Nepal Ma Bittiya

g]kfndf ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f
;DaGwL cWoog k|ltj]bg

cWoog k|ltj]bg
g]kfn ;/sf/
/fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u
l;+xb/af/, sf7df8f}+, g]kfn
kmf]gM ±(&&–!–$@!!(&)
km\ofS;M ±(&&–!–$@!!&))
Email: npcs@npc.gov.np
g]kfndf
ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f
cWoog k|ltj]bg
g]kfn ;/sf/
/fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u
l;+xb/af/, sf7df8f}+, g]kfn
kmf]gM ±(&&–!–$@!!(&)
km\ofS;M ±(&&–!–$@!!&))
Email: npcs@npc.gov.np
g]kfn ;/sf/, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u, l;+xb/af/, sf7df8f}+, g]kfnsf nflu

k/fdz{bftf tLg ; k|lti7fg, cgfdgu/ @(, sf7df8f}+sf cWoIf s[i0faxfb'/
s'Fj/åf/f tof/ ul/Psf] g]kfndf ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f;DaGwL cWoog k|ltj]bg
@)&* .
ljifo ;"rL
qm=;+= ljifo k[i7 ;+Vof
efu — ! M kl/ro
!=! k[i7e"ld !
!=@ p2]Zo @
!=# cWoogsf] If]q #
!=$ cWoog ljlw %
!=% cWoogsf] ;Ldf ^
efu — @M g]kfndf ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] cj:yf
@=! kGw|f}+ of]hgfdf ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f &
@=@ lbuf] ljsf; nIox? !*
@=# ljQLo If]q ljsf; /0fgLlt @)
@=$ ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f dfu{lrq @)
@=% ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f dfof 3f]if0ffkq @@
@=^ ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0fdf ul/Psf k|of;x? @#
@=^=! g]kfn /fi6« a}Í, a}Í tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx? @#
@=^=@ ladf #!
@=^=# k"FhL ahf/ ;DaGwL #@
efu — #M ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] If]qdf ePsf cWoog tyf cg';Gwfg
#=! ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f cjwf/0ff tyf kl/efiff #$
#=@ l5d]sL d'n'sx?sf] ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f l:ylt $)
efu — $M 8]6f ;Íng tyf ljZn]if0f
$=! ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] dfkg tyf kl/;"rsx? $%
$=@ ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] 8]6f $&
$=# g]kfndf ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] k|ult %#
$=#=! dfukIfLo l:ylt %#
// III //
$=#=@ cfk"lt{kIfLo l:ylt %%
$=#=# ;xsf/L If]q ^!
$=#=$ x'nfs art a}Í ^#
$=#=% ladf ^$
$=#=^ k"FhL ahf/ ^%
$=$ ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0fdf gofF pks/0fsf] of]ubfg ^^
$=% kGw|f}+ of]hgfdf ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f xfnsf] l:ylt ^*
efu — %M kfOPsf tYo
%=! Dffu kIfLo -;]jf u|fxLx?_ ;DaGwL &!
%=@ cfk"lt{ kIfLo -;]jf k|bfosx?_ ;DaGwL &$
%=# ;xsf/L If]q ;DaGwL &&
%=$ ladf ;DaGwL &(
%=% k"FhL ahf/ ;DaGwL &(
efu – ^ ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f k|j4{gsf nflu sfo{of]hgf
^=! ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f k|j4{gsf] nflu sfo{of]hgf *)
efu – & lgisif{
&=! lgisif{ (#
cg';"rL ($
.. IV ..
tflnsf ;"rL
tflnsf ;+Vof ljj/0f k[=;+=
tflnsf — @=! kGw|f}+ of]hgf glthf vfsf !*
tflnsf — @=@ al~rtLs/0fsf k|sf/x? #(
tflnsf — #=! l5d]sL b]zx?sf] ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f l:ylt $!
tflnsf — $=! dfukIfLo ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f 8]6f ;j]{If0f $(
tflnsf — $=@ cfk"lt{kIfLo ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f 8]6f ;j]{If0f %)
tflnsf — $=# hL—@) ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f kl/;"rsx? %!
tflnsf — $=$ a}Ívftf gx'gfsf sf/0fx? %$
tflnsf — $=% ljQLo kx'Fr a}Í tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx? -s,v,u dfq_ %%
tflnsf — $=^ ljQLo kx'Fr -a}Í tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx?_ t'ngfTds l:ylt %^
tflnsf — $=& k|b]zcg';f/ s ju{sf jfl0fHo a}Ísf zfvfx? / hg;+Vof %&
tflnsf — $=* a}Í tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx? -s,v,u,3_ %&
tflnsf — $=( n3'ljQ ljQLo ;+:yfx? (MFIs) %*
tflnsf — $=!) g]kfndf ljQLo ;+:yfx?sf] pkl:ylt %(
tflnsf — $=!! ;x'lnotk"0f{ shf{sf nflu Aofh cg'bfg;lxt k|jflxt shf{ %(
tflnsf — $=!@ a}Í tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx?sf] s'n shf{ / ;x'lnot shf{ k|jfx ^)
tflnsf — $=!# k|b]zut ;xsf/L ;+:Yffx?sf] sf/f]af/ l:ylt ^!
tflnsf — $=!$ art tyf C0f ;xsf/L ;+:yfx? (SACCOS) ^@
tflnsf — $=!% ladf sDkgLsf] k|b]zutzfvfx? ^$
tflnsf — $=!^ lwtf]kq sf/f]af/ ug]{ sDkgLx?sf] l:ylt ^^
tflnsf — $=!& ljQLo e'StfgL sf/f]af/sf k|sf/x? / ;+Vof ^&
Tfflnsf — $=!* k|b]zut a}Í tyf ljQLo ;+:yfsf] ;]jfdf cfa4 hg;+Vof tyf ^*
nIo -kGw|f}+ of]hgf_
tflnsf — $=!( kGw|f}+ of]hgfsf] ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f l:ylt -nIo tyf k|ult_ ^(
tflnsf — %=! ljQLo ;dj]zLs/0f k|j4{gsf] nflu sfo{of]hgf &(
// V //
k|sf]i7 ;"rL
k|sf]i7 — ! M g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg @)&@ df ;dfj]zL ;DaGwL Joj:yf — $
k|sf]i7 — @ M a}Í/lxt, cNka}Í / cNkladf — #@
k|sf]i7 — # M ljQLo kxF'rsf] juL{s/0f — $$
k|sf]i7 — $ M cf};t lx;fa / g]kfnLsf] oyfy{ — $&
cg';"rL
cg';"rL — !=! M ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f kl/;"rsx? -s]Gb|Lo ;dGjo ug]{ lgsfosf] nflu_ — (%
cg';"rL — !=@ M ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f kl/;"rsx? -a}Í tyf ljQLo ;+:yfsf] nflu_ — ((
cg';"rL — !=# M ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f kl/;"rsx? -ladf ;ldltsf] nflu_ — !)!
cg';"rL — !=$ M ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f kl/;"rsx? -g]kfn lwtf]kq af]8{sf] nflu_ — !)@
Reference 103
.. VI ..
b'O{ zAb
ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0fn] hgtfsf] hLjg:t/ psf:g, ul/aL Go"gLs/0f ug{ / cfly{s ljsf;sf]
ultnfO{ tLj| agfpg ;xof]u u5{ . o;df ljQLo ;]jfsf] kx'Fr, pkof]u, u'0f:t/, / pkef]Stf ;+/If0f
h:tf kIfn] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]N5g\ .
g]kfndf ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] cj:yf;DaGwL cWoog (Study on Financial Inclusion in

Nepal) ug{ /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf] ;lrjfnoaf6 tLg ; k|lti7fgnfO{ 5gf}6 ul/Psf] 5 . o;
cWoogsf] d"n p2]Zo /fi6«sf] ;dli6ut cfly{s ljsf;nfO{ ult lbg vf;u/L ;LdfGtLs[t /
sdhf]/ ju{nfO{ ;/n / lskmfotL nfutdf ljQLo ;fwgx?sf] kx'Fro'St cf}krfl/s ;+:yfsf]
d"nk|jfxdf Nofpg ljBdfg ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f k4ltsf] cj:yf cfsng u/L cfufdL /0fgLlt
th'{dfsf] lgldQ sfo{of]hgf tof/ ug'{ xf] .
cWoog cjlw gAa] lbg /x]sf] eP klg o;} aLrdf b]z sf]/f]gf dxfk|sf]kaf6 cfqmfGt eO/x]sf]
/ lgif]wf1f ;d]t nfu" eP tfklg :jf:ysf dfkb08 ckgfP/ cWoog sfo{ ;DkGg u/L cWoog
k|ltj]bg tof/ ul/Psf] 5 . cWoogsf] l;nl;nfdf o; ljifosf k|d'v ;/f]sf/jfnf, k|f1, lj1 /
k|d'v ;"rgfbftfx?;Fu ;Djfb, ;'emfj, ;Nnfx, 5nkmn, cGtlqm{of tyf cGtjf{tf{ ul/Psf] lyof] .
ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f ;DaGwL d'Vo ;"rgfx? ;Íng, kl/dfh{g / ljZn]if0f ug]{ sfd u/L tof/
ul/Psf] d:of}bf k|ltj]bg pk/ cfof]udf ul7t ;ldltdf h'd ldl6Ëx? dfkm{t 5nkmn / cGt/lqmof
ubf{ k|fKt ;'emfjx?nfO{ ;dfj]z u/L kl/dflh{t cWoog k|ltj]bg tof/ u/]/ k]z ul/Psf] 5 .
of] cWoog k|lqmofdf ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f ;DaGwdf kfOPsf tYox? -ljZn]if0fsf ljifo, cj/f]w
/ u'gf;fx?_ nfO{ sfof{Gjogsf] nflu sfo{of]hgf ;lxt l;kmfl/; ul/Psf] 5 .
cWoog ug]{ df}sf lbg' ePsf]df ;lrjfnok|lt k|lti7fg s[t1tf 1fkg ub{5 . cWoogsf]
l;nl;nfdf k|fKt vf;u/L g]kfn /fi6« a}Í, cGo a}Í tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx?, ladf ;ldlt, /fli6«o
// VII //
;xsf/L dxf;+3 nufotsf ;DalGwt ;/f]sf/jfnf tyf k|f1, lj1x?k|lt hfgsf/L pknAw u/fP/
;xof]u ug'{ ePsf]df wGojfb lbg rfxG5f}+ . To:t} ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f ;DaGwL k|sfzgx?sf
xf8{skL jf j]j;fO6dfkm{t cWoog tyf p4/0f ul/Psf] 5, To;sf nflu ;DalGwt n]vsx?
tyf k|sfzg ug]{ ;+:yfx?k|lt cfef/ k|s6 ub{5f}+ .
ljgLt
s[i0faxfb'/ s'Fj/, cWoIf,

tLg ; k|lti7fg, sf7df8f}+
#), h]7, @)&*
.. VIII ..
sfo{sf/L ;f/f+z
g]kfndf eO/x]sf ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f ;DaGwL sfo{x?sf] cj:yfsf] hfgsf/L, o;sf nflu
/flvPsf nIo / k|lta4tfx? k"/f ug{ ;fdlos cWoogx?sf] cfjZostf x'G5 . o;} l;nl;nfdf
of] g]kfndf ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f;DaGwL cWoog (Study on Financial Inclusion in Nepal)
ul/Psf] xf] . o; cWoogsf] d"n p2]Zo /fi6«sf] ;dli6ut cfly{s ljsf;nfO{ ult lbg ljBdfg
ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] cj:yf cfsng u/L kGw|f}+ of]hgf / lbuf] ljsf;sf nIox? xfl;n ug]{
;Gbe{df g]kfndf ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f k|j4{gsf] nflu cfufdL lbgdf rfNg' kg]{ gLltut, sfg"gL
/ ;+:yfut tyf sfo{qmdut ;'wf/sf sfo{of]hgf tof/ ug{' xf] .
o; cWoog k|ltj]bgsf d'Vo & efux? 5g\ . klxnf]df cWoogsf] p2]Zo, sfo{ljlw pNn]v
ul/Psf] 5 . bf];|f]df g]kfndf ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] cj:yf, t];|f]df ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0fsf]
If]qdf ePsf cWoog tyf cg';Gwfg pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . rf}yf]df 8]6f ;Íng tyf ljZn]if0f,
kfFrf}+df kfOPsf tYox?, 5}7f}+df sfo{of]hgf / ;ftf}+df lgisif{ /flvPsf] 5 . To:t} @# j6f
tflnsf / $ j6f k|sf]i7 / $ j6f cg';"rLx? klg /x]sf 5g\ .
ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0fn] hgtfsf] hLjg:t/ psf:g, ul/aL Go"gLs/0f ug{ / cfly{s ljsf;sf]
ultnfO{ tLj| agfpg ;xof]u u5{ . c? d'n'sdf em}+ g]kfndf klg ;/sf/, s]Gb|Lo a}Í, ljsf;
;fem]bf/, cg';Gwfgstf{ / gLlt lgdf{tfx? dfem ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0fn] pRr k|fyldstf kfPsf]
5 . ljQLo kx'Frn] ljQLo ;]jf, h:t} art, e'StfgL, shf{, ladf, k"FhL ahf/;d]tnfO{ ;d]6\5 .
o;df ljQLo ;]jfsf] pkof]u, u'0f:t/ / pkef]Stf ;+/If0f h:tf kIfn] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]N5g\ .
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg @)&@ df ;dfj]zL ;DaGwL Joj:yf / pkef]Stf ;+/If0f ;Da4 k|fjwfg /flvPsf]
5 . g]kfn ;/sf/n] lbuf] ljsf; nIox? (Sustainable Development Goals - SDG) k|fKt ug{
;dfj]zL / lbuf] ljsf;df ;xhLs/0f u/]/ ljQLo kx'Frdf ;'wf/ ug{ hf]8 lbPsf] 5 .
// IX //
d'n'sdf rfn' k~rjifL{o kGw|f}+ of]hgf -cf=j= @)&^÷&&—@)*)÷*!+_ df ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0fsf]
nflu gLltut sbd / sfo{gLlt ckgfPsf] b]lvG5 . g]kfn ;/sf/n] ;g\ @)!& df :jLs[t u/]sf]
ljQLo If]q ljsf; /0fgLltn] a}lÍª k|0ffnLsf] Pp6f vDafsf] ?kdf ljQLo kx'Fr / ljQLo
;dfj]zLs/0fnfO{ kl/eflift u/]sf] 5 . ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f dfu{lrq (Financial Inclusion
Road map, 2017-22) df g]kfnn] ;g\ @)@@ ;Dddf ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f ^)Ü af6 &%Ü df
k'¥ofpg' kg]{5 / c;dfj]zLs/0f !*Ü af6 #Ü df emfg]{ u/L cfly{s ;zlSts/0f l;h{gf ug]{
sfo{x? ug]{ pNn]v 5 .
ljZj a}Í, cGt/f{li6«o d'b|f sf]if, PlzofnL ljsf; a}Í / PnfOG; km/ kmfOg]lG;on OGSn'hg
(Alliance for Financial Inclusion - AFI) h:tf cGt/f{li6«o ;Ë7gx?n] xfnsf jif{x?df
ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0fnfO{ Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ Ph]08fsf] ?kdf /fv]sf 5g\ . ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f
8]6fx? (Financial Inclusion Data) ljleGg lgsfox?n] pkof]udf NofPsf 5g\ . Unf]an
lkmG8]S; (Global Findex), hL—@) ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f kl/;"rs pkof]udf NofPsf] kfOG5 .
h'g b]zx?n] kl/;"rsx?nfO{ ljsl;t ug{sf] nflu 8]6f Psq ug{ ;Sb}gg\, pgLx?n] Global
Findex, World Bank Group’s Enterprise Surveys, or IMF’s Financial Access
Survey 8]6f jf k|Zgx?nfO{ cfˆgf /fli6«o ;j]{If0fx?df ;dfj]z ug{ ;S5g\ .
g]kfndf ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] yfngL cyf{t\ cf}krfl/s ljQLo ;]jf k|bfos a}Ísf] ;'?jft
lj=;+= !(($ -;g\ !(#&_ df jfl0fHo a}Ísf] ?kdf lghL If]qsf] ;d]t ;xeflutfdf g]kfn a}Ísf]
:yfkgfaf6 ePsf] xf] . lj=;+= @)!# -;g\ !(%^_ df dfq} jfl0fHo a}ÍnfO{ lgodg ug]{ s]Gb|Lo
a}Ísf] ?kdf g]kfn /fi6« a}Ísf] :yfkgf ePsf] lyof] . lj=;+= @)!^ -;g\ !(%(_ df g]kfn cf}Bf]lus
ljsf; lgudsf] :yfkgf eof] . lj=;+= @)@# -;g\ !(^^_ df ;/sf/L :jfldTjsf] /fli6«o jfl0fHo
a}Í :yfkgf eof] . ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] ;'?jftsf] ?kdf lj=;+= @)!( -;g\ !(^@_ df ;xsf/L
;+:yfx?nfO{ shf{ pknAw u/fpg ;xsf/L a}Ísf] :yfkgfnfO{ lng ;lsG5 . lj=;+= @)@$ -;g\
!(^&_ df s[lif shf{sf ;fy} s[lif ljsf;sf] nflu k|fljlws ;'ljwf / ;fdu|L pknAw u/fpg] u/L
5'§} s[lif ljsf; a}Í P]g aGof] / ;xsf/L a}Í s[lif ljsf; a}Ídf ?kfGt/0f eof] .
.. X ..
s[lif ljsf; a}Ín] @)#@ -;g\ !(&%_ df ;fgf ls;fg ljsf; sfo{qmd (Small Farmers
Development Programme- SFDP) sf] ;'?jft u¥of] . of] sfo{qmd cToGt ;kmn eof] /
b]zel/ g} lj:tf/sf] dfu eof] / lj:tf/ ug]{ (Yunus, 2007) k|lqmof rln/Xof] .
ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] nflu g]kfn /fi6« a}Ín] jfl0fHo a}Íx?sf zfvfx? lj:tf/ ug{ nfUof],
h'g qmd cBflk rfn' 5 . ;'?sf jif{x?df b'u{d:yfgdf zfvf vf]Nbf nfUg] vr{ zf]wegf{ lbg]
gLlt g]kfn /fi6« a}Ín] lnPsf]n] w]/} zfvfx? Vf'n] -g]kfn /fi6« a}Í !(*!_ . g]kfn /fi6« a}Ín]
;g\ !(&$ df jfl0fHo a}Íxx?dfkm{t ;fgfIf]q shf{ sfo{qmd, k|fyldstf If]q shf{, ;3g a}lÍª
sfo{qmd, ljkGg If]q shf{ cflb sfo{qmdx? nfu" ul/Psf] kfOG5 .
w]/} k|sf/sf cfof]hgf—s]lGb|t (Project -based) n3'ljQ gd"gfx? sfof{Gjog ePsf lyP -g]kfn
/fi6« a}Í @))%, @)!*_ . xfnsf jif{x?df g]kfn /fi6« a}Ín] gub/lxt cy{tGq, pkef]Stf ;+/If0f,
l8lh6n e'StfgL, a}lÍª k|j4{g, ljQLo ;fIf/tf s]lGb|t u/]sf] kfOG5 . a}Í vftf gePsf g]kfnL
gful/sn] ;g\ @)!( b]lv æa}Ívftf vf]Ng]Æ gLlt lnOPsf] kfOG5 . To:t} >d P]g @)!* n] ;a}
k|sf/sf lgsfox?n] cfˆgf sfdbf/ tyf sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ kfl/>lds e'StfgL ubf{ clgjfo{
?kdf a}Ívftf k|of]u ug]{ k|fjwfg /x]sf] 5 .
ljQLo kx'Frsf] cfwf/e"t zt{dWo] d'Vo ?kdf lng'kg]{ rf;f] cyf{t\ g]kfnsf &%# :yfgLo
txdWo] &%) j6fdf jfl0fHo a}Íx?sf zfvfx? vf]lnPsf 5g\ . a}Í zfvfdfkm{t ljQLo kx'Frsf]
dfkb08sf] pkof]lutf b]lvg ;+Vof dxTjk"0f{ sf/s xf] . t/ ;a} lhNnfx? ;'ud ePsf] t/fO{
If]q cf]u6]sf] k|b]z g+= @ df k|lt a}Ízfvf hg;+Vof s0ff{nL k|b]zsf] k|lt a}Ízfvf hg;+Vof
;/x /x]sf] kfOof] .
ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] nflu g]kfn ;/sf/n] k|fyldstf ;lxt Jofh cg'bfg ;d]t pknAw
u/fPsf] ;x'lnotk"0f{ shf{ k|jfx a}Í tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx?sf] s'n shf{sf] @=*$Ü dfq b]lvPsf]
5 . al~rtLs/0faf6 ;dfj]zLs/0fdf Nofpg a}Í tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx?n] shf{ dfq xf]Og,
shf{±;Lk ;+of]hgsf ljQLo k|f]8S6x? th'{df u/L nfu" ug]{ b]lvG5 .
g]kfndf oyfzL3| Jofks ;xeflutf / sfof{Gjogsf] :jfldTj;lxt /fli6«o ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f

/0fgLlt kl/dfh{g ug'{kg]{ b]lvPsf] 5 . To:t} ;f] /0fgLltcGtu{t /fli6«o ljQLo lzIff /0fgLlt
kl/dfh{g ug]{, ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f sf]if :yfkgf ug]{, g]kfn /fi6« a}Ídf s]Gb|Lo kmf]sn KjfOG6
// XI //
:yfkgf ug]{ / /fli6«o ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f s]Gb|Lo ;ldlt u7g ug]{ ;d]tsf Joj:yf ug'{kg]{
b]lvG5 . ljQLo pkef]Stf ;+/If0fsf] P]g tyf lgod agfO{ nfu" ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 .
sf]/f]gf dxfdf/Lsf] a]nf Go"g cfo ju{ jf ;LdfGt ju{nfO{ a9L ;d:of ePsf] b]lvG5 . ufFpdf
/sd k7fpg jf ljQLo ;+:yf gePsf], /sd k7fpg l9nfO{ ug{ g;lsg], d[To' ;+:sf/sf] vr{,
crfgs ;fydf gub gePsf]n] 3/;Dd hfg oftfoft vr{ h'6fpg g;sL k}bn ofqf ug{ afWo
x'g' k/]sf 36gfx? eO/x]sf 5g\ .
;LdfGt ju{nfO{ cw{—cf}krfl/s ljQLo ;]jfdf kx'Fr k'¥ofpg u|fdL0f shf{ ahf/df k/Dk/fut
u|fdL0f dxfhgL k|yf klg pkof]uL g} b]lvPsf]n] u|fdL0f shf{ nufgLsf nflu ufpFs} s'g} JolStnfO{
a}Ín] cg'dltkq (Licence) k|bfg u/]/ JolStut e'StfgL tyf C0f Jofkf/ (payment and
loan dealership) sf] wf/0ffnfO{ Jojxf/df kl/0ft u/fpg cgf}krfl/s If]qnfO{ cw{—cf}krfl/s
ljQLo ;]jfdf ?kfGt/0f u/fpg ;lsg] b]lvPsf] 5 . o;nfO{ cfw'lgs k|ljlwåf/f sf/f]af/df
;xhLs/0f / xn'sf vfnsf] lgodg Joj:yf ug{ ;lsG5 .
ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f dfkgdf Ps ?ktfsf] nflu /fli6«o ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f kl/;"rs gd"gf -
cg';"rL !=!, !=@, !=#, !=$_ k|:tfj ul/Psf] 5 . k|lt a}Ízfvf cfa4 hg;+Vof jf Pl6Pd ;+Vof
cflb ;+VofTds ;"rsx?sf ;fy} ;fgf pBdx?sf] shf{ ljt/0f, ljQLo pkef]Stfsf
u'gf;fx?sf] lg?k0fsf] ;+Vof / ;fIf/tf sIffx? cflbsf ;"rs klg ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 .
g]kfndf ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0fdf ljQLo kx'Fr (Financial Access) sf] l:ylt @)&& kmfu'g;Dddf
s, v / u ju{sf ^% a}Í tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx?sf %,(&* zfvfx? :yflkt ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 .
oL a}Ízfvfx?sf lgIf]kvftf ;+Vof # s/f]8 ^# nfv ^^ xhf/ k'u]sf] 5 eg] shf{ ;+Vof !^
nfv *# xhf/ k'u]sf] 5 . df]afOn u|fxs;+Vof ! s/f]8 #% nfv (! xhf/ eO;s]sf] 5 . 8]la6
sf8{sf] ;+Vof *% nfv &# k'u]sf] b]lvG5 . s, v, u / 3 rf/} ju{sf a}Í tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx?sf]
zfvf ;+Vof lx;fa ug]{ xf] eg] !),$#) k'u]sf] 5 / @,(!# ;/b/ k|ltzfvf hg;+Vof kg{ cfFp5 .
kGw|f}+ of]hgf / lbuf] ljsf; nIox? xfl;n ug]{ ;Gbe{df ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f k|j4{gsf] nflu
cfufdL lbgdf rfNg' kg]{ gLltut, ;+:yfut tyf sfo{qmd ;'wf/sf lglDt sfo{of]hgf -tflnsf_
k|:tfj ul/Psf] 5 . o;df plNnlvt sltko ljifox? tTsfn} ug'{kg]{ -df}lb|s gLlt;d]t_ df
.. XII ..
;dfj]z ug{ ;lsg] / ;+:yfut kl/kqn] ;d]6g] ljifox? 5g\ eg] sltko ljifo sfg"g g} lgdf{0f
ug'{kg]{ ljifo 5g\ .
;dli6df of] cWoogdf g]kfndf xfn;Dd ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] nflu ul/Psf of]hgf th'{df,
/0fgLlt tyf sfof{Gjog ;sf/fTds lbzflt/ pGd'v ePsf] b]lvPsf] 5 . ca yk ;'wf/sf
k|of;x? ;dod} sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg ;s]df nIo k|flKtdf ;3fp k'Ug] b]lvG5 .
// XIII //
efu — !
kl/ro
!=! k[i7e"ld
cf}krfl/s ljQLo k|0ffnLsf] pknAwtf, kx'Fr / pkof]u k|lqmofnfO{ ;dli6df ljQLo

;dfj]zLs/0f elgG5 . ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0fn] hgtfsf] hLjg:t/ psf:g, ul/aL Go"gLs/0f ug{
/ cfly{s ljsf;sf] ultnfO{ tLj| agfpg ;xof]u u5{ . ;dfj]zL ljQLo k|0ffnLn] cgf}krfl/s
shf{sf] ;|f]tnfO{ ;d]t Go"gLs/0f u5{ . t;y{ ;/sf/, ljsf; ;fem]bf/, cg';Gwfgstf{ / gLlt
lgdf{tfx?dfem ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] ljifon] pRr k|fyldstf kfPsf] 5 .
g]kfnsf clwsf+z :yfgLo txdf jfl0fHo a}Í :yfkgf ePsf 5g\ . ;/sf/n] ;a} gful/ssf]
a}Í vftf vf]Ng] gLlt lnPsf] 5 . ;/sf/af6 ul/g] gub e'StfgL lg?T;flxt ul/Psf] 5 . oBlk
hg;+Vofsf] 7"nf] lx:;fn] cem} klg cgf}krfl/s If]qaf6 shf{ lng] u5{g\ . ljB'tLo e'StfgL
k|0ffnL, ladf, k"FhL ahf/h:tf cfw'lgs cf}krfl/s ljQLo ;]jfx?sf] k|of]u Jofks x'g ;s]sf]
5}g .
ljQLo kx'Frn] rf/ k|sf/sf ljQLo ;]jf, h:t} art, e'StfgL, shf{, aLdf, k"FhL ahf/nfO{
;d]6\5 . o;df ljQLo ;]jfsf] kx'Fr, pkof]u, u'0f:t/ / pkef]Stf ;+/If0f h:tf kIfn] dxTjk"0f{
e"ldsf v]N5g\ . o;n] df}lb|s gLltsf] k|efjsfl/tf a9fpg d2t u5{ . o;n] Aofhb/
k|0ffnLnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfO{ d"No :yfloTj tyf ;du| ljQLo :yfloTj sfod ug{ d2t u5{ .
To;}n] ax'cfoflds dxTj af]s]sf] o; ljifodf pko'St gLltut x:tIf]k ug{sf nflu lgoldt
cWoog cg';Gwfgx? ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .
cfly{s ljsf; (Economic development) eGgfn] /fi6«sf ;j{;fwf/0fsf] :jf:y, lxt /

:jf:ysf] txdf ;'wf/ ug]{ Pp6f k|lqmof xf] eGg] a'lemG5 . csf]{lt/ ljQLo If]qsf] ljsf;
(Finance sector development) eg]sf] ;Defljt nufgL / k'FhLsf] ljlgof]hg, kmd{x?sf]
.. 1 ..
cg'udg / ;+:yfut ;'zf;gdf hf]8, Aofkf/, ljljwtf, hf]lvd Joj:yfkg, artsf] kl/rfng /
PsLs/0f, j:t' / ;]jfsf] ljlgdonfO{ ;/n agfpg] s'/fx?sf] ;"rgf pTkfbgdf ;'wf/x?
Nofpg' xf] eGg] a'lemG5 .
d"ntM ljQLo k|0ffnLdf l;h{gf x'g] nfut (costs) nfO{ lgoGq0f ug]{ ljifog} ljQLo If]qsf]
ljsf; xf] . of] k|lqmofn] ;"rgf ;Íngdf x'g] nfutnfO{ sd ug]{, s/f/x?nfO{ nfu" ug]{, /
sf/f]af/x?nfO{ ljQLo s/f/x?, ahf/x? / cGt/dWo:yx? agfO /fV5 . .
hg;+Vofsf] 7"nf] lx:;fnfO{ aflx/ /fv]/ ljQLo ljsf; kof{Kt / ;dfj]zL x'Fb}g . ;a} hgtfnfO{
ljQLo k|0ffnLdf ;dfj]z u/fpg lskmfotL nfutdf ljQLo ;]jf;Ddsf] kx'Frsf] cfjZostf
kb{5 . ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f (Financial inclusion) n] ;dfj]zL ljQLo k|0ffnLsf] lgdf{0f
ug'{sf ;fy}} cy{tGqnfO{ klg ;dfj]zL agfpFb5 / ul/aL / c;dfgtf sd ug{ d2t u5{ .
cTolws pTkfbgzLn pkof]usf] nflu wgnfO{ Pslqt kfg{ / hf]lvd Joj:yfkg ug{ s'zn /
/fd|/L sfd ug{;Sg] ljQLo k|0ffnLsf] cfjZos kb{5, h;n] ubf{ cfly{s j[l4 k|j4{g x'G5 .
(Demirguc-Kunt 2008) . To;}n] ljQdf kx'FrnfO{ ;'wf/ ul/g' k5{ / cy{tGqdf ljQLo
k|0ffnLnfO{ ;dfj]zL agfOg' kb{5 . o;} dxTjn] ubf{ ljZjel/g} xfnsf jif{x?df ljQLo
;dfj]zLs/0fn] lzIffljb\x? / gLltlgdf{tfx?sf] Wofg tflg/x]sf] 5 -;df{ @)!), ljZj a}Í
@)!$_ .
ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] dfu{df ljQLo al~rtLs/0f k|d'v ;d:of xf] . al~rtLs/0f 5l/Psf
a:tLx? / ef}uf]lns ljs6tfdf kfpg ;lsG5, vf;u/L g]kfn h:tf ljsf;zLn b]zx?df o;
lsl;dsf] afx'No x'g;S5 .
!=@ p2]Zo
o; g]kfndf ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f ;DaGwL cWoog (Study on Financial Inclusion in

Nepal) sf] d"n p2]Zo /fi6«sf] ;dli6ut cfly{s ljsf;nfO{ ult lbgsf] nflu ljBdfg ljQLo
;dfj]zLs/0fsf] cj:yf cfsng u/L kGw|f}+ of]hgf / lbuf] ljsf; nIox? xfl;n ug]{ ;Gbe{df
g]kfndf ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f k|j4{gsf] nflu cfufdL lbgdf rfNg'kg]{ gLltut, sfg"gL, ;+:yfut
.. 2 ..
tyf sfo{qmd ;'wf/sf sfo{of]hgf tof/ ug{' /x]sf] 5 . o; cWoog sfo{sf ljz]if p2]Zox?
lgDg cg';f/ 5g\ M
-s_ ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] cjwf/0ff, kl/efiff / JofVof k|:t't ug]{,
-v_ ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] nflu ljutdf ePsf k|of;, pknlAw / r'gf}tLx?sf] ;dLIff ug]{,
-u_ ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] clej[l4sf] nflu ljBdfg sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf gLlt tyf
sfo{qmdx?sf] l:ylt ljZn]if0f ug]{,
-3_ ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f dfkg / cg'dfg;DaGwL ljBdfg Joj:yfsf] k|efjsfl/tf d"Nof+sg

ug]{,
-ª_ ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0fn] ;du| cfly{s tyf ljQLo k|0ffnLdf kf/]sf] k|efj cWoog ug]{,
-r_ kGw|f}+ of]hgf, g]kfn ;/sf/sf gLlt tyf sfo{qmd / ah]6n] ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f a[l4 ug{
lnOPsf gLlt tyf /0fgLltx?sf] sfof{Gjog l:yltsf] cg'udg ug]{,
-5_ ef/t, rLg, aËnfb]z cflb l5d]sL b]zx?sf] ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f ;DaGwL
cEof;x?sf] cWoog u/L g]kfndf ljBdfg gLltut sdL klxrfg ug]{, /
-h_ kGw|f}+ of]hgf / lbuf] ljsf; nIox? xfl;n ug]{ ;Gbe{df ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f k|j4{gsf]
nflu cfufdL lbgdf rfNg' kg]{ gLltut, ;+:yfut tyf sfo{qmd ;'wf/sf sfo{of]hgf tof/
ug]{ .
!=# cWoogsf] If]q
o; cWoogsf] If]q lgDg cg';f/ 5 M–
• ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] nflu ljQLo ;]jfx? — art, e'StfgL, shf{, ladf, k‘F'hL ahf/ -
lwtf]kq_ ;d]tsf] kx'Fr, pkof]u, u'0f:t/, ljQLo pkef]Stf ;+/If0f / ljQLo ;fIf/tf .
• ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f dfkg tyf kl/;"rsx?,
.. 3 ..
• ljQLo ;]jfdf ;DnUg lgsfox? — a}Í tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx?, ladf ;DaGwL lgsfox?,
lwtf]kq ;DaGwL lgsfox?, ;xsf/L ;+:yfx?,
• kGw|f}+ of]hgf, ah]6 tyf jflif{s ljsf; sfo{qmd, df}lb|s gLlt,
• ljsl;t /fi6«x? / ef/t, rLg, aËnfb]z cflb l5d]sL b]zx?df ljQLo kx'Fr clea[l4
tyf ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f ;DaGwL gLlt / Jojxf/ .
k|sf]i7 — !
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg @)&@ df ;dfj]zL;DaGwL k|fjwfg
• pkef]Stf ;DaGwL xs M k|To]s pkef]StfnfO{ u'0f:t/Lo j:t' tyf ;]jf k|fKt

ug]{ xs x'g]5 . — wf/f $$-!_
• ljsf; ;DaGwL gLltM ljsf;sf] k|ltkmn ljt/0fdf ljkGg gful/snfO{
k|fyldstf lbFb} cfd hgtfn] Gofof]lrt ?kdf kfpg] Joj:yf ug]{ . — wf/f %!
-r_ -^_
• k|fs[lts ;fwg ;|f]tsf] ;+/If0f, ;Dj4{g / pkof]u ;DaGwL gLlt M /fli6«o lxt
cg's"n tyf cGt/k':tf ;dGofosf] dfGotfnfO{ cfTd;ft ub}{ b]zdf pknAw
k|fs[lts ;|f]t ;fwgsf] ;+/If0f, ;Dj4{g / jftfj/0f cg's"n lbuf] ?kdf
pkof]u ug]{ / :yfgLo ;d'bfonfO{ k|fyldstf / cu|flwsf/ lbFb} k|fKt
k|ltkmnx?sf] Gofof]lrt ljt/0f ug]{ . — wf/f %! -5_ -!_
• gful/ssf cfwf/e"t cfjZostf ;DaGwL gLltM cfwf/e"t j:t' tyf ;]jfdf
;a} gful/sx?sf] ;dfg kx'Fr ;'lglZrt ub}{ b'u{d / k5fl8 kfl/Psf] If]qnfO{
ljz]if k|fyldstf lbO{ of]hgfa4 cfk"lt{sf] Joj:yf ug]{ . — wf/f %! -h_ -!#_
• ;fdflhs Gofo / ;dfj]zLs/0f ;DaGwL gLltM dw]zL ;d'bfo, d'lZnd / lk58f
ju{nfO{ cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ;fF:s[lts cj;/ / nfesf] ;dfg ljt/0f
tyf To:tf ;d'bfoleqsf ljkGg gful/ssf] ;+/If0f, pTyfg, ;zQmLs/0f /
ljsf;sf cj;/ tyf nfesf nflu ljz]if Joj:yf ug]{ . — wf/f %! -`_ -!)_
.. 4 ..
!=$ cWoog ljlw
• ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f;Fu ;DalGwt ;flxTox?sf] cWoog, ljZn]if0f u/L o; ;DaGwL

/fli6«o, If]qLo Pjd\ cGt/f{li6«o k|rng, l;4fGt / dfkb08sf] hfgsf/L ;Íng ug]{ .
• cy{ dGqfno, g]kfn /fi6« a}Í, ljZj a}Í, cGt/f{li6«o d'b|f sf]if, PlzofnL ljsf; a}Í
cflbsf cWoog, cg';Gwfg / k|ltj]bgx? cWoog ug]{ .
• cf}krfl/s tyf cgf}krfl/s ljQLo kx'Fr / ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] l:ylt ljZn]if0f ug]{ cfwf/
vf]hL ug]{,
• o; ljifosf k|d'v ;/f]sf/jfnfx?, k|f1x?, lj1x? / k|d'v ;"rgfbftfx?;Fu ;Djfb,

;'emfj, ;Nnfx, 5nkmn, cGtlqm{of tyf cGtjf{tf{ ug]{,
• ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f ;DaGwL d'Vo ;"rgfx? ;Íng, kl/dfh{g / ljZn]if0f ug]{ .
• cWoogsf] cfwf/df k|f/lDes d:of}bf k|ltj]bg tof/ u/L cfof]udf ul7t ;ldltx?df
5nkmn / cGtlq{mof u/L kl/dfh{g ug]{ / kl/dflh{t ;'emfj ;lxtsf] k|ltj]bgnfO{ ;DalGwt
;/f]sf/jfnf tyf k|f1, lj1x?;Fu k'gM 5nkmn u/]/ clGtd ?k lbg] .
of] cWoogdf g]kfn /fi6« a}Í / ljZj a}Íåf/f k|sflzt bf];|f] txsf] cfFs8f (secondary
data) nfO{ pkof]u ul/Psf] 5 . ljleGg lgsfosf cfk"lt{—kIfLo tYofÍsf] k|sfzgx?sf
cltl/St ljZj a}Ísf] Unf]an lkmG8]S; 8]6fa];nfO{ pkof]u ul/Psf] 5 .
o; cWoog k|ltj]bgsf d'Vo % efux? 5g\ . klxnf]df cWoogsf] p2]Zo, sfo{ljlw pNn]v
ul/Psf] 5 . bf];|f]df g]kfndf ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] cj:yf, t];|f]df ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0fsf]
If]qdf ePsf cWoog tyf cg';Gwfg pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . rf}Fyf]df 8]6f ;Íng tyf ljZn]if0f,
kfFrf}+df kfOPsf tYox? / gLltut ;'emfjx? / cGTodf lgisif{ lbOPsf] 5 . To:t} @# j6f
tflnsfx?, $ j6f k|sf]i7x? / $ j6f cg';"rLx? 5g\ .
.. 5 ..
!=% cWoogsf] ;Ldf
of] cWoogsf] sfo{zt{ (ToR) cg';f/ sfo{If]q sf7df8f} pkTosfdf ;Lldt /x]sf] 5 .
d'n'ssf] cGo efux?sf] :ynut cWoogaf6 vf;u/L ljQLo kx'Fr k|fKt ug{ g;s]sf t/
;dfj]z x'g}kg]{ cfly{s, ;fdflhs / ;fF:s[lts ?kdf k5fl8 k/]sf] ju{ -kxf8df r]kfª, /fp6]
cflb / t/fO{df 8f]d, d';x/ cflb_ sf] rf;f]nfO{ o;df ;dfj]z ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g . To;}n] o;
ljifodf yk cWoog x'g'kg]{ b]lvPsf] 5 . b]zdf sf]/f]gf k|sf]kn] cfqmfGt kf/]sf] j]nf lgif]wf1f
cjlw klg k/]sf]n] cWoogdf sl7gfOsf] ;fdgf ug'{ k/]sf] 5 .
.. 6 ..
efu — @
g]kfndf ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] cj:yf
@=! kGw|f}+ of]hgfdf ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f
kGw|f}+ of]hgf -cf=j=@)&^÷&&—@)*)÷*!_ sf ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f;Fu k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf ?kdf

;DalGwt bkmfx? oxfF lgDg cg';f/ p4/0f ul/Psf] 5 .
kGw|f}+ of]hgfsf] /fli6«o p2]ZodWo] ;dfj]zLs/0f;Fu ;DalGwt Pp6f p2]Zodf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5
— ;j{;'ne, u'0f:t/Lo / cfw'lgs k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f, pTkfbgzLn / dof{lbt /f]huf/L clej[l4,
pRr, lbuf] / ;dfj]zL cfly{s j[l4 tyf ul/aL lgjf/0f ub}{ ;d[l4sf] cfwf/ lgdf{0f ug'{ . To:t}
/fli6«o /0fgLltcGtu{t pNn]v 5 — ;dfj]zL cfly{s j[l4, lg/k]If ul/aLsf] cGTo / cfosf]
Gofof]lrt ljt/0fsf] nflu pTkfbgsf ;fwg, /f]huf/L / cj;/df Gofof]lrt kx'Fr, ljt/0f /
pkof]u ;'lglZrt ul/g]5 .
;dli6ut cy{tGqcGtu{t art zLif{s

k|d'v ;d:of — k|lt JolSt cfo Go"g ePsf sf/0f cfosf] 7"nf] lx:;f pkef]udf vr{ x'g',
hLjg lgjf{x nfut pRr /x]sf]n] Go"g cfo ePsf ju{n] ck]lIft art ug{ g;Sg', e8\lsnf]
;fdflhs ;F:s[lt / a9\bf] ;fdflhs vr{sf sf/0f dWod ju{df ;d]t pkef]u b/ pRr /xg',
;a} ju{ tyf If]qdf ljQLo kx'Fr k'Ug g;Sg', art ;DaGwL pks/0fx?sf] sdL x'g', ljQLo
;fIf/tfsf] sdL /xg' / k"FhL ahf/sf] cfwf/ ;fF3'/f] /xg' art ;DaGwL k|d'v ;d:of x'g\ .
r'gf}tL tyf cj;/ — gful/sdf artsf] dxTj tyf art ug]{ afgLsf] ljsf; ug'{, cfoftd'vL
cy{tGqnfO{ pTkfbgd'vL cy{tGqdf ?kfGt/0f ug{', art tyf nufgLdf dxQd k|ltkmnsf]
;'lglZrttf ug{', d'b|f:kmLltnfO{ jfl~5t ;Ldfleq /fVg', art kl/rfng ;DaGwL gjLgtd
pks/0fsf] cjnDjg, cfs{if0f / lj:tf/ ug{', ljk|]if0f cfonfO{ pTkfbgzLn nufgLdf
?kfGt/0f ug{' / pkef]unfO{ Joj:yfkg ug{' art ;DaGwL k|d'v r'gf}tLsf ?kdf /x]sf 5g\ .
.. 7 ..
a}Í tyf ljQLo ;+:yfsf] lj:tf/ / kxF'r j[l4 x'g', kl5Nnf jif{df artsf] pRr Aofhb/ /xg',
ljk|]if0f cfk|jfx pNn]Vo x'g', ljQLo ;+l3otfsf] sfof{Gjogsf] sf/0f :yfgLo tx;Dd
ljsf;÷lgdf{0fdf ;fj{hlgs vr{ j[l4 x'g' / s'n /fli6«o art pRr ePsf]n] /fli6«o k"FhL
lgdf{0fsf] nflu ;|f]t pknAw x'g' art ;DaGwL cj;/sf ?kdf /x]sf 5g\ .
artsf] /0fgLltdf pNn]v 5 — art clej[l4 tyf kl/rfngdf cGt/;xsf/L ;dGjo tyf
lghL, ;xsf/L tyf ;fd'bflos If]qsf] ;xsfo{ clej[l4 ug]{ . ;f] /0fgLltsf] sfo{gLlt lgDg
cg';f/ pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
• ljQLo k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; u/L ;Dk"0f{ gful/sdf ljQLo kx'Fr k'¥ofOg]5 .

