lbuf] ljsf;sf nIox¿

!= ul/aL pGd"ng
@= ef]sd/L cGTo
#= :jf:Yo hLjgsf] ;'lglZrttf
$= u'0f:t/Lo lzIff
%= n}+lus ;dfgtf
^= z'4 vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO{
&= pmhf{df ;j{;fwf/0fsf] kx'Fr dlxnf nlIft
*= ;dfj]zL, lbuf] / km/flsnf] cfly{s j[l4
(= alnof] k"jf{wf/, lbuf] cf}Bf]lusLs/0f
lzIfs ;]jf cfof]u tof/L cWoog ;fdu|L
!)= c;dfgtfsf] cGTo
!!= ;dfj]zL, ;'/lIft / lbuf] dfgja:tL
!@= lbuf] pkef]u / pTkfbg
!#= hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] k|efj Go"gLs/0f
!$= ;fd'lGb|s ;|f]t;fwgsf] ;+/If0f
!%= lbuf] kof{j/0fLo k|0ffnL
!&= lbuf] ljsf; sfof{Gjogdf ;fem]bf/L

g]kfn ;/sf/
lzIff, lj1fg tyf k|ljlw dGqfno
z}lIfs hgzlQm ljsf; s]Gb|
;fgf]l7dL, eStk'/ z}lIfs hgzlQm ljsf; s]Gb|
kmf]g g+= )!–^^#!@&^ ;fgf]l7dL, eStk'/
web: www.nced.gov.np
 dlxnf nlIft
lzIfs ;]jf cfof]u tof/L
cWoog ;fdu|L

;Nnfxsf/
b]js'df/L u'/fufO{+
vu]Gb|k|;fb g]kfn

n]vg tyf ;Dkfbg

af]ws'df/ vgfn
lji0f'k|;fb clwsf/L
;Ltf/fd sf]O/fnf
o'j/fh clwsf/L
piff nfld5fg]

k|sfzs
z}lIfs hgzlSt ljsf; s]Gb|
;fgf]l7dL, eStk'/
kmf]gM )!–^^#!@&^, )!^^#)$%&
 dlxnf nlIft lzIfs ;]jf cfof]u tof/L cWoog ;fdu|L

k|sfzg M k|yd ;+:s/0f, @)&% a};fv

k|sfzs M z}lIfs hgzlSt ljsf; s]Gb|, ;fgf]l7dL, eStk'/

d'b|0f M ;f]kfg k|]; k|f=ln=

l8NnLahf/ sf7df8f}+, kmf]gM )!$$$@@)^
Od]nM sopanpress2@gmail.com
 egfO{

lk5l8Psf] If]q / ju{sf dlxnfsf] kx'Fr a[l4 u/L ;dfj]zL ljBfno lzIff ;]jfsf] ;'lglZrtfsf nflu
z}lIfs hgzlSt ljsf; s]Gb|n] ljleGg ;oddf ljleGg k|sf/sf tflnd ;+rfng / cWoog÷;|f]t ;fdu|L
tof/ ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . o;} l;nl;nfdf lzIfs ;]jf cfof]uaf6 lnOg] cfwf/e"t txsf] v'nf k/LIffdf
clwsflws dfqfdf dlxnf ;xeflutfsf] ;'lglZrtfsf nflu pgLx¿sf] Ifdtf ljsf; ug]{ sfo{j|md
lgwf{/0f u/L @( cf]6} z}lIfs tflnd s]Gb|dfkm{t lzIfs ;]jf cfof]usf] kf7\oj|mddf cfwfl/t eO{ !) lbg]
;3g tflnd ;+rfng eO/x]sf] 5 . o;} ;Gbe{df ;xefuL x'g] dlxnfsf nflu tflnd cjlwe/df ljt/0f
x'g] ;fdu|Lsf cltl/St yk ;xfotfsf nflu of] cWoog ;fdu|L ljsf; ul/Psf] 5 . o;n] lgZro klg
;xefuL dlxnfx¿sf] Ifdtf ljsf; / k'xFr a[l4df 7f]; of]ubfg lbg]5 eGg] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 .
o; cWoog ;fdu|LnfO{ 5f]6f] ;dodf n]vg nufotsf ;Dk"0f{ sfo{df lhDd]jf/L lgjf{x ug'{x'g] ;a} JolSt
tyf kIfnfO{ xflb{s wGoafb lbg rfxG5' . o; cWoog ;fdu|Ldf ;d]l6Psf ljifoj:t' cfkm}+df k"0f{ t gx'g
;S5g t/ o;sf nflu n]vs ;d"xn] u/]sf] d]xgtsf] k|z+;f ub}{ ;xefuLx¿sf] cys nugzLntf /
kl/>d g} ;kmntfsf] l;F9L aGg] 5 eGg] 7fg]sf] 5' .
cGtdf, o; k':tsnfO{ yk pkof]uL, k|efjsf/L, ;d;fdlos tyf j:t'k/s agfpg kf7saf6 /rgfTds
;'emfjsf] ck]Iff ub{5f}F .

;kmntfsf] z'esfdgf .
b]js'df/L u'/fufO{+
sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs
 ljifo—;"rL

kl/R5]b — Ps M lzIff ;DaGwL ;fdfGo hfgsf/L

!=! g]kfnsf] z}lIfs Oltxf; -/f0fsfnb]lv xfn;Dd_ !

!=@ g]kfnsf] lzIffsf] txut ;+/rgf !*
!=# g]kfnsf] jt{dfg ljb\ofno lzIffsf] k|sf/M ;fwf/0f, ;+:s[t, k|fljlws tyf
Jofj;flos, v'nf tyf j}slNks, wfld{s / ljz]if lzIff @)
!=$ g]kfndf ljb\odfg lzIffsf /fli6«o pb\b]Zox? -/fli6«o kf7\oqmd k|f?k, @)^#
-kl/dfh{g, @)&! cg';f/_ @#
!=% z}lIfs tYofª\s ;ª\sng, ljZn]if0f, ;Dk|]if0f tyf k|of]u @&

kl/R5]b — b'O{ M lzIff ;DaGwL of]hgf tyf sfo{j|md

@=! ;a}sf nflu lzIff;DaGwL /fli6«o sfo{of]hgf -;g\ @))!–@)!%_ #!

@=@ ;a}sf nflu lzIff sfo{j|md -;g\ @))$–@))(_ M pb\b]Zo tyf pknlAw ##
@=# ljb\ofno If]q ;'wf/ sfo{j|md -@)^^–@)&@_ M pb\b]Zo tyf pknlAw #&
@=$ ljb\ofno If]q ljsf; of]hgf -@)&# – @)&(_M pb\b]Zo tyf sfo{qmd $)
@=% /fli6«o k|f/lDes sIff k9fO sfo{j|md (NEGRP) -@)!$÷!%–@)!(÷@)_ ^!
@=^ rfn' cfjlws of]hgfdf lzIff -rf}+wf}+ of]hgfM @)&#÷&$–@)&%÷&^_ ^#
kl/R5]b — tLg M lzIff xfn;Ddsf k|ltj]bg

#=! g]kfn /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u, @)!) -g]kfndf lzIff – @)!!_ ^(

#=@ ;jf{ª\uL0f /fli6«o lzIff ;ldltsf] l/kf]6{, @)!* &$
#=# /fli6«o k4ltsf] of]hgf, -@)@* – @)#@_ &&
#=$ /fli6«o lzIff cfof]usf] k|ltj]bg, @)$( *&
#=% pRr:t/Lo /fli6«o lzIff cfof]usf] k|ltj]bg, @)%% !)#
#=^ lzIff;DaGwL pRr:t/Lo sfo{;ldlt, @)%* !)%

kl/R5]b — rf/ M lzIff ;DaGwL /fli6«o gLlt

$=! lzIff gLltsf] kl/ro / z}lIfs gLltsf] cfjZostf !)(

$=@ v'nf tyf b'/ lzIff gLlt, @)^# !!)
$=# cgf}krfl/s lzIff gLlt, @)^# !!^
$=$ lzIfs tflnd gLlt, @)^@ !@*
$=% pRr lzIff gLlt, @)&@ !#(
kl/R5]b — kfFr M lzIffsf gjLgtd\ lrGtg

%=! ;fdflhs Gofo / lzIff !%#

%=!=! clwsf/df cfwfl/t lzIffsf] cjwf/0ff !%$
%=@= afnclwsf/sf] cjwf/0ff !%%
%=#= jfnd}qL ljb\ofnoM cjwf/0ff, dfkb08 / ;"rs !%(
%=#=!= cjwf/0ff !%(
%=#=@= dfkb08 / ;"rs !^@
%=$ afnclwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGw, !(*( -lzIff ;DaGwL_ !^@
%=%= ljb\ofno zflGt If]q !^%
%=^ ;dflxt lzIff / lzIffdf ;dfj]zLs/0f !^^
%=& n}ª\lus ;dtf / ;dfgtf !&$
%=* lg/Gt/, a}slNks / v'nf tyf b"/ lzIff !&*
%=( lzIf0f l;sfOdf ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlw !*%
%=!) ;fwf/0f / k|fljlws l;k (Soft and Hard Skill) !**
%=!! hLjg ko{Gt l;sfO / hLjgf]kof]uL l;k !(#
%=!@ lzIfs ;Ifdtf !($
%=!# cleefjs lzIff !(&

kl/R5]b — 5 M ljb\ofno txsf] kf7\oj|md / d"Nofª\sg

^=! kf7\oj|mdsf]] cjwf/0ff, lgdf{0f k|lj|mof, kf7\oj|md lgdf{0fdf k|efj kfg]{ tTTj !(*
^=@ ljb\ofno txsf] kf7\oj|md 9fFrf @)@
^=# g]kfndf ljb\ofno txsf] kf7\oj|md ljsf; j|md / jt{dfg cEof; @)&
^=$ b"/ tyf v'nf l;sfO / cgf}krfl/s lzIffsf] kf7\oj|md @)*
^=% lgDg dfWolds txsf] kf7\ok':ts tyf ;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lx¿sf] ljsf; tyf k|of]u @!!
^=^ lzIf0f l;sfOdf lgdf{0ffTds / lg0f{ofTds d"Nofª\sg @!%
^=& d"Nofª\sg k|lqmofdf ljlzi6Ls/0f tflnsfsf] k|of]u @@)
^=* k/Liffsf] ljZj;gLotf / j}wtf @@!
 ^=( k|Zg kq / pQ/ s'l~hsf lgdf{0f / k|of]u @@*
^=!) glthf ljZn]if0f @@(
^=!! lg/Gt/ d"Nofª\sg k|0ffnL @#)
^=!@ cIf/fª\sg kb\wlt @#$
^=!# /fli6«o kf7\oqmd k|f?k, @)^# -kl/dfh{g,@)&!_ @#*
^=!$ ax'eflifs lzIff @$*
^=!% :yfgLo kf7\oqmd k|f?k, @)&! @%@
^=!^ /fli6«o ljb\ofyL{ pknlAw k/LIf0f (NASA) k|ltj]bg @%^
kl/R5]b — ;ftM z}lIfs of]hgf / sfof{Gjog ;+oGq

&=! jflif{s sfo{ of]hgf, b}lgs, PsfO tyf jflif{s z}Ifl0fs of]hgf lgdf{0f /
sfo{fGjog @^#
&=@ ljb\ofno ljsf; k|:tfj @^&
&=# ljb\ofno ;'wf/ of]hgf, ufpF÷gu/ lzIff of]hgf / lhNnf of]hgf lgdf{0f /
sfof{Gjog @^(
&=$ ljb\ofno ljsf;df :yfgLo ;/sf/÷lgsfo, u}/;/sf/L / ;fd'bfodf cfwfl/t
;+:yfx¿sf] e"ldsf @&*
&=% lzIff dGqfno / o; dftxtsf lgsfosf] ;+/rgf / sfo{If]q @*)
kl/R5]b — cf7 M afn dgf]lj1fg / l;sfO

*=! afn dgf]lj1fgsf] cjwf/0ff @**

*=@ afn ljsf;sf] kl/ro, j[b\lw / ljsf; @()
*=# k|f/lDes afn ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ff / cEof; @(^
*=$ of}jgfj:yf -Puberty_ sf] kl/ro, ljsf;fTds kIfx¿ / l;sfO;+Fu ;DalGwt
ljz]iftfx¿ #)&
*=% l;sfOdf k|efj kfg{] tTTj #@$
*=^ pTk|]/0ffsf l;b\wfGtx¿ / ljb\ofyL{df pTk|]/0ff hufpg] pkfox¿ #@&
kl/R5]b — gf} M ljb\ofno ;'zf;g / z}lIfs Joj:yfkg

(=! ljb\ofno ;'zf;g ##@

(=!=! ljb\ofno ;'zf;gsf] cjwf/0ff ##@
(=!=@ s]Gb|Ls[t tyf ljs]lGb|t ljb\ofno ;'zf;g ##$
(=!=# z}lIfs g]t[Tjsf] cjwf/0ff / k|of]u ##^
 (=!=$ ljb\ofno l;sfO ;ª\u7g #$@
(=!=% ;ª\3Lotfdf lzIff #$%
(=!=^ ;fdflhs k/LIf0f #%!
(=@ z}lIfs Joj:yfkg #%$
(=@=! z}lIfs Joj:yfkgsf] kl/ro / l;b\wfGt #%$
(=@=@ ;xeflutfTds Joj:yfkg #%(
(=@=# ljb\ofno Joj:yfkgdf pTt/bfloTj, hjfkmb]lxtf / ;xeflutf #^)
(=@=$ :jJoj:yfkg, åGå Joj:yfkg, ljkt\ Joj:yfkg / ;do Joj:yfkg #^#
(=@=% lzIfs Joj:yfkg / k];fut ljsf; #&$
(=# sIffsf]7f Joj:yfkg / lzIf0f #*&
(=#=! sIff sf]7f Joj:yfkgsf] cjwf/0ff / cfw'lgs sIffsf]7f Joj:yfkg #*&
(=#=@ pkrf/fTds lzIf0f kb\wlt #**
(=#=# ljljwtf Joj:yfkg M eflifs, ;fdflhs, l;sfO Ifdtf, af}b\lwstf, zf/Ll/s
tyf dfgl;s cj:yf #()
(=#=$ z}Ifl0fs ;ª\u7g M sIff lzIf0f, ax'sIff lzIf0f, ljifo lzIf0f / ax'sIff
ax':t/ (MGML) lzIf0f #(*
(=#=% ljb\ofyL{ s]lGb|t / lzifs s]lGb|t lzIf0f ljlwx? / ltgsf] k|of]u $)#
(=#=^ lzIf0f l;sfOdf kl/of]hgf sfo{, sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfg / 36gf÷dfdnf
cWoog $!)
kl/R5]b — b; M g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg / P]g lgodx¿

!)=! g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg M efu # b]lv % ;Dd $@)

