf jgfO{ To;sf] cfwf/df
nufgL ug'{ j]z dflgG5 . afv|fkfngsf ljleGg ;"rsx? h:t} afv|fsf] hft, pTkfbg Ifdtf,
afv|f kfng k|0ffnL, :yfgLo ;|f]t ;fwgsf] pknAwtf tyf afv|f / afv|fhGo kbfy{sf] ljlqm
d'Nosf cltl/St ahf/ Joj:yfkgn] afv|f kfngaf6 x'g] cfoJoodf k|ToIf k|efj kfl//x]sf]
x'G5 .
o; kl/of]hgfdf lgDg lnlvt pTkfbg dfkb08 tyf Joj:yfkg kIfnfO{ cfwf/
dflgPsf] 5 M
!_ afv|f Jofpg] b/ M klxnf] jif{df ;j} afv|f ! k6s dfq / To; kl5 @ jif{df # k6s
Jofpg] .
@_ h'DNofxf b/ M klxnf] @ jif{ %) Ü / t];|f] jif{af6 ^) Ü k|lt j]t -k|lt j]t %)
afv|faf6 &% kf7fkf7L pTkfbg x'g]_
#_ k|lt j]t kf7f / kf7L hGdg] cg'kft M ! M !
$_ dfp afv|fsf] d[To'b/ M % Ü k|lt jif{
%_ kf7fkf7Lsf] d[To'b/ M !) Ü k|lt jif{
^_ dfp afv|f k|lt:yfkg -Replacement_ b/ - k|hgg\ ;d:of ePsf, Go'g pTkfbg Ifdtf
ePsf, Psn kf7fkf7L hGdfpg] afv|f cflb_ M @) Ü k|lt jif{
&_ ! jif{sf] af]sfsf] tf}n M @% s]= hL=
*_ ! jif{sf] k7]+u|Lsf] tf}n M @) s]= hL=
(_ k7]+u|L a]Rg] pd]/ M ! jif{
!)_ v;L ÷af]sf a]Rg] pd]/ M ! jif{
!!_ k|hgg\ of]Uo af]sfsf] d'No b/ M ? #)) k|lt s]=hL=-lhpFbf] tf}n_
!@_ k|hgg\ of]Uo kf7Lsf] d'No b/ M ? @%) k|lt s]=hL -lhpFbf] tf}n_
!#_ v;Lsf] d'No b/ M ? @%) k|lt s]=hL -lhpFbf] tf}n_
!$_ pTkfbg ePsf kf7fx? dWo] k|hgg\sf] nflu %) k|ltzt af]sf 5gf}6 u/L afFsL %)
k|ltztnfO{ v;L kfg]{ .
!%_ x6fOPsf dfp afv|fsf] d'NoM ? @%)) k|lt afv|f
99
!^_ dn pTkfbg M %)) u|fd÷dfp afv|f ÷lbg / @)) u|fd÷kf7fkf7L÷ lbg
!&_ dnsf] d'No M ? % k|lt s]=hL=
!*_ k'FhLut nufgL /sdsf] Jofhb/ M !) Ü k|lt jif{, rfn' vr{sf] Jofh /sd lx;fj
gul/Psf] .
!(_ afv|f kfNg] Ifdtf M %) dfp afv|f !)) kf7fkf7L
@)_ afnL hfg] kf7\of+u|L jf dfp afVf|f lsg]/ kfNg ;lsg]
@!_ afv|fx? r/g jf aw'jf k4ltdf kfNg ;lsg]
@@_ afv|fsf] vf]/ tyf k|of]u ul/g] pks/0fsf] cfo' !) jif{ x'g]
@#_ o; kl/of]hgfdf s'n l:y/ k'FhLsf] !) sf b/n] d'Nox|f; -Depreciation_ ;dfj]z
ul/Psf]
@$_ hGd]sf kf7fkfLnfO{ @ dlxgfsf] pd]/ b]lv !@ dlxgf;Dd ;/b/ !)) u|fdsf b/n] bfgf
pknAw u/fpg]
@%_ Jofpg] afv|fnfO Jofpg' @ dlxgf cl3 / JofPsf] @ dlxgf ;Dd k|ltlbg k|lt afv|f
@)) u|fdsf b/n] bfgf lbg] .
@^_ bfgfsf] cltl/Qm afv|fsf] zfl/l/s tf}nsf] $% - k|lt afv|f k|lt lbg_ ;'VVvf kbfy{
pknAw x'g] ul/ e'O{3fF; tyf 8fn]3fF; lbg] .
@&_ kl/of]]hgf z'? ePsf] # dlxgfleq ;a} afv|fx? jfnL hfg]