• a}Í tyf ljQLo If]qsf] kx'Fr / ;]jf lj:tf/ ul/g]5 .
• ;xsf/L tyf ;fd'bflos ;+:yfdfkm{t Go"g cfo ePsf tyf ;fgf artstf{sf] art tyf
nufgL clej[l4 ul/g]5 .
• ljQLo ;+:yf, ;xsf/L / ;fd'bflos If]q;Ësf] ;xsfo{df :yfgLo txaf6 -vf;u/L
bL3{sfnLg artsf] dxTjaf/] ljQLo ;r]tgf / ;fIf/tf sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/g]5 .
• :yfgLo txdf ljQLo ;+:yfsf] lj:tf/ Pj+ k|b]z /fhwfgLdf k|fb]lzs ;dGjo ug]{ u/L
ljQLo k|0ffnLsf] ;+/rgfTds ;'wf/ ul/g]5 .
df}lb|s tyf ljQLo If]q zLif{s

k|d'v ;d:of — s[lif, phf{, ko{6g nufotsf /fli6«o k|fyldstfsf If]qdf ck]lIft ?kdf shf{
lj:tf/ x'g g;Sg', k"jf{wf/ If]qdf cfjZos 7"nf] / b'u{d :yfgx?df a}Í tyf ljQLo ;+:yfsf]
zfvf ;~rfngsf] nflu ;8s, oftfoft, ljB't, ;~rf/, OG6/g]6, ;'/Iff nufotsf k"jf{wf/
ljsf; gx'g'sf ;fy} To:tf :yfgx?df ;~rflnt a}Í tyf ljQLo ;+:yfsf] ;~rfng nfut
pRr ePsf] sf/0f ck]lIft ?kdf ljQLo kx'Fr lj:tf/ gx'g', ljQLo ;fIf/tfsf] sdLsf] sf/0f
ljQLo ;]jfsf] dfukIf sdhf]/ /xg' / ljB'tLo sf/f]jf/sf] bfo/f ck]lIft ?kdf lj:tf/ x'g
g;Sg' df}lb|s tyf ljQLo If]qsf k|d'v ;d:of x'g\ .
r'gf}tL / cj;/ — u}/ df}lb|s tyf cfk"lt{hGo sf/0fn] x'g] d'b|f:kmLltnfO{ afl~5t ;Ldfleq
/fVg', a9bf] cfoftnfO{ Joj:yfkg u/L ;'b[9 ;f]wgfGt/ l:ylt sfod ug'{, ljQLo kx'Fr lj:tf/
.. 8 ..
ub}{ nufgLof]Uo ;fwgsf] Joj:yfkg ug'{, cgf}krfl/s ljQLo sf/f]jf/nfO{ Go"gLs/0f ug'{,
Aofhb/ :yfloTj sfod ug'{ / ljQLo If]qdf ;'zf;g clejl4 ug'{ o; If]qsf k|d'v r'gf}tL
x'g\ .
;+l3otfsf] sfof{Gjog;Ë} cfly{s ljsf; / ;d[l4 pGd'v cy{tGq, cGt/fli6«o Pj+ If]qlo
;Ë7gsf] a9bf] cfly{s ;DaGw, Jofj;flos jftfj/0fdf cfPsf] ;'wf/, cfGtl/s dfudf ePsf]
j[l4, a}Í tyf ljQLo ;+:yfsf] ;'b[9 k'FhLut cfwf/ Pj+ zfvf lj:tf/ / e'StfgL k|0ffnLsf]
cfw'lgsLs/0fsf sf/0f df}lb|s tyf ljQLo gLltsf] a9\bf] k|efjsfl/tf o; If]qsf k|d'v
cj;/ x'g\ .
Dff}lb|s tyf ljQLo If]qsf] /0fgLltdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 — -!_ df}lb|s tyf ljQLo gLltsf]
k|efjsfl/tf clej[l4 ug]{ . ;f] sfof{Gjogsf] sfo{gLlt lgDgfg';f/ lbOPsf] 5 .
• ljQLo If]q / ljb]zL ljlgdo;Fu ;DalGwt sfg"g tyf k|0ffnLdf k'g/fjnf]sg ul/g]5 .
• v'nfahf/ sf/f]jf/ / ;dli6df ljj]szLn lgodgnfO{ yk k|efjsf/L agfOg]5 .
• ljQLo If]qsf lgofdsaLr k|efjsf/L ;dGjo clejl4 ul/g]5 .
• art clej[l4 tyf pTkfbgzLn If]qdf nufgL kl/rfngsf] nflu ljQLo If]qdf
k|lt:kwf{Tds jftfj/0f l;h{gf u/L artstf{ / nufgLstf{nfO{ k|f]T;fxg ul/g]5 .
• ljQLo dWo:ytf nfut Go"gLs/0f ub}{ ;|f]t;fwgsf] dxQd kl/rfng ul/g]5 .
csf]{ /0fgLlt 5 — -@_ /fli6«o k|fyldstf k|fKt If]qdf ljQLo ;|f]t;fwg kl/rfng ug]{ . of]
/0fgLltsf] sfo{gLlt lgDgfg';f/ 5 —
• /fli6«o k|fyldstf k|fKt If]qdf shf{ lj:tf/sf nflu a}Í tyf ljQLo ;+:yf / k"jf{wf/
ljsf; a}ÍnfO{ k|f]T;flxt ul/g]5 .
• ef}lts ;+/rgf lgdf{0fdf nufgL cfslif{t u/L k"FhL lgdf{0fdf ljQLo ;|f]t;fwg kl/rfng
ul/g]5 . o;sf] nflu pko'St ljQLo pks/0fsf] ljsf; ul/g]5 .
cGo /0fgLlt 5g\ — -#_ gjLgtd k|ljlwsf] cjnDjg / ljQLo ;fIf/tfdfkm{t ljQLo kx'Fr
lj:tf/ ug]{ . /0fgLlt — -$_ ;'/lIft, cfw'lgs / ljB'tLo e'StfgL k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ug]{ .
.. 9 ..
ladf zLif{s
k|d'v ;d:of — ladfsf] bfo/f ;fF3'/f] x'g', u|fdL0f If]q, Go"g cfo / ljkGg ju{;Dd ladfsf] kx'Fr
Go"g x'g', ladf hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf] pkfosf] ?kdf ;j{;fwf/0fdfem kl/lrt gx'g', s[lif If]qnfO{
ck]lIft ?kdf ;d]6\g g;lsg', ;j{;fwf/0f gful/snfO{ ladfk|lt ljZj:t agfpg g;Sg' / ;/n
tyf zL3| bfaL e'StfgL k|0ffnL ck]lIft ?kdf ljsf; gx'g ladf If]qsf k|d'v ;d:of x'g\ .
r'gf}tL / cj;/ — ladfsf] bfo/fnfO{ lj:tf/ ub}{ b'u{d If]q, ljkGg kl/jf/ / ;a} If]q;Dd kx'Fr
k'¥ofpg', :jf:Yo ladf, n3' ladf, s[lif ladf / ;x'lnotk"0f{ shf{ ladfsf] lj:tf/ ug'{, ;+3Lo
;+/rgf cg'?k lgodgsf/L lgsfosf] lj:tf/ ug'{, ;/n / zL3| bfaL e'StfgL k|0ffnLsf] tLj|
lj:tf/ ug'{, ladf hfn;fhL lgoGq0f ug{ ;+/rgfut Joj:yf ug'{ / ladf ;DaGwL hfgsf/L
;j{;fwf/0f gful/ssf] kx'Frdf k'¥ofpg' o; If]qsf k|d'v r'gf}tLsf ?kdf /x]sf 5g\ .
:jf:Yo ladf, n3' ladf / ;x'lnotk"0f{ shf{ ladfdfkm{t hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f /fHosf] k|fyldstfdf
kg'{, ladfk|lt cfd gful/ssf] r]tgf, ljZjf; / e/f];f a9\b} hfg', hLjg / lghL{jg ladf
sDkgLx?n] tLj| ahf/ lj:tf/ ug]{ gLlt cjnDag ug'{, e"sDk tyf ljleGg k|fs[lts k|sf]ksf
sf/0fn] hgdfg;df ladfk|ltsf] cfsif{0f a9g', pBd Joj;fodf ladfk|ltsf] cfsif{0f a9b}
hfg' / ladf If]qdf yk /f]huf/L j[l4 x'g' ladf If]qsf] cj;/sf] ?kdf /x]sf 5g\ .
/0fgLltdf pNn]v 5 — -!_ ladf ;]jfnfO{ k|efjsf/L / k|lt:kwL{ agfpg tyf laldtsf] xslxt
;'lglZrt ug{ gLltut, sfg"gL / ;+:yfut ;'wf/ ug]{ . o;sf] sfo{gLlt lgDgfg';f/ pNn]v 5 .
• ladf ;DaGwL ljBdfg sfg"gnfO{ ;do;fk]If kl/dfh{g ul/g]5 .

• ljBdfg cGt/{fli6o kl/j]z cg'?k ljdsx?sf] hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf nflu hf]lvddf
cfwfl/t ;'kl/j]If0f k|0ffnL nfu" ul/g]5 .
• ladf If]qsf] lgodgnfO{ ;an, k|efjsf/L / Jofj;flos agfpg lgofds lgsfosf] Ifdtf
clej[l4 ul/g]5 .
• ;+3Lo ;+/rgf adf]lhd lgofds tyf ladf sDkgLsf] k'g;{+/rgf tyf lj:tf/ ul/g]5 .
• k'gla{dfsf] ;+:yfut Ifdtf j[l4 ul/g]5 .
.. 10 ..
/0fgLlt — -@_ ladf ;DaGwL cGt/{fli6o k|rng, cEof; tyf dfkb08sf] cfwf/df ladf ;]jf
k|bfg ug]{ . o;sf] sfo{gLlt lgDgfg';f/ x'g]5 .
• lads tyf ladf dWo:ystf{x?sf] lg/LIf0f tyf cg'udg sfo{nfO{ yk k|efjsf/L agfO{
cGt/{fli6«o :t/sf] ladf ;]jf k|bfg ul/g]5 .
• dWo:ystf{sf] ?kdf /x]sf] t];|f] kIf ;xhstf{ ljsf; ;DaGwL sfg"gL Joj:yf u/L nfu"
ul/g]5 .
• jfnL tyf kz'k~5L ladf;d]tsf df};dL ladfnfO{ ;anLs[t ub}{ yk lj:tf/ ul/g]5 .
lgj[lQe/0f of]hgf, ;/sf/L ejg Pj+ ;DklQsf] ladf nufotsf ladf ;DaGwL cWoog u/L
pko'St nfu" ul/g]5 .
• ladf bfjL k|lqmof ;/nLs/0f ug{ zL3| bfaL e'StfgL k|0ffnL ljsf; ul/g]5 .
• ljdssf] nufgLof]Uo /sdnfO{ ;'/lIft tyf k|ltkmnd'vL If]qdf nufgL ug]{ jftfj/0f tof/
ul/g]5 .
/0fgLlt — -#_ ladf Joj;fonfO{ ;fdflhs ;+/If0fsf] Ps dxTjk"0f{ cfwf/:tDesf] ?kdf

ljsf; ug]{ ;fy} ladf ;]jfsf] lj:tf/ u/L Go"g cfo ePsf ju{ nufot ;Dk"0f{ gful/s Pj+
If]qdf kx'Fr k'¥ofpgsf nflu pko'St ;+oGqsf] ljsf; ug]{ . o;sf] sfo{gLlt lgDgfg';f/
x'g]5 .
• ladfsf] kx'Fr k'Ug g;s]sf If]q nufot k|To]s :yfgLo txdf hLjg tyf lghL{jg ladf
sDkgLsf] zfvf sfof{no lj:tf/nfO{ k|j4{g ul/g]5 .
• :yfgLo tx tyf ;fd'bflos ;+:yf;Ësf] ;xsfo{df b'u{d tyf u|fdL0f If]qx?df ladf
;DaGwL r]tgf clej[l4 ul/g]5 .
• :jf:Yo ladfnfO{ ;a} lhNnfdf lj:tf/ ul/g]5 .
• b'u{d, lk5l8Psf] If]q tyf Go"g cfo ePsf ju{sf nflu nlIot u/L k|f]T;fxg ;lxtsf]
n3' ladf nfu" ul/g]5 .
.. 11 ..
k"FhL ahf/ zLif{s
k|d'v ;d:of — lwtf]kqsf] bf];|f] ahf/ b]ze/ lj:tf/ ePklg bf];|f] ahf/ lj:tf/ x'g g;Sg',
lwtf]kq ahf/df pTkfbgd"ns / jf:tljs If]qdf ;+:yfx?sf] ;xeflutf Go"g x'g', u}/cfjf;Lo
g]kfnL tyf ljb]zL ;+:yfut nufgLstf{nfO{ lwtf]kq ahf/df cfslif{t ug{ cfjZos gLltut
tyf sfg"gL Joj:yf gx'g', lwtf]kq Joj;foLdf Jofj;flostf tyf k|lt:kwf{Tds Ifdtfsf] cefj
x'g', ;+:yfut ;'zf;gsf] cEof; sdhf]/ x'g', nufgLstf{df ljQLo ;fIf/tfdf sdL x'g', lwtf]kq
;DaGwL pks/0fsf] ljljlws/0f x'g g;Sg', lwtf]kq sf/f]af/sf] nfut pRr x'g' / bf];|f]
ahf/df lwtf]kqsf] d"Nodf c:jfefljs / cTolws ptf/r9fj x'g' o; If]qsf k|d'v ;d:ofsf]
?kdf /x]sf 5g\ .
r'gf}tL tyf cj;/— lwtf]kqsf] bf];|f] ahf/ b]zJofkL ?kdf lj:tf/ ug'{, ;+:yfut nufgLstf{
leqØfpg', lwtf]kq ahf/nfO{ kf/bzL{, k|lt:kwL{, :jR5 / ljZj;gLo agfpg', a08 l8a]~r/
nufot k"FhL ahf/sf pks/0fsf] lj:tf/ ug'{, pTkfbgd"ns / jf:tljs If]qnfO{ k"FhL ahf/df
leqØfpg', j}slNks nufgL sf]if (private, equity, venture capital and hedge fund) sf] ljsf;
ug'{ / j:t' ljlgdo ahf/nfO{ :yfgLo j:t';Fu cfa4 u/fO{ b]zsf] s[lif If]qsf] ;d]t :t/f]Gglt
x'g] u/L ahf/sf] ljsf; ug'{ o; If]qsf] r'gf}tLsf] ?kdf /x]sf 5g\ .
/fhgLlts tyf gLltut l:y/tf / :yfloTjsf] jftfj/0f, jf:tljs If]qsf ;Ël7t ;+:yfsf]
k|j]znfO{ k|f]T;flxt ug{ cfjZos sfg"gL tyf gLltut Joj:yf x'g', k"FhL ahf/df u}/cfjf;Lo
g]kfnLsf] cfsif{0f a9\b} hfg', ;"rLs[t sDkgL tyf lwtf]kq Joj;foLsf] ;+Vof j[l4 x'g',
k|fylds ahf/ b]zJofkL ?kdf lj:tf/ x'g' / :jrflnt sf/f]jf/ k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; x'g' o;
If]qsf k|d'v cj;/ x'g\ .
o;sf /0fgLlt 5 — -!_ lwtf]kq tyf j:t' ljlgdo ahf/nfO{ :jR5, k|lt:kwL{ / ljZj;gLo
agfpg'sf] ;fy} o;sf] If]q tyf bfo/f clej[l4 ug]{ . o;sf] sfo{gLlt lgDgfg';f/ 5 .
• ahf/sf] :j:y ljsf;sf] nflu k|fylds lgisfzgdf cGt/{fli6«o :t/df k|rlnt d"No
lgwf{/0f k|0ffnL / bf];|f] ahf/sf] k|0ffnL k/LIf0f (system audit) nufotsf] Joj:yf
ul/g]5 .
.. 12 ..
• qm]l86 /]l6ª Ph]G;L :yfkgf ;DaGwL ;+:yfut Joj:yf ul/g]5 .
• lwtf]kq ahf/df jf:tljs If]qsf sDkgLnfO{ leqØfpg cfjZos k|f]T;fxgd"ns Joj:yf
ul/g]5 .
• g]kfnL :yfgLo j:t'sf] ;d]t k|j4{g x'g] u/L j:t' ljlgdo ahf/sf] ljsf; ul/g]5 .
• C0fkqsf] bf];|f] ahf/nfO{ ;lqmo Pj+ k|efjsf/L agfOg]5 .
• ;"rgf k|ljlw nufot gjLgtd k|ljlwsf] pkof]u u/L lwtf]kq ahf/nfO{ cfw'lgsLs/0f
ul/g]5 .
csf]{ /0fgLlt 5 — -@_ sfg"gL, ;+:yfut / ;+/rgfut ;'wf/ u/L lwtf]kq tyf j:t' ljlgdo
ahf/ ;~rfng tyf lgodg k|0ffnLnfO{ cGt/{fli6«o :t/sf] agfpg] . o;sf] sfo{gLlt
lgDgfg';f/ 5 .
• lwtf]kq ahf/ ;DaGwL ljBdfg sfg"gL Joj:yfx?sf] k'g/fjnf]sg, 6«i6 P]gsf] th'{dfsf
;fy} j}slNks nufgL sf]if lgodg Joj:yf ;'b[9 ul/g]5 .
• g]kfn lwtf]kq af]8{sf] Ifdtf clej[l4 u/L ahf/ lgodgnfO{ yk k|efjsf/L agfOg]5 .
• k"FhL ahf/ ;DaGwL cWoog, cg';Gwfg tyf k|lzIf0fsf] nflu ;+:yfut k|aGw ul/g]5 .
t];|f] /0fgLlt 5 — -#_ lwtf]kq ahf/df ;fgf / :jb]zL tyf ljb]zL ;+:yfut nufgLstf{sf]
cfsif{0f a9fpg] . o;sf] sfo{gLlt lgDgfg';f/ 5 .
• k"FhL ahf/ ;DaGwL lgofds ;+:yf, ;"rLs[t sDkgL / lwtf]kq Joj;foLsf] ;xsfo{df k"FhL
ahf/ tyf j:t' ljlgdo;DaGwL ;fIf/tf clej[l4 ul/g]5 .
• ;a} :yfgLo txdf k|fylds lgisfzgsf] kx'Fr lj:tf/ ul/g]5 .
• lwtf]kq ahf/df u}/cfjf;Lo g]kfnL tyf cGt/{fli6«o ljQLo ;+:yfsf] ;xeflutf u/fpg
cfjZos sfg"gL Joj:yf ul/g]5 .
• lwtf]kq ahf/df nufgL tyf hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf nflu cfjZos ljQLo pks/0fx?sf]
ljsf; ul/g]5 .
.. 13 ..
;xsf/L If]q zLif{s
o; If]qn] dfgjLo cfjZostfsf j:t' tyf ;] jfsf] pTkfbg, k|zf]wg / ahf/Ls/0f ub}{
;fdflhs —cfly{s / ;fF:s[lts ?kfGt/0f tyf ;dfj]zL cfly{s j[l4 xfl;n ug{ ;xof]u ug]{5 .
k|d'v ;d:of — ;xsf/L ;DaGwL lzIff / r]tgfsf] lj:tf/ ck]lIft ?kdf x'g;s]sf] 5}g .
;xsf/L lqmofsnfksf] ;3gtf pTkfbg tyf :j/f]huf/sf] If]qdf geO{ art tyf C0fsf]
sf/f]jf/ a9L b]lvPsf] 5 . s]xL ;xsf/L ;+:yfx?df ;xsf/L l;4fGt, d"No, dfGotfsf]
cg'z/0fsf] cj:yf sdhf]/ /x]sf] 5 . sltko ;xsf/L ;+:yf ;'zf;gsf] cefjn] ubf{
;d:ofu|:t cj:yfdf /x]sf 5g\ . cTolws ;+Vofdf ;xsf/L ;+:yfsf] lj:tf/, bf]xf]/f] ;b:otf,
ljQLo ;'zf;gsf] sdL h:tf sf/0fn] o; If]qdf ljQLo hf]lvd /x]sf] 5 .
;xsf/L If]qsf] /0fgLlt — -!_ ;xsf/L If]qnfO{ pTkfbgzLn If]qdf s]lGb|t ug{ k|f]T;flxt ug]{ .
o;sf] sfo{gLlt lgDgfg';f/ 5 .
• pBdzLntf ljsf; / :yfgLo ko{6g k|j4{gdf ;xsf/Lsf] e"ldsfnfO{ a9fpFb} nlug]5 .

• ljQLo kx'Fr lj:tf/ / cfly{s ;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0fdf ;xsf/L If]qnfO{ k|f]T;flxt
ul/g]5 . -u_ lbuf] ljsf; nIo k|flKtdf of]ubfg k'¥ofpg ;xsf/L ;+3÷;+:yfnfO{ clek|]l/t
ul/g]5 .
• pTkfbgd"ns If]qdf lqmofzLn /x]sf k|To]s k|b]zsf sDtLdf @ j6f ;xsf/L ;+:yfnfO{
gd"gf ;xsf/L ;+:yf agfpg] Joj:yf ldnfOg]5 .
/0fgLlt — -@_ ul/a tyf ljkGg ju{sf] ;+nUgtfdf ;~rfng x'g] Jofj;flos cfof]hgfnfO{
ljQLo / k|fljlws ;xof]u pknAw u/fpg] . o;sf] sfo{gLlt lgDgfg';f/ 5 .
• ;xsf/Ldfkm{t :j/f]huf/ l;h{gfdf ;xof]uL x'g] o'jf tyf >ldsåf/f ;~rflnt Pj+ cGo
;xsf/L ;+3;+:yfnfO{ cfof]hgf ;~rfngsf] nflu aLp k"FhL tyf k'FhLut cg'bfg pknAw
u/fOg]5 .
.. 14 ..
• ;xsf/L ;+3;+:yfdfkm{t pTkflbt j:t'sf] k|zf]wg, e08f/0f, ahf/Ls/0f /
ljljlws/0f;DaGwL cfof]hgfsf] nflu ljQLo tyf k|fljlws ;xof]u pknAw u/fOg]5 .
;fy}, ;xsf/Ldfkm{t shf{ tyf ladf;DaGwL lqmofsnfknfO{ ;xhLs/0f ul/g]5 .
• s[lifnfO{ cfw'lgsLs/0f / Joj;foLs/0f ug{ ;fgf ls;fgx?nfO{ ;xsf/Lsf] dfWodaf6
PsLs[t u/L 7"nf] cfsf/sf] v]tL ub}{ j[xt\ kl/df0fdf s[lif pTkfbg, k|zf]wg /
ahf/Ls/0f ug{ cfjZos ;]jf tyf ;'lawf pknAw u/fOg]5 .
/0fgLlt — -#_ ;xsf/L If]qsf] k|j4{gsf nflu gLltut / ;+:yfut k|aGw dha't agfpg] .
• pTkfbg, d"No >[Înf ljsf; tyf lgof{td"ns j:t' pTkfbg ug]{ cfof]hgfnfO{ ljlzi6Ls[t
;xsf/L ;+3dfkm{t ;~rfng ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfOg]5 .
• ;xsf/L ;+:yfaf6 pTkflbt j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] ahf/Ls/0fsf] nflu a|fl08u ug]{ Joj:yf
ul/g]5 . pkef]Stf ;xsf/L ;+:yfnfO{ lqmofzLn agfpg k|f]T;fxg ul/g]5 .
• k'/fgf ;femf ;xsf/L ;+:yfsf] ;DklQ ;+/If0f ug'{sf] ;fy} lgliqmo cj:yfdf /x]sf
;+:yfsf] k'g;{~rfngsf] Joj:yf ldnfOg]5 . g]kfn ;/sf/ jf /fli6«o ;xsf/L af]8{sf]
%! k|ltzt jf ;f]eGbf a9L :jfldTj ePsf ;femf ;+:yfsf] k'g;{+/rgf ul/g]5 .
• ;xsf/L If]qdf ljlzi6Ls[t ;xsf/L ;xsf/L ;+3sf] 9fFrfdf art tyf shf{ ;'/If0f sf]if
/ shf{ ;"rgf s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf ul/g]5 . o; If]qaf6 nufgL ePsf] shf{ c;'nLnfO{
k|efjsf/L agfpg shf{ c;'nL GofofwLs/0f u7g ul/g]5 .
• ;xsf/Lsf] ;Gt'lnt ljt/0f ;'lglZrt u/L k|efjsf/L ;]jf k|jfx ug{ cfjZostf cg';f/
PsLs/0f tyf lj:tf/ ul/g]5 .
• lj:tfl/t n]vf tof/ u/L s'n ufx{:y pTkfbgdf ;xsf/L If]qsf] of]ubfg dfkg ul/g]5 .
/0fgLlt — -$_ ;xsf/L lzIff, g]t[Tj ljsf; / Joj:yfkg tflndnfO{ Jofks agfpg] .
.. 15 ..
• ljBfnosf] kf7\oqmddf ;xsf/L ljifo ;dfj]z ug'{sf] ;fy} ljZjljBfnodf ;xsfl/tf
ljifosf] z}lIfs sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/g]5 .
• ;xsf/L lzIff tyf tflnd ;~rfng ug]{ ljleGg ;+:yf tyf lgsfosf] Go"gtd dfkb08sf]
Joj:yf ldnfOg]5 .
• ;xsf/L k|lzIf0f tyf cg';Gwfg s]Gb|sf] k'g;{+/rgf Pj+ ;fË7lgs Ifdtf ljsf;
ul/g]5 .
• ;a} txsf ;xsf/L ;+3;+:yfdfkm{t ljQLo ;fIf/tf, ;xsf/L lzIff, tflnd / Ifdtf
clej[l4sf lqmofsnfkx? lj:tf/ ul/g]5 .
/0fgLlt — -%_ PsLs[t cg'udg k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ug]{ . o;sf] sfo{gLlt lgDgfg';f/ 5 .
• ;xsf/L ;+:yfdf ;DklQ z'l4s/0f lgjf/0f ;DaGwL sfg"gsf] kfngfnfO{ yk k|efjsf/L

agfOg]5 .
• ;xsf/Lsf] lgodg If]qflwsf/ cg';f/ ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txaf6 Psn tyf ;+o'St
?kdf cg'udg k|0ffnL ljsf; ul/g]5 .
• ;xsf/L ;DaGwL PsLs[t cfwf/e"t tYofÍ tof/ ug{ tyf lgodgnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg
;xsf/L tyf ul/aL lgjf/0f ;DaGwL Joj:yfkg ;"rgf k|0ffnL (CoPoMIS) sf]
k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 .
• ;xsf/L ;+3;+:yfdf kf/blz{tf k|j4{g ul/g]5 .
/0fgLlt — -^_ s[lif, afof]Uof; KnfG6 / ;xsf/L If]qaf6 pTkflbt j:t'sf] k|of]usf] nflu
k|f]T;fxg ug]{ . o;sf] sfo{gLlt lgDgfg';f/ 5 .
• ;xsf/L ;+3÷;+:yf÷s[ifs ;d"x÷Jofj;flos kmd{sf] ;+nUgtfdf kz'kfng nufotsf

cGo dfWodaf6 afof]Uof; KnfG6sf] :yfkgf tyf ;~rfng / k|fËfl/s v]tLnfO{
k|f]T;fxg ul/g]5 .
• ;xsf/L ;+3÷;+:yf÷;d"xnfO{ k|fËfl/s v]tL, afof]Uof; tyf cGo KnfG6 :yfkgf tyf
;~rfngsf] nflu Ifdtf clej[l4sf lqmofsnfk ;~rfng ul/g]5 .
• ;xsf/L ;+3÷;+:yfaf6 pTkflbt j:t'sf] k|of]unfO{ k|f]T;fxg ul/g]5 .
.. 16 ..
pBdzLntf ljsf; zLif{s
/0fgLltdWo] Pp6fdf pNn]v 5 — -$_ n3', 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]udf ljQLo kx'Fr / nufgLsf]
jftfj/0f ;[hgf ug]{ .
;dfj]zLs/0f
/fHosf ;a} gful/ssf] pkl:ylt / cy{k"0f{ ;xeflutfdf ;dfj]zL ljsf;sf] ;f]r / dfgj
ljsf; ;"rsfÍsf] cfwf/df k5fl8 k/]sf ;d'bfox?sf] ;zlSts/0f / ;dfg'kflts ljsf; ug]{
nIo ;lxt /0fgLlt /x]sf] 5 — -!_ d'n'sdf pknAw ;|f]t;fwgx?df nlIot ju{sf] ;dfg'kflts
kx'Fr a9fpg] . o;sf] sfo{gLlt lgDgfg';f/ 5M
• d'n'sdf pknAw ;|f]t;fwgx?df dlxnf, cflbjf;L, hghflt, blnt, dw]zL, d'lZnd

;d'bfo, cNk;+Vos nf]kf]Gd'v hflt tyf lk58f ju{sf gful/ssf] kx'Fr a9fOg]5 .
• ;LdfGtLs[t tyf lk5l8Psf ju{sf gful/sx?sf] cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ljsf;sf nflu
nlIot sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/g]5 .
csf]{ /0fgLlt 5 — -!_ ;|f]t;fwgdf nlIot ju{sf] ;dfg'kflts kx'Fr a9fpg] .
h]i7 gful/ssf] /0fgLltdf pNn]v 5 — /0fgLlt -#_ h]i7 gful/ssf] 1fg, ;Lk / cg'ejnfO{
pkof]u ug{ gLlt lgdf{0fdf ;xeflutf / ;|f]tdf kx'Fr ;'lglZrt ug'{ . To:t} ckfËtf ePsf JolSt
/0fgLltdf n]lvPsf] 5 — /0fgLlt — -@_ ef}lts ;+/rgf ckfËd}qL agfO{ ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf
kx'Fr, k|flKt / cj;/sf] l;h{gf ug]{ . n}lËs ;dfgtf tyf dlxnf ;zlSts/0fsf] /0fgLltdf
pNn]v 5 — /0fgLlt — -$_ ljkGg / k5fl8 k/]sf dlxnfnfO{ ljz]if k|fyldstf lbFb} cfly{s
;zlSts/0f / ;fdflhs ?kfGt/0f ug]{ .
ul/aL lgjf/0f
;a} k|sf/sf] ul/aLd'St ;dfhsf] ;f]Fr, ul/a / wgLaLrsf] cfly{s c;dfgtf Go"gLs/0f ub}{
ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf] hg;+Vof Psn ;"rsfÍdf Nofpg] nIo ;lxt /0fgLltdf lgDgfg';f/
n]lvPsf] 5 —
.. 17 ..
• ;|f]t;fwgdf ul/asf] ;xh kx'Fr :yflkt ug'{ .
• ul/aL lgjf/0f gLlt th'{df u/L pTkfbgsf ;|f]t;fwgdf kx'Fr ;'lglZrt ug]{ .
• cfwf/e"t cfjZostfsf j:t' tyf ;]jfdf ul/asf] kx'Fr ;'lglZrt ug]{ .
tflnsf — @=!
kGw|f}+ of]hgf glthf vfsf -ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f;DalGwt_
qm=;+= glthf ;"rs OsfO cfwf/ @)&^÷ @)&&÷ @)&* @)&(÷*) @)*)÷*!
jif{ && &* ÷&(
! cfwf 306fsf] b'/Ldf ljQLo Ü *! *% ** (! (# (%
;+:yfdf kx'Fr k'u]sf] kl/jf/
@ a}lÍª / ljQLo;+:yf ;]jfdf cfa4 Ü ^)=( ^% ^* &@ &^ *)
hg;+Vof
# hLjg aLdfdf cfa4 hg;+Vof Ü !( @* #$ #( $@ $%
$ ;xsf/Ldf kx'Fr -3/af6 #) Ü ^) ^@ ^% ^& &) &!
ldg6leq kx'Fr ePsf]_ 3/kl/jf/
% ;xsf/L If]qsf] z]o/ k'FhL ?=ca{ && &( *! *# *$=% *^
^ ;xsf/L If]qdf shf{ k|jfx ?=ca{ ### #$% #%^ #^& #&* #(#
& :j/f]huf/ sf]ifdfkm{t shf{k|fKt xhf/ ^* *) (@ !)@ !!^ !@*
/f]huf/ o'jf
* k|fyldstfk|fKt If]qdf shf{ k|jfx Ü !&=@ @% @% @% @% @%
cg'kft
( hg;+Vof k|lta}Í / ljQLo;+:yf hgf #,^^# #,!@% @,(@! @,&& @,^*@ @,^))
zfvf )
!) hg;+Vof k|lt ladf sDkgLzfvf hgf !$,)@! !!,(%( !),!(* *,&% &,^@! ^,^#$
@
!! s[lif ladfdf cfa4 s[ifs Ü ! $ ^=% * ( !)
!@ :jf:Yo ladfdf cfa4 hg;+Vof Ü & $) %) ^) ^) ^)
!# ;fj{hlgs lwtf]kqdf nufgL ug]{ Ü $=$ ^ * !! !^ @)
hg;+Vof
!$ OG6/g]6df kx'Fr hg;+Vof Ü ^%=( ^* &! &$ && *)
;|f]t M kGw|f}+ of]hgf -cf=j=@)&^÷&& —@)*)÷*!_
k|:t't kGw|f}+ of]hgf -cf=j=@)&^÷&&—@)*)÷*!_ glthf vfsf tflnsfn] ljQLo ;+:yfx?dfkm{t

ul/g] ljQLo kx'Fr -cfwf 306fsf] b'/Ldf ljQLo ;+:yfdf kx'Fr k'u]sf] kl/jf/_ xfn *!Ü /x]sf] /
.. 18 ..
of]hgfsf] clGtd jif{;Dddf (%Ü k'¥ofpg] nIo /fv]sf] 5 . csf]{lt/ ;xsf/Ldf kx'Fr -3/af6
#) ldg6leq kx'Fr ePsf]_ 3/kl/jf/ xfnsf] ^)Ü af6 &!Ü df k'¥ofpg] nIo lnPsf] b]lvG5 .
:jf:y ladfdf cfa4 hg;+Vof cfwf/jif{df /x]sf] &Ü af6 ^)Ü k'¥ofpg] nIo /x]sf] kfOG5 .
To:t} ;fj{hlgs lwtf]kqdf nufgL ug]{ hg;+Vof $=$Ü af6 @)Ü x'g] nIo /x]sf] 5 .
oL nIox?sf] kl/k"lt{sf] nflu g]kfn ;/sf/, g]kfn /fi6« a}Í nufotsf ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f
;DaGwL ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfox?n] cfcfˆg} If]qaf6 sfdx? ul//x]sf 5g\ .
@=@ lbuf] ljsf; nIox¿
(Sustainable Development Goals - SDG)
lbuf] ljsf; nIox? (Sustainable Development Goals - SDG) k|fKt ug{sf] nflu ljQLo
;dfj]zLs/0f cfjZos 5 . ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f cfo lk/fld8df lkFwdf k/]sf / sdhf]/
JolStx?nfO{ dfq ljQLo ;]jf;Dd kx'Fr k|bfg ug{ cfjZos x'g] xf]Og ls cgf}krfl/s ljQLo
;]jfsf] zf]if0faf6 hf]ufP/ cfly{s ?kdf alnof] agfpg ;zlSts/0f klg ub{5 . ;dfj]zL
ljQLo k|0ffnLn] jf:tjdf s;sf] slt cfo 5 jf sf] sxfF a:5 eGg] s'/flt/ ljrf/ gu/]/
;a}nfO{ art, shf{, e'StfgL / ladf h:tf cfwf/e"t ljQLo ;]jfsf] pknAwtfsf] ;'lglZrttf
ub{5 . æcTolws ul/aLnfO{ sd ug{, ;femf ;d[l4 a9fpg / ;dfj]zLs/0f / lbuf] ljsf;sf]
;dy{g ug{ ljQLo ;]jf;Ddsf] kx'Frsf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf /xG5 . -ljZj a}Í @)!$_Æ lbuf]
ljsf; nIonfO{ kx'Frdf k'¥ofpg klg ;dfj]zL ljQLo k|0ffnLsf] cfjZostf kb{5
(UNESCAP, 2010) .
g]kfn ;/sf/n] lbuf] ljsf; nIox? k|fKt ug{sf] nflu ;dfj]zL / lbuf] ljsf;df ;xhLs/0f
u/]/ ljQLo kx'Frdf ;'wf/ ug{ hf]8 lbPsf] 5 . !& j6f nIox?dWo] *cf}+ gDa/n] ljQLo
kx'Frsf] nIo lgwf{/0f u/]sf] 5 h;cg';f/ #^ j6f jfl0fHo a}Íx?;d]tsf zfvfx?n] k|lt
!)),))) hg;+Vof k'¥ofpg ljBdfg b/sf] k|antfnfO{ b'u'gf ug'{kg]{5, To:t} *)Ü kl/jf/sf]
;g\ @)#) ;Dddf ;xsf/L ;+:yfx? h:tf ;d'bflos ljQLo ;+:yfx?df #) ldg]6sf] k}bn
b'l/df kx'Fr ePsf] x'g'kg]{5 . ;fgf / ;LdfGt s[ifsx?sf] nflu shf{ pknAwtf cj/f]wsf]
.. 19 ..
?kdf v8f 5 / of]g} x:tIf]ksf] If]q dflgPsf] 5 . lbuf] ljsf; nIosf] !)cf}+ gDa/n] ;g\
@)!$ df ePsf] s[ifs kl/jf/sf] @$Ü k|ltzt kx'FrnfO{ $)Ü df k'¥ofpg s]lGb|t /x]sf] 5 . -
g]kfn /fi6« a}Í sfo{kq, ;fs{lkmgfG; l8;]Da/ @)@)_ ckgfPsf] b]lvG5 .
@=# ljQLo If]q ljsf; /0fgLlt
(Financial Sector Development Strategy)
g]kfn ;/sf/n] ;g\ @)!& df :jLs[t u/]sf] ljQLo If]q ljsf; /0fgLlt (Financial Sector
Development Strategy 2016/17-2020/21) n] a}lÍª k|0ffnLsf] Pp6f vDafsf] ?kdf
ljQLo kx'Fr / ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0fnfO{ kl/eflift u/]sf] 5 . ljQLo kx'Fr a9fpg] s]xL tl/sf
(techniques) df hf]8 lbPsf] 5 . tL x'g\ — -s_ u|fdL0f tyf b'u{d If]qdf ljQLo ;+:yfx?sf]
;]jf pknAwtfdf j[l4 ug]{, -v_ ljQLo kx'Fr tyf ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] lj:tf/sf] nflu oyf]lrt gLlt
ljsf; ug]{, -u_ ljQLo kx'FrnfO{ Jofks agfpg ;+:yfut Joj:yfx?df ;'wf/ ug]{, -3_ n3'ljQ
;+:yfx?sf] lgofdg / ;'kl/j]If0f sfo{;+oGq (framework) sf] lgdf{0f ug]{, -ª_ ljQLo
lzIffsf] dfWodaf6 hfu?stf hufpg], -5_ ljQLo ;]jf / pTkfbgx? (financial services
and products) sf] pkof]usf ;DaGwdf pkef]Stf ;+/If0fnfO{ k|j4{g ug]{ .
@=$ ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f dfu{lrq
(Financial Inclusion Road map, 2017-22)
g]kfn ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f dfu{lrq (Nepal Financial Inclusion Roadmap - Making