!)=@ lzIff P]g, @)@* -;+zf]wg;lxt_ $$)
!)=@=! lzIff lgodfjnL -;+zf]wg;lxt_, @)%( $%)
!)=# lzIfs ;]jf cfof]u lgodfjnL, @)%& -;+zf]wg;lxt_ $%#
 kl/R5]b M Ps

lzIff ;DaGwL ;fdfGo hfgsf/L

!=! g]kfnsf] Zf}lIfs Oltxf; -/f0ffsfnb]lv xfn;Dd_

hª\uaxfb'/ /f0ffaf6 lzIffdf ePsf] k|ofz M
• b/jf/ :s'nsf] :yfkgf hª\uaxfb'/ /f0ffaf6 ;'/]Gb| ljj|md zfxsf] /fHo sfndf – lj=;+= !(!)
c;f]h @& ut] -!*%# October)
• b/jf/ :s'nsf] klxnf] ;'kl/j]Ifs Mr Ross / klxnf] k|wfgfWofks –Mr canning
• lj=;+= !(!$ df wgs'6fdf –zf:q ljwfg u[x -k':tsfno_ :yfkgf
• lj=;+= !(!% -;g\ !*%*_lzIff ljefusf] 8fO/]S6/ hg/n ckm klAns OG:6«S;gdf
hª\uaxfb'/n] cfkm\gf 7fFOnf 5f]/f –hg/n aa/hª\unfO{ lgo'St u/] .pgL g} klxnf] lzIff
8fO/]S6/
• ljb]zL;Fusf] kqfrf/sf] /]vb]v ug{ pb"{, c/aL, cª\u|]hL / aª\ufnL efiff hfGg] – d':tflkm/
VjfhfnfO{ hª\uaxfb'/n] lj=;+= !(@& df d'lG;vfgfdf lgo'St
• lj=;+= !(@& df gf/fo0flx6L ;+:s[t kf7zfnfsf] :yfkgf $ hgf u'? / %& hgf ljb\ofyL{
/x]sf lyP
• lj=;+= !(#! -;g\ !*&$_,hª\uaxfb'/sf ;flx+nf 5f]/f hLthª\un] cfo{3f6b]lv blIf0f
/fh/fh]Zj/L 3f6df ;+:s[tsf] k7gkf7g z'? -s]xL a|fXd0f / a6's hDdf u/L cfkm\gf] lghL
vr{df_ ToxfF k9fpg lji0f'xl/ zdf{nfO{ lgo'St
• !(#@df wL/ zdz]/ lzIff ljefusf] 8fO/]S6/df lgo'St
• lj=;+= !(#@ -;g\ !*&%_sIff * ;Dd dfq ;~rfngdf /x]sf] b/jf/ :s'n xfO :s"ndf kl/0ft
eO sIff !) ePsf]
• !(#@ df 8fO/]S6/ wL/ zdz]/sf] kfnfdf b/jf/ :s'ndf efO ef/fbf/ / dg k/]sf hg]{nsf
5f]/fnfO{k|j]zdf v's'nf] ul/Psf]
• lj=;+= !(#@ df wL/ zdz]/ lzIffsf] 8fO/]S6/ eP kl5 b/af/ :s"nsf] ;DaGwg snsTtf
ljZj ljb\ofno;Fu ePsf]
• lj=;+= !(#@ df ef]hk'/ lhNnfsf] lbª\unfdf -j}mnf; 8fF8fdf_ afn u'? >L if8fgGb
clwsf/Laf6 ;+:s[t kf7zfnfsf] :yfkgf

1
 /0ff]2Lk l;+xsf] ;dodf ePsf] lzIffsf] ljsf;
• lj=;+= !(#$ -;g\ !*&&_ wL/ zdz]/n] k|wfgdGqL ;dIf /fgLkf]v/L ;+:s[t kf7zfnf vf]Ng]
ljGtL r9fPsf / To;kl5 :jLs[lt ePsf]
• b/jf/ :s'nnfO{ /fgLkf]v/Lsf] pTt/k6\l6 b/jf/leq ;fgf] rf]sdf /fVg] sfd wL/ zdz]/n]
u/]sf Tolt a]nf of] :s'n * sIff ;Ddsf] lyof]
• lj=;+ !(#$ df s]bf/ gfy r6f]kfWofo b/jf/ xfO:s'nsf] klxnf] jª\ufnL x]8df:6/df lgo'Qm
• !(#% df Sof= u?9Wjh /fgf g]kfnLx¿dWo]af6 klxnf] b/af/ xfO:s'ndf cª\u]|hL k9fpg
lgo'St
• lj=;+= !(#* df hg/n s]bf/ g/l;+x lzIff 8fO/]S6/df lgo'St
• lj=;+= !($! j}zfv – ! wL/ zdz]/n] u'7L /fvL /fgLkf]v/L ;+:s[t kfszfnfsf] :yfkgfsf
nflu u'7Lsf] aGbf]a:t / %$ hgf a6'sx¿sf nflu ;ª\sNk ;d]t u/]sf lyP . t/ pgsf]
d[To' ePsf sf/0f ;Dej ePg
• /fgLkf]v/L ;+:s[t kf7zfnf kl08t nf]s/fh kf08]sf] bnfgaf6 k|wfgdGqL /0ff]2Lk l;+xn]
cfkm\gf] b/jf/ glhs /fgL kf]v/Lsf] pTt/k6\l6sf] 6x/fdf / s]xL ;dokl5 /0fd'St]Zj/sf]
;Ttndf ;fg{ nufPsf
• lj=;+= !($! df g]kfndf k~rfª\u 5flkg yfn]sf]

jL/ zdz]/sf] ;dodf ePsf] lzIffsf] ljsf;

• lj=;+ !($@ k|wfgdGqLdf jL/ zdz]/ lgo'St ePkl5 b/jf/ :s'ndf pgsf] kfnfaf6
;j{;fwf/0f hgtfsf 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{k|j]z lbOof] . jL/ zdz]/n] k|wfgdGql x'g] ljlTts} lzIffsf]
:j¿kdf ax; rnfPsf
• !($@ df v8u zdz]/ lzIff ljefusf] Director df lgo'St
• lj=;+= !($$ df sdfl08ª hg/n rGb|zdz]/ lzIff ljefusf] 8fO/]S6/df lgo'St
• g]kfnnfO{ k|fljlws lzIffsf] vfFrf] 5 eGg] k|wfgdGqL jL/ zdz]/
• /f0ffx¿ dWo] 5fqa[lTtsf] z'?cft ug]{ /f0ff jL/ zdz]/ g} klxnf] lyP . hfkfgdf cfkm\gf] 5f]/f]
u]x]Gb| zdz]/ nufotnfO{ k"0f{ 5fqa[lTt lbP/ hfkfgdf s[lif, OlGhlgol/ª k9\g k7fPsf lyP
• lj=;+=!($% df k|wfgdGqL jL/ zdz]/n] uf]q xTofsf] kfkdf]rgsf] nflu ltg wf/f u'7Lsf]
cfo:tfaf6 b/af/ :s'nsf ljb\ofyL{nfO{ vfhf v'jfpg] Joj:yf
• lj;+ !($# b]lv /fgLkf]v/L ;+:s[t kfszfnf -ltgwf/f ;+:s[t kf7zfnf_df cfkm\gf jfa' wL/
zdz]/sf] ;ª\sNk adf]lhd hDdf !)* hgfsf nflu /fgL kf]v/L kf7zfnfdf lgTo ef]hgsf]
Joj:yf
• lj ;+ !($# ;fn clZjg @! ut]af6 snsQfsf a6]s[i0f d}q}onfO{ cl;i6]06 x]8df:6/ agfO
?= @$^)÷lbg] Aoa:yf
• lj=;+=!($% ef/taf6 cfPsL u+ufjfO{ gfdsL dlxnfsf] g]t[Tjdf dlxnf lzIffsf] z'?cft
pgs} kfndf ePsf]

2
 • !($% lt/, ltgwf/f kf7zfnfsf] ejg lgdf{0f ul/Psf],b/jf/ :s'n ;]tf] b/jf/df ;/]sf] lyof]
• lj=;+= !($* df -!*#!_ jL/ zdz]/sf] kfnfdf b/jf/ :s'nsf] :yfoL ejg v8f ePkl5
dflyNnf] tnfdf b/jf/ :s'n / tNnf] v08df /fgL kf]v/L kf7zfnf rnfpg] u/L
/0fd'St]Zj/af6 :yfgfGt/0f ul/Psf] . :yfkgfsf] #* jif{kl5 b/jf/ :s'n cfkm\gf] ejgdf
;¥of]
• lj=;+= @)#% af6 b/jf/ :s'nnfO{efg' df=lj= gfdfs/0f ul/Psf]
• /fgLkf]v/L kf7zfnfsf] ;DaGw agf/; l:yt jf0ff/;L ;+:s[t ljZjljb\ofno;Fu lyof] . of]
;DaGw !($% df ufFl;Psf]
• lj=;+= !(%) df kfNkfsf] nx/] kLkndf / sf:sL kf]v/fsf] ljGWofjfl;gLdf jL/ zdz]/n]
kf7zfnf vf]Ng nufPsf
• lj=;+= !(%@ df :s'n uf]Zjf/fsf] :yfkgf ePsf]
• lj=;+= !(%$ df /]~h/ sf]if{ k9\g 5fqj[lTt kfpg] g]kfnL jf;'b]j pk|]tL x'g\ . of] Joa:yf klg
jL/ zdz]/n] u/]sf
• lj=;+= !(%% lt/ /fgLkf]v/L ;+:s[t kf7zfnfdf dWoddf ;Ddsf] k9fO x'GYof] eg] k/LIff lbg
agf/; hfg'kYof{]
• lj=;+=!(%^ agf/; ;+:s[t k9\g hfg dfl;s ?= %.– 5fqj[lTtsf] /sdsf] Joj:yf
• lj=;+= !(%& df jL/ k':tsfnosf] :yfkgf -klxnf xg'dfg9f]sfdf k+= s]bf/gfysf] lhDdfdf
k':ts lyP_ of] g]kfnsf] klxnf] k':tsfno
• lj=;+= !(%& df ;'gwf/fdf d]l8sn :s'nsf] :yfkgf
b]j zdz]/sf] ;dodf ePsf] lzIff ljsf;
• b]a zdz]/sf kfnfdf !(%&÷%* df :yflkt efiff kf7zfnfx¿ g]kfnL efiffsf] dfWodaf6
d'n'ssf ljleGg efudf k|fylds lzIff lbg] kl/kf6L yfngL ePsf] lyof] . / o;sf nflu
kf7\ok':tssf] Joa:yf klg ul/of]
• b]a zdz]/sf kfnfdf b/af/ :s"nnfO{ ;j{;fwf/0fsf nflu v'nf
• b/jf/ :s"nsf 5fqx¿nfO{ 5fqa[lTtsf] Joa:yf M ljBfyL{{nfO jif{sf] ( d'/L wfg / dlxgfsf] %
? eQf tyf kmfu' v]Ng%) k};f / lbpF;f]sf] vfhf vfg vr{ ;d]t lbg] Aoa:yf u/]sf lyP
• ef/tsf] a/f]bfsf] lzIffaf6 k|efljt ePsf b]j zdz]/n] ;j{JokL k|fylds lzIff Aofks
agfpg] 3f]if0ff u/]sf
• b]zzdz]/sf] lzIff cleofg ;kmn agfpg ho k[YjL axfb'/ l;+xn] cIff/fªs lzIff gfds
klxnf] g]kfnL kf7\ok':ts tof/ u/]sf lyP . of] g]kfnL efiffdf n]lvPsf] klxnf] k':ts xf]
• To;a]nf sf7df08f} pkTofsfdf dfq %) / aflx/ s/Lj !)) ljb\ofnox¿ v'n] t/ pgL eGbf
cl3 v'n]sf ;lxt pgsf] ;dodf hDdf !%& cf]6f efiff kf7zfnf /x]sf
• pgn] g]kfndf s/Lj #)) kf7zfnf vf]Ng] of]hgf agfPsf
• b]jzdz]/sf kfnfdf !(%* a};fv @$ ut] uf]/vfkqsf] k|sfzg z'?

3
• !(%* ;fn a};fv #) ut] sf7df08f}, efbufFp / kf6gdf sGof kf7zfnf b]jzdz]/n]
v'nfPsf lyP . rGb| zdz]/ k|wfgdGqL eP kl5 aGb u/fP
• b]jzdz]/n] 7fFp÷7fFpdf efiff kf7zfnf vf]Ngsf nflu ? #,)),)))÷ 5'6\ofPsf
• lj ;+ !(%* df pgL ckb:t ePkl5 afFsL /x]sf] /sdn] agf/;sf] a|x\d 3f6df ljb\ofno
;~rfngdf Nofpg vf]Hbf To;sf] Aoa:yfkg ug{ rGb| zdz]/sf] 8/n] sf]xL klg tof/
gePsfn] kl5 a]nfotsf] cgfyfnodf afFsL k};f bfg lbOPsf]
• hok[YjLaxfb'/ l;+xn] lj=;+ !(^# ;fndf gS;fndf cfkm\gf] b/af/ leq ;ToafbL gfdsf] Pp6f
k|fylds kf7zfnf vf]n]sf lyP. of] kf7zfnf lj;+ !(&) df gS;fnaf6 aemfªsf] cfkm\gf]
b/af/df ;f/]sf lyP .!((% ;fndf dfq of] ljb\ofnon] :jLs[lt kfPsf] lyof] .@))& ;fn;Dd
sIff & ;Dd / @))* ;fn kf}if * ut] b]lv xfO:s"n ePsf]
• lj=;+=!(%* df sdf08/ Oglrkm eLdzdz]/ lzIff ljefusf] 8fO/]S6/df lgo'St
• z'?df b/jf/ :s'nsf] k/LIff / k9fOsf] dfWod cª\u]h | L efiff
• b/jf/ :s'ndf sIff % eGbf d'lg df}lvs / ;f] eGbf dfly lnlvt k/LIffsf] Joj:yf
• b/jf/ :s'ndf Oltxf; / e"uf]n k9fpg lgif]w
• b/jf/ :s'nsf] ;DaGw snsTtf ljZjljb\ofno;Fu x'Fbf :s'ndf zlgaf/ cfwf / cfOtaf/ k"/}
lbg ljbf x'GYof]
• b/jf/ :s'nsf] clGtd k/LIffnfO{ snsQf lj=lj df Entrance elgGYof]
• klxnf] Entrance pass ug{] ;j{;fwf/0f g]kfnLsf 5f]/f jL/hª\u lji6
• k|yd >]0fLdfEntrance pass ug{] klxnf] JolSt jf;'b]j pk|]tL -!(%*_
• klxnf] Entrance pass ug{] /f0ff kl/jf/sf] JolSt rGb|zdz]/
• /f0ffx¿df k|j]lzsf Pass ug{]x¿n] bf];Nnfsf] k'/:sf/ kfpFy]
• /fgLkf]v/L kf7zfnfsf] :yfoL ejg lj=;+= !($* df jL/ zdz]/n] agfPsf
• /fgLkf]v/L kf7zfnf k"0f{ ;/sf/L ¿kdf ;~rfng ePkl5 o;sf] gfd –/fhsLo ;+:s[t k|wfg
kf7zfnf /x]sf]
• /fgLkf]v/L kf7zfnfsf] ljb\ofyL{x¿ u'?sf] l;kmfl/; lnP/ ef/tsf] agf/; l:yt /fhsLo
;+:s[t, ljb\ofno, xfnsf] ;Dk"0ff{gGb ljZjljb\ofno df lj=;+= !($* -;g\ !*(!_ af6 k/LIff
lbg hfg yfn]sf
• c¿sf s'/f 5fl8b]pm, cfkm\gf 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ cª\u|]hL k9fp eGg] /f0ff k|=d= hª\uaxfb'/
• b'lgofFsf 5f]/fn] k9\g kf7zfnf rflxG5 –/0ff]l4k l;+x
• /0ff]l4k l;+x k|=d= x'Fbf lzIff 8fO/]S6/ wL/ zdz]/
• hok[YjLjxfb'/ l;+xn] lj=;+= !(%! -;g\ !*($_ df snstf ljZjljb\ofnoaf6 Entrance kf;
u/]sf
• b]jzdz]/sf] kfnfdf b/jf/ :s'nsf] pRr sIffdf g]kfnL efiff kf7\oj|md ;dfj]z