s_ k"FhLut nufgL
s|=;+ ljj/0f OsfO kl/df0f b/ ? /sd ?
! k|hgg\ of]Uo dfp tyf k7]+u|L ;+Vof 50 5000 250000
afv|f vl/b
@ k|hgg\of]Uo af]sf vl/b ;+Vof 2 7500 15000

# vf]/ lgdf{0f vr{ ;+Vof 2 75000 150000

$ pks/0fsf] vr{ -Ps d'i7_ Psd'i6 35000

hDdf vr{ 450000

100
v_ k"“hLut vr{
klxnf] bf];|f] t];|f] rf}+yf] kfrf}+
s| ;+ ljj/0f b/
jif{ jif{ jif{ jif{ jif{
! l:y/ k'FhL -vf]/, !)
pks/0f_ sf] k|ltzt
D'fNox|f; k|ltjif{ 18500 18500 18500 18500 18500
-Depreciation_
-? !*%))) sf]
!) Ü b/_
@ l:y/ k'FhLsf] Jofh !)
-? $%)))) sf] !) k|ltzt 45000 45000 45000 45000 45000
Ü b/_ k|ltjif{
# hUufsf] ef8f Psd'i6 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000

hDdf 93500 93500 93500 93500 93500

u_ rfn' vr{ ljj/0f

s| klxnf] bf];|f] rf}+yf] kfrf}+
ljj/0f b/ t];|f] jif{
;+ jif{ jif{ jif{ jif{
! 3fF; pTkfbg vr{ -Ps 25000 10000 10000 10000 10000
Vff]k, le6fldg÷vlgh, di7_
-Ps
@ cf}ifwL vr{ d'i7_ 15000 15000 15000 15000 15000
? %)))
⁄ dlxgf÷
# >lds vr{ -@ JolSt_ JolSt 120000 120000 120000 120000 120000
$ bfgf vr{ * 47100 127650 132000 135300 136500

hDdf 207100 272650 277000 280300 281500

b|i6\Jo M
!_ afvfkfng z'? ug'{ eGbf ! jif{ klxn] 3fF; ljsf; ug{ pko'Qm x'G5 .
@_ klxnf] jif{ 3fF; pTkfbgsf] nflu ? @%))) / bf];|f] jif{b]lv ? !)))) ;dfj]; ul/Psf] .

101
* bfgf vr{sf] cg'dfg
tflnsf g+=— !
klxnf] jif{
k|lt klxnf] jif{
bfgf bfgfsf]
lbg
s| lbg] d"No b/ afv|f÷  hDdf
ljj/0f bfgf
;+ hDdf k|lt s]= kf7fkf7L÷  nfUg] bfgf hDdf vr{
lbg] b/ af]sfsf]
lbg hL -s]= hL_
-u|fd_ ;+Vof
! Jofpg] afv|f 200 60 25 50 600 15000

@ JofPsf afv|f 200 60 25 50 600 15000

# k|hgg\ af]sf 200 180 25 2 72 1800

klxnf] n6sf] 100 90 25 68 612 15300

$ kf7fkf7L
hDdf 1884 47100

tflnsf g+= – @
bf]>f] jif{
k|lt bf];|f] jif{
bfgf bfgfsf]
lbg
s| lbg] d"No b/ afv|f ÷ hDdf
ljj/0f bfgf
;+ hDdf k|lt s]= kf7fkf7L nfUg] bfgf hDdf
lbg] b/ ÷ af]sfsf] vr{
lbg hL -s]= hL_
-u|fd_ ;+Vof
! Jofpg] afv|f 200 120 25 50 1200 30000