Access Possible (MAP, Nepal Initiative 2017-2022, Making Access Possible:
Nepal Country Diagnostic Report 2016) df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 — ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f
g]kfnsf] nflu Pp6f r'gf}tL xf] tfklg kx'FrnfO{ ;Dej agfpg] (Making Access Possible -
MAP) sfo{qmddf ;DnUg b]zx?sf] t'ngfdf ljQLo kx'Frsf] ;Gbe{df /fd|} k|ult u/]sf] 5 .
;g\ @)@@ ;Dddf g]kfn clt sd ljsl;t b]zsf] tx (Least developed country-LDC)
af6 pQL0f{ eO{ lbuf] ljsf; nIo (Sustainabe Development Goals-SDGs) k"/f u/L ;g\
.. 20 ..
@)#) ;Dddf dWod—cfo ePsf] b]z (Middle - income country) sf] txdf pQL0f{ x'g]
nIo;fy sfd ug'{ kl//x]sf] 5 .
cWoog n]Vb5 — g]kfnsf] ^!Ü jo:s hg;+Vofsf] dfq cf}krfl/s ljQdf kx'Fr 5 / s/La
!*Ü k|f}9 hg;+Vof ljQLo kx'Fr -k|ToIf / ck|ToIf b'a} lsl;dn]_ af6 al~rt 5 . jt{dfg
ljQLo ;]jf tyf ;fwgx? tnaL sfdbf/x?sf] kIfdf 5}gg\ / n3', ;fgf tyf dWod pBdx?
(Micro, small and medium enterprizes - MSMEs) df ePsf] hg;+Vof a9L zx/L
ag]sf] 5 / u|fdL0f If]qsf] t'ngfdf oxfF cfDbfgL / lzIffsf] tx dfly 5 . hf] cf};t ul/ax?
5g\, tL ufpFdf a:5g\ / 7Ls} vfnsf] lzIff kfPsf 5g\, vf;u/L s[ifsx?, cfl>tx? /
a]nfa]nfdf dfq cfo ug]{x? ljQLo ;]jf sd kfpg]df k5{g\ . of] ju{nfO{ pko'St ljQLo
;fwgx?sf] cefj x'g ;S5 of pgLx?sf] cfjZostfnfO{ ;'xfFpbf] gePsf] x'g;S5 .
cWoogn] ;'emfj lbPsf] 5 — g]kfnn] ;g\ @)@@ ;Dddf ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f ^)Ü af6 &%Ü
df k'¥ofpg' kg]{5 / c;dfj]zLs/0f !*Ü af6 #Ü df emfg]{ u/L cfly{s ;zlSts/0f l;h{gf
lgDg sfo{x? ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 — -s_ art / shf{ ahf/sf cj/f]wx? km'sfpg], -v_ e'StfgL
k|0ffnLdf ;'wf/ Nofpg], -u_ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf Ifdtfx?nfO{ a9fjf lbg], -3_ :yfgLo :t/df
cfwfl/t ljQLo ;]jfk|bfoLx?nfO{ k|f]T;flxt / v's'nf] kfg]{, -ª_ ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f
;xfotfnfO{ /fli6«o ;'zf;gsf] cË agfO{ a9fjf lbg], -r_ pkef]Stf ;zlSts/0f, ;+/If0f /
lzIffnfO{ ;'b[9 ug]{ .
pk/f]St ^ j6f x:tIf]ksf k|fyldstf If]qx? kx'FrnfO{ ;Dej agfpg ;lsG5 eGg] cWoogdf
cf}NofOPsf DffukIfsf] cfjZostf klxrfg, cfk"lt{kIfsf] sdLsdhf]/L klxrfg / ljQLo
;dfj]zLs/0fsf al9/x]sf ;fdfGo cj/f]wx?sf cfwf/df th'{df ul/Psf x'g\ . ;a}
;/f]sf/jfnfx? -lgofdsx?, ljQLo ;]jf k|bfoLx?, ;xof]uL dGqfnox? / bft[ lgsfox?_ sf]
dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf / ;dGjodf sfof{Gjogdf NofOg]5 .
ljQLo ;]jfx?df ;'wfl/Psf] kx'Frn] g]kfnL jo:s -pd]/ k'u]sf_ pkef]Stfx?sf] hf]lvdnfO{
36fpg], ;xh pkef]u ug]{ / k"FhL hDdf kfg]{ tyf pTkfbgzLn lqmofsnfkx?df nufgL ug{
ldNg] Ifdtfsf] ufF7f] km'sfO lbg ;S5 . lskmfotL / pko'St ljQLo ;fwgx?df ePsf] kx'Frn]
;]jf kfPsf jf gkfPsf kl/jf/x?sf] sNof0fdf ;'wf/ x'g;S5 / pgLx?nfO{ vf;u/L oL
.. 21 ..
s'/fx?df ;xof]u k'/fpg ;lsG5 tfls pgLx?n] cfˆgf] ljQLo hLjgnfO{ clws
s'zntfk"j{s ;~rflnt ug{ ;s"g\, cfodf j[l4 ug{ ;s'g\, hf]lvd Joj:yfkg ug{ ;s"g\ /
;do;Ë} wg lgdf{0f (build wealth) ug{ ;s"g\ .
@=% ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f dfof 3f]if0ffkq
(Maya Declaration on Financial Inclusion, 2011)

;g\ @)!! sf] ;]K6]Da/df g]kfn nufot cGo b]zsf s]Gb|Lo a}Íx?, ;'k/Lj]Ifx? / cGo ljQLo
lgodg clwsf/Lx?sf] ;Ë7g — ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f u7aGwg (Alliance for Financial
Inclusion - AFI) sf k|ltlglwx?sf] pkl:yltdf d]lS;sf]sf] l/e]/f dfof eGg] :yfgdf ljQLo
;dfj]zLs/0f Dffof 3f]if0ffkq (Maya Declaration on Financial Inclusion) ;DkGg ePsf]
lyof] . o;n] ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] ;dfj]zL j[l4sf] klxrfg u/]sf], ljsf;zLn b]zx?sf]
nflu cfk;df gLltlgdf{tfx? / lgofdsx?aLr o; ;DaGwL 1fg cfbfgk|bfgåf/f ug]{ s'/f
k'gk{'li6 ePsf], ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f lj:tf/nfO{ k|fyldstf lbPsf] s'/f a'nGb u/]sf] /
lgofdsx? tyf gLltlgdf{tfx?n] ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0fnfO{ pko'St k|fyldstfdf /fVg] cflb
s'/fdf k|lta4 ePsf lyP . &^ b]zsf *) k|ltlglwx? dfof 3f]if0ffkqdf ;+nUg ePsf]df xfn
o;df !)) eGbf a9L ;b:o;+:yfx? k'lu;s]sf 5g\ .
Dffof 3f]if0ffkqsf] k|ult k|ltj]bg @)@) cg';f/ g]kfnaf6 g]kfn /fi6 a}Í, e'6fgaf6 /f]on
dlg6/L cyl/6L ckm e'6fg, aËnfb]zaf6 aËnfb]z a}Í / dfOqmf]qm]l86 /]u'n]6f]/L cyl/6L
ckm aËnfb]z u/L b'O{ j6f lgsfox?, rLgaf6 lkk'Nh a}Í ckm rfOgf / rfOgf a}+lsË
/]u'n]6f]/L sld;g u/L @ j6f lgsfox? ;b:o /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
Dffof 3f]if0ffkqdf k|lta4tf hgfpg' eg]sf] ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0fsf $ j6f dfkgof]Uo k|ltj4tf
u/]sf] dflgG5 . tL x'g\ — -!_ gofF k|ljlw pkof]u ug{sf] nflu (harness new technology)
;Ifd jftfj/0f tof/ ug]{ h;n] kx'Fr a9fpF5 / ljQLo ;]jfsf] nfut sd ub{5 . -@_ Pp6f
;dfg'kflts 9fFrf (proportional framework) nfO{ nfu" ug]{ h;n] ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f,
Pslgi7tf (integrity) / l:y/tfsf] tfnd]nnfO{ cufl8 (advances synergies) a9fpF5 . -#_
pkef]Stf ;+/If0f / ;zlSts/0fnfO{ ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] Pp6f d'Vo vDafsf] ?kdf
.. 22 ..
PsLs[t (integrate) ug]{ . -$_ ;"rgf gLlt lgdf{0f / 6«Øflsª kl/0ffd (tracking results) nfO{
8]6f pkof]u ug]{ .
@=^ ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0fdf ul/Psf k|of;
@=^=! g]kfn /fi6« a}Í, a}Í tyf ljQLo ;+:yf

cf}krfl/s ljQLo ;]jfk|bfos a}Ísf] ;'?jft lj=;+= !(($ -;g\ !(#&_ df jfl0fHo a}Ísf] ?kdf
lghL If]qsf] ;d]t ;xeflutfdf g]kfn a}Ísf] :yfkgfaf6 ePsf] xf] . g]kfn a}Í :yfkgf ePsf]
b'O{ bzskl5 lj=;+= @)!# -;g\ !(%^_ df dfq} jfl0fHo a}ÍnfO{ lgodg ug]{ s]Gb|Lo a}Ísf] ?kdf
g]kfn /fi6« a}Ísf] :yfkgf ePsf] lyof] . o;sf] :yfkgfsf] ;dodf ;Lldt df}b|Ls/0f / d'Vo
?kn] cy{ Joj:yf s[lifdf cfwfl/t lyof]] . ;f] a]nf g]kfnL eGbf klg ef/tLo d'b|f rf/}lt/
kl/rfngdf lyof] -g]/fa}Í !((^_ .
;'?df Jofkf/ ug{ ef/tdf k;]sf] la|l6z—OlG8of sDkgLn] ef/tnfO{ g} pklgj]z agfof] /
ljlgdo d'b|f æsDkgL ?k}ofFÆ lgisf;g uYof]{ . of]] ef/tLo d'b|fn] vf;u/L t/fO{ / nfx'/]sf] a9L
a;f]af; /x]sf kxf8L If]qdf ;d]t k|fyldstf kfpFYof] . Ps lsl;dn] sl7g dflgPsf] ef/tLo
d'b|f lj:yflkt ug]{ sfo{ — bf]xf]/f] d'b|f k|0ffnLnfO{ g]kfn /fi6 a}Ísf] :yfkgfn] sd / lgoGq0f
ub}{ nUof] . cy{ Joj:yfdf g]kfnL d'b|fsf] k|rng a9fpgsf] nflu ef/tLo d'b|fsf] l:y/ ljlgdo
b/ nfu" u¥of] .
lj=;+= @)!^ -;g\ !(%(_ df g]kfn cf}Bf]lus ljsf; lgudsf] :yfkgf eof] . lj=;+= @)@# -;g\
!(^^_ df ;/sf/L :jfldTjsf] /fli6«o jfl0fHo a}Í :yfkgf eof] . oxfFlg/ g]kfnsf] a}lÍª
Oltxf;df /f]rs s'/f t s] 5 eg] lghL If]qsf] ;d]t :jfldTj /x]sf] jfl0fHo a}ÍeGbf !(
jif{kl5 dfq s]Gb|Lo a}Í :yfkgf eof] / cf}Bf]lus ljsf;sf] nflu :yfkgf ePsf] h]7f] ljQLo
;+:yf -g]kfn cf}Bf]lus ljsf; lgud_ ;dosf] rqmdf cfkm"eGbf & jif{kl5 :yfkgf ePsf]
/fli6«o jfl0fHo a}Ídf lj=;+= @)&% -;g\ @)!*_ ;fndf ljno x'g k'Uof] .
ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] ;'?jftsf] ?kdf lj=;+= @)!( -;g\ !(^@_ df ;xsf/L ;+:yfx?nfO{
shf{ pknAw u/fpg ;xsf/L a}Ísf] :yfkgfnfO{ lng ;lsG5 . vf;u/L ljsf;zLn b]zx?df
.. 23 ..
s[lif ljsf; a}Í vf]Ng] nx/ g} rn]sf] j]nf, lj=;+= @)@$ -;g\ !(^&_ df s[lif shf{sf ;fy}
k|fljlws ;'ljwf / ;fdu|L pknAw u/fpg] u/L 5'§} s[lif ljsf; a}Í P]g aGof] / ;xsf/L a}Í
s[lif ljsf; a}Ídf ?kfGt/0f eof] . of] a}Ín] @)#@ -;g\ !(&%_ df ;fgf ls;fg ljsf;
sfo{qmd (Small Farmers Development Programme- SFDP) sf] ;'?jft u¥of] .
;g\ !(&) sf] bzsdf ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t ;fgf ls;fg ljsf; sfo{qmd ;+o'St /fi6« ;+3Lo
ljsf; sfo{qmd (UNDP) / vfB tyf s[lif ;Ë7g (FAO) sf] ;+o'St tTjfjwfgdf ul/Psf]
Pp6f ;j]{If0fdf Plzofsf ( b]zx?dWo] g]kfn / aËnfb]z klg k/]sf lyP . gd"gf cfof]hgf
(pilot project) sf] ?kdf aËnfb]zdf 9fsf ljZjljBfnon] of] sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{
Joj:yf eof] . g]kfndf s[lif ljsf; a}ÍnfO{ sfo{qmd ;~rfngsf] lhDd]jf/L lbg] lg0f{o eof] .
g]kfndf o;sf] ;'?jft g'jfsf]6 lhNnfsf] w'Gr] ufFp / wg'iff lhNnfsf] dx]Gb|gu/ ufpFdf
ul/Psf] lyof] . k|f]=dxDdb o'g';n] dx]Gb|gu/df s}+of}+ ;ftf nufP/ cWoog / cjnf]sg u/L
aËnfb]zdf u|fdL0f a}Í sfo{qmd cufl8 a9fPsf lyP . of] sfo{qmddf ;fgf ls;fgx?,
df]xLx?, hUufljxLg ;'s'Daf;L >ldsx?nfO{ ;d"xdf cfa4 u/]/ ;d"xsf] hdfgLdf shf{
pknAw u/fOGYof] . of] sfo{qmd cToGt ;kmn eof] / b]zel/ g} lj:tf/sf] dfu eof] / lj:tf/
ug]{ (This program became highly successful so that it was extended to national
wide. In this way, lending against group guarantee was started in Nepal a year
earlier than the beginning of Grameen Bank by Muhammad Yunus in
Bangladesh. - Yunus, 2007) k|lqmof eO/Xof] . crn lwtf] /fv]/ shf{ lbg] k/Dk/fut
k|0ffnLsf] ;§f ;d"xsf] hdfgtdf shf{ lbg] g]kfndf ;~rflnt of] sfo{qmd Ps jif{kl5dfq
aËnfb]zdf dxDdb o'g';n] u|fdL0f a}Í df]8]n ;'? u/]sf lyP . ->]i7, @)@)_ u|fdL0f a}Í
ætn}b]lv cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ljsf; l;h{gfÆ sfo{sf] nflu ;g\ @))^ df u|fdL0f a}Í /
;+:yfks o'g';n] k|Voft ægf]a]n zflGt k'/:sf/Æ k|fKt ug{ ;kmn eP .
cGt/{fli6«o s[lif ljsf; sf]if (International Fund for Agricultural Development) /

PlzofnL ljsf; a}Íå/f ul/Psf] tYo k|flKt k|ltj]bg !((@ df elgPsf] 5 — ;a} ef}lts
pknlAwx?;d]tnfO{ cWoog ubf{ cToGt ;kmn sfo{qmsf] ?kdf k|dfl0ft ePsf] 5 .
cfof]hgfdf ;DnUf hgzlStdf j[l4 u/]df sfo{qmdn] cem k|efj kfg]{ lglZrt 5 . o'/f]lkog
cfly{s ;d'bfo (European Economic Community - EEC) n] & j6f b]zsf
.. 24 ..
ljz]if1x?sf] ;DnUgtfdf u/]sf] d"NofÍg cWoog k|ltj]bg, !((@ n] ;fgf ls;fg ljsf;
cfof]hgfx? jf:tjdf ul/aL lgjf/0fsf] r'gf}tLnfO{ k"/f ug{ t}of/ 5g\ eg]sf]] lyof] .
g]kfn /fi6« a}Ín] ;g\ !(&$ df jfl0fHo a}Íxx?dfkm{t ;fgfIf]q shf{ sfo{qmd (Small
Sector Lending Programme) nfu" u/]sf] lyof] h;df a}Íx?n] cfˆgf] lgIf]ksf] % k|ltzt
/sd ;fgf If]q -s[lif, ;fgf pBf]u / ;]jf_ df shf{ nufgL ug'{ kYof]{ . o;sf] b'O{ jif{kl5 ;g\
!(&^ df of] sfo{qmdsf] gfd k|fyldstf If]q shf{ (Priority Sector Lending - PSL) df
?kfGt/0f ul/of] / lgIf]ksf] & k|ltzt shf{ nufgL ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf ul/of] -g]kfn /fi6« a}Í,
!(*!_ . ;g\ !(*! Dff g]kfn /fi6« a}Ín] ;3g a}lÍª sfo{qmd (Intensive Banking
Programme-IBP) nfu" u¥of] h;df sd cfo ePsf ju{nfO{ * k|ltzt shf{ nufgL ug]{
Joj:yf u¥of] / ;g\ !(*( df of] k|ltzt a9fP/ !@ k|ltzt k'¥ofOof] .
g]kfn /fi6« a}Ín] ;g\ !(() df afl0fHo a}Íx?dfkm{t ljkGg If]q shf{ (Deprived sector
lending - DSL) sfo{qmdsf] yfngL u¥of] . o;df ul/a / sdhf]/ cfly{s cj:yf ePsf
ju{nfO{ n3'shf{ pknAw u/fOGYof] . dfly eg]em+} k|fyldstf If]q shf{ !@ k|ltzt / ljkGg If]q
shf{ # k|ltzt tf]lsPsf] lyof] . ;f] k|fyldstf If]q shf{nfO{ ;g\ @))& ;Dd lg/Gt/tf lbOof]
eg] ljkGg If]q shf{nfO{ xfn;Dd lg/Gt/tf lbOPsf] kfOG5 . ;f]xL aLrdf ul/a;Fu a}Í, cu'jf
a}Í klg nfu" ul/of] .
g]kfn /fi6« a}Ín] PsLs[t lgb]{zgcGtu{t a}Í tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx?n] cfkm"n] k|jfx u/]sf] s'n
shf{sf] % k|ltzt of] ljkGg If]qdf shf{ k|jfx u/]sf] x'g'k5{ . oL a}Íx?n] pSt k|ltzt
k'¥ofpg n3'ljQ ljQLo ;+:yfx?n] ljkGg If]qdf shf{ k|jfx ug]{x'Fbf o:tf ;+:yfx?nfO{
yf]sshf{ k|jfx u/] x'g] u/L v's'nf] kfl/Psf] 5 .
g]kfn ;/sf/n] d"n k|jfxdf /x]sf a}Íx?dfkm{t sd cfo ePsf hgtfnfO{ shf{ k|jfx ug'{kg]{
sfg"gL afWofTds gLlt lj:tf/ ub}{ bfqL lgsfox?sf] ;xof]udf w]/} k|sf/sf cfof]hgf—s]lGb|t
(Project -based) n3'ljQ gd"gfx? sfof{Gjog u/]sf] 5 -g]kfn /fi6« a}Í @))%, @)!*_ .
logLx?df u|fdL0f dlxnfsf] nflu pTkfbg shf{ (Production Credit for Rural Women,
1981-1995), 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u sfo{qmd (Cottage and Small Industries Project,
1982-1992), dlxnfsf] nflu n3'shf{ sfo{qmd (Micro-Credit Project for Women,
.. 25 ..
1993-2002), ;fd'bflos e"ldut l;~rfOIf]q cfof]hgf (Community Ground Water
Irrigation Sector Project, 1999-2007), t];|f] kz'ljsf; cfof]hgf (Third Livestock
Development Project, 1996-2004), klZrd t/fO{ ul/aL lgjf/0f cfof]hgf (Poverty
Alleviation Project in Western Terai, 1997-2004), u|fdL0f n3'ljQ cfof]hgf (Rural
Micro-Finance Project, 1999- 2005), ljQdf kx'Fr j[l4 cfof]hgf (Enhancing Access
to Finance Project, 2008-2013), ;fgf / dWod ls;fgsf] cfoj[l4 cfof]hgf (Raising
Income of Small and Medium Farmers Project, 2011-2019) / pGglt—ljQdf kx'Fr
(UNNATI-Access to Finance, 2013-2018) d'Vo x'g\ .
;g\ @))# df g]kfn ;/sf/n] ljZj a}Ísf] cg'bfg ;xof]udf ul/aL lgjf/0f sf]if df]8]n nfu"
u¥of] . of] sf]ifnfO{ k|wfgdGqL sfof{nocGtu{t /flvPsf] lyof] -g]kfn /fhkq, ul/aL lgjf/0f
sf]if cWofb]z, @)^)_ . o;n] ;'?df s]xL /fd|f sfdx? ug{ yfn]sf]df kl5 /fhg}lts x:tIf]k,
cfly{s ljrng cflbsf] sf/0faf6 lg/Gt/tf kfpg ;s]g .
g]kfn ;/sf/n] u|fdL0f If]qdf ljQLo cGt/dWo:Yftf sfd ul/x]sf ;xsf/L P]gcGtu{t ul7t
art tyf C0f ;xsf/L ;+:yfx? / ljQLo cGt/dWo:Yftf ;+:yfx? P]g !((( cGtu{t ul7t
ljQLo u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx? (Financial Non-governmental organisations - FINGO)
nfO{ yf]sshf{ lbg g]kfn /fi6« a}Ídf u|fdL0f :jfjnDag sf]if (Rural Self Reliance Fund -
RSRF) v8f u/]sf] lyof] . ljQLo u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx?sf] ;+Vof $& k'u]kl5 ;g\ @)!#÷!$ df
g]kfn /fi6« a}Ín] gfkmfd"ns n3'ljQ ljQLo ;+:yfx?df ?kfGt/0f ug]{ gLlt lnof] / u|fdL0f
:jfjnDag sf]if klg ;g\ @)!(÷@) df ;fgf ls;fg ljsf; n3'ljQ ;+:yfdf uflePsf] 5 .
g]kfn ;/sf/ / g]kfn /fi6« a}Ín] ;g\ !((@—!((^ aLrdf g]kfnsf % ljsf; If]qx?df ul/a
kl/jf/x? vf;u/L dlxnfx?nfO{ shf{ ;lxt (credit plus approach) sf] ;'ljwf pknAw
u/fpg] p2]Zon] aËnfb]zsf] u|fdL0f a}Í df]8]ndf % j6f u|fdL0f ljsf; a}Íx? :yfkgf ul/Psf
lyP -g]kfn /fi6« a}Í, @))%_ . ;g\ !((( b]lv g]kfn /fi6« a}Ín] u|fdL0f ljsf; a}Í df]8]nnfO{
cg'z/0f ub}{ lghL If]qn] klg n3'ljQ ;+:yf vf]Ng ;Sg] gLlt v'nf u¥of] . g/d nfO;]G;
gLltn] ubf{ yf]/} ;dodf n3'ljQ ;+:yfx? vf]Ng] nx/ rNof] / d"n k|jfxsf a}Í tyf ljQLo
;+:yfx? hfg g?rfPsf u|fdL0f If]qdf n3'ljQsf] kx'Fr lj:tf/ x'g k'Uof] .
.. 26 ..
xfnsf kl5Nnf jif{x?df g]kfn /fi6« a}Ín] nfO;]G; v'nf ug]{ gLltnfO{ :yug (moratorium)
u/]sf] kfOG5 / a}Í tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx?nfO{ u|fdL0f tyf b'u{d If]qdf zfvfx? lj:tf/ ug{
k|f]T;flxt / bjfj l;h{gf u/]sf] 5 . dfukIf -;]jfu|fxL_ sf] afwfnfO{ x6fpg g]kfn /fi6« a}Ín]
a}Í tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx?nfO{ cfwf/e"t a}lÍª ;]jfx?df z'Ns lng gkfpg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .
oL ;]jfx?df r]s O:o' ug]{, ^ dlxgf k'u]kl5 vftf aGb ug]{, lgl:qmo vftf (dormant
account) nfO{ ;lqmo kfg]{, a}Ívftf :6]6d]G6 pknAw u/fpg], ljB'tLo dfWodaf6 r]s
lSnol/ª u/fpg] tyf ¿=@ nfv;Ddsf] s'g} klg a}Ízfvf ;]jf (any branch banking
service-ABBS) lng ;Sg] h:tf sfo{x?df z'Ns lng gkfpg] Joj:yf 5 .
xfnsf jif{x?df g]kfn /fi6« a}Ín] ljQLo ;fIf/tf, gub/lxt cy{tGq, pkef]Stf ;+/If0f /
l8lh6n e'StfgL / a}lÍªdf a9fjfsf] nflu s]lGb|t u/]sf] kfOG5 . g]kfn /fi6« a}Ín] a}Í vftf
gePsf g]kfnL gful/sn] ;g\ @)!( b]lv æa}Ívftf vf]Ng]Æ gLlt cl3 ;f/]sf] 5 . of] l:sddf
vftf vf]Nbf ?=!)). u|fxssf] vftfdf /flvlbg] Joj:yf 5 . To;eGbf cl3 @)!^ df g]kfn
;/sf/n] z"Go df}Hbftdf k|To]s g]kfnLsf] nflu a}Ívftf cleofg ;'? u/]sf] / ;/sf/L
e'StfgL a}Ívftfaf6 dfq x'g] Joj:yf u/]sf] lyof] .
>d P]g @)!* n] ;a} k|sf/sf lgsfox?n] cfˆgf sfdbf/ tyf sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ kfl/>lds
e'StfgL ubf{ clgjfo{ ?kdf a}Ívftf k|of]u ug]{ k|fjwfg u/]sf] 5 . ;g\ @)!% b]lv ? !
nfveGbf a9Lsf] ljk|]if0f (remittance) /sd gubsf] ;§f r]s jf a}Ívftfaf6 e'StfgL x'g]
Joj:yf u/]sf] xf] . ;g\ @)!& af6 of] ;Ldf a9fP/ ?= @ nfv ul/Psf] 5 . To:t} ;g\ @)!&
b]lv ?= !) nfveGbf a9Lsf] ;/sf/n] j:t' jf ;]jf vl/b ubf{ a}lÍª pks/0fsf] k|of]u ug'{kg]{
gLlt klg ;/sf/n] lnPsf] 5 .
g]kfn ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f sfo{of]hgf

g]kfn /fi6« a}Ín] ;g\ @)!& df g]kfn ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f sfo{of]hgf (Nepal Financial
Inclusion Action Plan) nfO{ cËLsf/ u/]sf] 5 . /fli6«o ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f dfu{lrqsf]
th'{df nuQ} ljsl;t ul/Psf] o; sfo{of]hgfdf dfu{lrqn] klxrfg u/]sf k|To]s k|fyldstf
If]qsf cNksfnLg / bL3{sfnLg /0fgLltx?nfO{ pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . o;n] dfu{lrqdf
pNn]lvt k|fyldstfx?nfO{ k|fKt ug{sf] nflu lhDd]jf/ lgsfox?åf/f ug{ ;lsg] ljz]if
.. 27 ..
lqmofsnfkx?nfO{ klg klxrfg u/]sf] 5 . To:t} ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f dfu{lrq / sfo{of]hgfsf]
k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogsf] nflu g]kfn ;/sf/ / s]Gb|Lo a}Ísf clwsf/Lx? tyf cGo
lgsfox?sf k|ltlglwx? ;lDdlnt /fli6«o ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f dfu{lrq ;DaGwL pRr :t/Lo
;ldlt u7g ul/Psf] 5 .
g]kfn /fi6« a}Í /0fgLlts of]hgf

g]kfn /fi6« a}Í /0fgLlts of]hgfsf] æd'Vo vDaf b'O{ — ljQLo l:y/tf tyf ljQLo If]q ljsf;Æ
sf Pp6f p2]Zodf ljQLo kx'Fr / ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0fnfO{ ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . l:y/ / /fd|/L
sfd ug{;Sg] ljQLo k|0ffnLsf] nflu pko'St ljQLo k"jf{wf/åf/f ljQLo uxgtf÷ljsf;sf]
k|j4{gsf] dxTjnfO{ ;d]l6Psf] 5 . sfo{;Dkfbg kl/;"rsx? ;lxtsf] sfo{of]hgf, k/LIf0f ug{
ldNg] kl/;"rsx?, sfdsf] lhDd]jf/L / kl/;"rssf] nflu ;do;Ldf cflb pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0fnfO{ a9fjf lbgsf] nflu sfo{of]hgfdf n]lvPsf] 5 — -s_ /fli6«o ljQLo
;dfj]zLs/0f /0fgLlt th'{df ug]{ / /fli6«o sfo{bnsf] :yfkgf ug]{, -v_ ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0fdf
kx'Fr a9fpg gLltx? th'{df ug]{ -u_ ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f kl/;"rsx?sf] ljsf; ug]{, -3_
l8lh6n kmfOg]lG;Ësf ljljw df]8]nx?nfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug]{, -ª_ O—d}lkË ;+oGqnfO{ cBfjlws
ug]{, / -r_ ljQLo ;]jfsf ljGb"x?sf] e"—:yflgs gSzfÍg (geospatial mapping) ug]{ .
cg'bfg;lxtsf] shf{ Joj:yf

g]kfn ;/sf/n] ;fgf ls;fg, o'jf, dlxnf pBdLx?nfO{, k/Dk/fut sf}zn ljsf;sf] nflu
blntx?nfO{ / cfo cfh{g lqmofsnfkx? ug{sf] nflu ;fgf / dWod vfnsf pBdx?nfO{
ljQLo ;+:yfx?af6 ljgflwtf] ;x'lnotk"0f{ shf{ lbg] l:sdx? ;~rfngdf NofPsf] 5 . oL
shf{x? lgIf]k tyf shf{ ;'/If0f sf]ifaf6 ladf sDkgLx?;Fu ladf ul/Psf] x'G5 . a}Í tyf
ljQLo ;+:yfx?nfO{ shf{sf] lgoldt ls:tf e'StfgLsf] a]nf shf{ ;'/If0f z'Ns, ladf lk|ldod
/ Aofh g]kfn /fi6« a}Ídfkm{t g]kfn ;/sf/af6 ;f]wegf{ ug]{ Joj:yf 5 . g]kfn /fi6« a}Ín]
ljQLo ;+:yfx?nfO{ zfvfcg';f/ / ;du| cfwf/df o; k|sf/sf shf{x? k|jfx ug}{ kg]{
lgb]{zgfTds Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .
.. 28 ..
zfvf lj:tf/
;+3Lo ;+/rgfdf kl/jt{g ePkl5 g]kfn /fi6« a}Ín] k|To]s :yfgLo kflnsf:t/df slDtdf Pp6f
jfl0fHo a}Ísf] zfvf :yfkgf ug]{ gLlt lnPsf] 5 . g]kfndf &%# gu/kflnsf / ufpFkflnsf
:yflkt ePsf 5g\ . o:tf] zfvfsf] nflu /fVg'kg]{ gub ;'/If0f / a}wflgs t/ntf (cash
reserve and statutory liquidity) df 5"6 lbOPsf] 5 . b'u{d :yfgdf ;]jf lj:tf/ u?g\ eGg]
p2]Zon] sf7df8f} pkTosfaflx/ -dxfgu/kflnsf jf pkdxfgu/kflnsf afx]ssf :yfgdf_
b'O{j6f zfvf vf]n]df sf7df8f} pkTosfleq n3'ljQsf] zfvf gePsf] j8fdf Pp6f zf]vf
vf]Ng lbg] gLlt lnOPsf] 5 .
Dff]jfOn a}lÍª / ;Lldt a}lÍª cfp6n]6

g]kfn /fi6« a}Ín] cg'dltkq k|fKt u/]sf s ju{, /fli6«o :t/sf v / u ju{sf ljQLo
;+:yfx?nfO{ sf7df8f}+ pkTosfaflx/sf] If]qdf :yflkt zfvfsf ;fy} rflnt jfxg (moving
vehicles) pkof]u u/]/ lgIf]k tyf ljk|]if0f;Fu ;DalGwt ljQLo ;]jfx? k|bfg ug{;Sg] cg'dlt
lbOPsf] 5 . ;'/Iff tyf sf/f]af/sf] tf]lsPsf k|fjwfgx? cg'kfngf (compliance) u/]sf]
ePdf g]kfn /fi6« a}Ísf] k"j{cg'dlt lagf of] ;'ljwf kfpg ;S5g\ . o:t} ljQLo ;+:yfn]
cNk;]jf kfPsf If]qx?df lgIf]k, e'StfgL, shf{ / cfGtl/s ljk|]if0f;Fu ;DalGwt ;]jfx?
k|bfg ug{sf] nflu k"0f{sflns of ;Ktfxdf s]xL lbg ;Lldt a}+lÍª cfp6n]6 klg :yfkgf
ug{;Sg] 5g\ .
zfvf/lxt a}lÍª ;DaGwL gLlt

dxfgu/÷pkdxfgu/sf aflx/sf cGo If]qx?df dlzgx? / :df6{sf8{÷r'DasLo sf8{x?
pkof]u ug]{ sf/f]af/ ljGb' (point of transactions) df cflwsfl/s Ph]G6x?dfkm{t zfvf/lxt
a}lsË ;~rfng ug{ g]kfn /fi6« a}Ísf] k"j{ :jLs[lt cfjZos kg]{ 5}g . o:tf zfvf/lxt
s]Gb|n] tf]lsPsf] ;'/Iff dfkb08 / hf]lvd Joj:yf cg'kfngf u/L lgIf]k, e'StfgL, a}Í
:6]6d]G6÷Aofn]G; k|df0fkq k|bfg / shf{ k|jfx tyf c;"nL ug{ ;S5g\ .
.. 29 ..
l8lh6n a}lÍª gLlt
nfutk|efjL u'0f / Jofks se/]h (coverage) ;lxt ljQLo ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ Ifdtf ePsf]n]
ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] nflu l8lh6n k|ljlw / lkmG6]s (digital technology and Fintech)
dxTjk"0f{ dflgG5g\ . l8lh6n e'StfgL / e'StfgL k|0ffnLnfO{ cGt;{~rflnt (interoperable)
agfpg g]kfn /fi6« a}Ín] lgb]{zg hf/L u/]sf] 5 . o;df e'StfgL ;]jfk|bfosx? / e'StfgL
k|0ffnLsf ck/]6/x?, sf/f]jf/ lnld6, sf/f]jf/ z'Ns, ljB'tLo r]s lSnol/Ë, cf/l6hLP;\
(real time gross settlement - RTGS), sf/f]af/ ;'/Iff cflb ;dfj]z 5g\ .
pkef]Stf ;+/If0f ;DaGwL gLlt

g]kfn /fi6« a}Ídf ljQLo pkef]Stf ;+/If0f OsfO :yfkgf u/L ljQLo pkef]Stf ;+/If0fsf] nflu
ljQLo ;+:yfx?nfO{ k|lqmof ;lxtsf] lgb]{zg hf/L u/]sf] kfOG5 . t/ xfn;Dd g]kfndf ljQLo
pkef]Stf ;+/If0f sfg"g 5}g .
ljQLo ;fIf/tf
ljQLo ;+:yfx?nfO{ ljQLo ;fIf/tf sfo{qmd cfof]hgf ug{ lgb]{zg u/]sf] kfOG5 . ljQLo
;fIf/tfnfO{ a9fjf lbg ljQLo ;fIf/tf ?k/]vf @)@) (Financial Literacy Framework)
tof/ ul/Psf] 5 .
;fgf shf{df k|f]T;fxg

ljQLo ;+:yfx?åf/f s[lif, Joj;fo / pBd zLif{sdf k|bfg ul/g] ?= !% nfv;Ddsf] shf{sf]
nflu cfˆgf] cfwf/ b/eGbf s]jn @Ü ;Dd rfh{ ug{ ;lsg] / o; lsl;dsf] shf{df cGo rfh{
jf k"j{ e'StfgL z'Ns lng kfOFb}g .
n3'ljQ ;+:yfx?
n3'ljQ ;+:yfx?nfO{ ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] nflu Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ cË dflgPsf] 5 . oL
;+:yfx?dfkm{t ljz]if ?kn] ul/a / sd cfo ePsf kl/jf/x?nfO{ ljQLo ;]jf k|bfg ul/G5 .
oL ;+:yfx?n] ul/ax?aLr ;d"x PSoefj ;+oGq (group solidarity mechanism) sf]
.. 30 ..
cfwf/df cfo cfh{g lqmofsnfknfO{ ;'ud agfpgsf] nflu lagflwtf]df ;fgf shf{x? k|jfx
u5{g\ .
n3'ljQ ;+:yfx?nfO{ k'FhLcfwf/ (capitalbase) df Ps csf]{df ufleg] jf k|flKt (merger

and acquisition) k|lqmofåf/f PsLs[t x'g k|f]T;fxg ul/Psf] kfOG5 . n3'ljQ ;+:yfx?nfO{
d'n'sdf lelqg] ljk|]if0f ;]jf (inward remittance services) / ef/tLo d'b|f v/Lbsf] cg'dlt
lbOPsf] 5 . pkef]Stfx?sf] shf{ lnFbf nfUg] nfut sd ug{ n3'ljQ ;+:yfx?n] lng] pRrtd
Aofhb/ ;Ldf !%Ü tf]lsPsf] 5 . lgIf]k ;Íng ug]{ tyf yf]s shf{ sf/f]jf/ ug]{ n3'ljQ
;+:yfx?n] cfwf/ b/ ;d]t tof/ ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf elgPsf] 5 .
x'nfs art a}Í