4
 • b]j zdz]/n] %) hgf ljb\ofyL{ hDdf ug{] / tL ljb\ofyL{ a:g] 7fpFsf] Joj:yf ug{ ;Sg] k|To]s
ufpFdf Ps hgfsf] b/aGbL / kf7zfnf vf]Ng] :jLs[lt lbg] Joj:yf u/] .ljb\ofno vf]Ng]
lhDd]jf/L k+ lbAob]j kGtnfO{ lbPsf]
• b]jzdz]/n] efiff kf7zfnfsf ljb\ofyL{nfO{ lgMz'Ns k9fpg l;nf]6 / cIf/fª\s lzIff gfds
k':ts ljt/0f u/]sf
• g]kfnLdf n]lvPsf] klxnf] k':ts cIf/fª\s lzIff xf]
• cIf/fª\s lzIffdf k+= g/b]j df]lts[i0f zdf{åf/f kz'kt k|];df 5flkPsf] lyof] . o;sf]
kf08'lnkL /fli6«o k':tsfno xl/x/ ejgdf 5
rGb| zdz]/sf] ;dodf ePsf lzIff ljsf;
• !(%* c;f]h !@ ut] rGb| zdz]/n] pkTosf leq @) cf]6f :s'n vf]n]sf
• lj=;+ !(%( df :jLs[t eO lj=;+ !(^) sflt{sdf s]6fs]6L k9fpg] lstfa th'{df c8\8fsf]
:yfkgf
• lj=;+= !(^@ df -!()%_ df c8\8fdf n]vfk9L ug{], lx;fa lstfa /fVg], n]vGbf;, >]:t]bf/
jxLbf/ cflb tof/ kfg{] x]t'n] >]:tf kf7zfnf v'n]sf]
• !(^@ df lqrGb| ef/tL ejg l;nu9L -8f]6L_ df v'n]sf]
• !(^# df hok[YjLaxfb'/ l;+xn] sf7df8f}+sf] gS;fndf ;TojfbL kf7zfnfsf] :yfkgf -k|fylds
txsf]_ ;g\ -!()&df_
• lj=;+= !(^^ df hgsk'/sf] 1fgs'kdf ;+:s[t kf7zfnf :yfkgf ePsf]
• l/8L ;+:s[t kf7zfnf lj=;+=!(^^ -/fhf k[YjL jL/ ljj|mdsf] kfnfdf_
• lj=;+= !(^& sflt{s df kf; hfFr c8\8f :yfkgf -o;nfO{ @)!* c;f/ #! df k/LIff lgoGq0f
sfof{nodf kl/0ft_
• kf; hfFr c8\8fsf] klxnf] xflsd –kl08t nf]s/fh
• >]:tf kf7zfnfsf] klxnf] ;'kl/j]Ifs – kl08t x]d/fh kf08]
• >]:tf kf7zfnfdf n]v / cª\s ul0ft @ ljifo kf; u/]sfnfO{ @ kf;] elgGYof] . n]v, >]:tf,
lx;fa / cf}+7f kf; u/]sfnfO{ $ kf; elgGYof]
• lj=;+= !(^* -!(!!_ k|ofu ljZjljb\ofnosf] Dof6«Ls'n]zg k/LIffdf g]kfnL efiffsf] dfWodaf6
k/LIff lbg kfOg] Joj:yf rGb| zdz]/n] lr7L n]v]/ u/]sf
• lj=;+= !(^( df uf]/vf efiff k|sflzgL ;ldlt – rGb|zdz]/n] v8u lgzfg nufPkl5 v'n]sf]
• !(&) kmfug' @ df uf]/vf efiff k|sflzgL ;ldlt gSzfnsf] gGbLs]z/ axfndf v'Nof]
• !(&@ df kfz'kt k|];af6 klxnf] k':ts uf]/vf lzIff klxnf] efu, !(&# bf]>f] / !(&$ df
t]>f] efu k|sflzt ePsf]
• lj=;+= !(&) df sf7df8f}+ gS;fndf vf]lnPsf] ;TojfbL kf7zfnf aemfªdf ;fl/Psf] -klxnf]
k|=c= hok[YjLaxfb'/ l;+xsf efO cd/ axfb'/ l;+x_

5
• ;TojfbL kf7zfnfn] lj=;+= !((% df h'4 zdz]/sf] ;dodf -:yfkgfsf] #@ jif{kl5_ ;/sf/L
dfGotf kfof]
• ;TojfbL kf7zfnf lj=;+= @))& ;fn;Dd sIff & ;Dd / @))* b]lvHigh School;~rfng
ePsf]
• hok[YjLaxfb'/ l;+xn] cIf/fª\s lzIffsf cltl/St afnaf]w >]:tf af]w, e"uf]n ljb\of cflb
n]v]sf
• ;a}n] Onfd l;sL ljb\of k9L, hfGg]nfO{c¿nfO{ xfFls ‘xf]:6]’ eGg] x'g'k5{ eGg] hok[YjLaxfb'/
l;+x
• c:ktfn, :s'n 3/ agfpg' klg :s'n agfpg' h:t} xf] eGg] egfO klg hok[YjLaxfb'/ l;+xs}
x'g\
• rGb| zdz]/n] efiff kf7zfnf vf]Ng aGb]h nufof] eGg] cf/f]kaf6 aRg pkTosfdf @% /
aflx/ !* efiff kf7zfnf vf]n]sf
• !(&@ df pkTosf aflx/sf] klxnf] cª\u|]hL :s'n rGb|ldl8n :s'n :yfkgf
• l;/fxfdf :jfdL bfdf]b/fgGbsf] kxndf /]ndf ef/t hfg] ofqLx¿nfO{ l6s6df n]lvPsf]
cª\u]|hL l6s6 a'‰g g;sL 7lug] ePsfn] ;xh agfpg vf]n]sf]
• !(&% efb| @& lqe'jg rGb| sn]h :yfkgf, z'?df cf=Psf] k9fO ePsf], ;DaGwg – snsTtf
ljZj ljb\ofno;Fu lyof]
• Tri Chandra College. df !(&& b]lv lj1fgdf Intermediate / !(*) b]lv lj=P= sf] k9fO,
@))$ b]lv lj=P;;L ;~rfng ePsf]
• Tri Chandra College. df ;'?df ^ hgf ljb\ofyL{ / ^ hgf k|fWofks lyP
• Tri Chandra College sf k|yd Principal a6's[i0f d}q]o
• lzIff ljefusf] Director kbnfO{Director General df kl/0ft . lj=;+= !(&^ b]lv
ul/Psf] k|yd Director General axfb'/ zdz]/ lgo'St
• lj=;+= !(&^ df rGb| zdz]/n] efiff kf7zfnf, ;+:s[t kf7zfnf, >]:tf kf7zfnf / wfld{s
kf7zfnfsf] lg/LIf0f ug{ kf7zfnf aGbf]a:t OG;k]S6/L clkm; :yfkgf u/] . kf7zfnf
aGbf]a:t OG;k]S6/L clkm;sf] xflsddf ;'Aaf Hjfnf l;+x xdfnnfO{ lgo'St u/]
• lj=;+= !(&^ df :s'n uf]:jf/f, sn]h :s'n uf]:jf/f df kl/0ft
• lj=;+= !(&* df >]itf kf7zfnfsf] kf7\oj|mddf cf}+7f ljifo ykL rf/ kf;] agfPsf] .!(&*
bflh{lnªdf df=lj= txdf g]kfnL efiffsf] k9fO ;'?
• rf/kf;]nfO{ g]kfnL / ;flxTo yk]/ lj=;+= !(*% df ^ kf;] agfOPsf] lyof]
• lj=;+=!(*) b]lvsnsTtf ljZjljb\ofnoaf6 b/af/ xfO:s"nsf] ;DaGw k6gf ljZjljb\ofnodf
;l/Psf] lyof]
• lj=;+= !(*) c;f/df rGb|zdz]/n] sf7df8f}+sf] 9f]sf6f]ndf sGof kf7zfnfsf] :yfkgf
• lj=;+= !(*) – lqe'jg rGb| sn]hsf] gfd lqrGb| sn]h agfOPsf]

6
 • lj=;+= !(*) – lqrGb| sn]hsf] ;DaGwg snsQf ljZljb\ofnoaf6 k6gf ljZj ljb\ofnodf
;fl/Psf]
• :yfkgf sfndf lqrGb| sn]hsf] /]vb]v –lzIff ljefusf 8fO/]S6/ hg/n ckm klAns
OG:6«S;gn] ub{y]
• !(*! df kf6g / eStk'/df ldl8n :s"nsf] :yfkgf, !(*& df kf6gsf] ldl8n :s"n
xfO:s"n ePsf]
• lj=;++ !(*@ df ;/bf/ ?b|f/fh kf08] b/jf/ :s'nsf] x]8df:6/ lgo'St . b/jf/ :s"ndf
x]8df:6/ x'g] pgL klxnf] g]kfnL lyP -cfkm"n] k9fPsf] ljb\ofyL{ k|=c= ePkl5 ljb\ofno dfq
xf]Og g]kfn} 5f8L ef/t hfg] JolSt k"j{ x]8df:6/ zf/bfk|;fb d'vhL{ / OZj/L bTt /6f}/L_
• lj=;+= !(*$ df cd/ vfF kmf}hbf/sf] g]t[Tjdf rGb|ldl8n :s'n af/fsf] ejfgLk'/df :yfkgf
• lj=;+= !(*% df /fhsLo cfo'{j]b kf7zfnfsf] :js[lt eof] . lj=;+= !(*& df /fhsLo cfo'{j]b
kf7zfnfsf] :yfkgf
• lj=;+= !(*^ df d]h/ hg/n d[u]Gb| zdz]/ lzIff ljefusf] 8fO/]S6/ lgo'St
• lj=;+= !(*^b]lv b/jf/ :s"nsf k/LIffyL{n] k/LIff lbg k6gf ljZljb\ofnosf] k/LIff s]Gb|
sf7df8f}+df
• !(*^ df >]:tf kf7zfnfsf] ejg :yfkgf kf7zfnfdf egf{ eO k9\g] ljb\ofyL{nfO{ jflif{s #^
? 5fqa[lTt k|bfg
• >]:tf kf7zfnfdf k9L hfFrdf kf; x'g] lghfdtL ;]jfsf nflu of]Uo 7xl/Psf pd]4f/nfO{
aemfª\uL /fhf ho k[YjL axfb'/ l;+xn] k|dfl0ft ub{y]
• lj=;+= !(*^ df $ kf;]df g]kfnL / ;flxTo ljifo yk]/ ^ kf;] agfOPsf] / h'4 zdz]/sf]
kfnfdf !! kf; ;Dd agfOPsf]
eLd zdz]/sf] ;dodf ePsf] lzIff ljsf;
• lj=;+= !(*& kmfNu'0f !( df eLdzdz]/sf] kfnfdf a;Gtk'/df 6]lSgsn :s"nsf] :yfkgf
lj=;++ !(*& df k':tsfno kj{sf] ePsf]
• lj=;++ !(*& afns[i0f ;d kf;hfFr c8\8fsf] xflsd ePsf
• ;j{k|yd g]kfn aflx/ v'n]sf] efiff kf7zfnf ltAatsf] nf;fdf v'n]sf]
• !(** df xflh/L uf]Zjf/f :yfkgf
• !(*( cª\u|]hL lzIff / ;+:s[t lzIffsf] 5'6\6f 5'6\6} lgb{]zssf] Joj:Yff
h'4 zdz]/sf] ;dodf ePsf] lzIff ljsf;
• !(*( df uf]/vf efiff k|sflzgL ;ldltsf] gfd g]kfn efiff k|sflzt ;ldlt gfdfs/0f .lj=;+=
@)@! d+l;/ @% df ;femf k|sfzgdf kl/0ft
• !(*( df uf]s'08]Zj/ k|fOd/L:s"nsf] :yfkgf -wgs'6f_ xfO:s'n ePsf] @))$
• lj=;++ !(*( h'b\w zdz]/sf] kfnfdf s[lif :s"nsf] :yfkgf
• lj=;+= !(() sflt{s !^ df SLC af]8{sf] :yfkgf
7
• lj=;+= !(()df P;=Pn=;L jf]8{ -k|jGwaf]8{_sf] :yfkgfkl5 b/jf/ :s'nsf] ;DaGw k6gf
ljZj ljb\ofnoaf6 x6]sf]
• lj=;+= !(() kf}if clGtd xKtf SLC k/LIff ;~rfng
• lj=;+= !(() SLC sf] klxnf] k/LIff s]Gb| b/jf/ :s'nsf] blIf0fkl6sf] ejg dhln; 3/df
/x]sf]
• lj=;+= !(() df3 @ ut] ePsf] e"sDkn] k/LIff s]xL lbg :ylut ul/Psf]
• lj=;+= !(() df kf6g xfO:s'nsf & / b/jf/ xfO :s'nsf @& u/L #$ hgfn] SLC k/LIff
kmf/fd e/]sf, ## hgfn] dfq k/LIff lbPsf -Ps dfq 5fqf ;ljgf s'df/L b]jL k/LIffdf
cg'kl:yt_ pSt k/LIffdf !) hgf II Div. ( hgf III Div. pTtL0f{, afFsL !$ hgf km]n ePsf
lyP, k/LIff *)) k"0ff{ª\ssf] lyof] eg] pTtL0ff{ª\s @*) lyof]
• SLC af]8{sf] cWoIf 8fO/]S6/hg/n x'g] Joj:yf
• klxnf] k/LIff lgoGqs x/d0fL cfrfo{ -lj=;+ !(() b]lv @)!$ ;fn;Dd_
• b/jf/ :s'n;Fu k6gf ljZj ljb\ofnosf] ;DaGw cf}krfl/s ¿kn] 6'6]klg -!(() df_ z}lIfs
kIfaf6 ;f] ;DaGw lj=;+= @)!^ lqe'jg ljZj ljb\ofno :yfkgf x'Fbf;Dd /x]sf] lyof]
• S.L.C. pTtL0f{ ljb\ofyL{nfO{ ! jif{ leq k|df0f kq afF8\g] Joj:yf lyof] . -;DalGwt k|=c= jf
lqrGb| sn]hdf_
• sf7df8f} pkTosf aflx/ v'n]sf] klxnf] SLC k/LIff s]Gb| lqh'b\w xfO:s'n aL/u~h lj=;+=
@))! df
• S.L.C.supplymentry k/LIffsf] ;'/cft @))# b]lv @)@# ;Dd kl5 @)%$ b]lv xfn;Dd
• Compartmental k/LIffsf] Joj:yf lj=;+= @)@#–@)%# ;Dd
• SLC k/LIffdf sIff !) af6 dfq k/LIff ;f]Wg] Joj:yf @)^# b]lv -dGqL kl/ifb\sf] @)^#
sflt{s !# sf] lg0f{o_
• lj=;+= !(() j}zfv ! ut] Technical school cGt{ut cf6{ :s'n :yfkgf
• lj=;+= !((! df lqrGb| sn]hsf] k/LIff k6gf ljZj ljb\ofno af6 lqrGb| sn]haf6} lng
kfpg] Joj:yf
• zf/bf klqsfsf] k|sfzg !((@ df ePsf] lyof]
• lj=;+= !((# dfu{ @% df @@ ;b:oLo lzIff af]8{ u7g -h'b\wzdz]/sf]_ kfnfdf lj=;+= of] af]8{
8fO/]S6/ hg/n ckm klAns OG;6«S;gnfO{ lzIffsf ljifodf ;'emfj lbg u7g ePsf] lyof]
• lzIff af]8{sf] ;'emfjcg';f/ kf; hfFr c8\8fsf] gofF ;gb lj=;+= !(($ df lgS:of] .;f]xL
cg';f/ >]:tf kf7zfnfsf] lgodfjnL kl/jt{g ePsf]
• lj=;+=!((# df u'NdLsf] ef;{]df kf7zfnf :yfkgf
• v/Lbf/ s[i0f k|;fb sf]O/fnfn] lj=;+= !(*^ sflt{s $ df ef/tsf] rDkf/0f lhNnfsf] 6]G8Ldf
v'n]sf] k|fylds :s'nnfO{ !((@ df lj/f6gu/df ;fl/Psf], xfn cfbz{ pRr df=lj=sf ¿kdf
;~rflnt