@ JofPsf afv|f 200 90 25 50 900 22500

# k|hgg\ af]sf 200 180 25 2 72 1800

klxnf] n6sf]
$ kf7fkf7L 100 240 25 68 1632 40800
bf]>f] n6sf]
% kf7fkf7L 100 210 25 68 1302 32550

hDdf 5106 127650

102
 tflnsf g+= – #
t]>f] jif{
k|lt t];|f] jif{
bfgf bfgfsf]
lbg
s| lbg] d"No b/ afv|f ÷ hDdf
ljj/0f bfgf
;+ hDdf k|lt s]= kf7fkf7L nfUg] bfgf hDdf
lbg] b/ ÷ af]sfsf] vr{
lbg hL -s]= hL_
-u|fd_ ;+Vof
! Jofpg] afv|f 200 60 25 50 600 15000

@ JofPsf afv|f 200 90 25 50 900 22500

# k|hgg\ af]sf 200 180 25 2 72 1800

bf]>f] n6sf]
$ kf7fkf7L 100 120 25 68 816 20400
t]>f] n6sf]
% kf7fkf7L 100 330 25 68 2244 56100
rf}yf] n6sf]
^ kf7fkf7L 100 90 25 72 648 16200

hDdf 5280 132000

tflnsf g+= – $
rf}yf] jif{
k|lt rf}yf] jif{
bfgf bfgfsf]
lbg
s| lbg] d"No b/ afv|f÷ hDdf
ljj/0f bfgf
;+ hDdf k|lt s]= kf7fkf7L nfUg] bfgf hDdf
lbg] b/ ÷ af]sfsf] vr{
lbg hL -s]= hL_
-u|fd_ ;+Vof
! Jofpg] afv|f 200 120 25 50 1200 30000

@ JofPsf afv|f 200 90 25 50 900 22500

# k|hgg\ af]sf 200 180 25 2 72 1800

rf}yf] n6sf]
$ kf7fkf7L 100 240 25 72 1728 43200
kfFrf} n6sf]
% kf7fkf7L 100 210 25 72 1512 37800

hDdf 5412 135300

103
 tflnsf g+= – %
kf“rf}+ jif{
kfrf}+ jif{
k|lt lbg bfgf bfgfsf]
s| bfgf lbg] d"No b/ afv|f ÷
ljj/0f hDdf
;+ lbg] b/ hDdf k|lt s]= kf7fkf7L÷ 
nfUg] bfgf hDdf vr{
-u|fd_ lbg hL af]sfsf]
-s]= hL_
;+Vof
! Jofpg] afv|f 200 60 25 50 600 15000
@ JofPsf afv|f 200 90 25 50 900 22500
# k|hgg\ af]sf 200 180 25 2 72 1800

$ kfFrf} n6sf] kf7fkf7L 100 120 25 72 864 21600

% 5}6f] n6sf] kf7fkf7L 100 330 25 72 2376 59400
^ ;ftf}+ n6sf] kf7fkf7L 100 90 25 72 648 16200
hDdf 5460 136500

3_ kf7fkf7Lsf] pTkfbg
s| klxnf] jif{ bf];|f] jif{ t];|f] jif{ rf}+yf] jif{ kfrf}+ jif{
ljj/0f
;+ kf7f kf7L kf7f kf7L kf7f kf7L kf7f kf7L kf7f kf7L
cl3Nnf] jif{sf] :6saf6
! ljqmLof]Uo kf7fkf7L ;+Vof 34 34 68 67 36 36 72 72

@)% Dffpsf] k|lt:yfkgsf]

@ nflu :6s jf6 lng' kg{]{ 10 10 10 10
kf7L ;+Vof
%% n] dfp afv|fdf x'g]
d[To'sf] k|ltiyfkgsf nflu
# :6s jf6 lng' kg]{ kf7L 3 3 3 3
;+Vof

$ :6saf6 af+ls ljls| x'g] 34 21 68 54 36 23 72 59

kf7fkf7L ;+Vof
% hGd]sf kf7fkf7Lsf] ;+Vof 38 37 75 75 40 40 80 80 40 40

pTkflbt kf7fkf7Lsf] !)%

^ 4 3 7 8 4 4 8 8 4 4
n] x'g] d[To' ;+Vof
& :6s kf7fkf7L ;+Vof 34 34 68 67 36 36 72 72 36 36