g]kfndf x'nfs ;]jfsf] ;'?jft lj=;+= !(#% -;g\ !*&*_ lt/ ePsf] dflgG5 . x'nfs ;]jfn]
lr7\7Lkq 3/3/df k'¥ofpg] / x'nfs l6s6 k|sfzg u5{ . lj=;+= @)## b]lv x'nfs artsf]
;]jf klg pknSw u/fpg yfn]sf] xf] . ;fwf/0f JolStn] ?= %). ;Dd hDdf ug{ ;lsG5 .
s;}nfO{ /sd k7fpg' k¥of] eg] wgfb]z ;]jf (money order) dfkm{t e'StfgL ug]{ Joj:yf 5 .
g]kfnleq dfq ;Lldt geP/ ef/tdf klg wgfb]zdfkm{t /sd k7fpg] Joj:yf lj=;+= @)#& af6
lj:tf/ ul/Psf] lyof] . o; sfo{n] ;d]t ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0fnfO{ ;fg} ?kdf ePklg ;3fp
k'¥ofPsf] kfOG5 .
@=^=@ ladf
g]kfndf ladfJoj;fosf] yfngL s/La &) jif{cl3b]lv ePsf] lyof] . lghL{jg ladf sDkgLx?
@) j6f, hLjg sDkgLx? !( / k'gjL{df sDkgL ! u/L $) j6f sfo{/t 5g\ . ;/sf/ nufgLsf
#, :jb]zL nufgLsf #@, :jb]zL tyf lab]zL ;+o'St nufgLsf @ sDkgLx? ;~rflnt 5g\ .
o;sf cltl/St ljb]zL sDkgLx?sf # zfvfx? klg g]kfndf sfo{/t 5g\ .
ladfsf] lgofds lgsfo ladf ;ldltaf6 ladf sDkgLx?nfO{ cfˆgf] s'n kf]6{kmf]lnof]sf]
slDtdf %Ü n3'ladf kf]ln;L hf/L ug{ clgjfo{ ul/Psf] 5 . ladf sDkgLx?aLrdf
cg'bfg;lxtsf] s[lif ladf sfof{Gjogsf] nflu && lhNnfx?nfO{ ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 . g]kfn
;/sf/n] s[lif ladfsf] nflu cg'bfg ;d]t k|bfg ug]{ u/]sf] 5 .
.. 31 ..
@=^=# k"FhL ahf/
g]kfndf lwtf]ahf/df ;"rLs[t ePsf tyf ljB'tLo dfWoddf lgIf]k ug{ ldNg, ljt/0f jf afF8kmfF8
ePsf lwtfkqwgLaf6 cfˆgf] lhDdfdf lnO{ lwtf]kqx?sf] lwtf]kq ;DaGwL lxtu|fxL vftf vf]Ng]
tyf lwtf]kq jf pks/0fx?sf] gfd;f/L jf vftfdf clen]vsf] sfd ul/G5 . lwtf]kq sf/f]af/
g]kfn :6s PS;r]~h ln= / lSnol/Ësf] sfd ;xfos sDkgL l;l8o; P08 lSnol/ª ln= n]
u/]sf] kfOG5 . g]kfn lwtf]kq af]8{n] k|f/lDes ?kdf ePklg ljQLo ;fIf/tfsf] sfd u/]sf]
kfOPsf] 5 .
Zf]o/ ahf/ (stock market) df ;"rLs[t sDkgLsf] z]o/ k|df0fkq sfuh ?kdf ef}lts ?kdf
ljt/0f x'g] u/]sf]df lxhf]cfh To:tf] sfuhdf plNnlvt /sdx?sf] cfn]v ljB'tLo
dfWodaf6 cef}ltsLs/0f (Dematerialisation - Demat) ug]{ / vl/bstf{x?sf] gfddf
lgIf]k u/L sf/f]jf/sf] clen]v /fvL cBfjlws ;]jf pknAw u/fOG5 . lwtf]kq sf/f]af/
ug]{x? lwtf]kq÷ bnfn (stock brokers) dfkm{t sf/f]af/ ul/G5 . xfnsf jif{x?df :yfgLo
hn;|f]t pkof]u u/L agfOPsf hnljB't pTkfbg sDkgLx?sf] ;fj{hlgs k"FhL cfXjfgdf
:yfgLo JolStx?nfO{ klg ;dfj]z ug]{ gLlt lnPsf] kfOG5 .
k|sf]i7 —@
a}Í/lxt, cNka}Í / cNkladf
a}Í/lxt
æa}Í/lxt (unbanked)Æ a}Í of a}+lÍª ;+:yfx?sf] pkof]u ug{ g;Sg]
jo:sx?sf] nflu k|of]u ul/g] Ps cgf}krfl/s zAb xf] . a}Í/lxt JolSt
;fwf/0ftof gubdf j:t'sf] e'StfgL u5{g\ . a}Í/lxt JolSt;Fu ;fdfGotof ladf,
lgj[lQe/0f of cGo s'g} k|sf/sf] Jofj;flos wg;DaGwL ;]jfx? x'Fb}gg\ .
cNka}Í
æcNka}Í (underbanked)Æ zAbn] s'g} JolSt jf kl/jf/nfO{ hgfpF5 h;;Fu
a}Ívftf t 5, t/ k|foM dgLc8{/ jf r]s—gub ;]jf jf tnak]ZsL pkof]u u5{ /
qm]l86sf8{ k|of]u ub}{g . pgLx?;Fu ;'ljwfhgs / lskmfotL a}+lÍª ;]jfdf
.. 32 ..
kx'Frsf] sdL of kf/Dkl/s a}+lÍª ;]jf pkof]usf] cfjZostf jf ljsNk vf]h]sf
x'G5g\ . a}Í ueg{/x?sf] af]8{sf] ;g\ @)!( sf] Pp6f k|ltj]bgcg';f/
cd]l/sfh:tf] ;DkGg b]zdf klg !*Ü jo:sx? cNka}ÍcGtu{t kl//x]sf]
cf}+NofPsf] lyof] . (Source: Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve
System, Investopedia)
cNkladf
cNkladf (Underinsurance) zAbn] ckof{Kt ladf kf]ln;L eGg] a'‰g
;lsG5 . x'g t /fd|} kf]ln;Ln] klg hLjgdf cfOkg]{ ljklQaf6 arfpg ;Sb}g,
t/ o;n] ljQLo kl/0ffdnfO{ ;xg ug{ ;xh agfOlbg ;S5 . s'g} uDeL/ 36gf
ePdf cNkladfn] ladfk|bfosnfO{ 7"nf] ljQLo bfloTjaf6 klG5g] df}sf lbPsf]
x'G5 . (Ronni Sandroff, Sep, 2020, Investopadea).
.. 33 ..
efu—#
ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f If]qdf ePsf cWoog tyf cg';Gwfg
g]kfndf ljQLo k|0ffnLsf] ;'wf/sf] nflu cg]sf}+ gLltx?, /0fgLltx?, sfo{qmdx? nfu" ePsf
5g\ . ljQLo k|0ffnLnfO{ yk ;dfj]zL agfpg ;do;dodf ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] l:yltsf]
;dLIff / cfFsng ug{ cfjZos x'G5 . o; If]qsf] cWoogdf s}+of}+ ljåfg\x? / ;+:yfx?
;DnUg ePsf] kfOG5 .
ljZj a}Í (World Bank), cGt/f{li6«o d'b|f sf]if (International Monetary Fund - IMF),
PlzofnL ljsf; a}Í (Asian Development Bank - ADB) / PnfOG; km/ kmfOg]lG;on
OGSn'hg (Alliance for Financial Inclusion - AFI) h:tf cGt/{fli6«o ;+:yfx?n] xfnsf
jif{x?df ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0fnfO{ Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ Ph]08fsf] ?kdf /fv]sf 5g\ . gLltut
;'emfj / ljQLo ;xfotf k|bfg ug'{sf] ;fy} ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] cg'udg klg ;'? ePsf]
5 . cGt/f{li6«o d'b|f sf]ifn] ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f ljifonfO{ b]zx?aLr tYofÍ / hfgsf/L
Ps};fy /fVg] k|of; :j?k ljQLo kx'Fr ;j]{If0f (Financial Access Survey) u/]sf] kfOG5 .
To:t} ljZj a}Ín] ;g\ @)!! Af6 k|To]s tLg jif{df ljZj ljQ tYofÍ ;"rsfÍ (Global Findex
Database) k|sflzt ul//x]sf] 5 .
#=! ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] cjwf/0ff / kl/efiff
ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f / ljQ zAbx? k6s k6s Ps csf{sf k'/ssf] ?kdf k|of]u ul/Psf]
kfOG5 . t/ ljQ zAb eGbf ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f cln km/flsnf] a'emfOsf] ?kdf lng ;lsG5 .
ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] p2]Zo ;a}nfO{ ljQdf kx'Fr k'¥ofpg' xf] / pgLx?n] ug]{ pkof]udf j[l4
ug'{ xf] . of] ;]jf ljz]if ?kdf To:tf JolStx?df s]lGb|t ug'{ xf], hf] ;fwf/0ftof a}Ícof]Uo
(unbankable) dfg]/ ljBdfg cf}krfl/s ljQLo k|0ffnLåf/f aflx/ k/]sf 5g\ . ;fdfGotof
ljQdf kx'Fr eGgfn] dgfl;j nfut (reasonable costs) df u'0f:t/Lo ljQLo ;]jfsf]
pknAwtfnfO{ lng ;lsG5 .
.. 34 ..
;/n lsl;dn] eGg] xf] eg] ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f o:tf] cj:yfnfO{ eGg ;lsG5 hxfF s'g} klg
JolSt ljQLo al~rtLs/0fsf] l:yltdf gxf];\ . n];g / ly|ˆ6 (Leyshon and Thrift (1995)
/ sf]G/fo (Conroy 2005) n] kl/efiff u/]sf 5g\ — ljQLo al~rtLs/0f eg]sf] lglZrt
;fdflhs ju{x? / JolStx?, vf;u/L ul/a / nfe gkfpg] ;fdflhs ju{x?nfO{ cf}krfl/s
ljQLo k|0ffnLdf kx'Fr kfpgaf6 /f]Sg] k|lqmofx? x'g\ . (Financial exclusion as referring
to those processes that serve to prevent certain social groups and individuals,
mostly poor and disadvantaged social groups, from gaining access to the formal
financial system.)
ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f / jftfj/0faLr ulx/f] ;DaGw /x]sf] 5 . dWo t/fO{sf dxf]Q/L, wg'iff,
;Kt/L, l;/xf lhNNffdf kg]{ r'/] kxf8 vnalng] u/L dfgj tyf kz'x?af6 ePsf] cfqmd0fn]
ubf{ kof{j/0f g/fd|/L vnalng k'u]sf] 5 . lxFpbdf Ps yf]kf klg kfgL gx'g] t/ jiff{t\df
cGt/f{li6«o ljdfg:ynem}+ vx/]n] lu§Lafn'jfn] cfjfbL hUuf k'b}{ d"n k|jfx 5f]8L htf dg
nfUof] ptf uO/x]sf vf]nfx?nfO{ aLraf6 kG5fO{ >ldsx?åf/f lu§L, afn'jf, 9'Ëfx?af6
t6aGw ug{ ;s]df krf; xhf/ >ldsx?n] -k9]n]v]sf ;d]t_ sfd kfpF5g\ . gbL 7Ls 7fpFdf
k|jfx eO{ e"Ifo /f]lsg] 5 . t6aGwåf/f d?e"lds/0fnfO{ /f]Sg ;lsPdf 7"nf au/x? v]tLof]Uo
hldgsf] ?kdf psf:g ;lsG5, h;df a;f]af; x'g;S5 . -s'Fj/, @)^)Ù Kunwar, 2002)
:yfgLo lgDg cfo ePsf ju{nfO{ sfd lbg'eGbf klg jftfj/0fLo cWoog lagfsf ;8s
lgdf{0fx?df ux|f}+ 7"nf 8f]h/h:tf pks/0fsf] k|of]un] k5fl8 k/]sf] ju{sf] pTyfgeGbf klg gofF
ul/aL ylkg] b]lvPsf] 5 . o:tf] lgdf{0fn] lxFl8/x]sf] /x]sf] k}bn af6f], df6f], kf6f] / cf6f] -
ds}sf] eft_ Ps}rf]6L ljgfz u/]sf] x'G5 . To:t} kfgLsf d'xfgx? ;'sfpg] u/]sf] 5
(Kunwar, 2002_ .
ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0fnfO{ o;/L klg kl/eflift ug{ ;lsG5 — ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f o:tf] k|lqmof
xf] h;n] ;'lglZrt ug{ ;sf];\ ls ;Dj]bgzLn ;d"x h:t} sdhf]/ / lgDg cfo ePsf ju{x?n]
cfjZos kbf{ ;dodf kof{Kt shf{, ljQLo ;]jfx? ;:tf] nfutdf kfpFg ;s"g\ . (Process of
ensuring access to financial services timely and adequate credit where needed by
.. 35 ..
vulnerable groups such as the weaker sections and low income groups at an
affordable cost. - Rangarajan Committee, 2008).
;+;f/el/sf a}Íx?sf] lgodg k|0ffnLsf] gLltdf ;dGjosf/L e"ldsf v]Ng] l:j6h/n}08sf]

af:n]l:yt a}Í km/ OG6/g]zgn ;]6nd]G6sf cg';f/ ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0fn] # cfofdx?nfO{
;d]6b\5 — ;a} k|sf/sf hgtfsf] ljQLo ;]jfx?df kx'Fr, pkof]u / u'0f:t/ (financial
inclusion covers three dimensions: accessibility, usage and quality of financial
services to all kind of people. - BIS 2015) . To:t} ljZj a}Ín] kl/efiff lbFb} ts{ u/]sf]
5 — ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] cy{ ;a}sf nflu hlt klg nfutdf ljQ cyf{t\ nufgL ug'{ xf]Og,
lsgeg] slt JolStx? / kmd{x?nfO{ ljQLo ;]jfsf] nflu s'g} ef}lts dfu of Joj;fosf]
cfjZostf gx'g ;S5 . ("financial inclusion does not mean finance for all at all
costs since some individuals and firms have no material demand or business
need for financial services" - World Bank, 2014).
;dfhsf ;a} ;b:ox?sf] nflu ljQdf kx'Fr cfjZos 5, emg\ ;dfhsf al~rt / sd cfo
ePsf ju{sf] nflu ljz]if ?kn] dxTjk"0f{ 5 . lsgeg] o;n] pgLx?nfO{ art ug{ / nufgL
ug{{sf] nflu cj;/ k|bfg u5{ / pgLx? cfkm}nfO{ k|fs[lts laklQ, la/fdL / cfhLljsfdf xflg
h:tf ljleGg hf]lvdx?af6 arfpF5 . ljQdf kx'Frn] ul/a tyf sd cfojfnf ju{sf] cfly{s
cfTdaf]w u/fpg ;dy{ u/fpF5 / cfly{s ultljlwx?df zfldn x'gsf] nflu k|f]T;flxt u/]/
ul/aLsf] b'irqmnfO{ eTsfpg] cj;/ k|bfg ub{5 . ;fdfGotof, shf{ lbg] a]nfdf ul/ax?;Fu
cf}krfl/s ljQLo k|0ffnLsf lwtf], shf{Oltxf; / cfa4tfsf] sdL x'g] u5{ / oL s'/fx?nfO{
ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] k|lqmof / gLltn] ;dfNg' cfjZos x'G5 . (Access to finance will
enable the poor and low income people to make economic self-realization and
give chances to break the vicious cycle of poverty by encouraging them to
engage in income generating activities. Normally, these poor people lack
collateral, credit history and connection that formal financial system generally
looks at while providing credit, which needs to be tackled by financial inclusion
process and policy.)
.. 36 ..
ljQdf kx'Frn] d"n k|jfxsf ljQLo ;+:yfx?dfkm{t jf n3'ljQ / c¿ ljz]ifLs[t ;+:yfx?dfkm{t
ul/a kl/jf/sf] nflu pTkfbs ultljlwx?df zfldn x'g] / pgLx?sf] Ifdtf a9fpg] cj;/nfO{
lj:tf/ ug{ ;S5 . o;n] ul/a kl/jf/x?nfO{ kof{Kt nfe k|bfg u5{, pbfx/0fsf] nflu,
pgLx?nfO{ cfˆgf] hLjgdf pkef]unfO{ ;'rf? agfpg / gsf/fTds em6\sf;Fu h'Wg ug{
;3fFp5 . ljQdf kx'Frn] jf:tjdf cfly{s j[l4sf] ;fy} ;fdflhs ljsf;df of]ubfg lbg ;S5 .
gubdf e/ kg'{ kb}{g, a9L ;'/lIft, sd vrf{n' / zL3| e'StfgL /sdfGt/0fn] clws ef}uf]ns
b'l/x?df clws cfly{s sf/f]jf/x? ug{ cg'dlt k|bfg u5{ -kGt @)!^_ .
kl/jf/sf] ljQdf kx'Frsf] cfly{s j[l4df alnof] ;sf/fTds ;DaGw /x]sf] b]lvPsf] 5
(household’s access to finance has a strong positive relationship with economic
growth. - Sahay, 2015). hlt w]/} ljQLo kx'Fr eof] Toltg} df}lb|s tyf cfly{s gLltsf]
k|efjsfl/tfdf ;'wf/ Nofpg ;S5 (Greater financial inclusion may also lead to an
improvement in the effectiveness of both monetary and fiscal policy. - Khan,
2012).
ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0fdf j[l4n] kmd{x? / pkef]Stfx?sf] Jojxf/nfO{ kl/jt{g ul/lbG5 /

To;kl5 df}lb|s gLltsf] u'0f jf IfdtfnfO{ k|efj kfb{5 (Increased financial inclusion
alters the behaviour of firms and consumers, subsequently influencing the
efficacy of monetary policy . - Mehrotra and Yetman, 2015) . ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f
ljz]if ?kn] cy{Joj:yfdf k|fylds pks/0fsf] ?kdf /x]sf] Aofhb/sf] e"ldsfnfO{ a9fP/
df}lb|s gLltnfO{ ;'b[9 agfpF5 (Financial inclusion strengthens monetary policy
especially by enhancing the role of interest rate as a primary tool in the
economy. - UNESCAP, 2019) .
ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0fn] ;dfj]zL ljsf;, cfly{s ljsf; tyf ljQLo uxgtnfO{ ;xof]u u5{ .
Jofjxfl/s ?kn], o;n] ul/aL 36fP/ / cfodf x'g] c;dfgtfnfO{ sd u/]/ ljQLo ;]jfdf
dflg;x?sf] kx'FrnfO{ a9fpF5 . cg'ejhGo k|df0fx?n] of] ljrf/nfO{ k'li6 u/]sf 5g\ .
jf:tjdf, Pp6f vftf x'g'n]g} artnfO{ a9fpF5, dlxnfnfO{ ;zSt agfpF5, / kl/jf/sf]
pkef]udf a[l4 ub{5 / pTkfbgzLn nufgLnfO{ a9fpF5 (Allen et al. 2012; Beck,
.. 37 ..
Demirgüç-Kunt, and Honohan 2009). o; k|sf/, ;+;f/el/sf gLlt lgdf{tfx?n] ljQLo
;dfj]zLs/0fnfO{ Pp6f k|d'v gLltut nIosf] ?kdf cufl8 a9fPsf 5g\, o;} kl/k|]Iodf, hL—
@) g]tfx?n] o;nfO{ ljZj ljsf; Ph]08fsf d'Vo :tDex?dWo] Ps xf] eg]/ dfGotf lbPsf
5g\ . (ADB 2018)
ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f ;DaGwL ;flxTo vf;u/L b'O{ lsl;dsf kfOG5g\ . klxnf] >]0fLn] JolStut
tyf kfl/jfl/s k|efjsfl/tf / ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f ul/Psf] :ynut k/LIf0fsf lgwf{/sx?
(determinants) dfly ljrf/ ub{5 . k|of]usf ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] lgwf{/sdfly ljrf/
ub{5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu ef/tdf u|fdL0f a}Ízfvfx?sf] /fHo—lgb]{lzt lj:tf/n] ul/aL sd ug{
d2t u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 (Burgess and Pande, 2005) . ljz]if ?kn] n]vsx?n] of] s'/fsf]
alnof] k|df0f kfPsf 5g\ ls ef/tdf a}Í gePsf If]qdf a}Ízfvfx?sf] :yfkgf / ul/aLdf
sdLaLr ;DaGw /x]sf] 5 .
bf];|f] lsl;dsf] ;flxTo b]zfGt/aLr cf};t k||j[lQ (Cross-country aggregate trends) /

ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] k|efjdf a9L s]lGb|t x'G5 . ljQLo kx'Frsf] nflu b]zljz]if ;+/rgfTds
e/fOaN;\sf] ;]6n] dxTj /fVb5 . (Honohan, 2008) . pbfx/0fsf] nflu, s'n u|fx{:y
pTkfbg (GDP) sf] w]/} k|ltzt ;xfotf, pRr cfo'—lge{/tf cg'kft / pRr hg;+Vof 3gTjn]
pNn]vgLo ?kdf ljQLo kx'FrnfO{ 36fpF5g\, hals clws df]afOn kmf]g u|fxs ;+Vof
(subscription) / ;+:yfx?sf] u'0f:t/n] cy{k"0f{ 9Ën] ljQLo kx'Frdf j[l4 u5{ . cg'bfg
lge{/tfn] atfpF5 ls clws ul/aL / cfo'lge{/tfn] w]/} aRRffx? hGdfpglt/ nufpF5, h;sf]
ljQLo ;]jfdf kx'Fr gx'g ;S5 .
cWoogsf kl/0ffdx?n] atfpF5g\ ls cfly{s cl:y/tf, sdhf]/ sfg"gL zf;g, cfodf pRr
c;dfgtf, ;fdflhs cNkljsf;, lgodg ;DaGwL cj/f]wx?n] pNn]vgLo ?kdf ljQLo
kx'FrnfO{ sd u5{g\ . (Honohan, 2008) . k|ltJolSt cfo, sfg"gL zf;g / hg;+Vof;DaGwL
ljz]iftfx? ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f;Fu pNn]vgLo ?kdf cfjl4t x'G5g\ . (Park and Mercado,
2016, 2018)
ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f / ljQLo al~rtLs/0fsf ;DaGwdf g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df ;'s'Daf;L ;d:of

klg Pp6f xf] . ;/sf/n] a]nfa]nfdf pgLx?n] cltqmd0f u/]/ a;]sf] hUuf lgz'Ns ?kdf
.. 38 ..
hUufwgL k|df0fkqåf/f :jfldTj x:tfGt/0f u5{ . ToxL hUufwgL alg;s]sf] ;'s'Daf;L km]l/
cGoq k'u]/ csf]{ hUufwgL k|df0fkq xft kfg{ jf c¿sf] rË'ndf k/]/ ToxL klg u'dfP/ ljQLo
al~rtLs/0fsf] 3]/fleq kg{ ljjz x'G5 . ;'s'Daf;LnfO{ /fHon] hUuf afF8\g] of] lg/Gt/tfsf]
qmdeË x'g sl7g 5 . o;nfO{ km/s 9Ën] Jojl:yt ug{ ;lsg] b]lvG5 . hUuf vl/blaqmL
u/]kl5 gfd;f/L 9fFrfsf] hUufwgL k|df0fkq -e"ld ;'wf/ sfo{qmd nfu"x'Fbf /ftf] ;/sf/L lgzfgf
5fk nfu]sf]n] nfnk'hf{ zAbn] k|rlnt_ sf] ;§f ;/sf/af6 lgz'Ns kfpg] hUufwgL
k|df0fkqsf] lsgf/f lgnf]/Ësf] /fVg] ug{ ;lsG5 . o:tf] hUufsf] :jfldTj x:tfGt/0f x'Fbf klg
lgnf] /Ësf] hUufwgL k|df0fkq x'g] ePsf]n] /fHon] k|bfg u/]sf] klxrfg x'G5 -s'Fj/, @)^)_ .
o; lsl;dsf lgnf]k'hf{sf ;'¿sf k|ydwgL]nfO{ ljQLo kx'Frdf ljz]if k|fyldstf lbg] Joj:yf
ePdf ljQLo al~rtLs/0faf6 pgLx?nfO{ /fHoaf6 p4f/ ug{ ;lsG5 .
cWoogx?af6 % k|sf/sf ljQLo al~rtLs/0f x'g;Sg] b]lvPsf] 5 -;df{ @)!)_ .

al~rtLs/0f 5l/Psf a:tLx? / ef}uf]lns ljs6tfdf kfpg ;lsG5, . ef}lts kx'Fr eP klg
cg'ko'St zt{x?, ljQLo ;]jfsf] u}/—;fDoy{, ljQLo ;fwgsf] nlIot ahf/ / laqmo, c:jLs[t
ul/G5 ls eGg] alxisf/sf] lghL eo of dgf]ut afwfx? x'g ;S5g\ (There could be five
types of financial exclusion as discussed in various studies. Ensuring financial
inclusion is a multidimensional issue, demanding multiple approaches for
increasing it. - Sarma, 2010)
tflnsf — @=@
al~rtLs/0fsf k|sf/x?
al~rtLs/0fsf k|sf/x? sf/0f
!= kx'Fr al~rt Eff}uf]lns ljs6tf
@= Zft{ al~rt slt JolStnfO{ cg'ko'St zt{x?
#= d"No al~rt ljQLo;]jf ltg{ ;fDoy{xLg
$= ahf/Ls/0f al~rt ljQLo ;fwgsf] nlIot ahf/ / laqmo
%= :jo+—al~rt c:jLs[t x'g] eo jf dgf]ut afwf
>f]tM ;df{ @)!)
.. 39 ..
ljQLo al~rtLs/0fnfO{ @ k|sf/n] klg juL{s/0f ug{ ;lsG5 — :j}lR5s / cg}lR5s
(Voluntary and involuntary) . s'g} JolStn] ljQLo ;]jfsf] k|of]usf] cfjZostf dx;';
gePsf] cj:yfdf jf cfly{s n]gb]gdf gubg} k|of]u ug{ pko'St 7fg]sf] cj:yfdf :j}lR5s
al~rtLs/0f x'g ;S5 . sltn] t ljQLo ;]jfx? ck|ToIf ?kdf jf cfkm"nfO{ ;+nUg gu/fP/
;fwf/0ftof kl/jf/sf c? ;b:ox?sf] dfWodåf/f ljQLo ;]jfsf] pkof]u u/]sf x'G5g\ .
w]/} sf/0fn] ljQLo ;]jfsf] cg}lR5s alxisf/ x'g;S5 — ckof{Kt cfDbfgL x'g] jf hf]lvd
pRr x'g], sfuhftx? k"/f ug'{kg]{ em~em6, ljQLo ;]jfsf] pRr vr{, ljQLo pTkfbgx? /
lgodsf] af/]df 1fgsf] sdL, cldNbf pTkfbgx? cflb x'g\ . æpRr z'Ns, pRr Go"gtd
df}Hbft, sfuhft k"/f ug'{kg]{ s7f]/tfn] hg;+Vofsf] 7"nf] lx:;fnfO{ ljQLo pTkfbgx?
c;'xfFpbf x'g ;S5g\ . To:t} ;Defljt u|fxsnfO{ ;d]t sd ;'ljwfhgs ;]jf ljt/0f k|0ffnL /
shf{ :jLs[ltsf] nflu kv{g' kg]{ nfdf] ;do cflbn] j}slNks ;]jfk|bfosx? vf]Hg'kg]{ afWotf
x'g;S5 .Æ (High fees, high minimum balances, and strict documentation
requirements can make financial products unaffordable for a large section of the
population, while less convenient service delivery mechanisms and long loan
application waiting times may lead potential clients to seek alternative financial
service providers. - Barr, 2007).
ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f ;Gbe{df cgf}krfl/s If]q cyf{t\ k/Dk/fut u|fdL0f dxfhgL (

Traditional moneylender) k|yf klg pkof]uL x'g;Sg] jf:tljstf k'gM bf]xl/g yfn]sf] 5 .
u|fdL0f shf{ nufgLsf nflu a}Ín] cg'dltkq (Licence) k|bfg u/]/ ufpFs} s'g} JolStnfO{ of]
sfdsf] sf/f]jf/ u/fpg ;Sg] b]lvPsf] 5 . a}Ídf lglZrt ;dodf dfq C0f sf/f]jf/ x'g],
sd{rf/L km]l/O/xg], /sdf a'emfpg klg lhDd]jf/ JolSt x'g'kg]{, ;;fgf] C0fsf] nflu
cf}krfl/stf k'¥ofpg' kg]{ cflb sf/0fx?n] JolStut C0f Jofkf/ (Loan dealership) sf]
wf/0ff / k|of]u x'g nfu]sf] xf] . -s'Fj/, @)^)_
ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0fnfO{ km/flsnf] agfpg a}Ísf] kx'Frn] dfq k'Ub}g, cfjZos shf{ ± ;Lk
rflxFbf] /x]5 . To;}n] tLg ; cyf{t\ ;d'bfo :t/df ;d"x u7g, ;Lksf] l;sfO -cfwf/e"t a}lÍª
;fIf/tf dfq}, df]afOn rnfpg] ;fdfGo k|ljlw, ;fgf pBd cflb_ / ;fgf] k"FhL -art, shf{,
.. 40 ..
;/;fk6åf/f a}Íof]Uo_ oL #; ePkl5 ;d'bfo ljsf;sf] nflu cufl8 a9\g ;S5 . (Kunwar,
2010)
#=@ l5d]sL d'n'sx?sf] ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f l:ylt
(Status of Neighbouring Countries)

tflnsf — #=!
l5d]sL b]zx?sf] ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f l:ylt
kl/;"rs g]kfn Eff/t aËnfb]z >LnÍf Kffls:tfg rLg
a}Ívftf ePsf jo:s Ü $% *) %) &$ @! *)
dlxnf / k'?ifdf km/s Ü * ^ @( — @* *
ul/a / wgLaLrdf km/s Ü !@ ^ !& % !@ @)
;|f]t M Unf]an lkmG8]S; @)!&
;g\ @))@ df sf7df8f}df ;DkGg !!cf}+ ;fs{ ;ld6n] ;fs{ If]qsf s]Gb|Lo a}Ísf ueg{/x? /
cy{ ;lrjx?sf] ;+oGq (Network of Central Bank Governors and Finance
Secretaries of the SAARC Region - SAARCFINANCE) sf] ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f
ljifosf] j]jLgf/df ljrf/ ljdz{ ePsf] ;Gbe{ oxfF pNn]vgLo 5 . (SAARC webinar
Financial Inclusion Dec 2020)
Unf]an lkmG8]S; l/kf]6{cg';f/ ;g\ @)!$ df ;fs{ If]qsf &)Ü jo:sx? k|To]s;Fu ljQLo
;+:yfsf] a}Ívftf /x]sf] jf $& Ü jo:s;Fu df]jfOn /sd k|bfosx? /x]sf] lyof] (Esala
Ruwan Weraakoon, Secretary General of SAARC) .
>LnÍf
;g\ @)!& sf] lkmG8]S; 8]6fcg';f/ vftf vf]Ng] lx;fan] ;fs{ b]zx?dWo] >LnÍfn] bf];|f]
:yfg cf]u6]sf] 5 . b]zsf &$Ü jo:s;Fu vftf 5 . o;df &$Ü k'?if vftfsf] t'ngfdf &#Ü
dlxnf vftf /x]sf 5g\ . o;af6 n}lus cGt/nfO{ sd u/]/ nueu a/fa/L u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
.. 41 ..
aËnfb]z
aËnfb]zdf ;g\ @)!& sf] lkmG8]S; 8]6fcg';f/ %)Ü jo:sx?;Fu a}Í vftf lyof] . k'?if;Fu
^%Ü vftf lyP eg] dlxnf;Fu #^Ü dfq vftf /x]sf lyP . o;n] n}lËs c;dfgtfsf] cGt/nfO{
b]vfpF5 . ;g\ @)@) cu:t;Dddf (=$& s/f]8 a}Ívftf df]afOn kmf]g k|of]ustf{ 5g\, h;dWo]
$=$ s/f]8 dlxnf 5g\ . (Fazle Kabir, Governor, Bamgladesh Bank)
ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] If]qsf cu|h gf]j]n k'/:sf/ lah]tf Kf|f] dxDdb o'g';n] ;'? u/]sf]
u|fdL0f a}Í df]8]nsf cltl/St aËnfb]zdf ljleGg cfsif{s sfo{qmdx? ;~rfngdf NofPsf]
kfOG5 . oLdWo] s]xL x'g\ — shf{ Uof/G6L of]hgf, Sn:6/ ljsf; gLlt, n3', ;fgf tyf dlxnf
pBdLx?sf nflu k|fyldstf, ljBfno a}lsË / ;8s afnaflnsfsf nflu a}lsË cflb
dxTjk"0f{ kIf x'g\ . ljBfnodf cWoog/t !* jif{d'lgsf ljBfyL{x?sf nflu s]lGb|t ul/Psf] of]
sfo{qmddf art ug]{ afgLsf] ljsf;sf] nflu a}lsË ;]jf / cfw'lgs a}lsË k|ljlwaf6 hfgsf/
u/fOPsf] 5 . sfdbf/ afnaflnsf / ;8s a]jfl/;] afnaflnsfx?nfO{ pgLx?n] cfh{g u/]sf]
/sdnfO{ a}Ívftfdf art ug]{ sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/Psf] 5 . u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx?n] o:tf
afnaflnsfx?sf] k~hLs/0f ug]{ / a}Íx?;Fu ;dGjo u/]/ vftf ;~rfngsf] Joa:yf u5{g\ .
e'6fg
e'6fgsf] s]Gb|Lo a}Í (Roayal Monetary Authority of Bhutan) /f]on dlg6/L cyf]l/6L
ckm e'6fgn] ueg{/sf] sfof{nocGtu{t ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f ;lrjfno :yfkgf u/]sf] 5 .
o;n] k~rjifL{o /fli6«o ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f /0fgLlt (National Financial Strategy -NFIS
2018-2023 th'{df u/L sfof{Gjogdf NofPsf] 5 . o;n] $ vDafåf/f /0fgLltsf]
kl/sNkgfnfO{ ;fsf/ kfg{ vf]h]sf] 5 — -!_ pko'St ljQLo pTkfbgx? / ;]jfx?, -@_ ljQLo
kx'Frtf / lgs6tf, -#_ cfly{s jl4sf] nflu ljQ—Joj:yf (financing), / -$_ ljQLo ;antf /
pkef]Stf ;+/If0f . To:t} ;f] /0fgLltcGt{ut /fli6«o ljQLo ;fIf/tf /0fgLlt (National
Financial Literacy Strategy 2018-2023 / /fli6«o ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f sfo{of]hgf
(Financial Inclusion National Action Plan, 2019-2023) klg sfof{Gjogdf NofPsf]
5.
.. 42 ..
ef/t
;dfj]zLs/0f / ;dtfsf] p2]Zo;lxt b]zdf ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0fnfO{ æljQLo ;]jfx?df kx'Fr
;'lglZrt ug]{ k|lqmof, sdhf]/ ;d"xx? tyf sd cfo ug]{ ju{x? h:tf sdhf]/ ;d"xx?nfO{
;:tf] nfutdf / ;dodf kof{Kt shf{sf] ?kdf kl/eflift ub}{ -/Ë/fhg, ueg{/, l/he{ -a}Í ckm
OlG8of, @))*_ Eff/tdf ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] nflu eO/x]sf lgDg sfo{x? (Country Paper
on Financial Inclusion in India, Reserve Bank of India, SAARCFINANCE,
2020) pNn]vgLo /x]sf 5g\ .
• ef/tsf hgtf u|fdL0f If]qdf ^(Ü / zx/df #!Ü a;f]af; ug]{ / @@Ü If]q kxf8L e"efu
/x]sf] .
/fli6«o ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f /0fgLlt @)!(—@)@$ (National Financial Inclusion

Strategy) th'{df tyf sfof{Gjog . /fli6«o ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f /0fgLltn] 5C b[li6sf]0fnfO{
hf]8 lbPsf] — k|f;flËs cGtlj{ifo j:t' (Content), sf] ljsf;, cGtd{Wo:yx?sf] ;Ifdtf
(Capacity), ;/f]sf/jfnfx?aLrsf] ;xeflutf (Collaboration), pko'St ;~rf/
(Communication) o'lStåf/f ;d'bfod'vL (Community-led) ljQLo ;fIf/tf .
• /fli6«o ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f /0fgLltcGtu{t /fli6«o ljQLo lzIff /0fgLlt (National

Strategy for Financial Education, 2020-2025) th'{df ul/Psf] 5 . a}lsË tyf
u}/a}lsË If]qsf $ j6f lgofds lgsfox? -s]Gb|Lo a}Í_, k'FhLahf/ lgofds
(Securities and Exchange Board of India - SEBI), ladf lgofds (Insurance
Regulatory and Development Authority of India - IRDAI) / lgj[lQe/0f sf]if
lgofds (Pension Funds Regulatory Authority of India - PERDA) /x]sf]
;~rfns ;ldlt u7g ul/Psf] 5 .
• s]xL d'Vo a'Fbfx? 5g\ — ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f sf]if :yfkgf, k|To]s a}Ín] tLg jif]{
ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f sfo{of]hgf agfpg], b]zsf] s'gfsfKrfdf ;d]t kx'Fr ePsf
x'nfsx? / x'nfsLx?nfO{ ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0fdf ;DnUg u/fOPsf], ljQLo ;fIf/tf /
pkef]Stf ;+/If0f, Jofks ;fIf/tfsf] nflu ;/f]sf/jfnfx? — ;+3Lo tyf k|b]z
.. 43 ..
;/sf/x?, ljQLo If]qsf lgofdsx?, ljQLo ;+:yfx?, gful/s ;dfh, lzIffljb\x?
(academia) / cGonfO{ ;dfj]z ul/Psf], ljQLo ;fIf/tf s]Gb|x?sf] :yfkgf cflb .
To:t} a}lÍª u'gf;f] ;'g'jfO / l5gf]kmfgf]sf] nflu b]zel/df @! j6f a}lÍª ;dfwfgstf{
(Banking Ombudsmans - BO) ;+oGq :yfkgf, u'gf;f] Joj:yfkg k|0ffnL
(Complaints management system), Pl6Pd h:tf ljB'tLo sf/f]jf/ /sd
:yfgfGt/0f (failed or unsuccessful digital transactions) gePdf Ifltk"lt{sf]
Joj:yf, ;fgf vftfnfO{ u|fxs lrg (Know Your Client - KYC) clgjfo{ gePsf],
cfwf/sf8{sf] Joj:yf, ljQLo ;fIf/tfdf ;DnUg a}Í tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx? — ;fj{hlgs
a}Íx? -!@_, lghL If]qsf a}Íx? -@@_, If]qLo u|fdL0f a}Íx? -$#_, ljb]zL a}Íx? -$^_,
;fgf ljQ a}Íx? -!)_, e'StfgL a}Íx? -^_, ;xsf/L a}Íx? -u|fdL0f ;xsf/L a}Íx? —
#** / gu/Lo ;xsf/L a}Íx? — !%#*_ / :yfgLo If]qLo a}Íx? -#_ .
• ef/tdf ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f ;"rsx? -dfr{, @)@!_ 5g\ — a}Ízfvf kx'Fr lj:tf/ ;+Vof—
$*,()$, k|lt a}Ízfvf hg;+Vof — (,))) hgf, Pl6Pd (Automated teller machine)
@=#$ nfv, KjfOG6 ckm ;]n (Points of sale-POS) %!=#( nfv, Dff]afOn 6]lnkmf]g —
()Ü / Og]6 — %%Ü cflb .
Eff/tsf] /fli6«o ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f /0fgLlt th'{df ug]{ ;Gbe{df cfˆgf] b]zsf]
jftfj/0fcg';f/ /0fgLlt agfpg' kg]{] pNn]v 5, h'g c? d'n'ssf] nflu klg dggLo 5 .
k|sf]i7 — #
ljQLo kxF'rsf] juL{s/0f
ljQLo ;]jfsf] lj:tf/
cfk"lt{kIf
ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f
ljQLo ;]jfsf] ulx/fO
dfukIf ljQLo ;fIf/tf
pkef]Stf ;+/If0f
Source: National Strategy for Financial Education, India, 2020-2025
.. 44 ..
efu —$
tYofÍ ;Íng tyf ljZn]if0f
ljZj a}Í Unf]an lkmG8]S; ;j]{If0fcg';f/ ;g\ @)!& df ;+;f/sf ^(Ü jo:sx?;Fu a}Í vftf
5 t/ n}lËs lx;fan] c;dfgtf b]lvG5, a}Ívftf x'g] k'?ifx?sf] &@Ü 5 eg] a}Ívftf x'g]
dlxnfx? ^%Ü 5g\ . o;} k|sf/n] ljZjsf ^)Ü wgL kl/jf/x?dWo] &$Ü hg;+Vof;Fu a}Í
vftf 5 / afFsL $)Ü hg;+VofdWo] ^!Ü dfq vftf x'g]x? 5g\ . of] leGgtfnfO{ eg]{ pkfo
eg]s} ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f xf] .
$=! ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] dfkg tyf kl/;"rsx?