8
• lj/f6gu/df lj=;+= !((@df cfbz{ xfO:s'n vf]n]sf]df s[i0fk|;fb sf]O/fnf kqmfpm . lj;+
!((% df cbz{ xfO:s"nsf] pb\3f6g ePsf] . lj=;+= !((% h'b\w xfO:s'n -cfbz{n]_ :jLs[lt
kfPsf]
• b'lgofsf tkm{af6 k|fOe]6 :s"n v8f ug{ v8\u lgzfgf ;b/ lj=;+=!((% r}q @* ut]
• lj=;+= !((% abL{of u'nl/ofdf kf7zfnf v'n]sf]
• !((% df 6]lSgsn :s"n cGtu{tsf] g]kfn cf6{ :s'n h'b\w snf kf7zfnfdf kl/0ft ePsf]
• !((^ df3 * ut] lzIff Ol:txf/ hf/L . -$@ bkmf_,lzIffsf] Ol:txf/nfO{ klxnf] sfg"gL
b:tfj]h dflgG5
• lzIffsf] Ol:txf/n] ljb\ofno lzIffsf] ;+/rgf # ± $ ± # -v08 k}Nxf # Snf;, dWod v08
$–& Snf;, pRr v08 ci7d\, gjd\ / bzd Snf;_
• Ol:txf/df lzIffsf] dfWod cª\u|]hL / lx;fa afx]s ;a} g]kfnL x'g] elgPsf]
• Ol:txf/n] k|fylds v08df $ 306f / cGo v08df b}lgs % 306f k9fpg'kg{] Joj:yf u/]sf]
• ljb\ofno ;do ljxfg ( ah]b]lv a]n'sf % ;Dd
• Ol:txf/n] sIff ( / !) %) hgf, sIff %–* df $) hgf, sIff !–$ df #) hgf ljb\ofyL{sf
;ª\Vof sfod
• Ol:txf/n] @)% u/La afnaflnsfnfO{ lgMz'Ns k9fpg ;lsg] Joj:yf pNn]v
• Ol:txf/n] jif{sf] @ k6s hfFr lng'kg{] Joj:yf u/]sf]
• *)% xflh/ geO sIff r9fpg gx'g] l;kmfl/;
• ;~rfns ;ldltsf] Joj:yf ljb\ofnodf clgjfo{
• lzIffsf] Ol:txf/df ! b]lv $@ bkmf lyP
• Ol:txf/n] ljb\ofno ;~rfns ;ldltdf ;s];Dd @ hgf BA pass / ! hgf Medical Doctor
/fVg] sf]lzif ug'[kg{] pNn]v
• Ol:txf/ hf/L eP kl5 Director Generalof public instruction n] dfq ljb\ofno vf]Ng]
cg'dlt lbg] Joj:yf
• ;'?df ljb\ofnonfO{ lbOg] cfly{s ;xfotf !@)) /x]sfdf lj=;+= @)@* df &@)) sfod
• lj=;+ !((^ df w/fgdf zf/bf ldl8n ;s"nsf] :yffkgf
• lj=;+= !((* df Inspector of school sf] :yfkgf
• lj=;+= !((( df ;"o{ k|;fb pkfWofo klxnf] OG;k]S6/ lgo'St
• !((* df d]h/ hg/n zf/bf zdz]/ lzIff ljefusf] 8fO/]S6/ hg/n ckm klAns
OG:6«s;gdf lgo'St
• !((* df tTsfnLg ;+:s[t lzIff lgb{]zs x]d/fh kf08]n] ;+:s[t sn]h agf/;sf tkm{af6
;+:s[t k/LIffsf k|Zgkq agfO{ k/LIffdf pTtL0f{ x'g] ljb\ofyL{nfO{k|df0f kq lbg] Joj:yf
u/]sf
• !((* df Technical school df Engineering zfvf v'n]sf] / !((( df Overseer k9fO -
tflnd_ ;~rfng u/]sf]
9
 • g]kfn Art school sf] :yfkgf h'b\wzdz]/n] !((! j}zfv ! :yflkt u/]sf] g]kfn Art school
!((% h'4snf :s'ndf kl/0ft
• @))) df agf/; lxGb' ljZjljb\ofno df g]kfn r]o/sf] :yfkgf .Chairman /fd/fh kGt
• @))@ df lzIff ljefusf] 8fO/]S6/ hg/n ckm klAns OG:6«S;gdf d]h/ hg/n d[u]Gb|zdz]/
lgo'St
• lj=;+= @)))÷@))! lt/ sf7df8f}+df 3/]n' pBf]u ljb\ofno :yfkgf
• lj=;+= @))# df rvf{ k|rf/s kmfF6 v8f
• lj=;+= @))$ df o;sf] gfd rvf{ tflnd sfod -o;sf lzIfs ;}lgs hjfg lyP_
• lj=;+= @))# b]lv @ cf]6f Deputy OG;k]S6/ ckm :s'n -!_ hgsk'/ -@_ kfNkfdf :yfkgf
• k"j{sf] hgsk'/df /x]sf] Inspector of school n] ^ cf]6f c~rn x]g{ bL3{ /fh sf]O/fnf /
kfNkfdf klZrd * c~rn x]g{ Deputy Inspector of school df /fd l;+x 7s'/LnfO{ lhDdf
lbOPsf] lyof] eg] sf7df08f} lrkm :s"n O:k]S6/df Clifs]z zfx lgo'St
kb\dzdz]/sf] ;dodf ePsf] lzIff ljsf;
• @))@ df kb\dzdz]/ k|wfgdGqL eP
• d /fi6«sf] gf]s/ x'F eGg] JolSt kb\dzdz]/
• Onfd High school sf] Primary level sf] :yfkgf lj=;+= @))# ;fndf
• @))# df kfNkf ldl8n :s'n :yfkgf
• lj=;+ @))# df cfwf/ uf]Zjf/f :yfkgf
• ;+:s[t efiffd[t efiff eGg] k|wfgdGqL kb\dzdz]/ x'g\ -@))$ df_
• cfwf/ :s'n vf]Ng] of]hgf @))# df aGof]
• cfwf/ :s'n vf]Ng h'b\w zdz]/n] @ ;b:oLo 6f]nL ef/t k7fPsf
• lj=;+= @))$ df ;j{k|yd # hgf 5fqfx¿ lqrGb| sn]hdf egf{ ePsf
• @))$ df klxnf] sGof xfO:s'n kb\dsGof ljb\of>d l8NnL ahf/ :yfkgf -cfiff9_ kz'
lrlsT;f tflndsf] :yfkgf
• @))$ df hot' ;+:s[td\ cfGbf]ng z'? -cfiff9 ! ut]_
• g]kfn clw/fHosf ljleGg 7fpFdf v'Ng] cfwf/ :s'ndf k9fpg] lzIfs tof/ ug{ klxnf]
lzIfs lzIf0f s]Gb| lj=;+= @))$ ;fn h]7 !) ut] tfxfrndf :yfkgf .
– pSts]Gb|sf] k|wfgfWofksdf ejgfy 9'ª\ufgfnfO{ lgo'St .
– cfwf/ lzIfs lzIf0f s]Gb|df ;+:s[tdf dWodf ;Dd jf cª\u|]hLsf bzd\ sIff pTtL0f{ u/]sf
efiff kf7zfnfsf lzIfs jf cGo OR5's JolStnfO{ tflndsf] lglDt k|j]z
– tflndsf ;xefuLsf nflu 5fqfjf; clgjfo{
• @))$ df c;f]h !^ cfwf/ :s'n :yfkgf -b]ze/ !$ cf]6f_
• cfwf/ :s'nsf] lzIffsf] pb\3f6g lj=;+= @))$ sflt{s & ut] a'waf/ (October 1947) df
b/jf/ :s'nsf] k|fª\u0fdf Ps eJo ;df/f]x aLr s]z/ zdz]/sf] cWoIftfdf ePsf] lyof]
10
 • @))$ df ;fj{hlgs k|f/lDes lzIffsf] :yfkgf
• lj=;+= @))$ df g]kfndf j}wflgs sfg"g @))$ hf/L
• lj=;+= @))$ df s[lif c8\8f cGtu{t kz' lrlsT;s tflnd s]Gb| :yfkgf
• lj=;+= @))$ vfbL :s'n,h]n tflnd s]Gb| :yfkgf
• lj=;+= @))$ df jg ljefu cGtu{tsf] @ jif{] /]~h/ tyf km/]i6/sf] tflnd x]6f}8fdf ;'?
• @))% c;f]h !% ut] g]kfn lzIff -cfwf/ lzIff_ klqsfsf] k|yd k|sfzg
• cfwf/ :s'nsf txx¿ M # lsl;dsf lyP
-!_ k|fylds sIff !,@, #
-@_ dfWolds sIff $,% /
-#_ pRr cfwf/ lzIff sIff^,& / *
• @))$ df :yflkt cfwf/ :s'nn] k|lt :s'n % cf]6f k|f}9 lzIff s]Gb| ;~rfng ug'{kg{]
• @))% efb| !) ut] @% ;b:oLo ljZj ljb\ofno ;ef u7g, cWoIf d[u]Gb| zdz]/,@))&
;fndf ;f]sf nflu % nfv ljlgof]hg
• @))% df d06]Zj/L -k"j{ k|f=lj=sf]_ :yfkgf . pSt :s"nsf] k|=c df ef/tLo gful/s s]=o'=
e|fdf / pgsL >LdtL df]xgL b]jL e|fdf lzIfssf] ¿kdf lgo'St
• @))^ j}zfvdf cfwf/ lzIfs lzIf0f s]Gb|df tflnd z'?
• u|fd;]ljsf ljb\ofno :yfkgfM dgf]x/f b/jf/df @))^ df u|fd;]ljsf ljb\ofno :yfkgf u/L
;~rfng ul/Psf] . ljb\ofnosf] k|d'vdf ;'s'dfof nfdf lgo'St
• @))& r}q !% gS;fndf /fqL kf7zfnf :yfkgf,:yfoL :jLs[lt @))( ;fn kmu'gdf
• /fqL kf7fzfnfdf P;=Pn=l;sf] sf]if{ -sIff !b]lv !)_nfO{ # jif{df ;DkGg u/L k/LIffdf
;xefuL
– @))* ;fndf /fqL kf7zfnfaf6 hDdf % hgf ljb\ofyL{x¿ P;=Pn=;L k/LIffdf ;xefuL
ePsf]df # hgf ptL0f{
– /fqL kf7zfnfsf] cjwf/0ff ef/tsf] nfxf]/af6 lj=;+ !(&$ df cfPsf]
–ANGLO Nepali Grammar sf n]vs Hjfnf l;+x xdfn lyP
lj=;+= @))( • ;fndf ;/bf/ ¿b|/fh kf08]sf] cWoIftfdf @) ;b:oLo …/fli6«o lzIff
af]8{’ u7g ul/Psf] . o; af]8{sf] l;kmfl/;cg';f/ lj=;+= @)!) ;fn r}q
( ut] $^ ;b:oLo /fli6«o lzIff of]hgf cfof]u u7g . ;Nnfxsf/ 8f=
Xo"u lj= p8\= lyP
• …g]kfndf lzIff’ gfds pSt k|ltj]bg g]kfnsf] klxnf] k|sflzt lzIff
b:tfj]h /x]sf]

11
lj=;+= @)!) • z}lIfs ljs]Gb|Ls/0f ug]{ pb\b]Zon] b]zsf] e"efunfO{ & If]qdf afF8L
l8lehgn OG:k]S6/sf] Joj:yf ePsf] -wgs'6f, hgsk'/, sf7df8f}“, kf]v/f,
tf}lnxjf, g]kfnu~h / l;nu9L -df3 !^_
• lj=;+= @)!) ;fndf ldl8n tYo k|fOd/L :s'nsf nflu kf7\oj|md k|sflzt
• k|fylds lzIfsnfO{ tflnd lbg] pb\b]Zon] /fli6«o lzIfs lzIf0f s]Gb|
v'n]sf]
lj=;+= @)!! • g]kfndf ;j{k|yd lzIfs tflndsf] ;'?cft
• b]ze/df hgtf, lzIff k|zf;s, lzIfs tyf lzIffk|]dL, ;/sf/L sd{rf/L,
a'lb\whLjL, ;fdflhs sfo{stf{;“u k|ToIf ;Dks{ tyf k|ZgfjnLsf
dfWodaf6 /fo ;ª\sng u/L æg]kfndf lzIffÆ gfds k|ltj]bg -kmfu'g !*_
lj=;+= @)!@ • clwsf+z cfwf/ :s'nnfO{ cª\u|]hL :s'ndf kl/0ft
lj=;+= @)!# • lzIfsnfO{ tflnd k|bfg ug{ gd{n :s'nsf] :yfkgf / lj=;+= @)@# ;fndf
o;sf] gfd k|fylds lzIfs lzIf0f s]Gb| /xg k'u]sf]
• sn]h ckm Ph's];gsf] :yfkgf -efb| @$_
• cfwf/ lzIfs lzIf0f s]Gb| g]kfn lzIfs lzIf0f s]Gb|df kl/0ft
lj=;+=@)!$ • g]kfne/sf ljb\ofnodf g]kfnL efiffaf6 k9fpg'kg]{ Joj:yf ePsf]
lj=;+= @)!% • g]kfndf z}lIfs k|zf;gnfO{ @* lhNnfdf ljefhg ul/Psf]
lj=;+= @)!^ • j}zfv ! ut]b]lv nfu' x'g] u/L k|fylds :s'nsf] kf7\oj|md ;/sf/L
tj/af6 k|sflzt ul/Psf]
• lqe'jg ljZjljb\ofnosf] a8fkq 3f]if0ff eO{ lqe'jg ljZjljb\ofnosf]
:yfkgf ePsf]
lj=;+=@)!* • lj=;+= @)!* j}zfv @% ut] tTsfnLg lzIff dGqL ljZjaGw' yfkfn]
cWoIftfdf !@ ;b:oLo ;jf{ª\uL0f /fli6«o lzIff ;ldltsf] u7g
• hf“r kf; c8\8fnfO{ k/LIff lgoGq0f sfof{nodf uflePsf] -cfiff9 #!_
• lzIff k|zf;gnfO{ !$ c~rn / &% lhNnfdf lj:tf/
• kf7\ok':ts n]Vg / pTkfbgsf nflu ;+o'St /fHo cd]l/sf ;/sf/sf]
;xof]udf lzIff ;fdu|L s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf ePsf]
• /f]6/L Snjn] s'df/ gfd u/]sf] JolStnfO{ ljz]if lzIff ;DaGwL tflnd lng
cd]l/sf k7fPsf]
lj=;+= @)!( • klxnf] lzIff P]g hf/L
• Educational planning and Economic Implications - Draft Report of the
UNESCO mission to kathmandu, 1962 k|ltj]bg 8f= a|'gf] s]gnn] k];
u/]sf]

12
lj=;+=@)@) • lj=;+= @)@) df3 !# ut] /fhf dx]Gb|af6 -emfkfsf] a'waf/]_ clgjfo{
lgMz'Ns k|fylds lzIffsf] pb\3f6g
• lj=;+= @)@) df @) lhNnfdf, @)@# df !@ lhNnfdf / @)@$ df $#
lhNnfdf ljs]Gb|Ls/0f of]hgf nfu"
lj=;+= @)@! • b[li6ljxLgnfO{ k9fpg] lzIfs tflnd z'?jft
• ljz]if lzIff sfo{qmdsf] yfngL
lj=;+=@)@@ • Pd=P;=;L sf] k9fO z'?
lj=;+= @)@# • klxnf] lzIff lgodfjnLsf] k|sfzg / o;n] lhNnf lzIff lg/LIfs tyf
ljb\ofno ;~rfns ;ldltsf] sfd tf]s]sf] lyof]
• sf7df8f}+sf] gS;fndf afn dlGb/sf] :yfkgf
• ;+:s[t lzIff ;'wf/ k/fdz{ bft[ ;ldlt u7g
• Science Teaching Enrichment Programme (STEP)sfo{j|md ;~rfng ug{
;/sf/ tYo USAID aLr ;Demf}tf
lj=;+=@)@$ • /fli6«o lzIff ;NNffxfsf/ kl/ifb u7g
lj=;+= @)@% • sn]h ckm Ph's]zgdf ScienceEducation Programme ;'?
• ul0ft ljifonfO{ ?rLs/ agfpg k|fOd (PRIME) sfo{j|md nfu"
lj=;+= @)@^ • o'lg;]kmsf] cg'bfgdf Teacher Educator Training Programme ;'?
• /fli6«o lzIff ;Nnfxsf/ kl/ifb k'g{u7g
• g]kfn cGwf ckfª\u ;+3sf] vu]Gb| axfb'/ j:g]tn] :yfkgf
lj=;+= @)@& • @)!* df :yflkt !$ c~rn lzIff lzIff clwsf/L vf/]h ul/of] To;kl5
@( cf]6f lhNnfdf lhNnf lzIff clwsf/L / af“sL $^ lhNnfdf /f=k=cg+=
k|yd >]0fLdf lh=lz=lg= g} sfod eP -sflt{s !_
lj=;+=@)@* • gof“ lzIff of]hgf nfu' -o;nfO{ /fli6«o lzIff kb\wltsf] of]hgf klg
elgG5_
• kf7\oj|md ljsf; s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf ePkl5 b]ze/ Pp6} /fli6«o kf7\oj|md
nfu' ug]{ sfo{sf] yfngL ePsf] -efb| %_
• ljb\ofno lg/LIf0f ug{ k|f=lj=lg, lg=df=lj= lg= / df=lj=lg= sf] Joj:yf
• dlxnf lzIff sfo{j|md -kf]v/faf6_ ;'?
• gofF lzIff P]g hf/L -efb| @$_
• gofF lzIff P]g tyf NESP nfu" -sflt{s !% ut] lrtjg / sf:sL lhNnf_
• gofF lzIff of]hgf nfu" ug{ cfjZos lzIff lgodfjnL k|sflzt -sflt{s
#)_
• of]hgfj4 ?kdf ljz]if lzIff sfo{qmdsf yfngL
• @ ± !# ± !^ ± @) ±@$ lhNnfsf b/n] qmdzM lzIff P]g nfu" x'g]