104
ª_ cfo÷Joo ljj/0f
c_ cfo ljj/0f
bf];|f] jif{ t];|f] jif{ rf}yf] jif{ kfrf}+ jif{
klxnf] jif{
s|=
cfo >f]t b/ ?
;+ kl/df kl/df kl/
/sd /sd kl/df0f /sd /sd kl/df0f /sd
0f 0f df0f
! Aff]sf ljs|L -;+Vof_ 7500 17 127500 34 255000 18 135000 36 270000

@ v;L ljs|L -;+Vof_ 6250 17 106250 34 212500 18 112500 36 225000

k7\of+u|L ljs|L
# -;+Vof_ 5000 21 105000 54 270000 23 115000 59 295000
x6fOPsf afv|f
-Culling_ ljs|L
$ -;+Vof_ 2500 10 25000 10 25000 10 25000 10 25000
kf+rf} jif{df pTkfbg
ePsf $ dlxg]] kf7f
ljlqm -cf}ift tf}n
% * s]=hL=_ 2000 36 72000
kf+rf} jif{df pTkfbg
ePsf $ dlxg]] kf7L
ljlqm -cf}ift tf}n ^
^ s]=hL=_ 1500 36 54000

& dn ljs|L -s]= hL=_ 5 10757 53785 15245 76225 16541 82705 15605 78025 16901 84505
hDdf cfo 53785 439975 845205 465525 1025505

!))
cf_ vr{ ljj/0f
s|= klxnf]
vr{ ljj/0f bf];|f] jif{ t];|f] jif{ rf]+yf] jif{ kfrf}+ jif{
;+ jif{
! rfn' vr{ 207100 272650 277000 280300 281500

@ k'hLut vr{ 93500 93500 93500 93500 93500

# hDdf vr{ 300600 366150 370500 366150 375000

O_ cfo Joo vr{ ljj/0f

s|= cfo Joo vr{ bf];|f] jif{ t];|f] jif{ rf}yf] jif{
klxnf] jif{ kfrf}+ jif{
;+ ljj/0f
! s'n cfo ? 53785 439975 845205 465525 1025505

@ s'n vr{ ? 300600 366150 370500 366150 375000

# v'b gfkmf ? -246815 73825 474705 99375 650505

$ ;+lrt gfkmf ?= -246815 -172990 301715 401090 1051595

% u|; dflh{g ?= -153315 167325 568205 185225 744005

Pjd l/tn] lg/Gt/?kdf Joj;fosf] ;+rfng ul/ cfo Joo vr{ ljj/0f lgsfNg ;lsG5 .
r_ C0f e'QmfgL of]hgf
jif{
l;=g+= ljj/0f 1 2 3 4 5
1 C0f /sd jf+ls 450000 450000 450000 450000 450000
Jofh @ !) %
2 k|lt jif{ 45000 45000 45000 45000 45000

3 ;f+jf e'QmfgL 0 0 0 0 450000

5_ kf+rf} jif{ kl5 Joj;fo aGb ubf{sf] k'+lhut ;DklQsf] d"No

qm=;= ;DktL b/ kl/df0f hDdf d"No
1 :6s dfp afv|f ljqmL 6000 50 300000
2 :6s af]sf ljqmL 8000 2 16000
3 uf]7 tyf pks/0f ljqmL 92500
hDdf 408500

!)!
h=_ gub k|jfx ljj/0f
klxnf] bf];|f] rf]+yf]
l;g+= ljj/0f jif{ jif{ t];|f] jif{ jif{ kfrf}+ jif{
A Cash- inflow -gub cfudg_ 53785 439975 845205 465525 1434005
Annual income -jflif{s
53785 439975 845205 465525 1434005
1 cfDbfgL_
Cash-outflow -gub
657100 272650 277000 280300 281500
B jlxu{dg_ (B1+B2+B3)
Fixed Investment -:yL/
450000
1 nufgL_
Operating expenses -rfn'
207100 272650 277000 280300 281500
2 vr{_
Net Cash flow (before
financing) (A-B) -kmfOgfG; -603315 167325 568205 185225 1152505
C k"j{ v'b gub k|jfx_
D kmfOgfG;L+u
1 Loan (i)+(ii) -C0f_ 450000
(i) Fixed Investment -:yL/
450000
vr{sf] nflu C0f_
(ii) Working Capital -rfn'
vr{sf] nflu C0f_
Debt Services (a+b) -C0f
45000 45000 45000 45000 495000
2 e'QmfgL ;]jf_
(a) Interest on fixed and
working capital -Jofh 45000 45000 45000 45000 45000
e'QmfgL_
(b) Repayment of
0 0 0 0 450000
principal -;f+jf e'QmfgL_
Net Financing (D1-D2) -
405000 -45000 -45000 -495000
E -v'b kmfOgfG;L+u_ 45000
Net Cashflow after
Financing (C+E) -kmfOgfG; -198315 122325 523205 140225 657505
F kl5sf] v'b gub k|jfx_
Accumulated Cash Flow
-;+lrt gub k|jfx_ (This -198315 -75990 447215 587440 1244945
G year’s F+ Last year’s G)