ljQLo kx'Fr / ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] dfkg ;/n 5}g / cf};t ?kn] lx;fa u/]/ lgsflng] ljQLo
ljsf;sf kl/;"rsx?n] jf:tljs oyfy{sf] lrq0f phfu/ ug{ ;Sb}gg\ .
ljQLo ;du|tf rfx] kl/jf/sf] nflu xf];\ jf kmd{x?sf] nflu xf];\ cflv/df dfu / cfk"lt{ b'a}
kIfsf] l:yltdf lge{/ u5{ . k|bfos -cfk"lt{kIf_ tYofÍx? lgofds lgsfo jf ljQLo
;+:yfx?sf k|sfzgx?af6 kfpg ;lsG5 — h:t} vftf ;+Vof, k|fxs ;+Vof cflb . t/
æJolStx? / kl/jf/sf] nflu ljQLo ;]jfdf kx'Frsf] cfFsng ug{sf] nflu cfk"lt{ kIf tYofÍsf]
d'Vo ;Lldttf tL JolStx?sf] :jefjnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ 8]6fsf] cg'knAwtf xf] hf] ;]jfx?sf
jf:tljs k|of]ustf{ x'g\ ltgs} af/]df hfgsf/L x'Fb}g . s'g} tf]lsPsf] 5/l5d]sdf l:yt
a}Ízfvfn] ;]jf lnO/x]sf] u|fxssf] af/]df w]/} atfpg ;Sb}g / zfvfsf] 7"nf] sfo{If]q
;3gtfn] ul/ax?sf] nflu a}lÍª ;]jf pknAw 5 eg]/ bfaL ug{ ;Sb}g . (….a core
limitation of supply side data for estimating access to financial services for
individuals or households is the inability of the data to address the nature of the
individuals who are the actual users of the services. The presence of branch
banks in a given neighbourhood does not say much about the clients who use the
branches, and greater branch density need not imply that banking services are
available to the poor. - Barr et al., 2007).
.. 45 ..
ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] af/]df dfukIfsf] hfgsf/L s]jn d'Vo kl/;"rsx?sf] lgwf{/0f u/]/
3/kl/jf/ of kmd{x?sf] txsf] ;j]{If0fåf/f k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 . o; lsl;dsf ;j]{If0fx? ;do /
nfutsf] sf/0fn] s]xL ;dosf] cGt/fndf dfq ug{ ;lsG5 . To;}n] ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0fsf]
cfk"lt{ kIf 8]6fem}+ dfukIfsf] 8]6fx? lgoldt ;dodf pknAw x'g ;Sb}gg\ .
ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f;Fu ;DalGwt dfu / cfk"lt{ kIf b'a}sf] hfgsf/Ldf ljleGg k|sf/sf
kl/;"rsx? zfldn ul/Psf x'G5g\ h;n] ubf{ slxn]sfFxL o;n] ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0fsf]
ljsf;sf] cfFsngnfO{ cK7]/f] kfb{5 . To;}n] s}of}+ b]zx?df ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0fsf]
cj:yfnfO{ k/LIf0f ug{ ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f kl/;"rsx? ljsf; ul/Psf] x'G5 . (Both
demand and supply side information related to financial inclusion include
different types of indicators which makes assessment of development of
financial inclusion sometimes difficult. Hence, financial inclusion index has
been developed to examine the situation of financial inclusion in many
countries. - Sarma, 2010).
PlzofnL ljsf; a}Ín] ljZj a}Ísf] Unf]an lkmG8]S; 8]6fa];df cfwfl/t /x]/ !%! b]zx?sf]
b]zfGt/sf] leGgtf (cross-country differences) sf] cfFsng ug{sf] ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0fsf]
gofF kl/;"rs tof/ u/]sf] 5 . o;sf] nflu b'O{ k|Zgx? ul/Psf 5g\ — ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0fdf
ePsf xfn}sf kl/jt{gx?df b]zfGt/ leGgtfnfO{ a'emfpg s] sf/sx? k|f;flËs 5g\ < s]
ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0fn] ul/aL / cfo c;dfgtfnfO{ 36fpF5, pBdzLntf / dlxnf
;zlSts/0fdf ;'wf/ u5{ <
.. 46 ..
k|sf]i7 —$
cf};t lx;fa / g]kfnLsf] oyfy{
ljsf; jf ljsf;sf] k"jf{wf/ v8f ug]{ gfpFdf ;DkGg ju{sf] nflu ;'ljwf h'6fpg
lnPsf] ljsf; C0fsf] af]em ;d]t af]Sg] ul/asf] k|ltJolSt cfo (per capita
income) sf] /fli6«o b[li6sf]0faf6 ul/Psf] lx;fasf] k|:t'tLnfO{ unt geg] klg
c:jfefljs / GofoxLg dfGg] 7fpF x'g ;S5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu olb s'g} ul0ft1
jf tYofÍzf:qLn] kf}l8g ghfGg] % lkm6 cUnf] dflg;nfO{ cf]Nnf] lsgf/f # lkm6,
aLrdf ^ lkm6 / kNnf] lsgf/f # lkm6 ePsf] ulx/f] gbLsf] -#±^±#_÷# lkm6 Ö $ lkm6
cf};t ulx/f] lx;fa u/L tg]{ ;Nnfx lbof] eg] lgZrog} Tof] dflg; 8'A5 . 7Ls o;}
lsl;dn] ul/asf] jf:tljs lx:;fnfO{ Wofgdf g/fvL k|lt JolSt cfosf] ;f+lVos
lx;fadf p;nfO{ ws]Nof}+ eg] pm emg\ ul/aLsf] vf8ndf hflsg] 5 / sfo{qmdsf]
s]Gb|ljGb' pmaf6 6fl9b} hfg] 5 . ;fdflhs, /fhg}lts jf ;fF:s[lts ?kn]
;dfhsf] pTyfg ePkl5 JolStsf] :jtM pTyfg x'G5 eGg] s'/f Ps lx;fan] ;xL
ePklg Joli6 ?kdf (mico-level) df x]bf{ w]/} km/s kbf]{ /x]5 . -s'Fj/, @)^)_
$=@ ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f 8]6f
(Financial Inclusion Data)

8]6f ;j]{If0f Ps cfk;sf k"/s x'g\, / /fd|f] gLlt lgdf{0fsf] nflu ;+of]hg (combination) df
pkof]u ug'{ kb{5 . b]zx?n] clws lj:t[t dfukIfLo hfgsf/L ;lxtsf] cfk"lt{kIfLo 8]6f
af/Daf/ ;+of]hg u/]/ ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0fnfO{ dfkg / ;'kl/j]If0f ug{ ;S5g\ . dfukIfLo 8]6fn]
cfly{s ?kdf alxis[t ;d"xx?lt/ gLltx?nfO{ dfu{bz{g ug{ d2t ug{ ;S5g\, jf logn] s'g
hg;+Vof ;d"xx?n] ljQLo k|f]8S6x? / ;]jfnfO{ pkof]u ul//x]sf 5g\ eGg] s'/f klxrfg
u/fpF5g\ .
ljZj a}Í ;d"x, cGt/f{li6«o d'b|f sf]if / cGo cGt/f{li6«o ;Ë7gx?n] ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f
8]6fx?sf] lj:t[t >[+vnf ;Íng u/]sf x'G5g\ M—
.. 47 ..
Unf]an lkmG8]S; (Global Findex)
of] Pp6f ;fj{hlgs 8]6fa]; xf] h;n] b]zx?aLrdf ;do ;dodf ljQLo k|f]8S6x?sf] hgtfsf]
pkof]unfO{ dfkg ub{5 . ljZjsf (&Ü jo:s hg;+Vof ;d]l6g] u/L !$* b]zsf 5gf}6 ul/Psf
! nfv %) xhf/eGbf a9L /fli6«o k|ltlglwx?sf] cGtjftf{df cfwfl/t 5 . of] sfd lan tyf
d]lngf u]6;\ kmfpG8];gsf] cfly{s ;xof]udf ljZj a}Í / Gallup af6 ePsf] b]lvG5 .
ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] nflu ljZj ;fem]bf/L (Global Partnership for Financial

Inclusion - GPFI) df b]zx?nfO{ ljQLo ;dfj]zg nIo lgwf{/0f ug{sf] nflu / k|ult
;'kl/j]If0f ug{ d2t ldNg ;sf];\ eGg] p2]Xon] lgDglnlvt hL—@) ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f
kl/;"rs d"n ;]6 /flvPsf] 5 . of] hfgsf/L ljQLo lgofdsx?åf/f ljQLo ;+:yfx? ;d]tsf]
8]6f / kl/jf/÷kmd{ ;j]{If0faf6 Pslqt ul/Psf] xf] . o;n] ubf{ ljZj ;j]{If0fdf e/ ul//xg gkg]{
ePsf] 5 . d'Vo ;"rs x'g\ M—
-!_ cf}krfl/s a}Í;Fu cfa4 (banked) jo:sx? M cf}krfl/s ljQLo ;+:yf;Fu vftf ePsf]
jo:ssf] k|ltzt,
-@_ lgodg ePsf ;+:yfx?af6 shf{ lbPsf jo:sx? M ljQLo ;+:yfaf6 slDtdf Pp6f
shf{ nufgLdf /x]sf] (outstanding loan) jo:ssf] k|ltzt,
-#_ cf}krfl/s a}Í cfa4 (banked) pBdx? M a}Ídf vftf ePsf ;fgf tyf dWod pBdx?
(Small and medium enterprizes - SMEs) sf] ;+Vof jf k|ltzt,
-$_ lgodg ePsf ljQLo ;+:yfdf shf{ nufgLdf /x]sf] pBd M shf{ nufgLdf /x]sf ;fgf
tyf dWod pBdx?sf] ;+Vof jf k|ltzt,
-%_ ;]jfsf ljGb"x? (points of sale) M k|lt !)),))) jo:sx?df zfvfx? ;+Vof .
klxnf rf/j6f kl/;"rsx?n] pkof]unfO{ dfkg u5{g\ / dfukIfLo 8]6faf6 /fd|/L lng ;lsG5 .
kfrf}+ kl/;"rsn] cf}krfl/s ljQLo k|bfosx?sf] ef}uf]lns kx'FrnfO{ dfkg u5{ . of] s]Gb|Lo
a}Í jf cy{ dGqfnoåf/f Pslqt ul/Psf] cfk"lt{kIfLo 8]6faf6 k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 . oL
kl/;"rsx?nfO{ tbg'?k c? leGg (fraction) pk—kl/;"rsx?df ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 . oL
.. 48 ..
pk—kl/;"rsx?df dlxnfx?;Fu ljQLo vftfx?, a}Íshf{af6 dlxnfåf/f ;~rflnt kmd{x?sf]
cg'kft, cf}krfl/s shf{ lnPsf u|fdL0f If]qx? x'g ;S5g\ .
h'g b]zx?n] oL kl/;"rsx?nfO{ ljsl;t ug{sf] nflu 8]6f Psq ug{ ;Sb}gg\, pgLx?n]
Findex, World Bank Group’s Enterprise Surveys, or IMF’s Financial Access
Survey 8]6f jf k|Zgx?nfO{ cfˆgf /fli6«o ;j]{If0fx?df ;dfj]z ug{ ;S5g\ . ljQLo
;dfj]zLs/0f dfkg ;DaGwL s]xL tflnsfx? tn lbOPsf] 5 .
tflnsf — $=!
dfu—kIfLo ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f 8]6f ;j]{If0f
-ljZj a}Í lkmG8]S;_
dfu—kIf ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f 8]6f ;j]{If0f
;j]{ ljj/0f k6s b]zleq Jofkstf v'nf?kdf
(Frequency) (Coverage) pknAwtf
Unf]an lkmG8]S; b]zfGt/, /fli6«o k|ltlglwTj 5gf}6 k|Zgx?sf] ljZj 5
kfl/jfl/s ljQ ;j]{ Rf}dfl;s
(triennial), jflif{s
k6s
pBd ;j]{If0f kmd{txsf] ;j]{If0f, b]zsf] k|To]s s]xL jif{df !@% eGbf a9L 5
-ljZj a}Í_ lghL If]qsf] k|ltlglwTj b]zdf
:ofDkn, ljQ dfkg ;d]tdf
Joj;fo jftfj/0f zLif{ssf]
Jofks km}nfj6
pkef]Stf ;+/If0f Dff}lb|s Joj:yfkg, of]hgf Ps k6s, bf]x/fpg 5gf}6 xfn;Dd !& 5
ljQLo Ifdtf ;j]{If0f Jojxf/, pkef]Stf ;+/If0f ;Sg] ;Defjgf ;lxt b]z
-ljZj a}Í_ ;r]ttf, ljQLo k|f]8S6x?sf]
pkof]usf] /fli6«o k|ltlglwTj
;j]{If0f
hLjg:t/ dfkg ax' zLif{s, kfl/jfl/s 8]6fsf] qmd /lxt 5gf}6 b]zx? cf+lzs
cWoog (Living /fli6«o k|ltlglwTj cWoog, -slxn] sfFxL_
standards s]xL b]zx?sf nflu ljQLo
measurement- ;]jfsf] pkof]u / kx'Frsf]
LSMS) df]8\o'n
FinScope ljQLo ;]jf / O:o'df qmd /lxt blIf0f Plzofsf !$ 5}g
pkef]Stfsf] wf/0ffsf] /fli6«o -slxn] sfFxL_ b]zx?, ef/t,
k|ltlglwTj cWoog kfls:tfg
MECOVI ljQLo kx'Fr b/x?sf] 8]6f qmd /lxt n]l6g cd]l/sL !@ 5}g
;lxt hgtfsf] a;fO -slxn] sfFxL_ b]zx?
cj:yfaf/]df hfgsf/L
ljQLo b}lgsLx? ul/a kl/jf/x?sf] ljQLo Ps jif{ nfdf] aËnfb]z,ef/t / 5}g
Joj:yfkgsf] k/LIf0f ug]{ jif{— ;j]{If0f blIf0f clk|msf
nfdf] ;j]{If0f
Source : GPFI 2011
.. 49 ..
k|:t't tflnsfdf dfu—kIfLo cyf{t\ ;]jfu|fxLx?sf 8]6f ;Íng ug{ s'g s'g ;|f]tx?sf] cfwf/
lng] / dfkgsf cfwf/x?af/] :ki6 ul/Psf] 5 .
tflnsf — $=@
cfk"lt{—kIf ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f 8]6f ;j]{If0f
-ljZj a}Í lkmG8]S;_
cfk"lt{—kIf ax'b]zLo ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f 8]6f ;j]{If0f
;j]{ ljj/0f k6s b]zleq v'nf?kdf
(Frequency) Jofkstf pknAwtf
(Coverage)
cGt/{fli6«o d'b|f lgodg lgsfox?;Fu ;+slnt Jfflif{s ljZj 5
sf]if ljQLo kx'Fr ljQLo ;]jfsf] pkof]u /
;j]{If0f (IMF- uxgtfsf] b]zfGt/ (cross-
FAS) country) 8]6f
Unf]an e'StfgL ljsl;t / pbfO/x]sf] cy{tGq jif{df @ k6s ljZj 5
k|0ffnL ;j]{If0f b'a} lsl;dsf b]zx?sf]
-ljZj a}Í_ e'StfgL tyf ;'/If0f lg/fs/0f
(securities settlement)sf]
;+lIfKt ljj/0f
Unf]an l/ld6]G; Pp6f b]zaf6 csf]{ b]zdf k|To]s ^ dlxgf ljZj 5
k|fO;]h (RPW) k7fpg] ;;fgf] /sddf nfUg]
database vr{sf] 8]6f
MIX n3'ljQ ;+:yfx?af6 lj:t[t qmd /lxt !!) eGbf a9L cfl+zs
;~rfng tyf kmfOg]lG;on -slxn] sfFxL_ b]zx?
:6]6d]G6 8]6f
BankScope ;fj{hlgs a}Í / lghL a}Ísf] qmd /lxt 5gf}6 b]zx? 5}g
hfgsf/L;lxtsf] 8]6fa];, -slxn] sfFxL_
k|To]s a}Ísf] af;nft / cfo
:6]6d]G6
FinStats Data on validated equities, gifts, w]/} lsl;dsf 5gf}6 b]zx? 5}g
fund prices, currencies, dividends
and indices
IMF-International s/La !() b]zsf w]/} lsl;dsf ljZj 5
Financial statistics lgofdsx?af6 * j6f ljQLo
(IFS)
;dfj]zLs/0fsf kl/;"rsx?sf]
;Íng
IMF- Financial Indicators of Financial soundness w]/} lsl;dsf ljZj 5
Soundness that assess strengths and
Indicators (FSI) vulnerabilities of financial
systems
Source : GPFI 2011
k|:t't tflnsfdf cfk"lt{—kIfLo cyf{t ;]jfk|bfosx?sf 8]6f ;Íng ug{ s'g s'g ;|f]tx?sf]
cfwf/ lng] / dfkgsf cfwf/x?af/] :ki6 ul/Psf] 5 .
.. 50 ..
tflnsf — $=#
hL—@) ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f kl/;"rsx¿ -;f/f+z_
juL{s/0f kl/;"rs ;|f]t If]q k6s
(Frequency)
pkof]u kl/;"rs — jo:sx?
!P vftf ePsf] jo:s Vfftf -Ü pd]/ !%±_ Unf]an lkmG8]S; Rff}dfl;s
!aL lgIf]k vftf k|lt !,))) IMF ljQLo kx'Fr Jfflif{s
jo:sx? ;j]{If0f
!;L O—dgL vftf k|lt !,))) WB Global Payments Jffli{fs
Vfftf ;+Vof jo:sx? system survey
!8L Dff]afOn dgL sf/f]jf/x? k|lt IMF ljQLo kx'Fr Jfflif{s
!)),))) jo:sx? ;j]{If0f
@P lgodg ePsf ut jif{ ljQLo ;+:yfaf6 Unf]an lkmG8]S; Rff}dfl;s
;+:yfdf shf{ ePsf lnPsf] shf{ -Ü pd]/
jo:s !%±_
@aL nufgLdf /x]sf] shf{ k|lt IMF ljQLo kx'Fr Jfflif{s
!,))) jo:sx? ;j]{If0f
# laldt jo:s ladf kf]ln;Lxf]N8/ k|lt !,))) IMF ljQLo kx'Fr Jfflif{s
jo:sx? ;j]{If0f
$ gubljlxg sf/f]af/ v'b|f gubljlxg sf/f]af/ k|lt WB Global Payments Jffli{fs
!,))) jo:s system survey
% jo:sn] u/]sf] ul/Psf] jf k|fKt l8lh6n Unf]an lkmG8]S; Rff}dfl;s
l8lh6n e'StfgL e'StfgLx? -Ü pd]/ !%±_
pkof]u
%P Vfftfaf6 Dff]afOn Vfftfaf6 Dff]afOn kmf]gåf/f Unf]an lkmG8]S; Rff}dfl;s
kmf]gåf/f e'StfgL e'StfgLx? -Ü pd]/ !%±_
%aL Vfftfaf6 Og]6åf/f Vfftfaf6 Og]6åf/f e'StfgLx? Unf]an lkmG8]S; Rff}dfl;s
e'StfgL -Ü pd]/ !%±_
%;L Vfftfaf6 Vfftfaf6 a}Ísf8{åf/f Unf]an lkmG8]S; Rff}dfl;s
a}Ísf8{åf/f e'StfgL e'StfgLx? -Ü pd]/ !%±_
%8L Vfftf pkof]uaf6 Vfftfdf k|fKt Kffl/>lds jf Unf]an lkmG8]S; Rff}dfl;s
e'StfgL ;/sf/L /sdfGt/ -Ü pd]/
!%±_
^ Vfftf pkof]usf] Vfftf pkof]usf] pRr k6s -Ü Unf]an lkmG8]S; Rff}dfl;s
pRr k6s - pd]/ !%±_
lk|mSj]G;L_
& artsf] uxgtf ljQLo ;+:yfdf art u/]sf] -Ü Unf]an lkmG8]S; Rff}dfl;s
pd]/ !%±_
pkof]u kl/;"rs — pBdx?
*P cf}krfl/s ?kdf cf}krfl/s ljQLo ;+:yfx?df ljZj a}Í OG6/k|fOh #—% jif{
a}Ícfa4 pBdx? vftf ePsf ;fgf tyf ;j]{If0f
d‰of}nf pBdx? -Ü_
*aL ;fgf tyf d‰of}nf pBdx?sf] IMF ljQLo kx'Fr Jfflif{s
art vftf -u}/ljQ ;+:yfut ;j]{If0f
C0fx?sf] Ü_
.. 51 ..
(Frequency)
(P shf{ nufgLdf /x]sf shf{ nufgLdf /x]sf jf nfOg ljZj a}Í OG6/k|fOh #—% jif{
jf nfOg ckm qm]l86 ckm qm]l86 ePsf pBdx? - ;j]{If0f
ePsf pBdx? Ü_
(aL ;fgf tyf d‰of}nf pBdx? IMF ljQLo kx'Fr Jfflif{s
shf{ vftf vftf -u}/ljQ ;j]{If0f
;+:yfut C0fx?sf] Ü_
!) pBdx?af6 Vfftfaf6 pBdx?åf/f ljZj a}Í OG6/k|fOh #—% jif{
l8lh6n e'StfgL jf l8lh6n k7fPsf] e'StfgL jf ;j]{If0f
k|fKt /sd k|fKt /sd -Ü_
kx'Fr kl/;"rs — ;]jfsf ef}lts :yfgx? (Physical Points of Service)
!!P k|lt !)),))) jo:s IMF ljQLo kx'Fr Jfflif{s
;]jfsf ef}lts zfvfx? ;j]{If0f
!!aL :yfgx? Pl6Pd k|lt !)),))) jo:s IMF ljQLo kx'Fr Jfflif{s
;j]{If0f
!!;L e'StfgL ;]jf k|bfos WB Global Payments Jfflif{s
Ph]G6x? k|lt !)),))) system survey
!!8L Dff]jfOn kmf]g cfp6n]6x? IMF ljQLo kx'Fr Jfflif{s
k|lt !)),))) ;j]{If0f
!!O ;]jf laGb'sf 6ld{gnx? WB Global Payments Jfflif{s
(Point of service terminals) system survey
k|lt !)),))) jo:s
!!Pkm 3/df df]afOn kmf]g jf Og]6 Gallup World poll Rff}dfl;s
kx'Fr k|lt !)),))) jo:s -Ü
pd]/ !%±_
!@ 8]la6 sf8{ :jfldTj 8]la6 sf8{ k|lt !,))) jo:s WB Global Payments Jfflif{s
system survey
!# pBdsf nflu ;]jf ;fgf tyf d‰of}nf pBdsf ljZj a}Í OG6/k|fOh #—% jif{
ljGb'x? nflu ;]jf laGb'x? ;j]{If0f
!$ ;]jf ljGb'x?sf] Pl6Pd g]6js{sf] Kff/:kl/s WB Global Payments Jfflif{s
Kff/:kl/s ;~rfng ;~rfng (interoperability) / system survey
;]jf laGb'sf 6ld{gnx?sf]
Kff/:kl/s ;~rfng
u'0f:t/ kl/;"rs — ljQLo ;fIf/tf / ;Ifdtf (Capability)
!% ljQLo 1fg ljQLo 1fg k|fKtfÍ (score) WB Financial capability cfjlws
surveys, OECD National (periodic)
!^ ljQLo Joxf]/f ;Í6sfnLg cj:yfsf] nflu Financial Literacy and Rff}dfl;s
Inclusion surveys WB
(behavior) art pkof]u Global Findex
u'0f:t/ kl/;"rs — ahf/ cfr/0f (Conduct) / pkef]Stf ;+/If0f
!& k|s6Ls/0f k|fjwfg ljBdfg k|s6Ls/0f WB Global Consumer Jfflif{s
(Disclosure k|fjwfgx?sf] ;+of]hg ;lxt protection survey
requirements) k|s6Ls/0f kl/;"rs
!* ljjfb lg?k0f ljBdfg cf}krfl/s / afXo WB Global Consumer Jfflif{s
ljjfb lg?k0f ;+oGqx? protection survey
(dispute resolution
.. 52 ..
(Frequency)
mechanisms) nfO{ k|ltlalDat
ug]{ kl/;"rs
u'0f:t/ kl/;"rs — pkof]usf cj/f]wx?
!( shf{ cj/f]wx? kl5Nnf] ;fgf tyf d‰of}nf WB Enterprize surveys #—% jif{
a}Í shf{sf] nflu /fVg' k/]sf] and OECD SME
Scoreboard
lwtf] k|ltzt -o;n] shf{
zt{x?sf] s7f]/tf k|ltljDa
u5{_
shf{ k|fKt ug{ M shf{ l/kf]{l6Ë WBG Doing business Jfflif{s
k|0ffnL / shf{ ;xhLs/0fsf]
nflu lwtf] tyf bfdf;fxL
sfg"gsf] k|efjsfl/tf .
l8:6]G6 6" k|mlG6o/sf] dfkg
ul/G5 .
Source : Global Partnership for Financial Inclusion (GPFI)
k|:t't tflnsfn] ljQLo dfkg tl/sf, 8]6f k|fKt ug]{ ;|f]tx?, cfjlws ;do cflbsf] af/]df
hfgsf/L lbPsf] kfOG5 . o;sf cfwf/df /fli6«o ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f /0fgLltsf] sfof{Gjog
ug]{ g]t[Tj lgsfon] Pp6f /fli6«o ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f dfkb08 kmDof{6 th'{df u/L k|ult
cg'udg ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf ldnfpg ;S5 .
$=# g]kfndf ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] k|ult
(Progress of Financial Inclusion in Nepal)
$=#=! dfukIfsf] l:ylt

(Demand-side Situation)
g]kfndf ljQdf kx'Frsf] dfukIfsf] l:yltsf] cfFsngsf] klxnf] cWoog ljZj a}Ín] ;g\ @))^
df $( lhNnfdf !,&!) kl/jf/x?sf] ;j]{If0faf6 u/]sf] (Farrai, 2007) lyof] . of] cWoogdf
s]jn @*Ü kl/jf/;Fu k|To]ssf] Pp6f a}Ívftf jf Pp6f shf{ ePsf] kfOof] . ljQLo u}/;/sf/L
;+:yfx? (Financial NGOs) / ;xsf/Ldf !*Ü kl/jf/ cfa4 lyP . n3'ljQLo ;+:yfx?n] $Ü
kl/jf/x?nfO{ ;]jf k'¥ofPsf lyP . tL kl/jf/x? d'Votof ul/a / u|fdL0f If]qsf afl;Gbf lyP .
->]i7, @)@)_
.. 53 ..
ljQdf kx'Fr;DaGwL klxnf] ;j]{If0fsf] cf7 jif{kl5 o'Pg;L8LPkmn] u/]sf] dfukIf ;j]{If0fdf &)
lhNnfsf !* jif{dflysf $,)!$ jo:sx? k|ltlglwd"ns gd"gf 5gf}6df u/L lkmG:sf]k ljlwåf/f
;j]{If0f ul/Psf] lyof] . -o'Pg;L8LPkm, @)!$_
of] ;j]{If0fdf ^!Ü jo:sx? cf}krfl/s?kdf a}Ícfa4 lyP, of] ^!Ü dWo] $)Ü a}Íx? -s,
v, u / 3 ju{_ / @!Ü cGo cf}krfl/s >f]tx? -;xsf/L, ljQLo cGtd{Wo:y ;+:yfx?_ lyP .
@!Ü n] cgf}krfl/s >f]t pkof]u u/]sf lyP eg] !*Ü ljQLo al~rtLs/0fdf k/]sf lyP .
t'ngfTds ?kn] x]bf{ u|fdL0f If]qeGbf @)Ü a9L zx/L If]qsf jo:sx? a}Ícfa4 lyP . of]
lkmg:sf]k ;j]{If0fn] ^ k|sf/sf cfosf cfwf/df pkof]ustf{x?df juL{s/0f u/]sf] lyof] —
tnaL sfdbf/, ;fgf tyf d‰of}nf pBdx?, ljk|]if0fk|fKtstf{, a]nfa]nfdf dfq cfo ug]{ JolSt
/ cfl>t . ;j]{If0fn] $ k|sf/sf ljQLo ;]jfsf lsl;dx? -h:t} e'StfgL, art, shf{ / ladf_
sf] kx'Fr / pkof]usf] hfFr u/]sf] lyof] .
tflnsf — $=$
a}Ívftf gx'gfsf sf/0fx? -;g\ @)!&_
sf/0f jo:ssf] k|ltzt
ckof{Kt /sd $)
ljQLo ;+:yfx? w]/} 6f9f ePsf] @)
3/kl/jf/df s'g} ;b:osf] a}Ívftf ePsf] !*
ljQLo ;]jf a9Lg} dxFuf] !&
cfjZos sfuhftsf] sdL !)
ljQLo ;+:yfdf ljZjf;sf] sdL *
Wffld{s sf/0f #
ljQLo ;]jfsf] dfq} cfjZostf gePsf] !
;|f]tM Unf]an lkmG8]S; 8]6f
of] tflnsfn] g]kfndf a}Í tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx?df vftf vf]Ng g;Sg'sf sf/0fx?
phfu/ u/]sf] 5 . ;dosf] kl/jt{gn] klg pk/f]St sf/0fx?df vf;} kl/jt{g ePsf] 5}g .
.. 54 ..
$=#=@ cfk"lt{ kIfsf] l:ylt (Supply Side Situation)
g]kfndf ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] kl/;"rsx?sf] k|sfzg

ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] kl/;"rsx?sf] k|sfzgsf] ?kdf g]kfn /fi6« a}Ín] dfl;s ?kdf
k|sfzg ug]{ ljj/l0fsfnfO{ lng ;lsG5 . o;} ;Gbe{df @)&& r}qsf] Banking & Financial
Statistics (Monthly), Mid-Apr, 2021 df ljQLo kx'Fr (Financial Access) zLif{sdf s ju{, v ju{, / u
ju{ ;d]t u/L # lsl;dsf a}Íx?sf] ;]jfnfO{ -!@ ;"rsx?_ ;d]l6Psf] kfOG5 . t/ ToxL
dfl;s ljj/l0fsfsf] clGtddf 3 ju{sf] n3'ljQnfO{ ;dfj]z u/]/ a}Ík|ltzfvf hg;+Vof -
k|b]zcg';f/_ pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . u}/a}lsË ljQLo ;+:yfx? (Non-banking financial institutions)
ladf ;ldlt / g]kfn lwtf]kq af]8{sf dfl;s kl/;"rsdf ;dfj]z x'g ;s]sf] kfOFb}g . To:t}
cfjlws of]hgfx?df ;xsf/L If]qsf] ljQLo dxTj cltpNn]v x'g] u/]sf] t/ ;f]]xL cg';f/
ljZj;lgotfsf] nflu k"FhL nufgL ePsf] kfOFb}g .
tflnsf — $=%
ljQLo kx'Fr (Financial Access)
a}Í tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx¿ -s, v, u_
a}Í tyf ljQLo ;+:yf s ju{ v ju{ u ju{ hDdf
a}Í tyf ljQLo ;+:yf @& !* @) ^%
Zffvfx? $&)@ !)!# @^# %(&*
lgIf]k vftf ;+Vof #,!%,^%,#&$ $),**,$(* &,!@,!^( #,^#,^^,)$!
shf{ ;+Vof !#,#$,))) #,)!,$!$ $&,##! !^,*@,*$%
Zffvf/lxt a}Ís]Gb|x? !,&#( ) ) !,&#(
zfvf/lxt a}Ís]Gb|x?sf u|fxs @,!&,*@^ ) ) @,!&,*@^
;+Vof
Dff]afOn a}lÍª u|fxs ;+Vof !,@!,$(,!*! !@,(^,@*$ !,$%,(!) !,#%,(!,#&%
Og]6 a}lÍª u|fxs ;+Vof !),*$,#^( #!,@#@ &,@*& !!,@@,***
Pl6Pd #,(%) @(^ %$ $,#))
8]la6 sf8{ ;+Vof *@,!%,@!) #,!%,^%@ $@,%@) *%,&#,%*@
qm]l86 sf8{ ;+Vof !,**,%)& ) ) !,**,%)&
lk|k]8 sf8{ ;+Vof %(,&&& %(,&&&
>f]tM g]kfn /fi6« a}Í, Banking & Financial Statistics (Monthly), Mid-Apr, 2021, -@)&& r}q_
.. 55 ..
of] tflnsfn] d'n'sel/ a}Í tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx?sf lgIf]k vftf ;+Vof # s/f]8 ^#
nfv ^^ xhf/ b]lvG5 h'g g]kfnsf] #,)#,&*,)%$ hg;+VofeGbf -s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefusf]
kfFr jif]{ hg;+Vof k|If]k0f_ %( nfv ** xhf/n] a9L b]lvG5 . o;n] s] b]vfpF5 eg] Pp6}
JolStsf b'O{ jf tLg a}Ídf vftf /x]sf x'g ;S5g\ . PseGbf a9L a}Ídf vftf vf]Gg aGb]h
g/x]sf] / cfkm"nfO{ cg's"n x'g] :yfg jf zfvfdf vftf vf]Ng ;lsg] / JolStn] 3f]if0ff
gu/];Dd jf tYofÍ cBfjlws gu/];Dd g]kfndf vftfsf cfwf/df ljQLo kx'Frsf] dfkb08nfO{
jf:tljstfdf ptfg{ sl7g b]lvG5 . oxL ts{ Pl6Pd 8]la6 sf8{df -s'n *% nfv &# xhf/_
nfu" x'g] b]lvG5 / Ps JolSt;Fu b'O{ jf tLg j6f sf8{ x'g ;Sg] cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 .
tflnsf — $=^
ljQLo kx'Fr -a}Í tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx?_ t'ngfTds l:ylt
k|sf/ a[l4 k|ltzt @)&& kmfu'g cf=j= cf=j=
cf=j= @)&%÷&^ @)&^÷&& @)&%÷&^
sf] t'ngfdf
zfvf -;+Vof_ @!Ü !),$%^ (,&^% *,^*^
k||lt hg;+Vof -hgf_ $@Ü @,**! #,)&@ @,)!(
lgIf]k vftf -;+Vof_ !&Ü #,^#,^^,)$! #,@$,%$,@)$ #,!!,)),)))
shf{ vftf -;+Vof_ !@Ü !^,*@,*$% !%,$$,)%( !$,(*,)))
Dff]afOn a}+lsu u|fxs - ^#Ü !,#%,(!,#&% !,!#,)^,&(& *#,$&,!*&
;+Vof_
Oa}ls+u k|of]u u|fxs -;+Vof_ @@Ü !!,@@,*** !),#!,@@& (,!&,#$$
8]la6 sf8{ -;+Vof_ @*Ü *%,&#,%*@ &#,@*,))) ^&,)*,)))
qm]l86 sf8{ -;+Vof_ *)Ü !,**,%)& !,@#,!)) !,)$,&))
;|f]tM -!_ g]kfn /fi6« a}Í, Banking & Financial Statistics (Monthly), Mid-Apr, 2021, -@)&& r}q_ /
Country paper, SAARCFINANCE webinar December, 2020
-@_ g]kfn /fi6« a}Íåf/f zfvf / k|lt zfvf hg;+Vofdf 3 ju{sf] n3'ljQ ljQLo ;+:yfnfO{
;dfj]z u/]sf] t/ c? kl/;"rsdf ;dfj]z gu/]sf] cfwf/df . hg;+Vof k|If]lkt cfwf/df .
k|:t't tflnsfn] s] b]vfpF5 eg] cf=a= @)&%÷&^ sf] t'ngfdf ;a} ;"rsx?df k|ult
ePsf] b]lvG5 . o; aLrdf a}Í tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx? Pscsf{df ufleFbf zfvfx? klg ufleP /
k|lt zfvf hg;+Vofdf 36a9 ePsf] b]lvof] . lgIf]kvftfsf] ;+Vofh:t} shf{ ;+Vof a9fpg
;lsFbf] /x]g5 . csf]{lt/ df]afOn, Og]6, 8]la6 sf8{, qm]l86 sf8{ k|of]ustf{ u|fxs a9fpg hlt
.. 56 ..
;lhnf] 5, shf{ ;+Vof a9fpg Toltg} sl7g /x]5 . ha;Dd shf{ vf;u/L ;fgf tyf pBdx?
zLif{sdf a9L k|jfx x'Fb}g, cfly{s lqmofsnfkx? x'Fb}gg\ / cfly{s ljsf; x'g ;Sb}g . emg\
;LdfGt ju{ t ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0fdf kg{ sl7g 5 .
tflnsf — $=&
k|b]zcg';f/ s ju{sf jfl0fHo a}Íx¿ a}Ísf zfvfx¿ / hg;+Vof
k|b]z :yfgLo s ju{ a}Í k|b]ze/ a}Í hg;+Vof  k|ltzfvf cf};t
tx ;+Vof zfvf ;+Vof zfvf ;+Vof hg;+Vof
k|b]z ! !#& !#& (#) $(,*%,**! %,#^!
k|b]z @ !#^ !#^ %#% ^#,%),#&! (,*!%
k|b]z # jfUdtL !!( !!* @,)#* ^%,$),!@* #,@)(
k|b]z $ u08sL *% *% &(@ @%,@(,))( #,!(#
k|b]z % n'lDagL !)( !)( (() %!,^#,^*! %,!@^
k|b]z ^ s0ff{nL &( &* @!@ !*,#^,!!! *,^^!
k|b]z & ;'b"/ klZrd ** *& #^( @(,&@,*&# *,)%&
hDdf &%# &%) %,(&* #),#,&*,)%$
;|f]tM g]kfn /fi6« a}Í -@)&*.)@.)% ;Dd_  k|If]lkt hg;+Vofsf cfwf/df
l6Kk0fL — wflb+u lhNnfsf] ?aLEofnL kflnsf, s0ff{nL k|b]zsf] hfh/sf]6 lhNnfsf] h'gL5Gb]
kflnsf / ;'b"/ klZrd k|b]zsf] aemfª lhNnfsf] sfF8f ufFpkflnsfdf jfl0fHo a}Ísf] zfvf
lj:tf/ ug{ afFsL b]lvG5 .
tflnsf — $=*
a}Í tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx¿ -s, v, u, 3_ cg';f/ k|ltzfvf hg;+Vof
a}Í tyf ljQLo ;+:yf ju{ s v u 3 k"jf{wf/ hDdf
ljsf; a}Í
a}Í tyf ljQLo ;+:yf ;+Vof @& !* @) &$ ! !$)
zfvf ;+Vof $,&)@ !,)!# @^# $,%^* !),%$^
k|ltzfvf hg;+Vof -s,v,u_ %,)*@ %,)*@
k|ltzfvf hg;+Vof -s,v,u,3_ @,**! @,**!
;|f]tM g]kfn /fi6« a}Í, Banking & Financial Statistics (Monthly), Mid-Apr, 2021, -@)&& r}q_
.. 57 ..
of] tflnsfn] ;a} k|sf/sf !$) a}Í tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx?sf !),%$^ zfvfx?sf
lx;fan] ljZn]if0f ubf{ k|lt zfvf hg;+Vof @,**! b]lvG5 eg] s, v / u ju{ tLg k|sf/sf
^% a}Í tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx?sf %,(&* zfvfx?sf] lx;fj ubf{ k|ltzfvf %,)*@ dfq b]lvG5 .
tflnsf — $=(
n3'ljQ ljQLo ;+:yfx¿ (Micro-finance Institutions -MFIs)
ljj/0f ;+Vof
n3'ljQ ljQLo ;+:yf ;+Vof &$
Zffvf ;+Vof $,%^*
s]Gb| ;+Vof #,%),@#^
;d"x ;+Vof !!,&^,#%^
lgl:qmo ;d"x ;+Vof !#,)%$
;b:o ;+Vof %!,!*,^()
lgl:qmo ;b:o ;+Vof #,)$,$#@
C0fL ;+Vof @(,*!,@#^
artstf{ ;+Vof %),(%,!$*
>f]tM g]kfn /fi6« a}Í, Banking & Financial Statistics (Monthly), Mid-Apr, 2021, -@)&& r}q_
of] tflnsfn] ;b:o ;+VofeGbf artstf{ ;+Vof sd b]vfpF5 / o;n] s] k'i6L u5{ eg] ;a}
;b:ox?n] art ug{ ;Sbf /x]g5g\ . ;d"x ;b:ox?dWo] C0fL ;+Vof %*=@$Ü dfq b]lvG5 .
n3'ljQ k|s[ltsf] 3lgi7 lgs6tfsf] ;+:yfaf6 klg cfwf hlt dfqn] shf{ lng' eg]sf] ;fgf
pBdh:tf cfly{s lqmofsnfkx?df pgLx? ;DnUg gx'g' xf] . ;Lk / k'FhLsf] tfbfDo gx'g'
eg]sf] o:tf] vftf kx'Frsf] vf;} cy{ gx'g' xf] eGg] a'‰g cK7]/f] kb}{g . To:t} n3'ljQsf ;d"x
;b:o ;+Vof ^Ü lgliqmo /xg'df ljQLo ;fIf/tfsf] sdL klg Pp6f sf/0f x'g ;Sg] b]lvG5 .
.. 58 ..
tflnsf — $=!)
g]kfndf ljQLo ;+:yfx?sf] pkl:ylt
k|b]z s ju{ v ju{ u ju{ 3 ju{ hDdf hg;+Vof hg;+Vof 
k|ltzfvf
! &)& !,!&# $$ &@* !^%@ #,)!* $(,*%,**!
@ %#$ &* #$ (@* !%&$ $)#% ^#,%),#&!
jfUdtL !,^$! @(# (* ^$% @,^&& @,$$# ^%,$),!@*
u08sL %&@ !*^ #! %%! !,#$) !,**& @%,@(,))(
n'lDagL ^&@ @&& #( !,)#* @,)@^ @,%$( %!,^#,^*!
s0ff{nL !(! !& $ !($ $)^ $,%@@ !*,#^,!!!
;'b"/ klZrd #!% $% ^ #*( &%% #,(#* @(,&@,*&#
hDDff $,^#@ !,)^( @%^ $,$&# !),$#) @,(!# #,)#,&*,)%$
;|f]t M cfly{s ;j]{If0f, @)&&÷&*
@)&& kmfu'g;Dddf a}Í tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx?sf] zfvf ;+Vof -n3'ljQ ;d]t_ !),$#) k'u]sf] /
;f]sf cfwf/df k|lt zfvf cf};t @,(!# hg;+Vofdf ljQLo ;]jf k'u]sf] b]lvG5 . t/, zfvf
lj:tf/sf] lx;fan] s'n zfvfdWo] n3'ljQsf zfvfx?g} $#Ü 5g\ . ;d"x u7g / ;fd"lxs
lwtf]df shf{ hfg] ePsf]n] sfo{ If]q 7"nf] u/fpg ;Dej gx'g] atfOG5 .
tflnsf — $=!!
;x'lnotk"0f{ shf{sf nflu Aofh cg'bfg;lxt k|jflxt shf{
shf{ k|sf/ C0fL ;+Vof -@)&& afFsL shf{ -@)&& kmfu'g_
kmfu'g_ -?= s/f]8df_
Jofj;flos s[lif tyf kz'k~5L shf{ #*,#%% **,@(
lzlIft o'jf :j/f]huf/ shf{ !#@ ^
ljb]zaf6 kms]{sf o'jf kl/of]hgf shf{ ^&( %!
dlxnf pBdzLn shf{ #^,&^# #@,(%
blnt ;d'bfo Joj;fo ljsf; shf{ &## $%
pRr / k|fljlws tyf Jofj;flos lzIff shf{ ** #
e"sDk kLl8tx?sf] lghL cfjf; lgdf{0f shf{ @#& %
sk8f pBf]u ;~rfng @)% !(#
o'jf :j/f]huf/ shf{ @ )=!
hDdf &&,!($ !,@$,@&
;|f]t M g]kfn /fi6« a}Í, kmfu'g @)&& -cfly{s ;j]{If0f, @)&&÷&*_
.. 59 ..
of] tflnsfaf6 s] b]lvG5 eg] o'jf :j/f]huf/ shf{ @ hgfnfO{ ?= !) nfv, lzlIft o'jf
:j/f]huf/ shf{ !#@ hgfnfO{ ?= ^ s/f]8, pRr / k|fljlws tyf Jofj;flos lzIff shf{ **
hgfnfO{ ?= # s/f]8, ljb]zaf6 kms]{sf o'jf kl/of]hgf shf{ ^&( hgfnfO{ ?= %! s/f]8 dfq
k|jfx ePsf] 5 . olt dxTjk"0f{ o'jf zlStsf] /f]huf/ pBdsf] nflu ()! hgfnfO{ ?= ^) s/f]8
dfq shf{ k|jfx x'g'n] cToGt lg/fzfhgs nufgL k|fyldstfnfO{ :ki6 ub{5 . To:t} d'n'se/
km}lnP/ /x]sf blnt ;d'bfosf] hg;+Vofsf] cg'kftsf] t'ngfdf blnt ;d'bfo Joj;fo ljsf;
shf{ &## hgfnfO{ ?= $% s/f]8 k|jfx ePsf] 5 . oL shf{df slt Aofh cg'bfg e'StfgL eof]
v'nfOPsf] 5}g .
tflnsf — $=!@
a}Í tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx?sf] s'n shf{ / ;x'lnot shf{ k|jfx
k|jflxt s'n shf{ k|jflxt ;x'lnot shf{ k|ltzt
ljQLo ;+:yf C0fL ;+Vof shf{ /sd C0fL shf{ /sd C0fL shf{
-?=s/f]8df_ ;+Vof -?=s/f]8df_ ;+Vof /sd
jfl0fHo a}Íx? -@&_ !#,#$,))) #%,&),@& ^*,#@& !,!!,@^ %=!@Ü #=!@Ü
ljsf; a}Íx? -!*_ #,)!,$!$ #,^&,#( *,!*% !!,*# @=&@Ü #=@@Ü
ljQ sDkgL -@)_ $&,##! *$,^^ %&$ !,!) !=@!Ü !=#)Ü
n3'ljQ ;+:yfx? - @(,@!,@#^ #,%&,(% !!) !) ) )
&$_
hDdf -!$)_ $^,)#,(*! $#,*),@& &&,!(^ !,@$,@( !=^*Ü @=*$Ü
;|f]tM cfly{s ;j]{If0f, @)&&÷&*_
of] tflnsfn] s] :ki6 u5{ eg] a}Í tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx?sf] s'n shf{sf] @=*$Ü 5, h'g
cToGt uDeL/ ljifo xf] .
.. 60 ..
$=#=# ;xsf/L If]q
tflnsf — $=!#
k|b]zut ;xsf/L ;+:Yffx?sf] sf/f]af/ l:ylt
k|b]z ;+3÷;+:yf ;b:o z]o/ k'FhL art afFsL shf{
;+Vof Ü ;+Vof ¿ Ü ?=nfvdf Ü ?=nfvdf Ü
?=nfvdf
k|b]z ! $,&#& !^ (,#%,&)) *,@),)# ( $!,@!,)) ( #*,(%,@( (
k|b]z @ $,!%# !$ %,%%,!(& @,#^,%@ # @#,!(,(^ % !%,)%,!@ $
jfUdtL !),$!* #% @&,!&,$^( %!,$),^$ %% @,!$,^^,@@ $% !,((,*^,$& $&
u08sL @,^&! ( !!,!^,^#@ @@,)%,!) @# *^,)&,$^ !* **,#&,*! @)
n'lDagL #,&%% !@ *,(*,^!! %,*@,@# ^ %(,(^,#* !@ $),*),^* !)
s0ff{nL !,(^& & $,)$,(%^ !,(!,*! @ *,*^,*@ @ &,(@,%@ @
;'b"/ @,)^) & %,$@,(*( @,)!,%! @ !),$$,#% @ !!,%),)) @
klZrd
lgodg, !,@% — !,#%,(#* #@,^^ — ##,%#,(@ & @#,&*,#* ^
If]qut
hDdf @(,**^ !)) &#,)&,$^@ ($,!),%) !)) $,&&,(^,!! !)) $,@^,@^,@# !))
>f]tM ;xsf/L emns @)&& -;xsf/L ljefu, @)&&.(.@)_
d'n'se/L @(,**^ ;xsf/L ;+3;+:yfx? 5g\ / &%# kflnsfx?dWo] ;xsf/L ;+:yfx? z'Go
/x]sf kflnsfx? $ j6f -dgfª lhNnfdf # / 8f]Nkf lhNnfdf !_ dfq 5g\ . o; tflnsfn]
;aeGbf a9L ;xsf/L ;+:yfx?sf] ;+Vof jfUdtL k|b]zdf #%Ü 5 / z]o/ k'FhLsf lx;fan] %%Ü
/ artdf $%Ü / shf{ afFsLdf $&Ü /x]sf] 5 . ;xsf/L ;+Vofsf] lx;fan] k|b]z ! df !^Ü
b]lvG5 eg] z]o/ k'FhL, art / shf{ tLgf}6fdf qmdzM (Ü, (Ü / (Ü dfq 5 . u08sL k|b]zdf
;xsf/L ;+Vofsf] lx;fan] (Ü dfq eP tfklg z]o/ k"FhL d'n'sel/df bf]:f|f] cyf{t\ @#Ü 5, art
!@Ü / shf{ @)Ü b]lvG5 . n'lDagL k|b]zdf ;xsf/L ;+:yf ;+Vof !@Ü 5 eg] z]o/ k"FhL ^Ü,
dfq 5 t/ art !@Ü / shf{ !)Ü /x]sf] b]lvG5 . k|b]z @ df ;xsf/L ;+:yfsf] ;+Vof !$Ü eP
tfklg z]o/ k'FhL, art / shf{df sdhf]/ b]lvPsf] 5 .
.. 61 ..
tflnsf — $=!$
art tyf C0f ;xsf/L ;+:yfx? (Savings and Credit Cooperatives - SACCOS)
k|b]z ;:+yfsf] ;b:o ;+Vof z]o/ k'FhL art afFsL shf{ z]o/ ± art Ö
;+Vof -?=nfvdf_ -?=nfvdf_ -?=nfvdf_ gk'u
-?=nfvdf_
k|b]z ! %!) ^,*&,(%! $,*%,*^ @%,)*,!$ @(,&%,%^ -!*,$$_
k|b]z @ #*( #,)^,@*% !,%!,^# !#,(@,$% !#,$*,)& -!,(^,)!_
jfUdtL @,)@# !*,(%,(%% @),%#,%& !,@(,&&,%! !,@^,!#,!^ -@$,!&,(@_
u08sL $%# ^,%#,^)$ &,$!,%% #*,)(,#! #(,@$,^) -^,@^,@^_
n'lDagL $@% $,#@,(!@ #,@(,$@ !*,!^,&% @),^*,$# -&&,&$_
s0ff{nL !!@ !,)#,$(* $(,!# @,(@,*@ #,%(,@( !&,#$
;'b"/ !%( !,!#,*&% #),@) !,@*,&^ !,*!,@* @@,#@
klZrd
hDdf $,)&! $!,($,)*) #*,$!,#% @,@(,@%,&$ @,#$,&),#( #@,(^,&!
;|f]t M g]ˆ;s'g, h]i7 @)&*
art tyf C0f ;xsf/L ;+:yfx?sf] s'n k"FhL ?= @ va{ ^& ca{ ^& s/f]8 !) Nffv -z]o/
/sd ?= #* ca{ s/f]8 $! s/f]8 #% nfv ± art ?= @ va{ @( ca{ @% s/f]8 &$ nfv_
af6 shf{ nufgL ePsf] /sd ?= @ va{ #$ ca{ &) s/f]8 #( nfv 36fpFbf gk'u x'g] /sd
?= #@ ca{ (^ s/f]8 &! nfv -!@Ü_ a}+s df}Hbft jf sf]ifx?df /xg'kg]{ b]lvG5 . s0ff{nL
k|b]z -!& s/f]8 #$ nfv_ ;'b"/ klZrd k|b]z -s'n k'FhLeGbf shf{ ?=@@ s/f]8 #@ nfv a9L
b]lvPsf]_ afx]s c? % j6} k|b]zdf of] lsl;dsf] l:ylt /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
g]kfndf @(,**^ s'n ;xsf/L ;+3;+:yfx? 5g\ h;dWo] $)&! j6f cyf{t\ !$Ü art tyf
C0f ;xsf/L ;+:yfx?;+u s'n ;xsf/L If]qsf ;b:o;+Vof &# nfv & xhf/dWo] $! Nffv
($ xhf/ -%&Ü_ 5g\ . ;xsf/L If]qsf] s'n z]o/ k"FhL ?= ($ ca{ !) s/f]8sf] $!Ü cyf{t\ ?=
#* ca{ $! s/f]8 art tyf C0f ;xsf/L ;+:yfx?sf] lx:;f /x]sf] 5 . ;xsf/L If]qsf] s'n
art ?= $ va{ && cj{ (^ s/f]8dWo] o;sf] lx:;f ?= @ va{ @( ca{ @% s/f]8 $*Ü
cyf{t\ s/La cfwf 5 . To:t} ;xsf/L If]qsf] s'n shf{ afFsL ?= $ va{ @^ ca{ @^
s/f]8dWo] ?= @ va{ #$ ca{ &) s/f]8 cyf{t\ %%Ü art tyf C0f ;xsf/Lsf] lx:;f /x]sf]
5.
.. 62 ..
;xsf/L P]gsf] k|:tfjgfdf /x]sf] æb]zsf s[ifs, sfnLu9, >lds, Go"g cfo ;d"x Pj+
;LdfGts[t ;d'bfo jf ;j{;fwf/0f pkef]Stf dfem 5l/P/ /x]sf] k'FhLÆ / Ps z]o/ Ps
k|ltlglwTj x'g] k|fjwfgdf Pp6} 7"nf] nufgL ;d"xn] a}Í, ;xfos sDkgLsf] ?kdf Oge]i6d]G6
sDkgL, ladf sDkgL, n3'ljQ ljQLo ;+:yf, l/on :6]6 sf/f]af/ ;lxtsf] vaf}{ /sdsf]
;~hfnn] vf]n]sf sf7df8f} s]lGb|t art tyf C0f ;xsf/L ;+:yfx?sf] hf]lvdk"0f{
sf/f]af/n] u|fdL0f / b'u{d :yfgsf ;xsf/L ;+:yfsf] ;fgf] cfotgsf] sf/f]af/ cf]em]ndf
k/sf]] u'gf;f] kfOPsf] 5 .
s'n k'FhLn] ;+:yfsf] lz/f]ef/;lxtsf] vr{ wfGg] cfsf/sf] cyf{t\ cfly{s :jlge{/tf dfkb08
(economies of scale) nfO{ cg'kfngf ug]{ x'g'kg]{ x'G5 . ;Lldt If]qdf / cfˆgf
;b:ox?aLr dfq ug{ ;Sg] ;xsf/L l;4fGt / sfg"gL k|fjwfgsf] sf/0fn] u'0f:t/Lo
Joj:yfkg, sd nfutsf] k'FhLsf] Joj:yfsf] nflu pRr txsf] k|of; ;Dej g/xg] ;+:yfx?
h]gt]g ;~rfngdf x'G5g\ / ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f :t/sf] ;]jf lbg g;lsPsf] u'gf;f] kfOPsf]
5.
s'n ;xsf/L ;+3;+:yfsf] ;+VofdWo] jfUdtL k|b]zdf !),$!* cyf{t\ #%Ü eGbf a9L cjl:yt
/x]sf]n] of] k|b]zsf 7"nf zx/x?df #) ldg6df ;xsf/Ldf kx'Fr 3/kl/jf/sf] k|ltztdfly /x]
klg cGoq km/s b]lvg ;S5 . ctM ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] b[li6sf]0faf6 #) ldg6df
;xsf/Ldf kx'Fr 3/kl/jf/ cfwf/ jif{ cf=j= @)&%÷&^ df ^)Ü /x]sf] / rfn" cf=a= @)&&÷&*
df ^%Ü k'Ug] cg'dfg klg k'g/fjnf]sgof]Uo b]lvPsf] 5 .
$=#=$ x'nfs art a}Í

@)&& kmfu'g;Dddf x'nfs art a}Ísf] s'n lgIf]k ?= (* s/f]8 && nfv /x]sf] / art
vftf ;+Vof ^@,#*# 5 -cfly{s ;j]{If0f, @)&&÷&*_ . x'nfs ;]jfsf lhNnf x'nfs sfof{no
&), Onfsf x'nfs sfof{no *$@ / cltl/St x'nfs sfof{no #,)&$ u/L #(*$
sfof{nox?sf] ;~hfn -s]xL cfˆg} ejgd]t_ d'n'sel/ km}lnPsf] kfOG5 . cfw'lgs a}+ls+u
;'ljwf ;lxtsf a}Í tyf ljQLo ;+:yfsf zfvfx?af6 ljQLo ;]jf ;xh ePsf]n] xfn x'nfs
art a}Ísf] sfd cf]em]ndf k/]sf] 5 .
.. 63 ..
$=#=% ladf
ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0fleq ladf If]q;d]t ;DnUg ePsf] kfOG5 . ladf Joj;fodf ;DnUg
sDkgLx?sf @()% zfvf ;~hfn sfo{/t /x]sf 5g\ . ;aeGbf a9L jfUdtL k|b]zdf *)&
zfvfx? 5g\ eg] s0ff{nL k|b]zdf !*& sfo{/t 5g\ . o; Joj;fodf )Ü eGbf a9L lghL
If]qsf] ;DnUgtf /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
tflnsf — $=!%
k|b]zut ladf sDkgLsf] zfvfx?
k|b]z lghL{jg ladf hLjg ladf hDdf
! !%* #$* %)^
@ !@! @^# #*$
jfUdtL #)* $(( *)&
u08sL !@% !(^ #@!
n'lDjgL !@* @(# $@!
s0ff{nL #& !%) !*&
;'b"/ klZrd %( @@) @&(
hDdf (#^ !(^( @()%
;|f]t M cfly{s ;j]{If0f, @)&&÷&*
प्रदे शगत शाखा
187
279 506
421 384
321
807
1 g+= k|bz 2 g+= k|b]z 3 g+= k|b]z u)*sL k|b]z

5 g+= k|b]z s)f{nL k|b]z ;'b'/ klZrdk|b]z
.. 64 ..
laldtsf] hg;+Vof
lj=;+=@)&& kmfu'g;Dddf @#=$)Ü hg;+Vofdf ladf ;]jf k'u]sf] 5 . j}b]lzs /f]huf/ cfjlws -
DofbL_ hLjg ladf;d]t u0fgf ubf{ em08} @^Ü k'u]sf] dflgG5 . -;|f]t M cfly{s ;j]{If0f,
@)&&÷&*_
:jf:Yo ladf
g]kfndf ladf sDkgLx?n] ;d]t :jf:Yo ladfsf] sfo{ ul//x]sf] kfOG5 . o;sf] cltl/St
:jf:Yo ladf P]g @)&$ cg';f/ :jf:Yo ladf af]8{n] :jf:Yo ladfsf] sfd ul//x]sf] b]lvG5 .
:jf:Yo ;]jf pkof]usf] qmddf x'g] clgof]lht vr{sf] hf]lvdnfO{ clu|d Joj:yfkg u/L ljQLo
;+/If0f k|bfg ug]{ cjwf/0ffcGtu{t :jf:Yo ladf sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/Psf] xf] . o;af6 ;g\
@)#) ;Dddf ;j{JofkL :jf:Yosf] kx'Fr (Universal Health Coverage - UHC) eO{ lbuf]
ljsf; nIo k|fKt ug{ ;xof]u k'Ug] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 . ljkGg kl/jf/sf] pkrf/sf] nflu ;Lldt
/sdsf] :jf:Yo ladf ug]{ ;d]t Joj:yf /x]sf] kfOG5 . af]8{sf cg';f/ h]i7 gful/ssf] nflu
;/sf/n]g} ladf lk|ldod ltl/lbg] u/L jflif{s Ps nfv a/fa/sf] :jf:y ladfsf] Joj:yf
ul/Psf] 5 .
$=#=^k'FhLahf/ (Capital market)
ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0fleqsf] Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ cË k'FhLahf/ /x]sf] kfOG5 . Go"g cfo ePsf v'b|]
z]o/wgLx?nfO{ k"FhL ahf/df k|fyldstf;fy nufgL ug{ / pkef]Stf ;+/If0fdf ;d]t of]ubfg
lbg ;Ifd agfpg ;lsG5 . k|fylds lgisf;gdf lxtu|fxL vftf clgjfo{ u/];Ë} lxtu|fxL vftf
(Demat account) vf]Ng]sf] ;+Vof #! Nffv ($ /x]sf] 5 -cfly{s ;j]{If0f, @)&&÷&*_ . of]
lx;fan] ;fj{hlgs lwtf]kqdf nufgL ug]{ hg;+Vofsf] -k|I]flkt hg;+Vof #,)#,&*,)%$_ nfO{
cfwf/ lnFbf !)=%)Ü nfO{ k"FhL ahf/df ;DnUg ePsf] dflgPsf] 5 .
;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ k'FhLahf/df kx'Fr k'¥ofpg k|fylds lgisf;g cyf{t\ k|fylds ;fj{hlgs k"FhL
cfXjfg (Initial Public Offering - IPO) sf] 7"nf] e"ldsf /x]sf] x'G5 . :yfgLo hn;|f]t
pkof]u u/L agfOPsf hnljB't pTkfbg sDkgLx?sf] ;fj{hlgs k"FhL cfXjfgdf :yfgLo
JolStx?nfO{ klg ;dfj]z ug]{ gLlt lnPsf] kfOG5 .
.. 65 ..
;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ k'FhLahf/df kx'Fr k'¥ofpg k|fylds k'FhL÷k|f/lDes ;fj{hlgs k"FhL cfXjfg
(Initial Public Offering - IPO) ug]{ Joj:yfdf k"FhL ahf/ ;DaGwL ;fIf/tfsf] sdLn] ubf{
vf;u/L ul/a, ;LdfGt ju{, b'u{d :yfgsf afl;Gbf al~rtLs/0fdf k/]sf] kfOG5 .
tflnsf — $=!^
lwtf]kq sf/f]af/ ug]{ sDkgLx?sf] l:ylt
ljj/0f hDdf k|b]zut zfvfx? hDdf
! @ # $ % ^ &
lgIf]k ;b:o -;+Vof_ && &&
lwtf]kq sf/f]af/ ug]{ sDkgL @)& @)&
btf{ -;+Vof_
lwtf]kq sf/]faf/ sDkgLsf — !@ $ ( !@ ( ! @ —
zfvfx? -;+Vof_ $(
;|f]t M cfly{s ;j]{If0f @)&&÷&*, lwtf]kq af]8{ .
pk/f]St sDkgLx?sf] d'Vofno sf7df8f}+ pkTosf /x]sf] / sf7df8f} pkTosf aflx/ $(
zfvfx?dWo] k|b]z g+= ! / u08sL k|b]zdf ;aeGbf a9L !@÷!@ / ;aeGbf sd s0ff{nL
k|b]zdf /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ k'FhLahf/df kx'Fr k'¥ofpg k|fylds k'FhL÷k|f/lDes ;fj{hlgs k"FhL cfXjfg

(Initial Public Offering - IPO) ug]{ Joj:yfdf k"FhL ahf/ ;DaGwL ;fIf/tfsf] sdLn] ubf{
vf;u/L ul/a, ;LdfGt ju{, b'u{d :yfgsf afl;Gbf al~rtLs/0fdf k/]sf] kfOG5 .
$=$ ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0fdf goFf pks/0fsf] of]ubfg
ljB'tLo sf/f]af/sf] ;xhtfsf] nflu g]kfndf !) ;+:yfx?n] e'StfgL k|0ffnL ;~rfns / @*

;+:yfx?sf] e'StfgL ;]jfk|bfossf] cg'dltkq k|fKt u/]sf 5g\ . -cfly{s ;j]{If0f,
@)&&÷&*_
.. 66 ..
tflnsf — $=!&
ljQLo e'StfgL sf/f]af/sf k|sf/x¿ / ;+Vof
ljj/0f ;+Vof /sd -?= bz nfvdf_
cf/l6P; $*,&^% !&,#^,#@,(
Pl6Pd &$,&@,@%( ^),&!,!
O;L;L !!,)$,()( &,)!,*),*
cfOlkP; (,)&,#(* !,&(,^(,&
sg]S6 cfOlkP; !^,)#,%(* !,!),%&,@
8]lj6 sf8{ *@,!%,!&) ^#,&(,&
qm]l86 sf8{ !,*(,!^^ !,)#,(
lk|k]8 sf8{ !!,$(! !),@
OG6/g]6 a}lÍª @,^&,%*@ *,**,)
Dff]jfOn a}lÍª !,)),*@,^%% $),#%,(
Zffvf/lxt a}lÍª %!,)(# !,!@,#
Jffn]6 !,)^,!$,@^* !),!*,)
So'=cf/=df cfwfl/t ^,#%,&#* @,)%,%
lkcf]P; *,!#,##) #,#@,@
O{sd;{ !,#),@)@ (),$
;|f]t M g]kfn /fi6« a}Í, kmfu'g @)&& -cfly{s ;j]{If0f, @)&&÷&*_
ljB'tLo e'StfgL sf/f]af/df ;aeGbf a9L jfn]6, df]afOn a}lÍª, 8]la6 sf8{sf] ;+Vof
b]vfOPsf] 5 . lkcf]P; -KofOG6 cfkm ;]n_ cyf{t\ k;nx?df /x]sf sf8{ 3f]6]/ e'StfgL ug]{
dlzgaf6 *,!#,##) k6sdf u/L ?=## s/f]8 @@ nfvsf] e'StfgL ePsf] b]lvG5 .
g]kfndf x'g] ljB'tLo sf/f]jf/sf] dfWodsf] sfd g]kfn lSnol/ª xfp; ln= (Nepal
Clearing House Ltd. - NCHL) åf/f x'g] Joj:yf 5 . o;n] On]S6«f]lgs r]s lSnol/ª
(ECC), OG6/a}+lÍª k]d]G6 l;:6d (IPS) / sg]S6cfOlkP;—O{k]d]G6 l;:6ddfkm{t af6 sf/f]af/
ub{5 .
e'StfgL sf/f]jf/df gofF pks/0fx? pkof]usf] nflu ;DalGwt ljQLo ;+:yfx?n] k|f]T;fxg /
5"6x? 3f]if0ff u/]sf] kfOG5 . kl5Nnf] ;dodf s]xL yf]s t/sf/L ahf/df klg So'=cf/=
sf]8af6 e'StfgL ;Sg] Joj:yf ldnfOPsf] b]lvG5 . r]tgf / ;fIf/tfsf] :t/ sdhf]/ /x]sf]
ju{n] gofF pks/0fx?af6 pkof]u lng g;s]sf] kfOPsf] 5 .
.. 67 ..
$=% kGw|f}+ of]hgfdf ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] xfnsf] l:ylt
ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f ;DaGwdf If]qRffn" k~r jifL{o of]hgf -kGw|f}+ of]hgf_ n] dfly
pNn]v ePsf /fli6«o gLlt, /0fgLlt / sfo{gLltx? / nIosf ;"rsx? ;dLIff ul/Psf] 5 .
Tfflnsf — $=!*
k|b]zut a}Í tyf ljQLo ;+:yfsf] ;]jfdf cfa4 hg;+Vof tyf nIo -kGw|f} of]hgf_
@)&%÷&^ sf] oyfy{ @)*)÷*! sf] nIo @)&&÷&* oyfy{ r}q
k|b]z k|lt zfvf hg;+Vof k|lt zfvf hg;+Vof k|lt zfvf hg;+Vof gk'u
oyfy{ -hgf_ nIo -hgf_ -hgf_ hgf
g]kfn #,#^# @,%)) @,(!# $!#
!= k|b]z #,$*! @,^)) #,)!* $!*
@= k|b]z $,(#* $,))) $,&#% &#%
#= jfUdtL @,&&) @,!)) @,$$# #$#
$= u08sL @,@%& !,%)) !,**& #*&
%= n'lDagL @,(%! @,))) @,%$( %$(
^= s0ff{nL $,(%* #,))) $,%@@ !,%@@
&= ;'b"/ klZrd $,$)( @,*)) #,(#* !,!#*
;|f]t M kGw|f}+ of]hgf -cf=j=@)&^÷&& —@)*)÷*!_
pSt tflnsfdf cfwf/jif{ / cf=j= @)*)÷*! sf] nIo dfq pNn]v ePsf] 5 . cf=a= @)*)÷*!
sf] @,%)) hgf nIosf] t'ngfdf cf=a= @)&&÷&* oyfy{ r}q;Dddf a}Í tyf ljQLo ;+:yf -s
ju{b]lv 3 ju{sf ;a} k|sf/sf a}Íx?_ sf] ;]jfdf cfa4 hg;+Vof g]kfnsf] cf};tdf @,(!#
b]lvG5 / $!# dfq ck'u b]lvG5 . ;a} lhNnfx? ;'ud ePsf] t/fO{ If]q cf]u6]sf] k|b]z g+= @
df k|lt a}Ízfvf hg;+Vof -$,&#% hgf_ s0ff{nL k|b]zsf] k|lt a}Ízfvf hg;+Vof -$,%@@ hgf_
;/x x'g'n] ljsf; ultnfO{ k5\ofpg ;s]sf] b]lvFb}g . s0ff{nL k|b]z / ;'b"/ klZrd k|b]z klg
a}Ízfvf lj:tf/df kl5 k/]sf 5g\ .
.. 68 ..
tflnsf — !(
kGw|f}+ of]hgfsf] l:ylt vfsf -nIo tyf k|ult_
-ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f;Fu ;DalGwt dfq_
qm= glthf ;"rs OsfO cfwf/jif{ @)&^÷&& @)&&÷&* @)&*
;+= nIo nIo kmfu'g k|ult
! cfwf 306fsf] b'/Ldf ljQLo ;+:yfdf Ü *! *% **
kx'Fr k'u]sf] kl/jf/
@ a}lÍª / ljQLo;+:yf ;]jfdf cfa4 Ü ^)=( ^% ^* 
hg;+Vof
# hLjg aLdfdf cfa4 hg;+Vof Ü !( @* #$
$ ;xsf/Ldf kx'Fr -3/af6 #) ldg6leq Ü ^) ^@ ^%
kx'Fr ePsf]_ 3/kl/jf/
% ;xsf/L If]qsf] z]o/ k'FhL ?=c && &( *! ($
a{
^ ;xsf/L If]qdf shf{ k|jfx ?=c ### #$% #%^ $@^
a{
& :j/f]huf/ sf]ifdfkm{t shf{k|fKt /f]huf/ xhf/ ^* *) (@
o'jf
* k|fyldstfk|fKt If]qdf shf{ k|jfx Ü !&=@ @% @%
cg'kft
( hg;+Vof k|lta}Í / ljQLo;+:yf zfvf hgf #,^^# #,!@% @,(@! @,(!#
!) hg;+Vof k|lt ladf sDkgLzfvf hgf !$,)@! !!,(%( !),!(* !),$%&
!! s[lif ladfdf cfa4 s[ifs Ü ! $ ^=%
!@ :jf:Yo ladfdf cfa4 hg;+Vof Ü & $) %)
!# ;fj{hlgs lwtf]kqdf nufgL ug]{ Ü $=$ ^ * !)=%
hg;+Vof
!$ OG6/g]6df kx'Fr hg;+Vof Ü ^%=( ^* &!
;|f]t M kGw|f}+ of]hgf -cf=j=@)&^÷&& —@)*)÷*!_ / cfly{s ;j]{If0f -@)&&÷&*_ / ;DalGwt lgsfosf]
hfgsf/L .
 @)&& kmfu'g;Dddf g]kfn /fi6« a}Ísf] ljQLo kx'Fr dfl;s tYofÍcg';f/ s, v, u ju{sf]
vftf;+Vof #^,#^,)$!, n3'ljQ ;+:yf ;b:o;+Vof %),(%,!$* u/L *&,#!,!*( x'g cfpF5,
o;nfO{ k|If]lkt hg;+Vof #,)#,&*,)%$ ;+u lx;fa ubf{ @*=&$Ü dfq b]lvG5 . o;df art
tyf C0f ;xsf/L ;+:yfsf ;b:o;+Vof $!,($,)*) ;d]t u/L x'g cfpg] !,@(,@%,@^( ;+u
.. 69 ..
k|If]lkt hg;+Vof #,)#,&*,)%$ lx;fa ubf{ $@=%%Ü x'g cfpF5 . a}Í tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx? -
n3'ljQ ;d]t_ df ;a} ;xsf/L ;b:o;+Vof &#,)&,&^@ hf]8bf x'g] !,^),#*,^%! ;+u k|If]lkt
hg;+Vof #,)#,&*,)%$ lx;fa ubf{ %@=*)Ü b]lvG5 .
ladftkm{ cfwf/ jif{ @)&%÷&% df ladf kf]ln;L ;+Vof &),&)^ /x]sf]df @)&& kmfu'gdf
!,@%,))$ k'u]sf] atfOPsf] 5 . lgIf]k tyf shf{ ;'/If0f lgudaf6 x'g] ladfnfO{ oxfF pNn]v
ul/Psf] 5}g .
.. 70 ..
efu — %
kfOPsf tYo / ;'emfj
cWoogsf] l;nl;nfdf ;+slnt 8]6f, 5nkmn, ;"rgf cfbfgk|bfg, cGtj{ftf{, ko{j]If0f

;d]tdf kfOPsf ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0fsf afwfx? tyf u'gf;fx? (Constraints and
Greivances) ;d]tsf cfwf/df ljZn]if0f ubf{ kfOPsf tYox? lgDg cg';f/ pNn]v ul/Psf]
5 . ;f] ;DaGwL ;dfwfgsf pkfox? ;'emfjsf] ?kdf sfo{of]hgf bkmfdf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
%=! dfu—kIfLo -;]jfu|fxL_ ;DaGwL

-!_ a}Ízfvf ckfos ;DaGwdf —
-s_ Eff}uf]lns ljs6tf, 5l/Psf] a:tL / oftfoftsf] c;'lawfn] a}Ízfvf hfg g;Sg],
oftfoft ;'lawf gx'Fbf k}bn lxF8]/ hfg ;do a9L nfUg] / oftfoft vr{ nfUg] / p;}
lbg 3/ kms{g g;Sg] afWotf . a}Í k'Ug / cfpg lbgel/n] klg gEofpg] / af;
a:g k/L / a9L vrf{n' x'g] .
-v_ ;fljssf ufpFljsf; ;ldltx? xfnsf] kflnsfsf j8fsf] ?kdf uflePsfn] &%#
:yfgLo txdf Pp6f jfl0fHo a}Í :yfkgfn] a}Ízfvf kx'Fr gk'u]sf] .
-u_ a}Í tyf ljQLo ;+:yfdf kx'Fr -3/af6 #) ldg6leq kx'Fr ePsf]_ 3/kl/jf/sf]
xfnsf] l:yltsf] nflu ;f]xL cg';f/sf] dfkgljlw tyf kl/;"rs gePsf] .
-@_ sd cfo cfh{g, ;Lksf] sdL ePsf]n] a}Íof]Uo x'g g;s]sf] —
-s_ cfkm"n] hfg]sf] ;Lk / bIftfsf ;fy} zf/Ll/s cj:yfn] yf]/} dfq cfDbfgL x'g]
cfly{s lqmofsnfkdf ;DnUg x'g kfpg' jf Tof] df}sf klg gkfO{ a]/f]huf/ /xg
afWo x'g' . sd of]Uotf t/ cfsf+Iff a9L ePsf]n] cfˆg} :yfgLo txdf jf :jb]z
;fgf] sfd jf Joj;fo ug{ grfxg' . ljb]zdf ToxL lsl;dsf] sfd ug{ hfg] j}b]lzs
/f]huf/Lsf] cj;/sf] vf]hLdf x'g' .
.. 71 ..
-v_ ;+o'St kl/jf/sf dfGotf eTsFb} uPsf]n] kl/jf/sf cGo ;b:on] Joj;fo lau|]df
ltnf{g\ eGg] efjgf d/]/ hfg' / PSn} Joj;fo ug{ g;Sg' . 5f]/f] ljb]z, a'xf/L 8]9
jif{sf] aRrfnfO{ k9fpg' k5{ eg]/ zx/lt/ 8]/f u/]/ a:g], ufpFdf a'9fa'9Ldfq} a:g]
rng a9]sf] u'gf;f] .
-u_ czSt, c;Ifd x'g'sf] cltl/St cfly{s sf/f]af/ klg yf]/} x'g] / cgf}krfl/s
If]qaf6} cfjZostf k'/f x'g] . ul/a / c;xfo ePsf]n] ;d"xdf klg cfa4 x'g
g;Sg] / :yfgLo ;xsf/Ln] klg gktfpg] . s;}sf] a}Ídf $÷% j6f klg vftf x'g],
s;}sf] Pp6f klg gx'g] u'gf;f] kfOPsf] .
-#_ a}Íx?sf]] pkl:ylt zx/L If]qdf s]lGb|t x'g' / u|fdL0f If]qdf ;fgf pBdx? ug{ shf{
gkfOg' . u|fdL0f If]q / zx/sf nflu ljQLo ;+:yfx?sf ;]jfsf k|8S6sf k|sf/x? Ps}
lsl;dsf x'g', h'g b'u{d / u|fdL0f Onfsf nflu c;'xfFpbf] x'g' .
-$_ Pp6} JolSt w]/} j6f n3'ljQ ;+:yfx?df cfa4 ePsf]n] otfsf] ptf, ptfsf] otf C0f
;fg]{ k|j[lt kfOg' . slt ;d"xn] ;d"x artsf] gfddf clen]lvt ubf{ hlt /sd art
u/]sf] TolQg} /sd shf{ b]vfO{ /]s8{ ldnfpg] u/]sf] .
-%_ l:y/ / ef}lts lwtf]sf] cefj ePklg shf{ ltg]{ k|j[lQ / ltl//x]sf] ePklg sxLF
clen]vg / /]l6Ë x'g] sfg"gL Joj:yf gePsf]n] / OdfGbf/ JolStn] klg ;fgf]ltgf] shf{
gkfpg' .
-^_ l8lh6n k|ljlwsf] k|of]u ug{ ljQLo 1fgsf] sdL / nfut ;DaGwdf —
-s_ l8lh6n k|ljlwsf] k|of]u ug{ ljQLo 1fgsf] cltl/Qm l8lh6n 1fg x'g' klg cfjZos
5 . clxn] df]jfOn / OG6/g]6sf] dfWodaf6 clwsf+z a}lÍª sf/f]af/x? ug{
;lsG5 . t/ Dff]afOn a}lÍª, Og]6 a}lÍª ug]{ cj;/ kfP klg o:tf] ;'ljwf ePsf
df]afOn dxFuf] kg]{ / sd ;fIf/tfsf] sf/0fn] rnfpg klg g;Sg] .
-v_ ;a} 7fFpdf u|fxssf] 3/ jf glhsdf Og]6 ;]jf gePsf] .
.. 72 ..
-u_ ljQLo dWo:ytf nfut a9L ePsf] / gful/snfO{ ;xh tyf ;'ne ljQLo ;]jf lbg'
kg]{ . ljB't sf/f]af/sf] z'Ns a9L ePsf], bfo/f ;fF3'/f] ePsf] u'gf;f] kfOPsf] .
-&_ cfkm"n] k|fKt ug]{ Hofnf g} gubdf x'g] ePsf]n] a}Ívftfdf hDdf x'g gkfpg] / ;fydf
x'Fbf vr{ eOxfNg] u/]sf] .
-*_ ljQLo al~rtLs/0fsf] 3]/fleq kg{ ljjznfO{ ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0fleq Nofpg] —
-s_ ;/sf/n] a]nfa]nfdf lgz'Ns ?kdf hUufwgL k|df0fkqåf/f :jfldTj x:tfGt/0f

u5{ . ToxL hUufwgL alg;s]sf] ;'s'Daf;L km]l/ cGoq k'u]/ csf]{ hUufwgL
k|df0fkq xft kfg{ jf c¿sf] rË'ndf k/]/ ToxL klg u'dfpg ;S5 / ljQLo
al~rtLs/0fsf] 3]/fleq kg{ ljjz x'G5 .
-v_ hnljB't sDkgL÷cfof]hgfsf] sf/0f gbLsf] k|jfx cGoq df]l8O{ gbL lsgf/sf
cflbjf;L afl;Gbf -af]6], dfemL_ sf] cfhLljsfdf sl7gfO{ e} ljQLo al~rtLs/0fdf
k/]sf] kfOPsf] .
-u_ ;/sf/L ah]6af6 vf;u/L kftnf a:tL ePsf kxf8L le/kfvfsf s[life"ld x'Fb} lagf
jftfj/0fLo cWoog 8f]h/sf] k|of]u u/L $ ld6/eGbf km/flsnf sRrL ;8sx?
lxFpbdf agfpg] / jiff{t\df af9Lklx/f]af6 Iflt ePsf ToxL ;8s dd{t ug{ 8f]h/
Joj;fonfO{ /f]huf/L / cfDbfgL eP tfklg o:tf] ljsf;af6 ljsf; kLl8tx?
(victims of development) e} gofF ul/ax?sf] ?kdf ?kfGt/0f x'g] ;d:of
jif]{gL ylkFb} hfg] u/]sf] .
-3_ ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f / jftfj/0faLr ulx/f] ;DaGw /x]sf] 5 . r'/]km]FbLsf t/fO{sf

vx/] tyf gbL lsgf/fdf lxFpbdf Ps yf]kf klg kfgL gx'g] t/ jiff{t\df cGt/f{li6«o
ljdfg:yn hq} cfsf/sf au/ aGg] / vx/]n] s[life"ld k'b}{ d"n k|jfx 5f]8L htf
dg nfUof] ptf hfg] u/]sf]n] k|efljt s[ifsx? a}Ídf /fVg] lwtf] gePsf]n] jif]{gL
gofF ul/ax? ylkO{ ljQLo al~rtx? a9b} uO/x]sf] u'gf;f] kfOPsf] .
-(_ r]tgfsf] :t/ dWod vfnsf] x'g]sf] nflu eGbf klg vf;u/L ljQLo kx'Fr k|fKt ug{
g;s]sf t/ ;dfj]z x'g}kg]{ cfly{s, ;fdflhs / ;fF:s[lts ?kdf k5fl8 k/]sf] ju{ -
.. 73 ..
kxf8df r]kfª, /fp6] cflb / t/fO{df 8f]d, d';x/ cflb_ sf] rf;f]nfO{ o;df ;dfj]z x'g
g;s]sf] .
%=@ cfk"lt{—kIfLo -;]jf k|bfos_ ;DaGwL