13
lj=;+= @)#) • lj=;+= !(*% df :yflkt /fhsLo cfo'j]{lbs ljb\ofno lj=;+= @)#) ;fpg
! ut] b]lv lq=lj= cGtu{t lrlsT;fzf:q cWoog ;+:yfgdf ?kfGt/0f
• lj=;+= !(*& kmfu'g !( df vf]lnPsf] j;Gtk'/, s'df/L rf]ssf] 6]lSgsn
:s'nnfO{ OlGhlgol/ª OlG:6Ro'6df kl/jt{g
• lg=df=lj=lg=sf] Joj:yf x6fO{ k|f=lj=lg / df=lj=lg= sf] Joj:yf
• k|f=lj= txsf] lzIff lgMz"Ns ug]{ /fhf jL/]Gb|sf] 3f]if0f -kmfNu'0f !@_
• ljz]if lzIff kl/ifb\sf] u7g
• lnofhf] ;ldltsf] :yfkgf
lj=;+= @)#! • lzIff lbj; dgfpg ;'? ul/Psf] / To;} cj;/df k|fylds lzIff lgMz'Ns
3f]if0ff ul/Psf] -kmfNu'0f !@_
lj=;+= • ;/sf/n] b]zsf b'u{d @* ljb\ofnodf lgMz'Ns kf7\ok':ts ljt/0f ug{
@)#@÷)## yfn]sf]
lj=;+= @)## • lj1fg ljifodf ljBfjfl/wL z'?
lj=;+= @)#% • s[lifdf :gfts k9fO z'?
• ;fwf/0f lrlsT;fdf :gfts z'?
• Civil OlGhlgo/df :gfts z'?
• lgd{n jfn ljsf; s]Gb| :yfkgf
lj=;+= @)#^ • /]l8of]af6 lzIfs tflnd sfo{j|md ;'? ug]{ of]hgf tof/
lj=;+= @)#& • ;fnb]lv /]l8of] g]kfnaf6 lzIfs tflnd sfo{j|md k|zf/0f
• lghL If]qdf sn]h :yfkgf ug{ :jLs[t lbg yflnof]
lj=;+= @)#* • /fli6«o kf7\oj|md sfof{Gjog of]hgf nfu"
lj=;+= @)#( • /0fwL/ ;'Aafsf] cWoIftfdf zfxL pRr lzIff cfof]u u7g
• Pl;ofnL ljsf; a}“ssf] ;xof]udf lj1fg lzIff kl/of]hgf ;'? ePsf] -
@)#(÷$)_
• ;d]i6 k|0ffnLsf] ;6\6f jflif{s k|0ffnL ;+rfng
• ;]tL kl/of]hgfaf6 @! lbg] k|fylds lzIfs tflnd z'? :gfts jg
lj1fgdf z'?
• ag lj1fgdf :gfts k9fO z'?
lj=;+= @)$) • /0fwL/ ;'Jafsf] cWoIfdf ul7t cfof]un] zfxL pRr lzIff cfof]usf]
k|ltj]bg k];
• cBf]lus k|lzIfs tflnd >d dGqfnon] ug]{ lg0f{o
lj=;+= @)$! • k|fylds lzIff kl/of]hgf ljZj a}“ssf] C0f ;xof]u / o'lg;]kmsf] k|fljlws
;xof]udf ;~rfng ePsf]

14
lj=;+= @)$# • lzIffzf:q cWoog ;+:yfgnfO{ lzIffzf:q ;ª\sfodf kl/0ft ul/Psf] .
;f]xL ;fndf bfªsf] j]ne'm08Ldf dx]Gb| ;+:s[t ljZjljb\ofnosf] :yfkgf
ePsf]
• ax' ljZjljb\ofnosf] cjwf/0ffsf] ;'?jft -@)$%M /]l8of] lzIf0fsf]
Joj:yf_
lj=;+= @)$$ • kz' lj1fgdf :gfts sfo{j|md z'?
lj=;+= @)$^ • sflt{s ! df pRr lzIff P]g hf/L
• lzIff dGqLsf] cWoIftfdf !# ;b:oLo pRr dfWolds lzIff kl/ifb\ u7g
lj=;+= @)$& • /fli6«o lzIff cfof]u u7g -kmfu'g !$_
lj=;+= @)$* • lghL If]qdf klxnf]kN6 æsf7df8f}Æ ljZjljb\ofnosf] :yfkgf
• /fli6«o lzIff cfof]usf] k'g{u7g ->fj0f !#_
lj=;+= @)$( • tfTsfnLg ;/sf/n] @)$( >fj0fb]lv pRr dfWolds lzIff !)±@ sf
sIff ;~rfng ug]{ lg0f{o u/]sf] -ciff9 !^_
• ljb\ofno ;'kl/j]IfnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg ljb\ofno lg/LIfssf] kb
;ª\Vofdf a[b\lw
• kmfu'g ! ut] k|fylds ljb\ofnodf egf{ ug'{kbf{ hGdbtf{ k|df0fkq clgjfo{
ug'{ kg]{ lg0f{o
• cfwf/e"t tyf k|fylds lzIff kl/of]hgf ;'?jft
• lzIff tyf ;+:s[lt dGqfnosf] gfd lzIff, ;+:s[lt tyf ;dfh sNof0f
dGqfnodf kl/jt{g -df3 @_
• /fli6«o lzIff cfof]usf] k|ltj]bg k]; -c;f/ !$_
• cf= j= )$*÷)$( b]lv ljz]if lzIff ljBfnosf lzIfs sd{rf/Lsf] tnj
g]kfn ;/sf/n] Joxf]g{ yfn]sf]
lj=;+= @)%@ • xªsªaf6 P;Pn;L k/LIff s]Gb| x6fOPsf]
lj=;+= @)%$ • pRr :t/Lo lzIff cfof]u u7g -j}zfv !@_
lj=;+= @)%% • pRr :t/Lo lzIff cfof]usf] k|ltj]bg k]; -c;f/ !%_
lj=;+= @)%^ • cgf}krfl/s lzIff s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf
• /fli6«o lzIfs ;]jf cfof]usf] :yfkgf
• lzIff ljefusf] :yfkgf -h]7 (_
lj=;+= @)%* • j}zfv @* lgd{n/fh kf08]sf] cWoIftfdf lzIff ;DaGwL % ;b:oLo pRr
:t/Lo cfof]u u7g
• lzIff P]gsf] ;ftf}F ;+zf]wg df3 @% ut]åf/f gfd kl/jt{g u/L lzIfs ;]jf
cfof]u /xg uPsf]

15
lj=;+= @)^) • sIff !b]lv cª\u|]hL clgjfo{ ePsf] . lg=df=lj= txdf ;+:s[tsf] ;§f
gful/s tYo g}lts lzIff j}slNks ljifosf ?kdf k7g kf7g ug{ ;lsg]
Joj:yf
• SLCpQL0f{ k|ltzt $^=!*
lj=;+= @)^! • SLC pQL0f{ k|ltzt #*=&@
lj=;+= @)^@ • SLCpQL0f{ k|ltzt $^=%!
lj=;+= @)^# • /fli6«o kf7\oj|md k|f?ksf] Joj:yf
• SLC pQL0f{ k|ltzt %*=^$

lj=;+= @)^$ • SLC pQL0f{ k|ltzt ^#=&#

lj=;+= @)^% • SLC pQL0f{ k|ltzt ^*=$&
lj=;+= @)^^ • SLCpQL0f{ k|ltzt ^$=#!
lj=;+= @)^& • SLCpQL0f{ k|ltzt %%=%)
lj=;+= @)^* • lzIff dGqfno cGt/ut ljZj a}+ssf] cfly{s tyf k|fljlws ;xof]udf
Enhanced Vocational Education and Training-EVENTkl/of]hgf :yfkgf
• SLC pQL0f{ k|ltzt $&=!^
lj=;+= @)^( • SLC pQL0f{ k|ltzt $!=%&
lj=;+= @)&) • lzIff dGqfnosf] k'gM;+/rgf
• s"n hg;ª\Vofsf] (% k|ltzt eGbf a9L ;fIf/ ePsf] v08df k"0f{ ;fIf/
uf=lj=;=÷gu/kflnsf÷lhNnf 3f]if0ff ub}{ hfg] /fli6«o cgf}krfl/s lzIff
kl/ifb\sf] lg0f{o
• sIff # / % sf] /fli6«o pknlAw k/LIf0f
• SLC pQL0f{ k|ltzt $#=(@
lj=;+= @)&! • :yfgLo kf7\oj|md k|f?ksf] tof/ -c;f/ #) ut]_
• /fli6«o kf7\oj|md k|f?kdf kl/dfh{g -c;f/ #) ut]_
• P;Pn;Ldf n]6/ u|]l8ª k|0ffnLsf] ;'?jft ug]{ lg0f{o -d+l;/ @$_, h'g
@)&! ;fndf k|fljlw lzIff xfl;n ul//x]sf b]ze/sf !)) -;~rflnt
((_ ljb\ofnodf nfu" x'g] . o;df ^ j6f u|]8 sfod ul/Psf]
• ;fIf/ g]kfn cleofg ;DkGg ug{ cf=j= @)&!÷)&@ nfO{ lg/If/tf
pGd'ng jif{sf] ?kdf dfgfpg jflif{s jh]6 jStJodf ;dfj]z
• cd]l/sL ;/sf/sf] ;xof]udf /fli6«o k|f/lDes sIff k9fO sfo{qmd
National Early Grade Reading Programme- NEGRP)sf] ;'?jft
• SLC pQL0f{ k|ltzt $&=#)

16
 lj=;+= @)&@ • P;Pn;Ldf n]6/ u|]l8ª k|0ffnL b]ze/ nfu" x'g] Joj:yf . o;df ( u|]8
sfod ul/Psf]
• n]6/ u|]l8ª lgb]{lzsf hf/L
• e"sDkaf6 k|efljt !! lhNnfsf !)) cf]6f ljb\ofnodf Virtual
Classroomsf] ;'?jft ul/Psf]
• lzIfssf] ;Ifdtf k|f?k / lzIfssf] k];fut ljsf; k|f?k z}lIfs hgzlSt
ljsf; kl/ifb\af6 tof/ u/L :jLs[t -@)&@÷!@÷)#_
lj=;+= @)&# • lzIff P]g, @)@* ;fnsf] cf7f}F ;+zf]wg -#.!% ut]_
• /fli6«o k/LIff af]8{sf] u7g
• z}lIfs k/LIf0f u'0f:t/ s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf
• /fli6«o lzIff kl/ifb u7g
• lhNnf lzIff kl/ifb u7g
• sIff !) sf] clGtd k/LIffnfO{ Secondary Education Examination : Grade-
10 / sIff !@ sf] clGtd k/LIffnfO{ School Leaving Certificate
Examination : Grade-12 gfdfs/0f ul/Psf]
• pRr dfWolds lzIff kl/ifb vf/]h -c;f/ !% ut]_
@)&% • lzIff dGqfnosf] gfd kl/jt{g eO{ lzIff, lj1fg tyf k|ljlw dGqfno
ePsf]
lj=;+= !(!% b]lv @))& ;Ddsf lzIff 8fO/]S6/x¿
-!_ aa/hª\u /f0ff lj=;+= !(!% –!(#@ → !& jif{
-@_ wL/ zdz]/ !(#@ – !(#* ;Dd → ^ jif{
-#_ s]bf/ zdz]/ !(#* – !($@ ;Dd → $ jif{
-$_ v8\u zdz]/ !($@ – !($$ ;Dd → @ jif{
-%_ rGb|zdz]/ !($$ – !(%* ;Dd → !$ jif{
-^_ eLd zdz]/ !(%* – !(&^ ;Dd → !( jif{
-&_ axfb'/ zdz]/ !(&^ – !(*^ ;Dd → !) jif{
-*_ d[u]Gb| zdz]/ !(*^ – !((* ;Dd → !@ jif{
-(_ zf/bf zdz]/ !((* – @))@ ;Dd → $ jif{
-!)_ d[u]Gb| zdz]/ @))@ – @))& ;Dd → % jif{
ljsf; sfn -@))& b]lv xfn;Dd_
• @))& df lzIff dGqfnosf] :ykgf, k|yd lzIff dGqL g[khª\u /f0ff lyP
• lj=;+= @))& ;fn k"j{ g]kfnsf] ;fIf/tf @ k|ltzt lyof]
• lj=;+= @))& ;fn ;Dd k|f=lj= #@!, df=lj= !!, sn]h ! lyP
17
 • /f0ff zf;gsf] cGTodf g]kfndf k':tsfnsf] ;+Vof ^ cf]6f /x]sf]
• @))* dfu{ @& ut] lk08]Zj/ ;+:s[t dxfljb\ofnosf] :yfkgf
• @))* df g]zgn sn]hsf] :yfkgf
• g]kfn lzIff kl/ifbsf] :yfkgf @))* ;fn >fj0f #@ ut] ePsf] lyof] . o;sf] dfGotf lzIff
dGqfnoaf6 @))(df eof]
• g]kfn ;g\ !(%@ -@))(df_ sf]nDaf] of]hgfsf] ;b:o ag]sf]
• sf]nDaf] of]hgfsf] d'Vo pb\b]Zo cfk;L k|fljlws ;xof]u
• lj=;+= @))( h]7 #! ;+:s[t dxfljb\ofnosf] :yfkgf
• @))( df a'r sld;g u7g
• @))( d} ?b|/fh kf08]sf] cWoIftfdf @) ;b:oLo af]8{ u7g, pSt jf]8{sf] l;kmfl/;
• lj=;+ @)!) j};fv ! ut] u7g ePsf] lzIff ;ldltsf] a}7ssf] l;kmfl/z cg';f/ g]kfn /fli6«o
lzIff of]hgf cfof]u u7g ug]{ s'/f to ePsf]