107
em_ nfe nfut ljZn]if0f (Benefit Cost Analysis)
l;=
ljj/0f klxnf] jif{ bf];|f] jif{ t];|f] jif{ rf]+yf] jif{ kfrf}+ jif{
g+=
hDdf nfe (Total  503785 439975 845205 465525 1434005
1 Benefit)*
hDdf nfut 702100 317650 322000 325300 776500
2 (Total Cost)**
v'b gub cfufdg
(Net Cash -198315 122325 523205 140225 657505
3 Flow)***
l8:sfp06]8 nfe
(Discounted 457986.36 363615.70 635015.03 317959.84 890404.28
4 Benefit @ 10%)
l8:sfp06]8
nfut 638272.73 262520.66 241923.37 222184.28 482145.41
(Discounted
5 Cost @ 10%)

* : tflnsf Hf sf] A +D1

** tflnsf Hf sf] B +D2
*** : o;} tflnsfsf] ! –@

`_ kl/of]hgf cjlw -% jif{_ sf]

cfGtl/s k|ltkmn, IRR (Internal Rate of Return) 124%
v'b jt{dfg d"No, NPV (Net Present Value) 817,934.77
nfe nfut cg'kft, BCR (Benefit Cost Ratio) 1.44
kf/ ljGb', BEP (Break Even Point) % 30.93

nufgL lkmtf{ x'g] cjlw, PBP (Pay Back Period) Years 2.64

IRR : IRR Tof] Discount Rate xf] h;df NPV z"Go x'G5 . cyf{t Joj;fosf] cfDbfgL / vr{
a/fa/ x'g] cj:yfdf pSt Joj;fon] cfGtl/s ?kdf k|bfg ug]{ k|ltkmnnfO{ g} IRR elgG5 .
o;n] Joj;fosf] k'gM nufgL -Re-investment_ ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtf hgfpF5 . of] ;"rs
Joj;foLsf] nflu lnOg] C0fsf] Jofhb/ eGbf a9L x'g' kb{5 . of] klof]hgfdf Jofhb/ eGbf
al9 IRR b]lvPsf] x'bf Joj;fo ljlto ?kdf ;+efJo b]lvG5 .

108
NPV M of] ;'rs Dicount nfe af6 Dicount nfut 36fO lgsflnG5 . ljlto?kdf ;+efJo
x'g NPV wgfTds -Positive_ x'g'k5{ . o; Joj;fodf NPV wgfTds -Positive_ b]lvPsf]n]
kl/of]hgf ;+efJo b]lvG5 .

BCR M Discounted nfe / nfutsf] cg'kftnfO{ BCR elgG5 . o; ;'rs cg';f/ BCR !
eGbf al9 ePdf dfq Joj;fo ljlto ?kdf ;+efJo dflgG5 . o; klof]hgfdf BCR !=$$ sf]
cy{ ? ! nufgL ubf{ ? !=$$ nfe x'G5 .

BEV -Ü_ M BEV #! k|ltztsf] cy{ of] klof]hgf t'nfgfTds ?kdf l56f] Break Even Point
df k'Ug ;S5 . of] ;"rs hlt sd eof] plt /fd|f] dflgG5 .