-!_ @)&& kmfu'g;Dddf g]kfnsf &%# :yfgLo txdWo] &%) j6fdf jfl0fHo a}Íx?sf zfvf
vf]lnPsf 5g\ / # kflnsfdf jfl0fHo a}Ísf] zfvf lj:tf/ ug{ afFsL b]lvPsf] 5 . tL #
kflnsfdWo] ;+3Lo ;/sf/sf] /fhwfgL;Fu hf]l8Psf] sf7df8f}af6 %^ ls=ld=sf] b'l/df
cjl:yt wflbª lhNnfsf] ?aLEofnL kflnsfdf zfvf vf]Ng afFsL 5 . ef}lts k"jf{wf/
k"/f gePsf] sf/0fn] xfn;Dd klg a}Ízfvf :yflkt x'g g;Sg'n] g]kfndf ljsf;sf] ult
/ ;]jf ljt/0fsf] l:yltnfO{ :ki6 u/]sf] .
-@_ a}Ízfvfx?sf] lj:tf/ ;DaGwdf @)&& kmfu'g;Dddf a}Í tyf ljQLo ;+:yf -s ju{b]lv
3 ju{sf ;a} k|sf/sf a}Íx?_ sf] zfvfx? !),$#) k'u]sf] 5 eg] k|ltzfvf ;]jfdf
cfa4 hg;+Vof cf};tdf @(!# b]lvG5 . ;a} lhNnfx? ;'ud ePsf] t/fO{ If]q cf]u6]sf]
k|b]z g+= @ df k|lt a}Ízfvf hg;+Vof -$,)#% hgf_ s0ff{nL k|b]zsf] k|lt a}Ízfvf
hg;+Vof -$,%@@ hgf_ b]lvG5 .
-#_ s, v / u ju{sf ljQLo ;+:yfn] k|fyldstfk|fKt If]qdf k|jfx ug'{kg]{ shf{÷nufgL /sd
n3'ljQ ;+:yfnfO{ yf]sshf{ nufgL u/]klg x'g] u/L ;:tf] / ;/n sf]if pknAw u/fpg]
s]Gb|Lo a}Ísf] g/d / n3'ljQd}qL gLltcGtu{t lnPsf] yf]sshf{ ;]jfu|fxLx?nfO{ nufgL
gu/L tt\tt\ ljQLo ;+:yfsf] Aofh k|fKt x'g] vftfdf sf]if cj:yfkg (fund parking)
af6 cltl/St d'gfkmf sdfO{ k"FhL ahf/df z]o/sf] c:jfefljs efp u/fPsf] / s]Gb|Lo
a}Ísf] v's'nf] ;'kl/j]If0f /x]sf] u'gf;f] .
-$_ ;x'lnot shf{sf nflu Aofh cg'bfg;lxt k|jflxt shf{ ;DaGwdf — ;x'lnot shf{ a}Í
tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx?sf] s'n shf{sf] @=*$Ü 5, . To:t} ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] bfo/fdf
shf{ k|jfx u/L ljQLo ;]jf ;3g ?kdf lbg] elgPsf] n3'ljQ ;+:yfx? -&$ j6f_ n]
emg\ cfqmfds 9Ën] ;x'lot shf{ k|jfx ug'{ kg]{df ?= !) s/]f8 dfq k|jfx u/]sf]
b]lvG5 . ;x'lnot shf{ ;]jf ljt/0f gLlt tyf sfo{ljlwsf] l8hfOgsf] cldNbf]kg k|s6
.. 74 ..
u/]sf] 5 . o; lsl;dsf] ;]jf k|jfxsf] ultn] h'g p2]Zon] ;x'lnot shf{ k|bfg ug{
vf]lhPsf] xf] Tof] s'g} xfntdf klg k'/f gx'g] lglZrt b]lvPsf] 5 .
-%_ /fli6«o ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f /0fgLlt ;DaGwdf — g]kfn /fi6« a}Í /0fgLlts of]hgf
(Nepal Rastra Bank Strategic Plan, 2016-21) agfO{ nfu" u/]sf] 5 / o;df ljQLo
;dfj]zLs/0fnfO{ klg ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . o;sf] sfof{Gjog PsLs[t lgb]{zgdfkm{t ug]{
Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . l5d]sL b]zx?n] h:t} /fli6«o ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f /0fgLltn] /fli6«o
Jofkstf / ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f cf]em]ndf k/]sf] . df}lb|s gLlt tyf PsLs[t lgb]{zgdf
ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f 7f]; ?kdf zflAbs 9Ën] pNn]v gx'g] u/]sf] .
-^_ g]kfndf ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] kl/;"rsx?;DaGwdf —
-s_ ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] kl/;"rsx?sf] k|sfzgsf] ?kdf g]kfn /fi6« a}Ín] dfl;s
?kdf k|sfzg ug]{ ljj/l0fsfnfO{ lng ;lsG5 . o;} ;Gbe{df @)&& r}qsf]
Banking & Financial Statistics (Monthly), Mid-Apr, 2021 df ljQLo kx'Fr (Financial Access)
zLif{sdf s ju{, v ju{, / u ju{ ;d]t u/L # lsl;dsf a}Íx?sf] ;]jfnfO{ -!@
;"rsx?_ ;d]l6Psf] kfOG5 . t/ ToxL dfl;s ljj/l0fsfsf] clGtdlt/df 3 ju{sf]
n3'ljQnfO{ klg ;dfj]z u/]/ a}Ík|ltzfvf hg;+Vof -k|b]zcg';f/_ pNn]v ul/Psf]
5.
-v_ s]Gb|Lo a}Ín]g} ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f ;DaGwL ;ef;Dd]ngdf k]z ul/g] Country paper
df ;xsf/L If]q klg g]kfnn] -cGo b]zn] ;xsf/L a}ÍnfO{ dfq pNn]v u/]sf]
kfOof] ._ dfq pNn]v ug]{ u/]sf] . To:t} cfjlws of]hgfx?df ;xsf/L If]qsf]
ljQLo dxTj cltpNn]v x'g] u/]sf] kfOG5 .
-&_ g]kfn /fi6« a}Í Pp6} lgsfoaf6 df}lb|s, a}lÍªsf sfo{x?sf ;fy} lgodg tyf
;'kl/j]If0f sfo{ klg ;Ë} ug'{kg]{ ePsf]n] zlSt k[ysLs/0fsf] l;4fGtsf] kl/kfngfdf
Jojxfl/s sl7gfO e} ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f, ;x'lnot shf{ h:tf sfo{ cfem]ndf k/]sf]
u'gf;f] kfOPsf] . n3'ljQ lgodgsf] nflu bf];|f] txsf] lgodg lgsfo x'g'kg]{ eGg]
;DaGwdf b'O{ bzseGbf cl3b]lv cGt/{fli6«o lgsfox?n] /fv]sf] rf;f] g]kfndf
xfn;Dd sfof{Gjog x'g g;s]sf] .
.. 75 ..
-*_ g]kfn ;/sf/n] ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0fsf laleGg lgodgsf/L lgsfox?dfkm{t hf/L x'g]
lgb]{zgx?df cfk;L ;dGjo / ;dLIff ug{ h?/L ePsf] .
-(_ ljQLo pkef]Stf ;+/If0f, ljQLo lzIff, ljQLo ;fIf/tf / pBd ;Lk ljsf; ;DaGwdf—
-s_ ljQLo pkef]Stfsf u'gf;fx? cf]em]ndf kg]{ u/]sf] . ;DalGwt ljQLo ;+:yfn]
s]Gb|Lo a}Ín] rf;f] lnFbf klg em~em6 dfGg] u/]sf] / pbf;Lg /xg] u/]sf] . :yfgLo
:t/df ljQLo ;]jf k|bfos aLr ;dGjo gx'g] / Ps csf]{nfO{ k|lt:kwL{ 7fGg],
:yfgLo shf{ pkef]Stfx?;Fu ;dGjofTds cGtlq{mof gx'g], ljQLo ;+:yfx?aLr
/fd|f] ;DaGw ePdf klg sf6]{lnË x'g] ;Defjgf /x]sf] .
-v_ ;]jfu|fxLx? lg/If/ x'g' jf sd 1fgsf] ;fIf/ dfq x'g', d'v rNg' t/ n]vk9 ug{
xft grNg' . df]afOn rnfpg] ;Lk klg gx'g' . em~eml6nf sfuhft k|lqmof /
vrf{n' nfUg' . sd ;fIf/ ePsf]n] c?sf] ;xof]u ljgf r]s / ef}r/ eg{ c?sf]
;xof]u lng'kg]{ ePsf]n] em~eml6nf] dfGg', czSt :jf:Yo ePsf] a]nf pkrf/sf]
nflu a}Íaf6 /sd lemSg hfg g;Sg] sf/0faf6 a}Ívftfdf /sd ePklg sfd
gnfu]sf] ljrf/ kfNg' / l5d]sL klg a}Í;]jfk|lt ljslif{t x'g' cflb ;d:of /x]sf] .
-u_ art ug'{kg]{ hlt cfo gx'g] ePsf]n] a}Ícof]Uo 7fg]/ a}Í;Fu cfa4 gx'g] jf
xfdLh:tfnfO{ a}Í xf]Og eGg] efjgf kfOg' . ;fgf]ltgf] shf{sf] nflu klg nfdf]
k|lqmof / ;do nfUbf ug{ vfh]sf] sfd jf Joj;fog} u'Dg] qf; x'g' . a}Íaf6 shf{
lnP/ ;dodf ltg{ g;s] ePsf] ;fgf] h]yf >L;DklQ klg lnnfd x'G5 / 3/af;
p7Laf; x'G5 eGg] wf/0ff x'g' . of] hGddf ltg{ g;s]sf] l/g csf]{ hGddf ltg{k5{
g/s uOG5 eGg] wfld{s ljZjf; x'g' / l/g lng tTk/tf gx'g' cflb u'gf;f] /x]sf] .
-!)_ x'nfs art a}Ísf] sfdnfO{ ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] d"n k|jfxdf Nofpg] — d'n'ssf]
;aeGbf a9L ;/sf/L ;~hfn ePsf] ;Ë7g && lhNnfdf x'nfs ;]jf ;~hfn -lhNnf
x'nfs, Onfsf x'nfs / cltl/St x'nfs u/L #(*$ sfof{nox?_ km}lnPsf] kfOG5 . xfn
O—;~rf/ dfWodsf] k|of]usf] sf/0faf6 lr7\7Lkqsf] cfbfgk|bfgsf] sfddf sdL
cfPsf]n] :jtM x'nfssf] sfo{ 36g uPsf] / cfw'lgs k|ljlwo'St a}+lsÍ ;'lawf pknAw
x'g nfu]sf]n] x'nfs art a}Ík|lt cfsif{0f 36]sf] .
.. 76 ..
-!!_ cgf}krfl/s If]qnfO{ cw{—cf}krfl/s ;]jfdf ?kfGt/0f ug]{ ;DaGwdf — ;fgf]ltgf] uhf]{
6fg]{ vfnsf tTsfn} cfjZostf ePsf] t/ cf}krfl/s ljQLo ;+:yf jf ;xsf/Lsf] ;]jf
kl/efiffleq gkg]{ vfnsf sfdx? cfktljkt\ h:t} b'3{6gf k/L jf lj/fdL k/L cf}ifwL
pkrf/, ;'Ts]/L vr{, z}lIfs cfjZostf cflb sfddf cgf}krfl/s JolStut
l/g;fk6Lsf] dxTjk"0f{ :yfg 5 . To:t}, d[To' ;+:sf/sf] vr{ -crfgs sf]/f]gf
dxfdf/Laf6 cfqmfGt_, crfgs lgif]wf1f x'Fbf ;fydf gub gePsf]n] 3/;Dd hfg
oftfoft vr{ h'6fpg g;sL k}bn ofqf ug{ afWo k/]sfx?nfO{ ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0fdf
;dfj]z u/fpg g;lsPsf] .
%=# ;xsf/L If]q ;DaGwL
-!_ Pp6} 7"nf] nufgL ;d"xn] a}Í, ;xfos sDkgLsf] ?kdf Oge]i6d]G6 sDkgL, ladf
sDkgL, n3'ljQ ljQLo ;+:yf, l/on :6]6 sf/f]af/ ;lxtsf] vaf}{ /sdsf] ;~hfnn]
vf]n]sf sf7df8f}+ zx/ s]lGb|t art tyf C0f ;xsf/L ;+:yfsf] hf]lvdk"0f{ sf/f]af/ eO{
artstf{x? cK7]/f]df k/]sf] u'gf;f] kfOPsf] . t/ o;} aLrdf ;xsf/L If]q / lghL
If]qsf lgsfox?aLr k|lt:kwf{ jf c;lxi0f' ;f+s]lts Jojxf/ eP klg lghL If]qåf/f
k|jl4{t art tyf C0f ;xsf/L ;+:yfnfO{ cfˆg} nufgL ;d"xsf] :t/ lbg] / ;fldKo x'g]
ljQLo :jefjnfO{ ;sf/fTds dfGg ;lsg] / c? ;xsf/Ldf ;d]t lghL If]qsf] of]
:jefjnfO{ 3'ngzLn agfpg] ljrf/0fLo ljifo ag]sf] kfOof] .
-@_ ;xsf/L lgodg ;DaGwdf
-s_ ljlzi6Ls[t lgsfon]em}+ ;a} vfn] lhDd]jf/L lng'kg]{ ;/sf/L lgsfon] s'g} ljz]if
sfddf >f]t, ;fwg / ;do s]lGb|t ug{ sl7g x'g] jf:tljstfnfO{ kG5fpg ldNb}g .
g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ;xsf/L ljefun] ;xsf/L ;+:yfx?sf] /lhi6]«;g ug]{ / lgodg
klg ul//x]sf] -pbfx/0f — zlSt k[ysLs/0f / r]s P08 Aofn]G;— rfns
cg'dltkq lbg] / 6«flkms hfFr lgsfo km/s ul/Psf]_ / lgodgsf] nflu ljz]if
bIftfo'St ;Lk cfjZos kg]{ ePsf]n] lgodg :jtGq, cfjlws / uxg x'g
g;s]sf] u'gf;f] kfOPsf] .
.. 77 ..
-v_ ;xsf/Lsf] lgodg lgoldt gx'g] u/]sf] . pbfx/0fsf] nflu, sf7df8f} pkTosfsf]
zx/df @)^& ;fndf :yflkt art tyf C0f ;xsf/L ;+:yfsf] xfn;Dd Ps k6s
klg :ynut lg/LIf0f gePsf] u'gf;f] kfOPsf] .
-u_ ;xsf/L ;+:yfsf] lgodg sdhf]/ /x]sf]n] ;xsf/L ;+:yfdf lgIf]ksf] ?kdf /fv]sf]
artg} 8'a]sf] 36gfx? ;~rf/ dfWoddf cfO/xg] u/]sf] .
-3_ ;xsf/L ;DaGwL PsLs[t cfwf/e"t tYofÍ tof/ ug{ tyf lgodgnfO{ k|efjsf/L
agfpg ;xsf/L tyf ul/aL lgjf/0f ;DaGwL Joj:yfkg ;"rgf k|0ffnL
(CoPoMIS) sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogsf] glthf cfO g;s]sf]n] s]Gb|Lo a}Ín]
h:t} ljQLo l:yltsf] dfl;s, q}dfl;s, jflif{s k|sfzgx? ;dod} gx'g] u/]sf] .
-ª_ ;xsf/L ;+:yfsf] cfly{s ;Ifd :jlge{/tfsf] sdL/n] ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0fdf sdL
—;xsf/L ;+:yfx?sf] k"FhL tyf sf/f]jf/ cfly{s :jlge{/ dfkg (economies of
scale) df ;~rfng x'g g;s]sf] sf/0faf6 ljQLo ;]jf lbg ufx|f] k/]sf] kfOG5 .
;Lldt If]qdf / cfˆgf ;b:ox?aLr dfq ug{ ;Sg] sfg"gL k|fjwfgsf] sf/0fn]
u'0f:t/Lo, Joj:yfkg, sd nfutsf] k'FhLsf] Joj:yf, sf/f]af/sf] cfotg a9fpg]
h:tf sfdx? ;a} ;+:yfx?sf] nflu ;Dej g/x]sf]n] h]gt]g rn]sf x'Fbf ljQLo
;dfj]zLs/0fsf ;]jf lbg sl7gfO ePsf] u'gf;f] kfOPsf] .
-#_ ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] b[li6sf]0fn] 3/af6 #) ldg6df ;xsf/Ldf kx'Fr ;DaGwdf

dfkb08af/] ;xsf/Lx?g} cgle1 /x]sf] .
.. 78 ..
%=$ ladf ;DaGwL
-!_ u|fdL0f If]qdf ladfsf] kx"r tyf lzIff b'j}sf] cefj 5 . sf]/f]gf ladfdf e'StfgLdf
l9nfO{ ePsf] / ladfsf] bfjL e'StfgLdf x'g] l9nfOn] klg ladf kx'Frsf] ultdf
;':ttf cfpg ;Sg] u'gf;f] kfOPsf] .
-@_ :jf:Yo ladfnfO{ Jofks agfpg rf;f] /fv]sf] kfOPsf] .
%=% k"FhL ahf/ ;DaGwL
-!_ u|fdL0f If]qdf k'hL ahf/sf] kx'Fr 5}g . z]o/ bnfnx? 7"nf / ;Lldt zx/df dfq}
s]lGb|t5g\ .
.. 79 ..
efu – ^
ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f k|j4{gsf] nflu sfo{of]hgf
^=! ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f k|j4{gsf] nflu sfo{of]hgf
kGw|f}+ of]hgf / lbuf] ljsf; nIox? xfl;n ug]{ ;Gbe{df ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f k|j4{gsf] nflu
cfufdL lbgdf rfNg' kg]{ gLltut, ;+:yfut tyf sfo{qmd ;'wf/sf lglDt sfo{of]hgf -tflnsf_
k|:tfj ul/Psf] 5 . o;df plNnlvt sltko ljifox? tTsfn} ug'{kg]{ -df}lb|s gLlt;d]t_ df
;dfj]z ug{ ;lsg] / ;+:yfut kl/kqn] ;d]6g] ljifox? 5g\ eg] sltko ljifo sfg"gg} lgdf{0f
ug'{kg]{ ljifo 5g\ .
tflnsf — %=!
ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f k|j4{gsf] nflu sfo{of]hgf
ljj/0f lgsfo cjlw
-s_ dfu—kIfLo -;]jfu|fxL_ ;DaGwL
!= a}Ízfvf gk'u / ckfos ;DaGwdf —
!=! a}Íx?sf]] pkl:ylt afSnf u|fdL0f j:t'x?df g]/fa} # dlxgf
lj:tf/ ug]{ afWofTds gLlt th'{df u/L a}Íx?
cfjZos x'g] :yfgx?sf] Doflk+u klxrfg u/L
kfos kg]{ :yfgdf a}Ízfvfx? :yfkgf x'g'kg]{ .
!=@ a}Í tyf ljQLo ;+:yfdf kx'Fr -3/af6 #) g]/fa} ! dlxgf
ldg6leq kx'Fr ePsf]_ 3/kl/jf/sf] dfkgljlw tyf
kl/;"rs x'g'kg]{ .
@ sd cfo cfh{g, ;Lksf] sdL ePsf]n] a}Íof]Uo
agfpg] .
@=! al~rtLs/0faf6 ;dfj]zLs/0fdf cfpg ;Lk, g]/fa}, @ dlxgf
cfod"ns sfo{qmd ;~rfng x'g'kg]{ . shf{±;Lk a}Í tyf ljQLo
;+of]hgsf ljQLo k|f]8S6x? th'{df u/L nfu" ug]{ .
;+:yfx?
@=@ zx/ / b'u{d tyf u|fdL0f If]qsf nflu km/s km/s g]/fa}, @ dlxgf
shf{ k|f]8S6x? th'{df u/L nfu" ug]{ .
.. 80 ..
ljj/0f lgsfo cjlw
a}Í tyf ljQLo
;+:yfx?
@=@ a}Ívftfsf] cfwf/df kx'Frsf] cj:yfsf] tYofÍ g]/fa} ^ dlxgf
tof/ x'g] u/]sf]n] s]Gb|Lo a}Ín] jf:tljs
vftfwgLsf] tYofÍ kfpg;Sg] k|ljlw ;DalGwt
a}Íx?df nfu" u/fpg] .
# n3'ljQ ;+:yfx?df cfa4tf ;+Vof / art
clenv]g ;DaGwdf
#=! Pp6} JolSt w]/} n3'ljQdf hfg kfOg] jf gkfOg] g]/fa} # dlxgf
s]Gb|Lo a}Ín] PsLs[t lgb]{zgdf :ki6 ug]{ .
#=@ n3'ljQ ;+:yfx?n] jf:tljs artsf] dfq cyf{t\ n3'ljQ # dlxgf
;d"xsf] artvftfdf clgjfo{ hDdf tyf e'StfgL ;+:yfx?n]
x'g] Joj:yf ug]{ . ;d"xd} art tyf shf{ ldnfg
b]vfPsf] e/df jf:tljs artsf] dfGotf gx'g] .
$= l:y/ / ef}lts lwtf]sf] cefjdf shf{ ltg]{ k|j[lQ
clen]vg / /]l6Ë x'g] sfg"gL Joj:yf ;DaGwdf
$=! shf{ ltg]{ k|j[lQ / shf{ e'StfgL afgLJoxf]/fsf] g]/fa} ^ dlxgf
clen]vg / /]l6Ë x'g] sfg"gL Joj:yf u/L l:y/ /
ef}lts lwtf]sf] cefj ePklg OdfGbf/ JolStn] klg
n3' jf ;fgf] cfsf/sf] shf{ kfpg] Joj:yf ug]{ .
% l8lh6n k|ljlwsf] k|of]u ug{ ljQLo 1fgsf] sdL /
nfut ;DaGwdf —
%=! l8lh6n k|ljlwsf] k|of]u ug{ ljQLo 1fgsf] cltl/Qm a}Í tyf ljQLo ^ dlxgf
l8lh6n 1fg x'g' klg cfjZos 5 . cfwf/e"t ;+:yfx?
Kofs]h rnfpgof]Uo z'Ns klg Aofhdf uflePsf]
x'G5 eGg] dfGotf /fvL ;DalGwt ljQLo ;]jf k|bfoL
;+:yfn] a}Íof]Uo ;Ifd agfpg] .
%=@ ;/sf/n] ;se/ ;a} u|fdL0f a:tLx?df -PSnf] / g]kfn ;/sf/ ! jif{
5l/Psf 3/x? afx]s_ cfwf/e"t ;]jfleq} k/]sf]n]
Og]6 ;]jf ;j{;'ne u/fpg] .
%=# ljQLo dWo:ytf nfut sd ug]{ / gful/snfO{ ;xh a}Í tyf ljQLo ! jif{
.. 81 ..
ljj/0f lgsfo cjlw
tyf ;'ne ljQLo ;]jf lbg] Joj:yf ug]{ . ljB't ;+:yfx?
sf/f]af/sf] z'Ns 36fpg] / bfo/f a9fpg] .
^ kfl/>lds jf Hofnf vftfaf6—vft}df /sdfGt/
e'StfgL ubf{ ljz]if 5"6 k|fKt ug]{ ;DaGwdf
^=! ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0fnfO{ /f]huf/L, Hofnf;Fu cfa4 g]/fa} ^ dlxgf
u/fpg] ;Gbe{df ;se/ kfl/>lds jf Hofnf
vftfaf6—vft}df /sdfGt/ e'StfgL ubf{ ljz]if 5"6
jf k|fKt ug]{ lgDg cfojfnf JolStsf] shf{ lng]
;fdYo{sf] gDa/ a9b} hfg] (rating) x'g] pTk|]/s
gLlt th'{df ug]{ .
& n3'ljQ ;b:o ;+VofeGbf artstf{ ;+Vof sd /
lgliqmo ;d"x ;b:o ;DaGwdf —
&=! n3'ljQ ;+:yfsf] t'ngfTds pRr Aofhb/df ;3g n3'ljQ ! jif{
;d"x kl/rfng nfut klg ;dfj]z x'g] ePsf]n] ;+:yfx?
;DalGwt n3'ljQ ;+:yfn] cfod"ns ;Lk ljsf;
tyf cfo cj;/ l;h{gf ug]{ .
&=@ Pp6f lglZrt k|ltzteGbf a9L ;d"x÷;b:o ;+Vof g]/fa}, n3'ljQ ^ dlxgf
lgl:qmo /fv]df ;DalGwt n3'ljQ ;+:yfn] k|f]lehg ;+:yfx?
/fVg' kg]{ jf o:t} afWofTds Joj:yf PsLs[t
lgb]{zgdf ;dfj]z ug]{ .
* ljsf;af6 kLl8tx? (victims of development) eO{
cfhLljsfd} cf3ft eO{ gofF ul/ax? jif]{gL ylkg]
;DaGwdf —
*=! ;'s'Daf;LnfO{ /fHon] lgz'Ns hUuf afF8\g] qmddf g]kfn ;/sf/, ! jif{
k|bfg ul/g] hUufwgL k|df0fkqsf] lsgf/f g]/fa}
lgnf]/Ësf] /fVg] gLlt lng] . hUufsf] :jfldTj
x:tfGt/0f x'Fbf klg lsgf/f lgnf] /Ësf] ePsf]
hUufwgL k|df0fkqsf] lg/Gt/tf lbg] . lsgf/f lgnf]
ePsf k'hf{sf ;'¿sf k|ydwgL]nfO{ ljQLo kx'Frdf
ljz]if k|fyldstf lbO{ ljQLo al~rtLs/0faf6
ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0fdf Nofpg] .
*=@ hnljB't sDkgL÷cfof]hgfsf] sf/0f gbLsf] k|jfx g]kfn ;/sf/, ^ dlxgf
.. 82 ..
ljj/0f lgsfo cjlw
cGoq df]l8O{ gbL lsgf/sf cflbjf;L afl;Gbf - hnljB't
af]6], dfemL_ sf] cfhLljsfdf sl7g x'g;Sg] cfof]hgf÷sDkgL
tYonfO{ Wofgdf /fvL ;DalGwt hnljB't
cfof]hgf÷sDkgLn] a}ÍlNks ;Lk ljsf; /
pBdsf] nflu aLpk'FhLåf/f :yfgLo ljQLo ;+:yf;Fu
cfa4 u/fO{ ljQLo ;dfj]zof]Uo agfpg] .
*=# Kfftnf] a:tL ePsf kxf8L le/kfvfsf s[life"ld Iflt g]kfn ;/sf/ ! jif{
x'g] u/L $ ld6/eGbf sd km/flsnf sRrL
;8sx? dfq lgdf{0f ug]{u/L ;8s lgdf{0f ljsf;
gLltd} kl/dfh{g ug]{ / Iflt k'¥ofOPsf] s[lif e"lddf
;fljsdfem}+ l;~rfO ;'ljwf sfod ug'{sf] ;fy}
lju|]sf] hUufsf] :t/f]Gglt (management of degraded
land) u/L ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0fof]Uo agfpg] .
*=$ r'/]km]FbLsf t/fO{sf vx/]vf]nf lsgf/fdf lxFpbdf g]kfn ;/sf/ ! jif{