!=@ g]kfnsf] lzIffsf] txut ;+/rgf

ljb\ofno lzIffsf] ;ª\u7gfTds ;+/rgf
g]kfndf ljb\ofno lzIffsf] ;ª\u7g P]ltxfl;s ¿kdf leGg leGg ;dodf km/s /x]sf] kfOG5, h'g
lgDgfg';f/ 5M
!= lzIffsf] Ol:txf/ !((^ cg';f/M #±$±#Ö!)
k|fylds tx sIff ! – # lgDg dfWolds tx sIff $ – & dfWolds tx sIff *–!)
@= g]kfn /fli6«o lzIff of]hgf cfof]u @)!! eGbf klxn] #±@±# ±@ Ö !)
sIff ! – # k|f/lDes sIff $ / % sIff ^ – * dfWolds sIff ( – !)
kf7zfnf k|fylds kf7zfnf kf7zfnf ljb\ofno
#= g]kfn /fli6«o lzIff of]hgf cfof]u @)!! cg';f/ %±% Ö !)
k|fylds lzIffM sIff ! – dfWolds lzIffM sIff ^ – !) pRr lzIffM sIff
% ;Dd ;Dd !! – !& ;Dd
$= ;jf{ª\uL0f /fli6«o lzIff @)!* ;ldltsf] l;kmfl/; cg';f/ %±^ Ö!!sfof{Gjogdf cfPsf]_
sIff !–% ;Dd kf7zfnf sIff ^ – !! ;Dd ljb\ofno sIff !@–!%;Dd sn]h -pRr
tx_
%= ;jf{ª\uL0f /fli6«o lzIff @)!* ;ldltsf] l;kmfl/;kl5 @)@* eGbf cl3 sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf]
%±#±@ Ö !)
sIff !–% ;Dd sIff ^–* ;Dd (–!)lzkmfl/kmfl/z%±^ePklg @)@* ;Dd
k|fylds ldl8n xfO{:s"n of] ;+/rgf sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf]
18
^= /fli6«o lzIff kb\wltsf] of]hgf @)@* cg';f/ #±$±# Ö !)
sIff !–# ;Dd k|fylds sIff $ – & ;Dd lgDg sIff * – !) ;Dd dfWolds
tx dfWolds tx tx
pRr lzIffdf
sIff !! – !@ k|df0fkq tx sIff !# – !$ :gfts tx sIff !% – !^ :gftsf]Q/ tx
@ jif{ @ jif{ @ jif{
ljb\ofjfl/lw tx cfjZostfcg';f/
&= kf7\oqmd sfof{Gjog of]hgf @)#* cg';f/ %±@±# Ö !)
sIff ! – % k|fylds tx sIff ^ – & lgDg dfWolds sIff *–!) dfWolds tx
tx
*= /fli6«o lzIff cfof]u @)$( sf] l;kmfl/; cg';f/ %±#±@±@ Ö !@
sIff ! – % k|fylds tx sIff ^ – * lgDg dfWolds tx sIff ( – !) dfWolds tx
sIff !! – !@ pRr sIff !#–!% :gfts sIff !^–!& :gftsf]Q/ tx
dfWolds tx -pRr lzIff_ -pRr lzIff_
(= ljb\ofno If]q ;'wf/ sfo{qmd (SSRP) / /fli6«o kf7\os|d k|f¿k @)^# cg';f/ *±$ Ö!@
sIff ! – * ;Dd dfWolds tx sIff ( – !@ ;Dd dfWolds tx
!)= ljb\ofno If]q ;'wf/ sfo{qmd (SSRP)cg';f/ * ±$ Ö !@
sIff !–* ;Dd cfwf/e"t tx sIff (–!@ ;Dd dfWolds tx
!!= jt{dfg cj:yfdf g]kfnsf] ljb\ofno lzIffsf] ;+/rgf M*±$Ö !@
s|=;++ tx÷ljb\ofno lzIff pd]/ ;d"x

1k"j{ k|fylds tx k|f/lDesafn k"j{ k|fylds tx M $ jif{ pd]/ k'/f u/]sf

!= lzIff afnaflnsfnfO{ Ps jif{sf] k"j{ k|fylds
lzIff lbOg] h;nfO{ k|f/lDes afn
lzIff elgG5 .
@k|fyldstx÷ljb\ofno k|fylds lzIff sIff ! – % ;Dd lbOg] lzIff M % – (
@ jif{
# -cfwf/e"t tx_ cfwf/e"t lzIff k|flDes afn lzIff b]lv sIff * ;Dd
# lbOg] lzIff -$ – !@ jif{_
$dfWolds tx dfWolds lzIff sIff ( b]vL !@ ;Dd lbOg] lzIff -!#
$ – !^_ jif{
/fli6«o kf7\os|d k|f¿k @)^# -;+zf]wg @)&!_ n] ljb\ofno lzIffsf] ;+/rgf sf ;DaGwdf lgDg s'/f
pNn]v M
19
g]kfnsf] ljb\ofno lzIff cfwf/e"t / dfWolds u/L b'O{ txsf] x'g] 5 . ljb\ofno lzIffsf] cjlw
afx|jif{sf] x'g] 5 .cfwf/e"t txsf] lzIff k|fKt ug]{ xs k|To]s gful/snfO{ x'g] 5 . o; ;+/rgfcg';f/
cfwf/e"t tx sIff Psb]lv sIff cf7;Dd / dfWolds tx sIff gf}b]lv sIff af/;Ddsf] x'g]
5 .cfwf/e"t lzIffk"j{ Ps jif{sf] k"j{ k|fylds lzIffsf] Joj:yf /xg] 5 .

!=# g]kfnsf] jt{dfg ljb\ofno lzIffsf] k|sf/ / kf7\oj|md 9fFrf M ;fwf/0f, ;+:s[t,
k|fljlws tyf Jofj;flos, v'nf tyf j}slNks lzIff, wfld{s / ljz]if lzIff
!=#=! ;fwf/0f
• lzIff P]g @)@*sf] cf7f} ;+zf]wg cg';f/M
• æljb\ofnoÆ eGgfn] ;fd'bflos ljb\ofno jf ;+:yfut ljb\ofno ;Demg'k5{ elgPsf]
5 .;fwf/0f ljb\ofnonfO{ ;fd'bflos / ;+:yfut @ k|sf/df ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 .
• æ;fd'bflos ljb\ofnoÆ sf] kl/efiffdf æg]kfn ;/sf/af6 lgoldt ¿kdf cg'bfg kfpg] u/L
cg'dlt jf :jLs[lt k|fKt ljb\ofno ;Demg' k5{Æ elgPsf] 5 eg] æ;+:yfut ljb\ofnoÆ eGgfn]
æg]kfn ;/sf/af6 lgoldt ¿kdf cg'bfg gkfpg] u/L cg'dlt jf :jLs[lt k|fKt ljb\ofno
;Demg' k5{Æ.elgPsf] 5 . oL ;+:yfut ljb\ofno klg gfkmf glng] pb\b]Zon] vf]lnPsf z}lIfs
u'7L cGtu{t ;~rfng x'g] ;fj{hlgs / lghL u'7L u/L @ k|sf/n] ;~rfng ug{ ;Sg]
Joa:yf /x]sf] 5 .
• oL ;fwf/0f ljb\ofnox¿ k|fylds txb]vL dfWolds tx;Dd ;~rfngdf /x]sf 5g\ .
• txsf cfwf/df @)&$ sf] Flash report sf cg';f/ txcg';f/ ljb\ofnosf] ;ª\Vof / k|sf/
-wfld{s ljb\ofno afx]s_ k|flj b]lv cfwf/e"t tx;Dd M
dfWolds lzIffM dfWolds lzIff # k|sf/sf] x'g] lzIff P]gsf] Joa:yf /x]sf] 5 .
s_ ;fwf/0f dfWolds ljb\ofno -Psn kysf] cjwf/0ff cg'¿k cfjZos Joj:yf ul/g]
v_ ;+:s[t dfWolds ljb\ofno
u_ k|fljlws tyf Joa;flos dfWolds ljb\ofno -k|fljlws lzIffdf yk Psjif{ tf]lsPadf]lhd
Joaxfl/s cEof; u/fOg]5_ .
xfn g]kfndf #%^)! -km\Nof; @)&$ cg';f/_ ljb\ofnox¿ ;~rfngdf /x]sf 5g\ .
txut¿kdf ljb\ofnox¿M
ljb\ofnosf] tx / k|sf/ ;fd'bflos-tx_ ;+:yfut -tx_ hDdf -tx_
k|f/lDes afnlzIff÷k"j{k|fylds sIff #)$$* ^!@) #^%^*
k|fylds tx -!–%_ @&&(@ ^@(* #%@!!
lgDg df=lj -^–*_ !!@(# $@^$ !%^#@
cfwf/e"t-!–*_ @&(&$ ^@(* #%#(#
dfWolds tx-(–!@_ ^@#) #@)* ($!^

20
!=#=@ ;+:s[tM
• /fli6«o kf7\os|d k|f¿kn] ;+:s[t lzIffsf] ;d'lrt ljsf;sf nflu ;+:s[t lzIffsf] 5'6\6}
wf/nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbO{ ;fwf/0f lzIffsf lzIf0f l;sfO If]qx¿df ;d]t k"jL{o jfª\dosf
Jojxf/f]kof]uL d"No / dfGotfx¿nfO{ ;dfj]z ul/g],;+:s[t lzIffsf] Joj:yfnfO{ yk ;'b[9 u/L
/f]huf/d'vL hgzlSt pTkfbgdf hf]8 lbOg] s'/f pNn]v .
• cfwf/e"t txsf] kf7\os|dn] ;fKtflxs $) kf7\oef/ /x]sf] / *)) k"0ff{ª\ssf] ;+:s[t lzIff
kf7\os|d to/f kf/L ;f]xL cg';f/sf] k7g kf7gsf] Joa:yf u/]sf] 5 .
• dfWolds txdf a]b ljBf>d / ;fwf/0f ;+:s[t u/L @ k|sf/sf ;+:s[t ljb\ofnox¿
;~rfngdf /x]sf 5g\
• ;+:s[t dfWolds ljb\ofnodf -sIf ( /!)_ b'O{ ljifo ;+:s[t / :jf:Yo hg;+Vof / jftfj/0f
ljifosf] ;6\6fdf ;+:s[t efiff ljifo cWoog u/fpg ;lsg] Joj:yf 5 . sIff ( / !) df $)
kf7\oef/ *)) k"0ff{ª\s sfod ul/Psf] 5 .
• /fli6«o kf7\os|d k|f¿kn] ;+:s[t dfWolds ljb\ofnosf] sIff !! / !@ df rf/cf]6f P]lR5s
ljifo ;lxt ^%) k"0ff{ª\s x'g] elgPsf] / sIff !! / !@df #$ kf7\oef/ /xg] pNn]v
!=#=# k|fljlws tyf Jofj;flos
• /fli6«o kf7\os|d k|f¿kn] u/]s]f Joj:yf M Jofj;flosk|fljlws wf/sf] ljb\ofno /xg] .o;
cGtu{t s_ s[lif v_ jglj1fg u_ lrlsT;f zf:q 3_ OlGhlgol/ª u/L $ cf]6f If]q /xg] .
ljifosf] k|s[lt / ljifoIf]qsf] ljlzi6tfsf cfwf/df ljz]if k|fljlws sfo{bnsf] ;'emfjsf
cfwf/df Jojl:yt ul/g] pNn]v .
• dfWolds tx sIff ( / !) sf] k|fljlws tyf Jofj;flos wf/df ^)) k"0ff{ª\s ljwfut ljifo
/ $)) k"0ff{ª\s clgjfo{ ljifo u/L hDdf !))) k"0ff{ª\ssf] kf7\os|d lgdf{0f ul/Psf] 5 .
!=#=$ v'nf tyf j}slNks
/fli6«o kf7\os|d k|f¿kn] u/]sf] Joa:yf
• ;a}nfO{ lzIffsf] cj;/ k|bfg ug{ b"/ tyf v'nf lzIff k|0ffnLnfO{ j}slNks lzIffsf ¿kdf
ljsf; ul/ ljb\ofno lzIffnfO{ v'nf lzIff k|0ffnLdfkm{t Jofks ul/g] 5 . o; ;Gbe{df
;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlwsf] k|of]u u/L :jl;sfO ;fdu|Lx¿ ljsf; ul/g] 5 .
• v'nf tyf j}slNks lzIff kb\wltaf6 pTtL0f{ k/LIffnfO{ ;fwf/0f lzIffsf] ;dfg tx ;/x
dfGotf k|bfg x'g] gLlt cjnDag u/L Ps wf/af6 csf]{ wf/df hfg] :jtGqtf k|bfg ul/g] .
• v'nf tyf j}slNks lzIffcGt{ut cfwf/e"t tx tyf dfWolds tx -sIff !) / !@_ sf]
cGTodf lnOg] k/LIffsf nflu ;fwf/0f txs} k/LIff ;xefuL x'g'kg]{ 5 . ljb\ofno lzIff
;Dab\w kf7\oj|md tyf kf7\o ;fdu|L -k"j{ k|fylds,cgf}krfl/s, v'nf tyf j}slNks lzIff_
ljsf; tyf :jLs[ltdf Psåf/ k4ltckgfO{ kf7\oj|md ljsf; s]Gb|af6 ljleGg lgsfox¿;Fu
;dGjo u/L ul/g] 5 .

21
 • To:t} o'jf tyf k|f}9 -cf}krfl/s lzIffdf k|j]z ug{ rfxg] nfO{ pko'St d"Nofª\sg k|lj|mofaf6
/fli6«o lzIffsf] d"nwf/df Nofpg pko'St Joj:yf ul/g] 5
• dfWolds kf7\os|d (–!) -@)&!_ n] v'nf tyf j}slNks lzIff ljBfyL{sf] pd]/ / k"j{cg'ej
;d]t ;d]6L kf7\os|dnfO{ ;+s'rg ug{ ;lsg] / ;dfof]lht kf7\os|d cGtu{t cWoog ug]{
ljBfyL{n] d"n kf7\os|dsf nflu lgwf{l/t k/LIff k4lt cg';f/g} k/LIffdf ;xefuL x'g'kg]{
Joa:yf 5 .
• sIff(–!)sf] kf7\os|dnfO{ ;+s'rg u/L Ps jif{sf] v'nf ljb\ofno sfo{s|d ;~rfng ul/Psf]
5 . xfn g]kfndf dfWolds txdf *$ cf]6f v'nf ljBno ;~rfngdf /x]sf 5g\ .
• lgDg dfWolds txdf sIff ^–*sf] kf7\os|dnfO{ ;+s'rg u/L @ jif{sf] tx Ps / tx b'O u/L
b'O txdf v'nf lgDg dfWolds tx -cfwf/e"t tx_;~rfngdf /x]sf] 5 . xfn g]kfndf #&
cf]6f lgDg dfWolds ljb\ofno ;~rfngdf /x]sf 5g\ .
!=#=%wfld{s
xfn # k|sf/sf wfld{s ljb\ofnox¿ ;~rfngdf /x]sf 5g\ . !_ u'?s"n @_ u'Djf #_ db/zf .wfld{s
ljb\ofno hDdf M!!@! /x]sf 5g\ .
tx cg';f/ ljb\ofno

hDdf dfWolds dfWolds df

wfld{sljb\ofno lgDg -(–!)_ -!!–!@_ Wo
ljb\ofno÷tx k|fylds cfwf/e"t
dfWolds ld
s

db/zf ()& ()& ## ()& !& $ !&

u'Daf ÷ljxf/ !!$ !!$ !! !!$ ! ) !

cf>d ÷u'?s"n !)) !)) #! !)) !# @ !#

hDdf !!@! !!@! &% !!@! #! ^ #!

;|f]tM km\\Nof; l/kf]6{, @)&$

!=#=% ljz]if
ljz]if lzIff ljz]if lsl;dsf] cfjZostf ePsf afnaflnsfnfO{ lbOg] ePsf]n] o;sf] gfd
klg ljz]if lzIff xf] . cyf{t\ cGo u}/ ckfª\u jf ;fª\u dflg;nfO{ eGbf leGg tl/sfn] leGg
cfjZos k"lt{ ug]{ pb\b]Zon] of] lzIff k|bfg ul/G5 . cGo afnaflnsfeGbf ckfª\u
afnaflnsfn] lzIff u|x0f ug]{ km/s tl/sf / Ifdtf ePsfn] pgLx¿sf] cfjZostf k"/f x'g]
vfnsf] ljz]if k|sf/sf] lzIff g} ljz]if lzIff xf] .

22
lzIff P]g @)@*sf] cf7f} ;+zf]wg cg';f/ ljz]if lzIffsf] kl/efiff M
ljz]if lzIff eGgfn] b[li6ljlxg, alx/f, cl6hd,af}lb\lws ckfª\utf, ;':t >j0f jf clt czSt
ckfª\utf ePsf] afnaflnsfnfO{ 5'6\6} ;d"xdf lbOg] ljz]if lsl;dsf] lzIff egL kl/efiff
ul/Psf] 5 .h'g kf7\os|d ljsf; s]Gb|af6 :jLs[t kf7\os|d k|of]u ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 .
lzIff lgodfjnL @)%( sf] cf7f}+ ;+zf]wgdf ljz]if lzIff;DaGwL Joj:yf
• ljz]if lzIff k|bfg ug{ ;lsg] M lgodfjnLsf] lgod ^) dfcGwf, alx/f, ;':t dgl:ylt ePsf
jf zf/Ll/s sf/0fn] ckfª\u afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ ljz]if lzIff k|bfg ug{ ;lsg] pNn]v .
• ljz]if lzIffsf] z'?cftlj=;+= @)@) ;fndf cd]l/sfaf6 g]kfn cfPsL g]qxLg 8fS6/ O;fj]n
u|fG6n] cd]l/sf kmls{Pkl5 cd]l/sL b[li6ljlxg lk;sf]/nfO{ :jod\;]jssf] ¿kdf
b[li6ljlxgx¿sf nflu lzIffsf] sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{ g]kfn k7fP kl5 ljz]if lzIffsf] yfngL
ePsf] kfOG5 .
• lj=;+= @)!# ;fndf :yflkt sn]h ckm Ph's]zgsf] dftxtdf /xg] u/L lj=;+= @)@! df
n]af]/]6/L :s'ndf b[li6ljlxg zfvfsf] :yfkgf eO{ *.( hgf b[li6ljlxg ljBfyL{ egf{ u/L ljz]if
lzIff sfo{qmdsf] cf}krfl/s yfngL ePsf] dflgG5 .
ckfª\utf ePsf afnaflnsfsf nflu ;~rflnt sfo{s|d
lj=;= @)&% ;fn j};fv;Dddf #@ cf]6f ljz]if ljb\ofno, @! cf]6f Psls[t ljb\ofno - !^ cf]6f
b[li6ljxLg;|f]tsIf / % cf]6f alx/f_, #*) cf]6f ;|f]t sIff -alx/f !&%, jf}b\lws ckfª\utf !@@,
b[li6ljxLg *) / cGo #_ /x]sf 5g\ . ckfª\utf ePsf afnaflnsfsf] 5gf]6 Pjd\ n]vfhf]vf ug{sf
nflu ^@ lhNnfdf n]vfhf]vf s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf ePsf] 5 .