PBP M of] ;'rsn] Joj;fosf] nufgL slt jif{df lkmtf{ x'g ;S5 elg b]vfp5 . of]
kl/of]hgfsf] PBP @=^$ jif{ cfPsf] x'bf z'?sf] k"hLut nufgL ? $%)))) / klxnf] jif{sf]
rfn' vr{ ? @)&!)) ul/ hDdf ? ^%&!)) b'O jif{ * dlxgfdf lkmtf{ x'G5 .

k]h g+= !)% df b]vfO{Psf] lrqn] lgDg s'/fnfO{ a'emfp“5

 kf7fkf7L pTkfbg M kl/of]hgfdf pNn]lvt dfkb08sf cfwf/df ljleGg jif{df
kf7fkf7L pTkfbg x'g] ;do b]vfO{Psf] 5 . o;sf] cfwf/df tflnsf g+= -3_ df ;f]
ljj/0f pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
 bfgf vr{ M dfp afv|f tyf ljleGg jif{df pTkfbg ePsf kf7fkf7LnfO{ kl/of]hgfsf]
Joj:yfkg kIfdf cfwf/ dflgP cg';f/ pknAw u/fO{g] bfgf vr{ o;} lrqsf]
cfwf/df tof/ ul/Psf] 5 . bfgf vr{sf] cg'dfg lzif{ssf] tflnsf g+= ! b]lv %
;Dd pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
 af]sf, v;L, k7\of+u|L ljqmL M kl/of]hgfdf pNn]v ul/P cg';f/sf] pd]/df ljqmL x'g
;Sg] kf7fkf7Lsf] n6 lrqdf ljleGg jif{df b]vfO{Psf] 5 . ;f]xL cfwf/df
kl/of]hgfsf] cfo÷Joo ljj/0f lzif{ssf] tflnsf g+= -c_ df pnn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

109
 kf7fkf7L pTkfbg, ljqmL / kf7fkf7LnfO{ lbO{g] bfgf ;DalGw tflnsf
klxnf] jif{ ! @ # $ % ^ & * ( !) !! !@

klxnf] n6sf] klxnf] n6sf]

kf7fkf7L kf7fkf7LnfO{
pTkfbg bfgf
klxnf] n6sf]
kf7fkf7LnfO{ bf]>f] n6sf]
bfgf kf7fkf7LnfO{
bfgf

bf]>f] ! @ # $ % ^ & * ( !) !! !@

bf]>f] n6sf] klxnf] n6sf] t]>f] n6sf]

kf7fkf7L kf7fkf7L ljqmL kf7fkf7L
pTkfbg pTkfbg
rf}yf] n6sf]
bf]>f] n6sf]
t]>f] n6sf] kf7f kf7fkf7LnfO{
kf7fkf7LnfO{ bfgf kf7LnfO{ bfgf bfgf

t]>f] ! @ # $ % ^ & * ( !) !! !@

bf]>f] n6sf] rf}yf] n6sf] t]>f] n6sf] kf7fkf7L

kf7fkf7L kf7fkf7L ljqmL
ljqmL pTkfbg
kfFrf} n6sf]
kf7fkf7LnfO{
rf}yf] n6sf] bfgf
kf7fkf7LnfO{ bfgf

rf}yf] jif{ ! @ # $ % ^ & * ( !) !! !@

kfFrf} n6sf] rf}yf] n6sf] 5}6f}+ n6sf]

kf7fkf7L kf7fkf7L kf7fkf7L
pTkfbg pTkfbg
5f}+6f} n6sf]
kfFrf} n6sf] kf7fkf7LnfO{
kf7fkf7LnfO{ bfgf ;ftf}+ n6sf]
bfgf kf7fkf7LnfO{ bfgf