Ps yf]kf klg kfgL gx'g] t/ jiff{t\df cGt/f{li6«o
ljdfg:yn +hq} cfsf/sf au/ aGg] / vx/]n]
s[life"ld k'b}{ d"n k|jfx 5f]8L htf dg nfUof] ptf
hfg] u/]sf]n] vx/]vf]nfx?sf] aLrdf ulx/fO{ agfO{
:yfgLo ;LdfGt ju{sf >ldsx?åf/f lu§L, afn'jf,
9'Ëfx?af6 t6aGw u/L lau|sf] hUuf psf;L
v]tLof]Uo sfod u/fO{ a}Íof]Uo agfpg] . t6aGw /
hUuf psf;sf] sfddf ;DnUg >ldsx?nfO{
a}Ívftfåf/f e'StfgL lbO{ ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0fdf
jf:tljs ?kdf ;dfj]z ug]{ .
( of] cWoogsf] sfo{zt{ (ToR) cg';f/ sfo{If]q g]kfn ;/sf/ # dlxgf
sf7df8f} pkTosfdf ;Lldt /x]sf]n] d'n'ssf] cGo
efux?sf] :ynut cWoogaf6 vf;u/L ljQLo
kx'Fr k|fKt ug{ g;s]sf t/ ;dfj]z x'g}kg]{
cfly{s, ;fdflhs / ;fF:s[lts ?kdf k5fl8 k/]sf]
ju{ -kxf8df r]kfª, /fp6], k]zfut hflt, pkNnf]
hflt ePklg bogLo ?kn] cfly{s ?kdf sdhf]/
b'u{d:yfgsf afl;Gbf cflb / t/fO{df 8f]d, d';x/
cflb_ sf] rf;f]nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ yk cWoog u/L
.. 83 ..
ljj/0f lgsfo cjlw
;dfj]z ug]{ .
-v_ cfk"lt{—kIfLo -;]jf k|bfos_ ;DaGwL
!= d'n'ssf] ef}uf]lns, cfly{s, ;fdflhs /
k"jf{wf/sf] b[li6sf]0fn] a}ÍZffvfx?sf] juL{s/0f
;DaGwdf
!=! zfvfx?sf] juL{s/0f u/L cfwf/e"t ljQLo ;]jf g]/fa} ^ dlxgf
dfq -;'sL{O{+6fsf] zfvfh:t}_ lbg ;Sg] zfvf
gfdfs/0f ug]{ / ;]jf lbg' kg]{ gLlt lng] .
!=@ a}ÍZffvf vf]Ng pko'St klxrfg ePsf :yfgdf g]/fa} ^ dlxgf
k|fyldstf lbO{ ;dofjlw tf]sL juL{s/0fcg';f/sf]
a}Ízfvf vf]Ng} kg]{ gLlt lng] .
!=# a}ÍZffvf vf]Ng pko'St klxrfg ePsf :yfgdf g]kfn ;/sf/ ! jif{
lglZrt ;do tf]sL ;/sf/L ah]6af6 k|fyldstf
lbO{ Go"gtd cfwf/e"t k"jf{wf/ ljsf; ug]{ .
!=$ lgwf{l/t ;dodf k"jf{wf/ ePgePsf] / a}ÍZffvf g]kfn ;/sf/, ! jif{
v'n]gv'n]sf] cg'udg ug]{ . g]/fa}
@= a}Ízfvfx?sf] lj:tf/sf] sf/0f ;DaGwdf
@=! a}Ízfvfsf] cfwf/df ljQLo kx'Frsf] dfkb08 g]/fa}, a}Í tyf ^ dlxgf
/x]sf] kl/k|]Iodf ;a} lhNnfx? ;'ud ePsf] t/fO{ ljQLo ;+:yfx?
If]q cf]u6]sf] k|b]z g+= @ df k|lt a}Ízfvf hg;+Vof
s0ff{nL k|b]zsf] k|lt a}Ízfvf hg;+Vof ;/x eof]
yk cWoog u/L ljQLo kx'Fr lj:tf/ ug]{ . s0ff{nL
k|b]z / ;'b"/ klZrd k|b]zdf a}Ísf] kx'Fr lj:tf/
ug]{ .
# s, v / u ju{sf ljQLo ;+:yfn] n3'ljQ ;+:yfnfO{
k|fyldstfk|fKt If]qsf] yf]sshf{ k|jfx ;DaGwdf —
#=! s, v / u ju{sf ljQLo ;+:yfn] n3'ljQ ;+:yfnfO{ g]/fa}, a}Í tyf # dlxgf
k|jfx ug]{ k|fyldstfk|fKt If]qsf] yf]sshf{ ljQLo ;+:yfx?,
;]jfu|fxLx?nfO{ k|jfx ug}{ kg]{ / ljQLo ;+:yfsf] n3'ljQ
Aofh k|fKt x'g] vftfdf /fvL sf]if cj:yfkg (fund ;+:yfx?
parking) u/L d'gfkmf sdfPdf ;f] /sd shf{
.. 84 ..
ljj/0f lgsfo cjlw
b'?kof]u ;/x dfgL k|f]lehgof]Uo agfO{ b'?T;fxg
u/L ;d"x shf{ lj:tf/ ug{ nufpg] .
$ ;x'lnot shf{sf nflu Aofh cg'bfg;lxt k|jflxt shf{ ;DaGwdf —
$=! a}Í tyf ljQLo ;+:yfsf] s'n shf{sf] Pp6f g]/fa}, a}Í tyf # dlxgf
lglZrt k|ltzteGbf sd ;x'lnot shf{ k|jfx u/]df ljQLo ;+:yfx?
k|f]lehgsf] yk Joj:yf PsLs[t lgb]{zgdf ;dfj]z
ug]{ .
$=@ n3'ljQ ;+:yfn] k|fyldstf If]qcGtu{t yf]sshf{ g]/fa}, n3'ljQ # dlxgf
;'ljwf kfpg Pp6f lglZrt k|ltzt shf{ k|jfx ;+:yfx?
u/]sf] x'g'kg]{ zt{ yk ug]{ .
$=# ;x'lnot shf{ ;]jf ljt/0f gLlt tyf sfo{ljlw g]kfn ;/sf/, # dlxgf
kl/dfh{g ug]{ . ljtl/t shf{sf] c;"nLdf ;Í6 g]/fa}
cfpg] k|j[lQ b]vf k/]sf] eP ;f]xL cg';f/
k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{ .
$=$ cfly{s ;j]{If0f h:tf k|ltj]bgx?df ;x'lnot g]kfn ;/sf/ ! jif{
shf{sf] nflu slt Aofh cg'bfg k|bfg eof]
pNn]v x'g'kg]{ .
% /fli6«o ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f /0fgLlt ;DaGwdf —
%=! ul/aL 36g'sf ;fy} ljQLo k|0ffnL ;'b[9 u/fpg yk g]kfn ;/sf/, ! dlxgf
d2t ldNg] tYonfO{ Wofgdf /fvL g]kfn /fi6« a}Í g]/fa}
/0fgLlts of]hgf (Nepal Rastra Bank Strategic Plan,
2016-21) oyfzL3| Jofks ;xeflutf /
sfof{Gjogsf] :jfldTj;lxt /fli6«o ljQLo
;dfj]zLs/0f /0fgLlt kl/dfh{g ug]{ .
%=@ /fli6«o ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f /0fgLltcGtu{t kfFr g]kfn ;/sf/, ! dlxgf
jif]{ /fli6«o ljQLo lzIff /0fgLlt (Nationl Strategy for g]/fa}
Financial Education) th'{df ug]{ . k|To]s a}ÍnfO{
tLg jif]{ ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f sfo{of]hgf (Action
Plan for Financial Inclusion) agfpg nufO{ lhDd]jf/
agfpg] . df}lb|s gLlt tyf PsLs[t lgb]{zgdf ljQLo
;dfj]zLs/0f 7f]; ?kdf zflAbs 9Ën] pNn]v
x'g] ug]{ .
.. 85 ..
ljj/0f lgsfo cjlw
%=# ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f sf]if :yfkgf ug]{ . g]kfn ;/sf/, ^ dlxgf
g]/fa}
%=$ g]kfn /fi6« a}Ídf ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f ;DaGwL g]/fa} # dlxgf
s]Gb|Lo kmf]sn KjfOG6sf] :yfkgf ug]{ .
%=% g]kfn ;/sf/, s]Gb|Lo a}Í, cGo u}/a}lÍª lgodg g]kfn ;/sf/, # dlxgf
lgsfosf k|ltlglw /x]sf] /fli6«o ljQLo g]/fa}, cGo
;dfj]zLs/0f s]Gb|Lo ;ldlt u7g ug]{ . o;n] gLlt u}/a}lÍª lgodg
tyf sfo{qmd th'{df ug]{, sfof{Gjog ug]{ u/fpg] / lgsfox?
cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg ug]{, /fli6«o ljQLo
;dfj]zLs/0f dfkg kl/;"rs tf]Sg], dfl;s÷jflif{s
k|ult ;fj{hlgs ug]{, cGt/{fli6«o lgsfox?;Ësf]
k|lta4tfnfO{ k"/f u/fpg] .
^ g]kfndf ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0fsf]
kl/;"rsx?;DaGwdf —
^=! g]kfn /fi6« a}Í Banking & Financial Statistics g]/fa} # dlxgf
(Monthly), df ljQLo kx'Fr (Financial Access)
zLif{sdf ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f dfkb08 cg;f/sf
kl/;"rs kl/dflh{t u/L cfjlws ?kdf k|sfzg
ug]{ gLlt lng] .
^=@ ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f dfkg tl/sf, 8]6f k|fKt ug]{ g]kfn ;/sf/, # dlxgf
;|f]tx?, cfjlws ;do cflbsf cfwf/df /fli6«o g]/fa}, cGo
ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f /0fgLltsf] sfof{Gjog ug]{ u}/a}lÍª lgodg
g]t[Tj lgsfon] k|:tfljt /fli6«o ljQLo lgsfox?
;dfj]zLs/0f kl/;"rs gd"gfdf cfjZos kl/dfh{g
u/L dfkb08sf] :6\ofG88{ kmDof{6 nfu" ug]{ . dfl;s
k|ltj]bgdf ;+lIfKt, q}dfl;s÷rf}dfl;sdf dWod
vfnsf] / jflif{sdf lj:t[t 8]6f pknAw u/fpg] .
^=# g]kfndf xfn -c_ ;a} k|sf/sf k|ljlwo'St / g]kfn ;/sf/, # dlxgf
cfjlws, uxg / ;3g lgodg x'g;Sg] s ju{sf g]/fa}, cGo
jfl0fHo a}Íx? dfqsf] ljQLo kx'FrnfO{ dflgG5, jf u}/a}lÍª lgodg
-cf_ s]Gb|Lo a}Íaf6 lgodg x'g] s±v±u ju{sf lgsfox?
a}Í tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx? ;d]tnfO{ dflgG5, jf -O_
.. 86 ..
ljj/0f lgsfo cjlw
s±v±u±3 ;a} ju{sf cyf{t\ n3' ljQLo
;+:yfx?;d]tnfO{ dflgG5, :ki6 x'g' h?/L 5 .
To:t} -O{_ ;xsf/L ljefusf] lgodgdf kg]{ ;xsf/L
;+:yfdWo] art tyf C0f ;xsf/L ;+:yfx? klg
ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0fleq k5{g\ jf -p_ ;a} ;xsf/L
;+3÷;+:yfx?;d]t ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0fdf k5{g\
:ki6 u/L kl/;"rs lgwf{/0f ug]{ .
^=% a}Í tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx?sf] ;Gbe{df, 3/af6 #) g]/fa}+ # dlxgf
ldg6leq kx'Fr ePsf] kl/jf/ klxrfgsf] nflu
dfkb08 kl/;"rsdf ;dfj]z ug]{ .
& ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f, ;x'lnot shf{ h:tf
sfo{qmdx? lj:tf/ ;DaGwdf —
&=! Pp6} lgsfoaf6 df}lb|s, a}lÍªsf sfo{x?sf ;fy} g]/fa} ! jif{
lgodg tyf ;'kl/j]If0fsf] uxg lhDd]jf/L klg jxg
ug'{kg]{ ePsf]n] zlSt k[ysLs/0fsf] l;4fGtsf]
cGt/f{li6«o cEof; ;d]t cWoog u/L k|fyldstf
shf{ lj:tf/, ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f cflb sfo{nfO{
k|efjsf/L agfpg] .
&=@ n3'ljQ tyf ljQLo ;xsf/Lsf] lgodgsf] nflu g]kfn ;/sf/, ^ dlxgf
bf];|f] txsf] lgodg lgsfo u7g ug]{ / lgodgnfO{ g]/fa}
e/kbf]{ agfpg] . ;j{dfGo lgodg dfkb08sf]
cg'kfngf (compliance) k"/f u/]kl5 dfq of] If]qnfO{
ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f :t/df ;dfj]z ug]{ .
* ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0fsf lgodgsf/L lgb]{zgx?df
cfk;L ;dGjo / ;dLIff —
*=! g]kfn ;/sf/n] ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0fsf laleGg g]kfn ;/sf/ ^ dlxgf
lgodgsf/L lgsfox?dfkm{t hf/L x'g]
lgb]{zgx?aLr kf/:kl/s ;dGjo x'g] Joj:yf
ug]{ .
( ljQLo pkef]Stf ;+/If0f, ljQLo lzIff, ljQLo
;fIf/tf / pBd ;Lk ljsf; ;DaGwdf —
(=! ljQLo pkef]Stfx?sf] ;+/If0fsf] P]g, lgodx? g]kfn ;/sf/, ^ dlxgf
.. 87 ..
ljj/0f lgsfo cjlw
th'{df u/L nfu" ug]{ . g]/fa}
(=@ ljQLo pkef]Stf ;+/If0f / ljQLo lzIff tyf g]kfn ;/sf/, ^ dlxgf
;fIf/tfsf] nflu a}Í tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx?sf] g]/fa}, ladf
lgodg lgsfo g]kfn /fi6« a}Í, ladf sDkgLx?sf] ;ldlt, g]kfn
lgofds lgsfo — ladf ;ldlt, / k"FhL ahf/sf] lwtf]kq af]8{
lgofds lgsfo — lwtf]kq af]8{sf] ;xeflutfdf
/fli6«o ljQLo ;fIf/tf k|lti7fgdf u7g u/L ljQLo
pkef]Stf ;+/If0f tyf ;fIf/tf sfo{qmdx?
;~rfng ug]{ .
(=# g]kfn /fi6« a}Ín] th'{df u/]sf] ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f g]/fa} # dlxgf
;fIf/tf kf7oqmd ;sf/fTds ePsf] t/ o;nfO{
;/n / u|fxssf] txcg';f/ th'{df u/L txcg';f/g}
k|lzIf0f, ;Lk l;sfpg] u/L ;'wf/ ug'{kg]{ .
(=$ ljBfno lzIffdf klg cfwf/e"t ljQLo 1fg lbgsf] g]kfn ;/sf/ ^ dlxgf
nflu kf7\oqmddf ;dfj]z ug]{ Joj:yf ug]{ .
(=% ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0fnfO{ km/flsnf] agfpg tLg ; g]/fa}, a}Í tyf ^ dlxgf
cyf{t\ ;d'bfo :t/df ;d"x u7g, ;Lksf] l;sfO - ljQLo ;+:yfx?
cfwf/e"t a}lÍª ;fIf/tf dfq}, df]afOn rnfpg]
;fdfGo k|ljlw, ;fgf pBd cflb_ / ;fgf] k"FhL -
art, shf{af6 a}Íof]Uo_ df hf]8 lbg] .
!) x'nfs art a}Ísf] sfdnfO{ ljQLo
;dfj]zLs/0fsf] d"n k|jfxdf Nofpg] —
!)=! x'nfs art a}Ídf cfa4 ^@ xhf/ artstf{af6 g]kfn ;/sf/ ^ dlxgf
;Ílnt x'nfs art a}Ísf] sfdnfO{ ;dofg's"n
k|ljlwo'St / ljQLo ;+:yf;Fu ;xsfo{ u/fO{
d'n'ssf] ;aeGbf a9L ;~hfn ePsf] ;/sf/L
;+oGqsf] ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0fdf klg pkof]lutf tyf
of]ubfg lbg ;lsg] gLlt agfpg] .
!! sf]/f]gf k|sf]k h:tf ljklQaf6 a9L k|efljt
x'g;Sg] ;LdfGt ju{nfO{ cw{—cf}krfl/s ljQLo
;]jfdf kx'Fr u/fpg] ;DaGwdf —
!!=! sf]/f]gf k|sf]k h:tf ljklQaf6 a9L k|efljt g]/fa}, a}Í tyf # dlxgf
.. 88 ..
ljj/0f lgsfo cjlw
x'g;Sg] ;LdfGt ju{nfO{ ljQLo ;]jfdf kx'Fr k'/fpg ljQLo ;+:yfx?
ufpFs} s'g} JolStnfO{ a}Ín] cg'dltkq (Licence)
k|bfg u/]/ JolStut e'StfgL tyf C0f Jofkf/
(payment and loan dealership) sf] wf/0ffnfO{
Jojxf/df kl/0ft u/fpgsf] nflu o; k/Dk/fut
cgf}krfl/s If]qnfO{ cw{—cf}krfl/s ljQLo ;]jfdf
?kfGt/0f u/fpg] . cfw'lgs k|ljlwåf/f sf/f]af/df
;xhLs/0f / xn'sf vfnsf] lgodg Joj:yf ug]{ .
-u_ ;xsf/L If]q ;DaGwL
! b'u{d / u|fdL0f If]qsf ;xsf/L / zx/L If]qsf 7"nf]
cfotgsf ;xsf/L aLrsf] Ps ?ktf, leGgtf /
k|fyldstf ;DaGwdf —
!=! b'O{ lsl;dsf, -!_ vaf}{ /sdsf] ;~hfnn] vf]n]sf g]kfn ;/sf/ ^ dlxgf
sf7df8f}+ zx/ s]lGb|t art tyf C0f ;xsf/L
;+:yf, / -@_ u|fdL0f b'u{d :yfgdf jf:tljs Go"g
cfo ePsf ju{n] vf]n]sf art tyf C0f ;xsf/L
;+:yfsf] lgodgsf] :t/ Pj+ ;/sf/L ;xsf/L 5"6
;'ljwfsf] tx xfn ;dfg /x]sf] cj:yfnfO{ ljQLo
;dfj]zLs/0fdf s;/L of]ubfgof]Uo agfpg ;lsG5
g]kfn ;/sf/, lalw lgdf{tfx?, gLlt lgdf{tfx?
:ki6 x'g'kg]{ .
!=@ Pp6} ;d"xaLrsf] a}lsË / ;xsf/Lsf] kf/:kl/s g]/fa} # dlxgf
lxt jf cGof]Gofl>t ;DjGwn] cGttf]uTjf ljQLo
;+:yfx? klg hf]lvddf kg{ ;Sg]g;Sg] :ki6 ug]{ .
@ ;xsf/L lgodg ;DaGwdf
@=! ;xsf/L ljefudf lgodgsf] nflu ljz]if bIftfo'St g]kfn ;/sf/ ^ dlxgf
;Lk ljsf; ug]{ / lgodg sfo{nfO{ b[9tfk"j{s ug]{
jftfj/0f ldnfpg] / yk k|fT;f]xg Joj:yf ;d]t
ug]{ .
@=@ lgodg ;'kl/j]If0fsf k|sf/x?, cjlw / ;+Vofsf] g]kfn ;/sf/ ^ dlxgf
nIo lgwf{/0f u/L k|ult ;dLIff tyf cg'udg
tfn's dGqfnosf ;lrjsf] cWoIftfdf x'g]
.. 89 ..
ljj/0f lgsfo cjlw
Joj:yf ug]{ .
@=# ;a} art tyf C0f ;xsf/L ;+:yfx?df ;xsf/L g]kfn ;/sf/ ^ dlxgf
Joj:yfkg ;"rgf k|0ffnL (CoPoMIS) tTsfn} nfu"
ug]{ / c¿ ;xsf/L ;+:yfx?df qmlds ?kn] nfu"
ug]{ Joj:yfnfO{ rfF8} lj:tf/ ug]{ /0fgLlt lng] .
s]Gb|Lo a}Ín] h:t} ljQLo l:yltsf] dfl;s,
q}dfl;s, jflif{s k|sfzgx? ;dod} k|sflzt ug]{ .
# ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] b[li6sf]0fn] ;xsf/Ldf
kx'Fr ;DaGwdf —
#=! sf7df8f}+ pkTosf nufotsf zx/ s]lGb|t vf;u/L g]kfn ;/sf/ ^ dlxgf
art tyf C0f ;xsf/L ;+:yfx?nfO{ ;Defjgf /
Ifdtfsf cfwf/df ;a} If]q cf]u6g] u/L PsLs[t
ug]{ .
#=@ ;xsf/L ;+:yfx? z'Go /x]sf kflnsfx? $ j6f - g]kfn ;/sf/ ! jif{
dgfª lhNnfdf # / 8f]Nkf lhNnfdf !_ df ;DefJotf
cWoog / ;fdYo{sf cfwf/df vf]Ng] .
#=# ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] b[li6sf]0faf6 #) ldg6df g]kfn ;/sf/ # dlxgf
;xsf/Ldf kx'Fr ePsf] 3/kl/jf/sf] cfwf/ jif{sf]
tYofÍsf] nflu dfkb08 agfO{ kl/;"rs nfu" ug]{ .
-3_ ladf ;DaGwL
! ladf ;ldlt ;d]t /fli6«o ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f
/0fgLltdf ;dfj]z x'g] ;DaGwdf .
!=! ladf ;ldlt ;d]t /fli6«o ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f lzIff ladf ;ldlt # dlxgf
/0fgLltdf ;dfj]z eO{ ;fIf/tf sfo{qmd ;3g
?kdf u/fO{ ladfdf kx'Fr a9fpg] .
!=@ u|fdL0f tyf b'u{d If]qdf ladfsf] kx'Fr tyf lzIff ladf ;ldlt, ladf ^ dlxgf
b'j}sf] cefj ePsf]n] ladf sDkgLx?sf] sDkgLx?
;+nUgtfdf ladf ;r]tgf sfo{qmdx? ;~rfng
ug]{ .
@ ladfsf] kxFr a9fpg]
@=! ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f sdL ePsf If]qdf zfvf ladf ;ldlt, ladf ^ dlxgf
.. 90 ..
ljj/0f lgsfo cjlw
lj:tf/ u/L ladfsf] kxFr a9fpg] . k|To]s lhNnfdf sDkgLx?
slDtdf Ps ladf sDkgLsf] zfvf x'g'kg]{ ePsf]n]
cf=a= @)*)÷*! leq afFsL zfvf vf]Ng] Joj:yf
ldnfpg] .
@=@ ladfdf kx'Fr a9fpg vf;u/L u|fdL0f If]qdf ladf g]kfn ;/sf/ ^ dlxgf
gk'u]sf] / lk|ldod ltg]{ Ifdtf gePsf]n] cg'bfgsf]
Joj:yf ug]{ .
@=# ladfsf] bfjL e'StfgLdf x'g] l9nfOn] ladfk|ltsf] ladf ;ldlt, ladf ^ dlxgf
wf/0ffnfO{ ljsif{0f ug]{x'Fbf bfjL e'StfgLdf zL3|tf sDkgLx?
NofO{ laldt ;+Vof a9fpg] .
@=$ :jf:Yo ladf af]8{af6 ul/Psf] :jf:Yo ladfnfO{ g]kfn ;/sf/ # dlxgf
Jofks agfpg] .
@=^ ladfsf] kx'Fr l:yltsf] ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f ladf ;ldlt, ladf ^ dlxgf
kl/;"rs k|sfzg ug]{ . sDkgLx?
-ª_ k"FhL ahf/ ;DaGwL
! k"FhL ahf/sf] kx'Fr lj:tf/ ug]{
!=! g]kfn lwtf]kq af]8{ ;d]t /fli6«o ljQLo g]kfn lwtf]kq ^ dlxgf
;dfj]zLs/0f lzIff /0fgLltdf ;dfj]z eO{ ;fIf/tf af]8{
sfo{qmd ;3g ?kdf u/fO{ k"FhL ahf/df kx'Fr
a9fpg] .
!=@ u|fdL0f tyf b'u{d If]qdf lwtf]kq ahf/sf] kx'Fr tyf g]kfn lwtf]kq ^ dlxgf
lzIff b'j}sf] cefj ePsf]n] k"FhL ahf/ ;r]tgf af]8{
sfo{qmdx? ;~rfng ug]{ .
!=# z]o/ ahf/df ;"rgfsf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf x'g]x'Fbf g]kfn lwtf]kq # dlxgf
;"rLs[t sDkgLx?sf] ;Dk"0f{ ;"rgf / If]qut af]8{, g]kfn
t'ngf cfˆgf] j]a;fO6df /fv]/ ;';"lrt ug]{ . o;n] :6s PS;r]Gh
;fgf / l;sf? nufgLstf{ kmF:g] ;Defagf sd ln=
x'G5 / ahf/df laZjf; a9]/ hfG5 .
!=$ k"FhL ahf/sf] kx'Fr l:yltsf] ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f g]kfn lwtf]kq # dlxgf
kl/;"rs k|sfzg ug]{ . af]8{
.. 91 ..
ljj/0f lgsfo cjlw
-r_ kGw|f}+ of]hgfsf] nIo / k|ult 6«oflsª ;DaGwdf
! kGw|f}+ of]hgfsf] nIo / k|ult 6«oflsª ug{ / ;dod} g]kfn ;/sf/ # dlxgf
k"/f ug{ ;DalGwt lgsfon] g} ;"rsx?sf]
t'ngfTds ;dLIff ;lxtsf] cfFs8f dflyNnf]
lgsfodf pknAw u/fpg ;s]df :jd"NofFsg ug{
;lhnf] x'g] / ePu/]sf] k|ult klg ;j{;fwf/0faLr
hfFbf ;sf/fTds ;Gb]zåf/f ;';"lrt ul/Psf] dflgg]
ePsf]n] cfjZos k|aGw ug]{ .
.. 92 ..
efu – &
lgisif{
&=! lgisif{
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg @)&@ df ;dfj]zL ;DaGwL Joj:yf / pkef]Stf ;+/If0f k|fjwfg /flvPsf] 5 .
g]kfn ;/sf/n] rfn" kGw|f}+ of]hgfdf ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0fnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL ljleGg nIo tyf
sfo{qmdx? th'{df u/]sf] 5 . g]kfnn] ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f ;DaGwL ;ef;Dd]ngdf k|lta4tf
klg hgfO;s]sf] 5 . ;fs{ nufotsf d'n'sx?df o; ;DaGwdf eO/x]sf sfdx? klg
g]kfnsf] nflu ;fGble{s x'g] b]lvPsf] 5 .
ljQLo kx'Frsf] cfwf/e"t zt{dWo] d'Vo ?kdf lng'kg]{ rf;f] cyf{t\ g]kfnsf &%# :yfgLo
txdWo] &%) j6fdf jfl0fHo a}Íx?sf zfvfx? vf]lnPsf 5g\ .
al~rtLs/0faf6 ;dfj]zLs/0fdf a}Í tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx?n] shf{ dfq xf]Og, shf{±;Lk
;+of]hgsf ljQLo k|f]8S6x? th'{df u/L nfu" ug]{ b]lvG5 . a}Í tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx?n] zx/ /
b'u{d tyf u|fdL0f If]qsf nflu km/s km/s shf{ k|f]8S6x? th'{df u/L nfu" ug{ kg]{ b]lvPsf]
5.
a}Í zfvfdfkm{t ljQLo kx'Frsf] dfkb08sf] pkof]lutf b]lvg ;+Vof dxTjk"0f{ sf/s xf] . t/
;a} lhNnfx? ;'ud ePsf] t/fO{ If]q cf]u6]sf] k|b]z g+= @ df k|lt a}Ízfvf hg;+Vof s0ff{nL
k|b]zsf] k|lt a}Ízfvf hg;+Vof ;/x ePsf]n] yk cWoogsf] ljifo aGg k'u]sf] 5 . ljQLo
;dfj]zLs/0fsf] nflu g]kfn ;/sf/n] k|fyldstf ;lxt cg'bfg;d]t pknAw u/fPsf]
;x'lnotk"0f{ shf{ k|jfx a}Í tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx?sf] s'n shf{sf] @=*$Ü /x]sf] 5 .
g]kfndf oyfzL3| Jofks ;xeflutf / sfof{Gjogsf] :jfldTj;lxt /fli6«o ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f

/0fgLlt kl/dfh{g ug'{kg]{ b]lvPsf] 5 . To:t} /fli6«o ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f /0fgLltcGtu{t /fli6«o
ljQLo lzIff /0fgLlt kl/dfh{g ug]{, ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f sf]if :yfkgf ug]{, g]kfn /fi6« a}Ídf
s]Gb|Lo kmf]sn KjfOG6 :yfkgf ug]{ / /fli6«o ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f s]Gb|Lo ;ldlt u7g ug]{
.. 93 ..
;d]tsf Joj:yf ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 . ljQLo pkef]Stf ;+/If0fsf] P]g tyf lgod oyfzL3| agfO{
nfu" ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 . k|efjsf/L ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] nflu n3'ljQ tyf ljQLo ;xsf/Lsf]
bf];|f] txsf] lgodg lgsfo u7g u/L e/kbf]{ agfpg' kg]{ b]lvPsf] 5 .
sf]/f]gf k|sf]k h:tf ljklQaf6 a9L k|efljt x'g;Sg] ;LdfGt ju{nfO{ cw{—cf}krfl/s ljQLo
;]jfdf kx'Fr k'/fpg ufpFs} s'g} JolStnfO{ a}Ín] cg'dltkq k|bfg u/]/ JolStut e'StfgL tyf
C0f Jofkf/ l8n/l;k lbO{ cgf}krfl/s If]qnfO{ cw{—cf}krfl/s ljQLo ;]jfdf ?kfGt/0f u/fpg
;lsg] b]lvPsf] 5 .
/fli6«o ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f kl/;"rs k|:tfj ul/Psf] 5 . ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f k|j4{gsf] nflu
gLltut, ;+:yfut tyf sfo{qmddf yk ;'wf/sf lglDt k|:tfj ul/Psf] sfo{of]hgf -tflnsf_ df
plNnlvt sltko ljifox? tTsfn} ug'{kg]{ -df}lb|s gLlt;d]t_ df ;dfj]z ug{ ;lsg] / ;+:yfut
kl/kqn] ;d]6g] ljifox? ePsf] / sltko ljifo sfg"gg} lgdf{0f ug'{kg]{ ljifo ePsf]n] ;f]xL
cg';f/ sfof{Gjogsf] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 .
;dli6df of] cWoogdf g]kfndf xfn;Dd ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] nflu ul/Psf of]hgf th'{df,
/0fgLlt tyf sfof{Gjog ;sf/fTds lbzflt/ pGd'v ePsf] b]lvPsf] 5 . ca yk ;'wf/sf
k|of;x? ;dod} sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg ;s]df nIo k|flKtdf ;3fp k'Ug] b]lvG5 .
;dfKt
.. 94 ..
cg';"rL — !=!
ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f kl/;"rsx¿ — s]Gb|Lo ;dGjo lgsfo
cjlw -dfl;s÷cfjlws_
k|ltj]bg ug]{ lgsfo — sDkfon ldlt —
!= ljQLo kx'Fr -g]kfn e/_
s= pkof]u kl/;"rs s v u hDdf 3 s'n hDdf
! ljQLo kx'Fr -jo:s_
!=! a}Í tyf ljQLo ;+:yf -;+Vof_
!=@ a}Ízfvf -;+Vof_
!=# k|lt a}Ízfvf hg;+Vof
!=$ cfwf 306fsf] b'/Ldf ljQLo ;+:yfdf
kx'Fr k'u]sf] kl/jf/ -;+Vof_
!=% lgIf]kstf{ -;+Vof_
!=^ shf{ -;+Vof_
!=& a}Ízfvf/lxt s]Gb| -;+Vof_
!=* a}Ízfvf/lxt s]Gb| u|fxs -
;+Vof_
!=( Dff]afOn a}+lÍª u|fxs -;+Vof_
!=!) Og]6 a}+lÍª u|fxs -;+Vof_
!=!! Pl6Pd -;+Vof_
!=!@ 8]la6 sf8{ -;+Vof_
!=!# qm]l86 sf8{ -;+Vof_
!=!$ lk|k]8 sf8{ -;+Vof_
v= pkof]u kl/;"rs s v u hDdf 3 s'n hDdf
-;fgf tyf d‰of}nf pBd_
!=!% Vfftf ePsf pBd -;+Vof_
!=!^ shf{ afFsL ePsf pBd -;+Vof_
u= ljQLo u'0f:t/ kl/;"rs s v u hDdf 3 s'n hDdf
!=!& u'gf;f] k|fKt -;+Vof_
!=!* u'gf;f] lgK6f/f -;+Vof_
!=!( ljQLo ;fIf/tf sfo{qmd -;+Vof_
!=@) ljQLo ;fIf/tf ;xefuL -;+Vof_
.. 95 ..
@= k|b]zut ljQLo kx'Fr - !,@,#,$,%,^,& sf] 5'§f5'§}_
s= kx'Fr kl/;"rs s v u hDdf 3 s'n

hDdf
@ ljQLo kx'Fr -jo:s_
@=! a}Í tyf ljQLo ;+:yf -;+Vof_
@=@ a}Ízfvf -;+Vof_
@=# k|lt a}Ízfvf hg;+Vof
@=$ cfwf 306fsf] b'/Ldf ljQLo
;+:yfdf kx'Fr k'u]sf] kl/jf/ -
;+Vof_
@=% lgIf]kstf{ -;+Vof_
@=^ shf{ -;+Vof_
@=& a}Ízfvf/lxt s]Gb| -;+Vof_
@=* a}Ízfvf/lxt s]Gb|sf u|fxs -
;+Vof_
@=( Dff]afOn a}+lÍª u|fxs -;+Vof_
@=!) Og]6 a}+lÍª u|fxs -;+Vof_
@=!! Pl6Pd -;+Vof_
@=!@ 8]la6 sf8{ -;+Vof_
@=!# qm]l86 sf8{ -;+Vof_
@=!$ lk|k]8 sf8{ -;+Vof_
v= pkof]u kl/;"rs s v u hDdf 3 s'n
-;fgf tyf d‰of}nf pBd_ hDdf
@=!% Vfftf ePsf pBd -;+Vof_
@=!^ shf{ afFsL ePsf pBd -;+Vof_
u= u'0f:t/ kl/;"rs s v u hDdf 3 s'n
hDdf
@=!& u'gf;f] k|fKt -;+Vof_
@=!* u'gf;f] lgK6f/f -;+Vof_
@=!( ljQLo ;fIf/tf sfo{qmd -;+Vof_
@=@) ljQLo ;fIf/tf ;xefuL -;+Vof_
.. 96 ..
#= ladfdf kx'Fr kl/;"rs -g]kfn÷k|b]zut_
s= kx'Fr kl/;"rs ! @ # $ % ^ & hDdf
#=! ladf sDkgL -;+Vof_

#=@ ladfzfvf -;+Vof_
#=# k|lt ladfzfvf u|fxs -;+Vof_
#=$ hLjg ladfdf cfa4 hg;+Vof
#=% :jf:y ladfdf cfa4 hg;+Vof
#=^ s[lif ladfdf cfa4 hg;+Vof
v= u'0f:t/ kl/;"rs ! @ # $ % ^ & hDdf
#=& u'gf;f] k|fKt -;+Vof_
#=* u'gf;f] lgK6f/f -;+Vof_
#=( ladf ;fIf/tf sfo{qmd ;+Vof_
#=!) ladf ;fIf/tf ;xefuL -;+Vof_
$= k"FhL ahf/df kx'Fr kl/;"rs -g]kfn÷k|b]zut_
s= kx'Fr kl/;"rs ! @ # $ % ^ & hDdf
$=! lwtf]kq bnfn sDkgL -;+Vof_
$=@ lwtf]kq bnfnzfvf -;+Vof_
$=# k|lt bnfnzfvf u|fxs -;+Vof_
$=$ ;fj{hlgs lwtf]kqdf nufgL ug]{ hg;+Vof
-k|ltzt_
$=% :yfgLo hn>f]tdf ;xeflutf u/fpg]
sDkgL -;+Vof_
$=^ :yfgLo hn>f]tdf ;xeflutf ePsf] z]o/
-;+Vof_
v= u'0f:t/ kl/;"rs ! @ # $ % ^ & hDdf
$=& u'gf;f] k|fKt -;+Vof_
$=* u'gf;f] lgK6f/f -;+Vof_
$=( k'FhLahf/ ;fIf/tf sfo{qmd
-;+Vof_
$=!) k"FhL ahf/ ;fIf/tf ;xefuL -;+Vof_
.. 97 ..
l6Kk0fL M
-!_ ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] s]Gb|Lo ;dGjo ug]{ lgsfon] cg';"rL — !=! pkof]u ug]{ . a}Í
tyf ljQLo ;+:yfsf] nflu cg';"rL — !=@, ladfsf] nflu cg';"rL — !=# / k"FhL ahf/sf
nflu cg';"rL — !=$ pkof]u ug]{ .
-@_ cfjZostf cg';f/ pkzLif{s yk36 x'g;Sg] u/L kmDof{6df kl/dfh{g u/L nfu' ug]{ .
-#_ dfl;s k|ltj]bgdf ;+lIfKt, q}dfl;s÷rf}dfl;sdf cln dWod vfnsf] / jflif{sdf lj:t[t
8]6f pknAw u/fpg] .
.. 98 ..
cg';"rL — !=@
ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f kl/;"rsx¿ — a}Í tyf ljQLo ;+:yf
!= ljQLo kx'Fr -g]kfn e/_
s= pkof]u kl/;"rs s v u hDdf 3 s'n hDdf
!=$ cfwf 306fsf] b'/Ldf ljQLo
;+:yfdf kx'Fr k'u]sf] kl/jf/ -
;+Vof_
!=^ shf{ -;+Vof_
!=* a}Ízfvf/lxt s]Gb| u|fxs -
;+Vof_
!=!! Pl6Pd -;+Vof_
!=!@ 8]la6 sf8{ -;+Vof_
!=!# qm]l86 sf8{ -;+Vof_
!=!$ lk|k]8 sf8{ -;+Vof_
!=!^ shf{ afFsL ePsf pBd -
;+Vof_
@= ljQLo u'0f:t/ kl/;"rs s v u hDdf 3 s'n hDdf
.. 99 ..
!=!( ljQLo ;fIf/tf sfo{qmd -
;+Vof_
!=@) ljQLo ;fIf/tf ;xefuL -
;+Vof_
k|b]zut ljQLo kx'Fr - !,@,#,$,%,^,& sf] 5'§f5'§}_
s= kx'Fr kl/;"rs s v u hDdf 3 s'n hDdf
!=$ cfwf 306fsf] b'/Ldf ljQLo ;+:yfdf
kx'Fr k'u]sf] kl/jf/ -;+Vof_
!=^ shf{ -;+Vof_
!=* a}Ízfvf/lxt s]Gb|sf u|fxs -
;+Vof_
!=!! Pl6Pd -;+Vof_
!=!@ 8]la6 sf8{ -;+Vof_
!=!# qm]l86 sf8{ -;+Vof_
!=!$ lk|k]8 sf8{ -;+Vof_
!=!^ shf{ afFsL ePsf pBd -;+Vof_
u= u'0f:t/ kl/;"rs s v u hDdf 3 s'n hDdf
!=!( ljQLo ;fIf/tf sfo{qmd -;+Vof_
!=@) ljQLo ;fIf/tf ;xefuL -;+Vof_
l6Kk0fL M
-!_ ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] s]Gb|Lo ;dGjo ug]{ lgsfon] cg';"rL — !=! pkof]u ug]{ . a}Í tyf ljQLo
;+:yfsf] nflu cg';"rL — !=@, ladfsf] nflu cg';"rL — !=# / k"FhL ahf/sf nflu cg';"rL — !=$
pkof]u ug]{ .
-#_ dfl;s k|ltj]bgdf ;+lIfKt, q}dfl;s÷rf}dfl;sdf cln dWod vfnsf] / jflif{sdf lj:t[t 8]6f
pknAw u/fpg] .
.. 100 ..
cg';"rL — !=#
ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f kl/;"rsx¿ — ladf ;ldlt
ladfdf kx'Fr kl/;"rs -g]kfne/÷k|b]zut_
s= kx'Fr kl/;"rs ! @ # $ % ^ & hDdf
#=! ladf sDkgL -;+Vof_
#=@ ladfzfvf -;+Vof_
#=# k|lt ladfzfvf u|fxs -;+Vof_
#=$ hLjg ladfdf cfa4 hg;+Vof
#=% :jf:y ladfdf cfa4 hg;+Vof
#=^ s[lif ladfdf cfa4 hg;+Vof
v= u'0f:t/ kl/;"rs ! @ # $ % ^ & hDdf
#=( ladf ;fIf/tf sfo{qmd ;+Vof_
#=!) ladf ;fIf/tf ;xefuL -;+Vof_
l6Kk0fL M
8]6f pknAw u/fpg] .
.. 101 ..
cg';"rL — !=$
ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f kl/;"rsx¿ — g]kfn lwtf]kq af]8{
k"FhL ahf/df kx'Fr kl/;"rs -g]kfne/÷k|b]zut_
s= kx'Fr kl/;"rs ! @ # $ % ^ & hDdf
#=! lwtf]kq bnfn sDkgL -
;+Vof_
#=@ lwtf]kq bnfnzfvf -;+Vof_
#=# k|lt bnfnzfvf u|fxs -
;+Vof_
#=$ ;fj{hlgs lwtf]kqdf nufgL
ug]{ hg;+Vof -k|ltzt_
#=% :yfgLo hn>f]tdf ;xeflutf
u/fpg] sDkgL -;+Vof_
#=^ :yfgLo hn>f]tdf ;xeflutf
ePsf] z]o/ -;+Vof_
v= u'0f:t/ kl/;"rs ! @ # $ % ^ & hDdf
#=( k'FhLahf/ ;fIf/tf sfo{qmd
-;+Vof_
#=!) k"FhL ahf/ ;fIf/tf ;xefuL -
;+Vof_
l6Kk0fL M
8]6f pknAw u/fpg] .
.. 102 ..
References
Barr, M., Kumar, A., & Litan, R. (2007). Building Inclusive Financial Systems : A Framework for Financial
Access. The Brookings Institution.
BIS (2015). Financial Inclusion Indicators. IFC Bulletin No. 38, Bank for International Settlement.
Burgess Robin and Pande Rohini (2005). Do Rural Banks Matter ? Evidence from the Indian Social Experiment.
American Economic Review Vol 95-3.
Cyn-Young Park and Rogelio V. Mercado, Jr. (2018). Financial Inclusion: New Measurement and Cross-
Country Impact Assessment, ADB, No. 539,
Demirgüç-Kunt, A., Beck, T. H. L., & Honohan, P. (2008). Finance for All? Policies and Pitfalls in Expanding
Access World Bank: Washington DC.
Demirgüç-Kunt, A., Klapper, L., Singer, D., Ansar, S., & Hess, J. (2018). The Global Findex Database 2017:
Measuring Financial Inclusion and the Fintech Revolution. World Bank: Washington DC.
Dhungana, B.R., & Kumar, P. (2015). Status of Financial Inclusion in Nepal. Pacific Business Review
International, 7(8), 51-59.
Ferrari, A. (2007). Access to Financial Services in Nepal, Directions in Development; Finance. Washington,
DC: World Bank. © World Bank.
G20 Financial Inclusion Indicators. (2021). Global Partnership for Financial Inclusion (GPFI).
g]kfn ;/sf/, cy{ dGqfno, -@)&*_, cfly{s ;j]{If0f @)&&÷&*, sf7df8f}+, g]kfn
g]kfn ;/sf/, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u ;lrjfno -@)&%_, kGw|f}+ of]hgf -@)&^÷&&—@)*)÷*!_, sf7df8f}+
g]kfn ;/sf/, ;xsf/L ljefu -@)&&_= ;xsf/L emns, sf7df8f},+
s'Fj/, s[i0faxfb'/ -@)^)_, g]kfndf u/LaL / u|fdL0f ljsf;, dLgf k|sfzg, sf7df8f}+
Khan, H.R. (2012). Issues and challenges in financial inclusion: Policies, partnerships, processes and products.
Kunwar, Krishna Bahadur. (2002). The Himalayan Poverty: Threat to the World. Meena Prakashan, Kathmandu
Kunwar, Krishna Bahadur. (2010). Rural Development in Developing Countries. Meena Prakashan, Kathmandu
Leyshon, A., & Thrift, N. (1995). Geographies of financial exclusion: Financial abandonment in Britain and the
United States. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 20 (3), 312-341.
Mehrotra, A. & Yetman, J. (2015). Financial Inclusion: Issues for Central Banks. BIS Quarterly Review.
Mohan, R. (2006). Economic Growth, Financial Deepening and Financial Inclusion. Address at the Annual
Bankers' Conference 2006, Hyderabad
NRB (1981). Nepal Rastra Bank in 25 Years (in Nepali). Nepal Rastra Bank, Kathmandu
NRB (2018). Sixty Years of Nepal Rastra Bank. Nepal Rastra Bank, Kathmandu, Nepal.
NRB (2019). Situation of Access to Finance in Nepal (in Nepali). Nepal Rastra Bank, Kathmandu
Nepal Rastra Bank. 2017. Third Strategic Plan (2017-21). Kathmandu
NRB (2020). Nepal Financial Inclusion Action Plan. Kathmandu
Nepal Rastra Bank. (2021). Banking and Financial Statistics. Kathmandu
Nepal Rastra Bank. (2020). SAARCFINANCE Webinar on “Financial Inclusion” Kathmandu
g]kfn /fi6« a}Í -@)&&_, PsLs[t lgb]{zg, sf7df8f}+
.. 103 ..
Pant, B. (2016). Financial Inclusion in Nepal: Policy Review and Prescriptions. NRB Economic Review, 28(2),
1-18.
P. Haonahan (2008). Cross-country Variation in Household Access to Financial Services. Journal of Banking
and Finance. Vol. 32.
Rangarajan Committee (2008). Report of the Committee on Financial Inclusion.
Reserve Bank of India. National Strategy for Financial Inclusion 2019-2024, RBI, India
Sahay, R., Čihák, M., N’Diaye, P., Barajas, A., Mitra, S., Kyobe, A., Mooi, Y. N., & Yousefi, S. R. (2015).
Financial Inclusion: Can it Meet Multiple Macroeconomic Goals? IMF Staff Discussion Note,
SDN/15/17
Sarma, Mandira (2010). Index of Financial Inclusion. Discussion Papers in Economics, Jawaharlal Nehru
University, Delhi
Shrestha, P. K. (2020). Financial Inclusion in Nepal: Progress and Constraints. Journal of Development
Innovations. Vol.4, No. 2, 2020.
Tissot, B. & Gadanecz, B. (2017). Measures of Financial Inclusion - A Central Bank Perspective. Bank for
International Settlement.
UNCDF (2014). Nepal Financial Inclusion Country Report.
UNCDF (2016). Nepal Detailed Country Report 2016. Kathmandu
UNESCAP (2019). Inequality of Opportunity in Asia and the Pacific: Financial Inclusion. Social Development
Policy Paper, No. 2020/02,
Yunus, M. (2007). Creating a World Without Poverty. Public Affairs, New York.
World Bank (2014). Global Financial Development Report 2014: Financial Inclusion. World Bank, Washington
DC.
(hard copies and www)
.. 104 ..
g]kfndf ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0fsf k|of; —
a}+sdf vftf vf]Ng / e'StfgLsf nflu k|ltIff ul//x]sf gful/s
.. 105 ..
.. 106 ..
Government of Nepal
National Planning Commission
Singha Durbar, Kathmandu
Phone: +977 - 1- 4211970
Fax: +977 - 01 4211700
Email: npc@npc.gov.np

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g]kfndf ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f

;DaGwL cWoog k|ltj]bg

g]kfn ;/sf/, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u, l;+xb/af/, sf7df8f}+, g]kfnsf nflu

g]kfndf ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] cj:yf;DaGwL cWoog (Study on Financial Inclusion in

s[i0faxfb'/ s'Fj/, cWoIf,

g]kfndf oyfzL3| Jofks ;xeflutf / sfof{Gjogsf] :jfldTj;lxt /fli6«o ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f

cf}krfl/s ljQLo k|0ffnLsf] pknAwtf, kx'Fr / pkof]u k|lqmofnfO{ ;dli6df ljQLo

cfly{s ljsf; (Economic development) eGgfn] /fi6«sf ;j{;fwf/0fsf] :jf:y, lxt /

o; g]kfndf ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f ;DaGwL cWoog (Study on Financial Inclusion in

-s_ ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] cjwf/0ff, kl/efiff / JofVof k|:t't ug]{,

-3_ ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f dfkg / cg'dfg;DaGwL ljBdfg Joj:yfsf] k|efjsfl/tf d"Nof+sg

!=# cWoogsf] If]q

o; cWoogsf] If]q lgDg cg';f/ 5 M–

• ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f dfkg tyf kl/;"rsx?,

• kGw|f}+ of]hgf, ah]6 tyf jflif{s ljsf; sfo{qmd, df}lb|s gLlt,

g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg @)&@ df ;dfj]zL;DaGwL k|fjwfg

• pkef]Stf ;DaGwL xs M k|To]s pkef]StfnfO{ u'0f:t/Lo j:t' tyf ;]jf k|fKt

• ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f;Fu ;DalGwt ;flxTox?sf] cWoog, ljZn]if0f u/L o; ;DaGwL

• o; ljifosf k|d'v ;/f]sf/jfnfx?, k|f1x?, lj1x? / k|d'v ;"rgfbftfx?;Fu ;Djfb,

• ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f ;DaGwL d'Vo ;"rgfx? ;Íng, kl/dfh{g / ljZn]if0f ug]{ .

@=! kGw|f}+ of]hgfdf ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f

kGw|f}+ of]hgf -cf=j=@)&^÷&&—@)*)÷*!_ sf ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f;Fu k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf ?kdf

;dli6ut cy{tGqcGtu{t art zLif{s

• ljQLo k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; u/L ;Dk"0f{ gful/sdf ljQLo kx'Fr k'¥ofOg]5 .

df}lb|s tyf ljQLo If]q zLif{s

• ladf ;DaGwL ljBdfg sfg"gnfO{ ;do;fk]If kl/dfh{g ul/g]5 .

/0fgLlt — -#_ ladf Joj;fonfO{ ;fdflhs ;+/If0fsf] Ps dxTjk"0f{ cfwf/:tDesf] ?kdf

• pBdzLntf ljsf; / :yfgLo ko{6g k|j4{gdf ;xsf/Lsf] e"ldsfnfO{ a9fpFb} nlug]5 .

o;sf] sfo{gLlt lgDgfg';f/ 5 .

• ;xsf/L ;+:yfdf ;DklQ z'l4s/0f lgjf/0f ;DaGwL sfg"gsf] kfngfnfO{ yk k|efjsf/L

• ;xsf/L ;+3÷;+:yf÷s[ifs ;d"x÷Jofj;flos kmd{sf] ;+nUgtfdf kz'kfng nufotsf

• d'n'sdf pknAw ;|f]t;fwgx?df dlxnf, cflbjf;L, hghflt, blnt, dw]zL, d'lZnd

csf]{ /0fgLlt 5 — -!_ ;|f]t;fwgdf nlIot ju{sf] ;dfg'kflts kx'Fr a9fpg] .

k|:t't kGw|f}+ of]hgf -cf=j=@)&^÷&&—@)*)÷*!_ glthf vfsf tflnsfn] ljQLo ;+:yfx?dfkm{t

@=@ lbuf] ljsf; nIox¿

(Sustainable Development Goals - SDG)

@=# ljQLo If]q ljsf; /0fgLlt

(Financial Sector Development Strategy)

@=$ ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f dfu{lrq

(Financial Inclusion Road map, 2017-22)

g]kfn ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f dfu{lrq (Nepal Financial Inclusion Roadmap - Making

@=% ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f dfof 3f]if0ffkq

(Maya Declaration on Financial Inclusion, 2011)

@=^ ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0fdf ul/Psf k|of;

@=^=! g]kfn /fi6« a}Í, a}Í tyf ljQLo ;+:yf

cGt/{fli6«o s[lif ljsf; sf]if (International Fund for Agricultural Development) /

g]kfn ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f sfo{of]hgf

g]kfn /fi6« a}Í /0fgLlts of]hgf

cg'bfg;lxtsf] shf{ Joj:yf

Dff]jfOn a}lÍª / ;Lldt a}lÍª cfp6n]6

zfvf/lxt a}lÍª ;DaGwL gLlt

pkef]Stf ;+/If0f ;DaGwL gLlt

;fgf shf{df k|f]T;fxg

n3'ljQ ;+:yfx?nfO{ k'FhLcfwf/ (capitalbase) df Ps csf]{df ufleg] jf k|flKt (merger

x'nfs art a}Í

#=! ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] cjwf/0ff / kl/efiff

;+;f/el/sf a}Íx?sf] lgodg k|0ffnLsf] gLltdf ;dGjosf/L e"ldsf v]Ng] l:j6h/n}08sf]

ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0fdf j[l4n] kmd{x? / pkef]Stfx?sf] Jojxf/nfO{ kl/jt{g ul/lbG5 /

bf];|f] lsl;dsf] ;flxTo b]zfGt/aLr cf};t k||j[lQ (Cross-country aggregate trends) /

ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f / ljQLo al~rtLs/0fsf ;DaGwdf g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df ;'s'Daf;L ;d:of

cWoogx?af6 % k|sf/sf ljQLo al~rtLs/0f x'g;Sg] b]lvPsf] 5 -;df{ @)!)_ .

ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f ;Gbe{df cgf}krfl/s If]q cyf{t\ k/Dk/fut u|fdL0f dxfhgL (

#=@ l5d]sL d'n'sx?sf] ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f l:ylt

kGw|f}+ of]hgf -cf=j=@)&^÷&&—@))÷!_ sf ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f;Fu k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf ?kdf

k|:t't kGw|f}+ of]hgf -cf=j=@)&^÷&&—@))÷!_ glthf vfsf tflnsfn] ljQLo ;+:yfx?dfkm{t