!=$= g]kfnsf ljb\odfg lzIffsf /fli6«o pb\b]Zox¿ -/fli6«o kf7\oj|md k|f¿k, @)^# -
kl/dfh{g, @)&! cg';f/_
-s_ k|To]s JolStdf cGtlg{lxt k|ltef / JolStTj ljsf;sf ;DefjgfnfO{ k|:k'ml6t ug{ ;xof]u ug]{
-v_ k|To]s JolStdf lglxt ;fj{ef}d dfgjLo d"Nosf ;fy} /fli6«o ;+:s[lt / cl:dtf, ;fdflhs
dfGotf / cf:yfx¿sf] ;+jw{g u/L hLjGt cg'ejx¿ ;d]6\b} :j:y ;fdflhs tyf ;fd"lxs
hLjg j[lTtsf] ljsf; ug{ rl/qjfg\ Pjd\ g}ltsjfg\ gful/s tof/ ug{]
-u_ :yfgLo, /fli6«o :t/sf k];f Joj;fo Pjd\ /f]huf/Lsf ;fy} cfjZostfcg';f/ cGt/f{li6«o
/f]huf/Ltkm{ pGd'v pTkfbgd'vL / l;ko'St gful/s tof/ ug{ ;xof]u ug]{
-3_ JolStsf] ;fdflhsLs/0fdf ;xof]u ub}{ ;fdflhs PstfnfO{ ;'b[9 agfpg]
-ª_ ;dfhsf] cfw'lgsLs/0fdf ;xof]u u/L b]z lgdf{0fsf lglDt dfgj ;+zfwgsf] ljsf; ug]{
-r_ k|fs[lts jftfj/0f / /fli6«o ;Dkbfsf] ;+/If0f / ;b'kof]u ub}{ ko{6g k|jw{gdf ;xof]u ug]{
gful/s tof/ ug]{
-5_ ;fdflhs ;dfgtf / Gofoaf/] lrGtg ub}{ tbg'¿ksf] cfr/0f ljsf; ug]{ / ;dfj]zL ;dfh
lgdf{0fdf db\bt ug]{
23
 -h_ :yfgLo, /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o kl/j]zcg's"n zflGt, d}qL, ;b\efj, ;lxi0f'tf / ljZj
aGw'Tjsf] efjgfsf] ljsf; u/L tbg'¿ksf] cfr/0f ug]{ u/fpg] / x/]s k|sf/sf åGå
Joj:yfkgsf nflu ;Ifd gful/s tof/ ug]{
-em_ cfw'lgs ;"rgf k|ljlw;Fu kl/lrt eO{ To;sf] k|of]u ug{ ;Sg] ljZj kl/j]z ;'xfpFbf] bIf
hgzlSt tof/ ug]{
-`_ /fi6«, /fli6«otf, nf]stGq, dfgj clwsf/k|lt ;Ddfg ug]{, ;dfnf]rgfTds tyf /rgfTds ;f]r
ePsf, ldtJooL, :jfledfgL tyf c¿nfO{ ;Ddfg ug]{ / cfk"m g]kfnL ePsfdf uf}/j ug]{
gful/s tof/ ug]{
-6_ g]kfnL snf, ;f}Gbo{, cfbz{ tyf j}lzi6\ox¿sf] ;+/If0f, ;+jw{g / lj:tf/tkm{ clek|]l/t gful/s
tof/ ug{ db\bt ug]{
-7_ k|fs[lts Pjd\ b}jL k|sf]kk|lt ;r]t /xL ;Defljt hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f ug{ ;Ifd gful/s tof/
ug]{
!=$=!= lzIffsf txut pb\b]Zo÷;Ifdtfx¿
s= k"j{k|fylds lzIffsf] pb\b]Zo
!_ zf/Ll/s, ;+j]ufTds, dfgl;s, eflifs / ;fdflhs efjgfsf] ljsf;df cj;/ k|bfg ug]{
@_ ;/;kmfO{ / ;'/Iff;DaGwL afgL a;fNg k|]l/t ug]{
#_ ;fdfGo lzi6frf/ ug{ clek|]l/t ug]{
$_ k|fylds lzIffsf nflu k"j{tof/L u/fpg]
v= k|fylds lzIffsf] pb\b]Zo
!_ /fi6«, /fli6«o Pstf / nf]stflGqs ;+:sf/sf] efjgf k}bf u/fO{ g}ltstf, cg'zf;g / :jfjnDag
h:tf ;fdflhs Pjd\ rfl/lqs u'0fsf] ljsf; ug]{
@_ cfwf/e"t eflifs tyf ul0ftLo l;k ljsf; ug]{
#_ lj1fg, ;"rgf k|ljlw, jftfj/0f / :jf:Yo;DaGwL cfwf/e"t 1fg tyf hLjgf]kof]uL l;ksf]
ljsf; ug]{
$_ snf ;f}Gbo{k|lt cle?lr hufO{ l;h{gzLn l;ksf] ljsf; ug]{
%_ ljleGg hfthflt, wd{, efiff, ;+:s[lt / If]qk|lt ;defj hufO{ ;dfj]zL ;dfhsf] lgdf{0fdf
;xof]u k'¥ofpg]
^_ dfgjclwsf/ tyf ;fdflhs d"NodfGtfk|lt ;r]t eO{ lhDd]jf/k"0f{ cfr/0fsf] ljsf; ug]{
u= dfWolds lzIffsf pb\b]Zox¿ -sIff (–!@_
!_ b]zsf] ax';f+:s[lts / nf]stflGqs d"No dfGotfk|lt uj{ ug]{ ;sf/fTds wf/0ffsf] ljsf; ug'{
@_ /fi6« ljsf;sf nflu ;Ifd, cfTdlge{/ l;kd"ns / tflndk|fKt dfgj ;|f]t pTkfbg ug'{
#_ Odfgbf/L cfTdlge{/tf /rgfTdstf kl/>ldkg ;xof]uLkg ;d"xdf sfd ug]{ afgL hjfkmb]lxtf
cfTdljZjf; h:tf u'0fsf] ljsf; ug'{
$_ b}lgs lj|mofsnfk / ;fdflhs hLjgdf ;lj|mo ;xeflutfsf nflu ;'gfO, af]nfO{ k9fO / n]vfO
h:tf eflifs l;ksf] ljsf; ug'{

24
 %_ b}lgs hLjgdf cfOkg]{ ;d:of ;dfwfgsf nflu pko'St 1fg tyf l;ksf] ljsf; ug'{
^_ /fli6«o ljsf;sf nflu /fli6«o Pstf, ;f}xfb{ / zflGt sfod ug{ hftLo / ;f+:s[lts ljljwtfsf]
dxTTj af]w u/fpg /fli6«o Oltxf; ;+:s[lt, e"uf]n, cy{zf:q / jftfj/0f;Fu kl/lrt u/fpg'
&_ k|fljlws / Jofj;flosl;k ljsf; ug'{ / >dk|lt ;Ddfg ug{ l;sfpg',
*_ cfTdlge{/ x'g hLjg lgjf{xsf nflu cfocfh{g ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtf / ;fdfGo Jofj;flos l;ksf]
ljsf; ug'{
(_ dfgj clwsf/ ;fdflhs Gofo, nf]stGqsf] dd{ / efjgf a'emL ;f] cg';f/ cEof; ug'{
!)_ lnª\u, ckfª\utf, ;fdflhs, cfly{s, ef}uf]lns, hftLo / ;f+:s[lts ljljwtfsf cfwf/df x'g]
j}olSts ljleGgtfsf] ;Ddfg ug]{ / hfthflt 5'jf5't h:tf ;fdflhs s'/Lltk|lt ;r]t /xL
;dfj]zL ;dfh lgdf{0fdf ;lj|mo /xg'
!!_ /rgfTds 1fg / l;ksf] ljsf; ub}{ /fli6«o / cGt/f{li6«o r'gf}tLsf] ;fdgf ug{ :jtGqtf
;dfnf]rgfTds ;f]rfO / ljZn]if0ffTds l;ksf] ljsf; ug'{
!@_ /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o:t/df k|lt:kwf{ ug{;Sg] Ifdtf cfh{g ug'{ .
/fli6«o kf7\oj|md k|f¿k, @)^# -kl/dfh{g, @)&! cg';f/_ n] to u/]sf ;Ifdtfx¿
3= afn ljsf; lzIffsf ;Ifdtfx¿
k|f/lDes afn ljsf; lzIffsf ;Ifdtf lgDg lnlvt x'g]5g\ M
!= afn aflnsfsf] ;jf{ª\uL0f ljsf;
@= JolStut ;/;kmfO
#= ;fdflhs afgL Jojxf/
$= ljb\ofnok|ltsf] ;sf/fTds wf/0ff
%= cfwf/e"t lzIffsf] tof/L
ª= cfwf/e"t lzIffsf ;Ifdtf -sIff !–*_
cfwf/e"t lzIffn] ljb\ofyL{s]lGb|t lzIffsf dfWodåf/f afnaflnsfdf cGtlg{lxt k|ltefsf] ljsf; ug'{k5{ .
o;sf] d"n pb\b]Zo /fi6« / nf]stGqdf ljZjf; u/L /fli6«otfsf] ;+/If0f / ;+jw{g ug]{, clwsf/ /
st{Josf] kfngf;lxt :jtGqtfsf] ;Ddfg ug]{ / ;fdflhs / k|fs[lts jftfj/0fk|lt ;r]t eO{ dfgjLo
d"No / dfGotfcg's"n Jojxf/ ug]{ st{Jolgi7 gful/s pTkfbg ug'{ xf] . o; txsf] lzIff u|x0f
ul/;s]sf afn aflnsfx¿ cfkm\gf ljrf/ cfbfgk|bfg ug{ ;Ifd, :jfjnDaL, kl/>dL,j}1flgs ;'ema'em
ePsf, :jf:Yok|lt ;r]t / g}ltsjfg x'g] 5g\ .cfwf/e"t lzIffsf ;Ifdtf b]xfoadf]lhd x'g] 5g\ M
!= eflifs,tfls{s tyf Jofjxfl/s ul0ftLo l;k ljsf; / k|of]u
@= ;"rgf / ljrf/x¿sf] cfbfg k|bfg, ljZn]if0f tyf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] k|of]u
#= hg;ª\Vof, jftfj/0f / lbuf] ljsf;sf] Joj:yfkgdf ;xof]u
$= j}1flgs cjwf/0ff, tYo, l;k, l;b\wfGt, lgod / vf]h tyf cg';Gwfgsf] pkof]u Pjd\ k|s[lt /
hLjlarsf] cGt/;DaGw af]w
%= :j:y, g}lts / c;n ;fdflhs Jojxf/sf] ljsf;
^= :yfgLo / cfw'lgs k];f, Joj;fo / k|ljlwk|lt ;Ddfg tyf ;fdfGo Jofj;flos l;ksf] k|of]u

25
 &= snf / ;+:s[ltsf] ;+/If0f tyf ;+jw{g
*= Jofjxfl/s hLjgdf cfOkg]{ ;d:ofsf] klxrfg, ljZn]if0f tyf ;dfwfg
r= dfWolds lzIffsf ;Ifdtf -sIff (–!@_
1fgsf] vf]hL u/L l;sfO / jf:tljstflar ;DaGw :yflkt ug]{, l;b\wfGt / Jojxf/sf] ;dGjo ug]{,
:jk/fjlt{t x'Fb} 1fg, l;k / IfdtfnfO{ cb\ofjlws ug]{, clwsf/, :jtGqtf / ;dfgtfsf] k|jw{g ug]{,
:j:y hLjgsf] cEof; ug]{, tfls{s ljZn]if0f u/L lg0f{o ug]{, j}1flgs ljZn]if0fsf cfwf/df JolSt, ;dfh
/ /fi6«sf] lbuf] ljsf;df ;l/s x'g], g}lts cfr/0f k|bz{g ug]{, ;fdflhs ;b\efjk|lt ;+j]bgzLn x'g],
kof{j/0fLo ;Gt'ngk|lt ;+j]bgzLn x'g], åGå Joj:yfkg ub}{ lbuf] zflGtsf nflu k|ltab\w /xg], cfw'lgs
1fg, l;k, ;"rgf, ;~rf/ / k|ljlwsf] k|of]u ug]{, :jfjnDaL / Joj;fod'vL l;ksf] cEof; ug]{, /fi6«,
/fli6«otf / /fli6«o cfbz{sf] ;Ddfg ug]{, ;dfh :jLsfo{ cfr/0f / sfo{ ;+:s[ltsf] cjnDag ug]{,
;lxi0f'efj /fVg], l;h{gzLn, sNkgfzLn, pb\odzLn Pjd\ pRr ;f]r / cfbz{df cfwfl/t Jojxf/ ug]{,
;d;fdlos r'gf}tLx¿sf] ;kmn Joj:yfkg ug{]nufotsf ljz]iftfn] o'St :jfjnDaL, b]zeSt,
kl/jt{gd'vL, lrGtgzLn Pjd\ ;dfj]zL ;dfh lgdf{0fdf of]ubfg ug{ ;Sg] gful/s tof/ ug'{ dfWolds
lzIffsf] dfu{bz{g xf] .o;sf nflu dfWolds txsf ljb\ofyL{df lgDgfg';f/sf ;Ifdtf ljsf;sf] ck]Iff
ul/Psf] 5 M
!= dfgjLo d"No, dfGotf / nf]stflGqs ;+:sf/ cjnDag ub}{ /fi6« / /fli6«otfsf] k|jw{gsf nflu ;r]t
gful/ssf] lhDd]jf/L jxg
@= /fli6«o tyf cGt//fli6«o kl/j]z;Fu kl/lrt eO{ ljljwtf, ;b\efj / ;x cl:tTjnfO{ cfTd;ft ub}{
;Eo, ;';+:s[t / ;dtfd"ns ;dfh lgdf{0fsf nflu e"ldsf lgjf{x
#= b}lgs lj|mofsnfkdf cfTd ljZjf;sf ;fy eflifs l;ksf] k|of]u
$= k|efjsf/L l;sfO, /rgfTds / ljZn]if0ffTds ;f]r tyf ;fdflhs ;Dks{ / ;~rf/af6
ljrf/x¿sf] cfbfg k|bfg
%= b}lgs Jojxf/df cfOkg]{ ul0ftLo ;d:of kTtf nufO{ ;dfwfg ug]{ Ifdtfsf] ljsf;
^= hLjg hut\ / Jojxf/;Fusf] tfbfTDo af]w u/L ;dfh;fk]If Jojxf/ lgdf{0f
&= :jf:Yok|ltsf] ;r]ttf;lxt jftfj/0f ;+/If0f / ;+jw{g tyf hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkgdf ;lj|mo
;xeflutf
*= k|fs[lts tyf ;fdflhs 36gfsf] ljZn]if0f, ltgsf] c;/ af]w tyf ;sf/fTds Jojxf/ k|bz{g
(= lj1fg / ;dfhsf] cGt/;DaGw klxrfg;lxt ;d;fdlos k|ljlwnfO{ Jofj;flos k|jw{g / dfgj
lxtdf k|of]u
!)= j}1flgs vf]h tyf cg';Gwfg ug{ cfjZos k|lj|mofut l;kx¿ xfl;n u/L cfw'lgs k|ljlwx¿sf]
b}lgs hLjgdf k|of]u