kfFrf} ! @ # $ % ^ & * ( !) !! !@

110
kfFrf}+ n6sf] kf7fkf7L ;ftf}+ n6sf] kf7fkf7L 5}+6f}+ n6sf] kf7fkf7L
ljqmL pTkfbg ljqmL
;Gbe{ ;fdfu|Lx?
! cfO{=s]=cof{n, P;=lk=g]pkfg], k"jL{ kxf8df v;L af]sfsf] zf/Ll/s j[l4 / df;' pTkfbg,
-;\g !((^_ e]6]l/g/L l/Eo" .
@= P=lk=lk= -kmfOgn l/kf]6{_ !(($ .
#= Pd=v/]n, g]kfndf afv|fsf] cg'j+lzsL ;|f]t -;g\ !((^_ .
$= 8f= r]t/fh pk|]tL, Gx'R5]nfn tfd|fsf/, n'dflgwL kf08], pGgt afv|fkfng, s[lif
cg';Gwfg s]Gb| -afv|f_ @)^% .
%= 8f= r]t/fh pk|]tL, g]kfndf kz'k+IfL tyf df5fsf] cfxf/f, @)^% .
^= 8f=e'jg]Zj/ zdf{, afv|fkfng Dofg'cn -)^)÷^!_, e]8f, afv|f, a+u'/ tyf s'v'/f ljsf;
zfvf, xl/x/ejg, nlntk'/ .
&= 8f= ef]h/fh hf]zL / ef]nfz+s/ >]i7 Joj;flos afv|fkfng .
*= 8f=nId0f z]/rg, afv|f k|hgg, -@)$%÷%%_ kxf8L sj'lnotL jg tyf r/g ljsf;
cfof]hgf, xl/x/ejg .
(= 8f= ;"o{ axfb'/ l;+x, g]kfnsf k|d'v 8fn]3fF;x?, ;fd'bfoLs kz' ljsf; cfof]hgf, .
!)= l8=Pg=jdf{, nfOei6s k|8S;g Dofg]hd]06 Og 6«lkS; !(((, sNoflg klJns]zg .
!!= hL=;L= jghL{, Plgdn x;j]08«L, -!((*_ cS;kmf]8{ P08 cfO{ lj=Pr= klAnl;Í sDkgL
gofF lbNnL .
!@= gf;f, nfOei6s, jif{ ^ cÍ (, @)$( .
!#= k|;Gg s'df/ sf]O{/fnf, afv|fkfng k'l:tsf, )^@÷^#, s]Gb|Lo e]8f afv|f k|a4{g
sfof{no .
!$= afv|fkfng, @)^%÷^^, s]Gb|Lo e]8f afv|f k|a4{g sfof{no .
!%= /fd]Zj/ l;+x kf08], pRr n]sfnL tyf j[Iff/f]k0f ul/Psf] If]qsf] nflu pko'Qm jx'jlif{o
3fF; :6fOnf], df]nf;];, ;]tf], Snf]e/ / jx'jlif{o /fO{{ 3fF;, -@)%!_, kxf8L sj'lnotL
jg tyf r/g ljsf; cfof]hgf, xl/x/ejg .
!^= /fli6«o e]8f afv|f cg';Gwfg sfo{qmdsf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg -;g\ !((!_ u'7Lrf}/, h'Dnf .
!&= nLnf a=sfsL{, 8f=pdf sfsL{, afv|f kfng tyf Joj:yfkg, e]8f, afv|f, a+u'/ tyf
s'v'/f ljsf; zfvf, xl/x/ejg .
!*= jL/ axfb'/ u'?Ë, s[ifssf] nflu afv|fkfng k'l:tsf, -@)%%_ kz' pTkfbg dxfzfvf,
xl/x/ejg .
111
!( :6fl6:6Lsn OGkmd]{zg cg g]klnh Plu|sNr/ -@))( @)!), s[lif Joj;fo k|j4{g
tyf tYof+s dxfzfvf, s[lif tyf ;xsf/L dGqfno, l;+xb/jf/ .
@!= ;/ h]D; cf/ lhn]:kL, cfO=6L=kL=, df]8g{ nfOe:6s P08 kf]N6«L k|8S;g .
@@= zq'3gnfn k|wfg, @)$$, g]kfndf afv|f pTkfbg, s[lif cg';Gwfg s]Gb| -afv|f_,.
@#= lzj k|sfz cfrfo{, afv|fsf] vf]/ Joj:yfkg, -@)%$÷%%_ kxf8L sj'lnotL jg tyf
r/g ljsf; cfof]hgf, xl/x/ejg .
@$= Xof08 a's ckm Plgdn x;j]08«L -@))@_ I CAR, gofFlbNnL .
@%= Verma, D.N. 1994, A Text Book of Animal Nutrition, Pub. Kalyani Publisher PP
366-374
@$= afv|f kfns s[ifsn] vf]/ agfpFbf Wofg lbg' kg]{ s'/fx?, s]Gb|Lo e]8f afv|f k|j4{g
sfof{no, xl/x/ejg .

112