26
!=% z}lIfs tYofª\s ;ª\sng, ljZn]if0f, ;Dk|]if0f tyf k|of]u
z}lIfs Joj:yfkg ;"rgf k|0ffnL eGgfn] ;ª\ul7t ;"rgfx¿sf] Joj:yfkg tyf clen]v ug'{ xf], h;df
tYofª\ssf] ;ª\sng, e08f/0f, k|zf]wg, ljZn]if0f / k|;f/0f ug]{ sfo{x¿ ;dfj]z ePsf x'G5g\ .
tYofª\s ;DaGwL o; k|lj|mofaf6 z}lIfs Joj:yfkg / of]hgf lgdf{0fsf nflu dxTTjk"0f{ ;"rgf k|fKt
x'G5 .
EMIS sf] k|d'v p2]Zo eg]sf] z}lIfs lj|mofsnfkx¿sf] Joj:yfkg;Fu ;DalGwt ;"rgfx¿ PsLs[t ug'{
xf] . o:tf ;"rgfx¿ ljleGg k|of]ustf{x¿n] ;xh} k|of]u ug{ ;S5g\ . k|of]ustf{x¿df lzIfs,
k|wfgfWofks, cleefjs, ;'kl/j]Ifs, gLlt lgdf{0fstf{, /fhgLlts Jolj|mx¿ Pjd\ ljBfyL{x¿;d]t kg{
cfpF5g\ . o; k|0ffnLaf6 pknAw u/fpg] ;"rgfn] ;dfhsf] x/]s If]qdf ;]jf k'¥ofO/x]sf] x'G5 .EMISsf
pb\b]Zox¿nfO{ ;ª\If]kdf lgDgfg';f/ JoQm ug{ ;lsG5 M–
— ;dod} e/kbf]{ / ljZj;gLo tYofª\s pknAw u/fpg tYofª\s ;ª\sng, k|zf]wg, ljZn]if0f /
cfk"lt{ ug]{ l;k ljsf; ug'{
— z}lIfs ;"rgfx¿sf] PsLs/0fnufotsf ;ª\sng, e08f/0f, k|zf]wg, ljZn]if0f kIfx¿sf Ifdtf
clej[l4 ug'{
— ;xL / e/kbf]{ ;"rgfsf] k|of]u ug{ ;Sg] l;ksf] ljsf; ug{'
— cgfjZos bf]xf]/f]kgf x6fO{ lg0f{o k|lj|mofdf ;"rgfsf] k|of]u ug{ ;Sg] l;ksf] ljsf; ug'{ / ;"rgfsf]
cefj v8\lsg glbg'
— z}lIfs ljsf; / gLltut kIfx¿sf] 5nkmndf ;"rgfsf] cfwf/ k|bfg ug'{
ljleGg dGqfno of]hgf cfof]u lghL If]qx¿

z}lIfs Joj:yfkg
;|f]ts]Gb| ;"rgf k|0ffnL uf=lj=;=

ljleGg ;ª\3;+:yf If]q ljb\ofno lhNnf

z}lIfs Joj:yfkg ;"rgf k|0ffnLn] ;du| k|0ffnLnfO{ ;dGjo k|bfg ug]{ cyf{t\ ;DaGw :yfkgf ug]{ dfWod
klg xf], h;nfO{ tnsf] lrqåf/f :ki6 agfpg ;lsG5 M
;Ifd z}lIfs Joj:yfkg ;"rgf k|0ffnLsf kIfx¿
z}lIfs Joj:yfkg ;"rgf k|0ffnLn] lg0f{ostf{nfO{ ;xL, z'b\w / e/kbf]{ z}lIfs ;"rgf k|bfg ub{5 . o:tf
;"rgfx¿ lgDgfg';f/sf kIfx¿;Fu ;DalGwt x'g] ub{5 M
!= ljb\ofno lzIffsf] nufgLsf ;|f]t

27
 @= lzIf0f l;sfOlj|mofsnfksf] cj:yf / k|lj|mof
#= pko'St z}lIfs ;"rs
o:tf z}lIfs ;"rsx¿ e/kbf]{ tl/sfn] pknAw u/fpg ;Ifd k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; u/]sf] x'g'kb{5 . ;Ifd
k|0ffnLn] b]xfosf kIfx¿nfO{ ;d]6]sf] x'G5 M
!= lzIffsf /fli6«o p2]Zo, gLltut z}lIfs ;"rgf ljsf;sf] :ki6 kl/efiff / ;DaGw
@= sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog / cg'udg ug{ ul/Psf gLltut lg0f{ox¿ . -o;af6EMIS ljsf; ug{sf nflu
cfjZos ;|f]tsf] cg'dfg ug{ ;xof]u k'Ub5 ._
#= cfjZos tYofª\ssf] klxrfg ug]{ kb\wlt
$= tYofª\s;DaGwL sfo{ ug]{ sfo{qmdsf] ljsf;
%= tYofª\s ;ª\sng / cg'udg kmf/fdsf] ljsf;
^= tYofª\s tyf ;"rgfsf] ;ª\sng
&= tYofª\s k|zf]wg
*= k|ltj]bg tof/L k|ltj]bgsf] k|;f/0f cyf{t\ k|ltj]bgdfly 5nkmn ug]{ ;+oGq
(= k|fKt pknlAwsf] d"Nofª\sg / n]vfhf]vf
Flash Reporting System/Student ID

l56f] 5l/tf] ¿kdf pknlAw ;ª\sng, tof/L Pjd\ k|jf]wLs/0f ug]{ tl/sf g} Flash System xf] . o;af6
;a} pknlAw ;"rsx¿ Ps}k6s k|fKt ug{ ;lsFb}g . o;sf nflu dxTjk"0f{ pknlAwx¿ Ps}k6s Nofpg] /
cGonfO{ k'gM csf]{k6s ;ª\sng ug]{ sfo{ k|lj|mof ldnfOPsf] 5 . o;/L lzIff sfo{qmdsf] cleGg cª\usf
¿kdf Flash Reporting System/Student IDcfPsf] 5 . o;cGtu{t s]xL ;"rsx¿ ljsf; ug{ ljb\ofno
tYofª\sx¿ cfjZos kb{5g\ eg] s'g} ;"rsx¿ ljsf; ug{ uf=lj=;= :t/sf] tYofª\ssf] cfjZostf
kb{5 . s'g} ;"rsx¿sf nflu eg] lhNnf:t/sf ;"rgfx¿sf] cfjZostf kb{5 . Flash I h]7 & ut] /Flash
II r}q @# ut] ;j} ljb\ofnon] eg'{ kg]{ Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .Flash Report EMIS ;Fu ;DalGwt 5, t/ of]
g} EMIS eg] xf]Og .
tYofª\s ;DaGwL sfo{ Flash I Flash II

ljb\ofnon] tYofª\s km/fd eg]{ sfo{ h]7 & r}q @#

;|f]t s]Gb|df tYofª\s kmf/fd ;+sng h]7 !) r}q @^
;|f]t s]Gb|n] lhNnf lzIff sfo{nodf tYofª\s ;+sng h]7 d;fGt a}zfv !%
-s_ Flash Idf ;dfj]z ul/Psf d'Vo ;"rs
!= ljBfyL{;ª\Vof -lnª\uut, pd]/ut / sIffut_
— hDdf
— blnt
— hghflt
@= ljb\ofnodf vf]lnPsf k"j{k|fylds sIffx¿ tyf jfnljsf; s]Gb|x¿sf] ;ª\Vof, ;f] cWoog u/L
sIff ! df egf{ x'g cfpg] afnaflnsfx¿sf] ;ª\Vof,
#= sIff % pQL0f{ ug]{ ljBfyL{x¿sf] ;ª\Vof -lnª\uut, pd]/ut / sIffut_
28
 — hDdf
— blnt
— hghflt
$= lnª\uut ¿kdf lzIfs ;ª\Vof,
%= z}lIfs;q ;'? ePsf] klxnf] xKtfdf kf7\ok':ts ;]6 kfpg] ljBfyL{sf] ;ª\Vofdf,
^= lnª\uut ¿kdf tflnd k|fKt lzIfssf] k|ltzt,
&= g]kfnL efiff dft[efiff gePsf afnaflnsfn] :yfgLo efiffsf ;xof]u kfPsf] eP ;f]sf] ;ª\Vof .
-v_ Flash Report II df ;dfj]z ul/Psf d'Vo ;"rs
!= jfnaflnsfx¿sf] ;ª\Vof -k/LIff lbgsf] cfwf/df_ pd]/ut÷sIffut÷lnª\uut,
— hDdf
— blnt
— hghflt
@= ljb\ofno ;'wf/ of]hgf ePsf ljb\ofnox¿sf] ;ª\Vof,
#= Psd'i6 cg'bfg kfpg] ljb\ofnox¿sf] ;ª\Vof / lsl;d,
$= klxnf] rf}dfl;ssf] ;'?sf] b'O{ dlxgfdf /sd kfpg] ljb\ofnox¿sf] ;ª\Vof,
%= 5fqj[lQ
-s_ ljz]if 5fqj[lQ kfpg] afnaflnsfx¿sf] ;ª\Vof -lnª\uut, hDdf, blnt, hghflt_
-v_ 5fqj[lQ kfpg] afnaflnsfx¿sf] ;ª\Vof -lnª\uut÷sIffut_
— hDdf
— blnt
— hghflt nufot .

;fIf/tf b/ s;/L lgsflnG5 <

^ jif{ dflysf] hDdf ;fIf/x¿sf] ;ª\VofnfO{^ jif{ dflysf] hDdf hg;ª\Vofn] efu ubf{ cfpg] cg'kft g}
;fIf/tf b/ xf] .
NERs;/L lgsflnG5 <
v'b egf{ b/nfO{ jf:tljs egf{ b/ klg elgG5 . v'b egf{ b/ eGgn] ;DalGwt txsf] pd]/ ;d"x leqsf]
ljb\ofyL{ ;ª\VofnfO{ ;DalGwt pd]/ ;d"xsf] hg;ª\Vofn] efu cfpg] cg'kftnfO{ v'b ljb\ofyL{ egf{ b/
elgG5 . of] !)) k|ltzt eGbf dfly x'b}g . tnsf] pbfx/0faf6 klg x]g{ ;lsG5 M
ljb\ofnodf egf{ ePsf k|fylds ljb\ofno pd]/ ;d"xsf ljb\ofyL{
NER = × 100
k|fylds ljb\ofno pd]/ ;d"xsf hDdf ljb\ofyL{ ;d"x

pbfx/0fM
obL ;a} k|fylds tx pd]/ ;d"xsf ljb\ofyL{ k|fylds txdf egf{ eP eg] k|fylds txsf] v'b egf{
b/ !)) k|ltzt xf] .NER !)) k|ltzt eGbf sd x'g'sf] cy{ k|fylds tx pd]/sf ;j} afnaflnsf

29
k|fylds ljb\ofnodf egf{ ePsf 5}gg, sf]xL ljb\ofno aflx/ 5g, sf]xL k"j{ k|fylds ljb\ofnodf
g} /x]sf x'g ;S5g jf sf]xL lgDg dfWolds txdf k'lu;s]sf klg x'g ;S5g / sf]xL cGo k|sf/sf]
lzIff lnO/x]sf x'g ;S5g .To;}n] v'b egf{ b/ !)) k|ltzt eGbf dfly x'b}g .
;xh} b]lvg] egf{ b/ eGgfn] s] a'lemG5 <
k|fylds txsf] hDdf ljb\ofyL{ ;ª\Vof
GER = × 100
% – ( jif{ pd]/ k"/f ePsf] ;d"xsf] hg;ª\Vof
;DalGwt txsf] hDdf ljb\ofyL{ ;ª\VofnfO{ ;DalGwt txsf jif{ pd]/ ;d"sf] hg;ª\Vofn] efu u/L
cfPsf] cª\snfO{ !)) n] u'0fg ul/G5 . cyf{t k|fylds txsf] hDdf ljb\ofyL{ ;ª\Vof efu÷ %—(
jif{ pd]/k"/f ePsf] ;d"xsf] hg;ª\Vof× !)) GER xf] . jf:tjdf ;xh} b]lvg] egf{ b/ ;fk]lIfs
;"rs xf] .k|fylds txdf slt afnaflnsf egf{ ePsf 5g h'g k|fylds txsf afnaflnsfsf]
hg;ª\Vof t'ngfdf eGg] xf] .
To;}n]GERsf]Value!)) k|ltzt eGbf a9L x'g ;S5 .olbValue !)) k|ltzt eGbf dfly eof] eg]
To;sf] cy{ s]xL afnaflnsf k|fylds tx pd]/ ;d"x eGbf dflysf x'g ;S5g jf s]xL tNnf] pd]/
;d"xsf x'g ;S5g . k|foh;f] s] b]lvPsf] 5 eg] o;df a9L pd]/sf ljb\ofyL{ /x]sf x'G5g . o;sf]
sf/0f sIff bf]xf]¥ofpg] jf l9nf] ljb\ofnodf egf{ x'g] k|j[ltn] o:tf] x'g ;S5 .
Flash Report 2074sf k|d'v k|flKtx¿

;+:yfsf] ;+Vof hDdf ;fd'bflos ;+:yfut wfld{s

afnljsf; ÷ k"j{k|fylds 36588 34448 6120 0

sIff
ljb\ofnox¿
hDdf;+Vof 35,601 27,914 6,566 1,121

k|fylds tx 35,211 27,792 6,298 1,121

lgDg dfWolds tx 15,632 11,293 4,264 75

cfwf/e"t tx 35,393 27,974 6,298 1,121

dfWolds tx 9,416 6,230 3,186 31

pRr dfWolds tx 3,783 2,719 1,084 6

dfWolds tx 9,416 6,230 3,208 31

;|f]tM Flash Report, @)&$, lzIff ljefu

30
 kl/R5]b M b'O{

lzIff ;DaGwL of]hgf tyf sfo{j|md

@=! ;a}sf nflu lzIff;DaGwL /fli6«o sfo{of]hgf -;g\ @))!–@)!%_

k[i7e"ld
• ;g\ !(() sf] yfONof08sf] hf]d6]gdf ePsf] ljZjlzv/ ;Dd]ng
• 8fsf/ EFA Framework
• lzIff k|fKt ug'{ g};lu{s clwsf/sf] ¿kdf :jLsfo{
;a}sf nflu lzIff, EFA-@))!–@)!%_ sf d'Vo pb\b]Zox¿
-!_ k|f/lDes afn x]/rfx tyf lzIff / Ifdtf ljsf;df
-@_ k|fylds lzIffdf kxF'r / Ifdtfsf] ;'lglZrttf
-#_ k|fylds lzIffsf] u'0f:t/ Pjd\ ;fGble{stfdf clej[l4
-$_ ;a} ljb\ofnox¿nfO{ k|fljlws ;xof]u pknAw u/fO{, ltgLx¿sf] ;Ifdtfdf ;'wf/ ug]{
-%_ ;g\ @))% ;Dddf k|fylds tyf dfWolds lzIffdf tyf @)!% ;Dd lzIffdf ;Dk'0f{ If]qaf6
n}ª\lus lje]b x6fpg]
-^_ u'0f:t/Lo lzIffsf ;a} kIfx¿;Fu ;DalGwt ljlzi6 Pjd\ dfkg ug{ ;lsg] l;sfO pknlAwx¿
vf;u/L ;fIf/tf, ul0ftLo 1fg / hLjgf]kof]uL l;kx¿sf] ljsf; ;'lglZrt ug]{
-&_ b]zleqsf hghflt / eflifs cNk;ª\Vos hgtfn] cf–cfFgf] dft[efiffsf] dfWodaf6 cfwf/e"t tyf
k|fylds lzIff k|fKt ug{ kfpg] clwsf/ ;'lglZrt ug]{
;a}sf nflu lzIffsf nIox¿
• ljz]iftM cToGt} ljkGg / ;'ljwfljxLg afnaflnsfnfO{ ;d]6\g] u/L k|f/lDes afn ljsf; lzIffsf
sfo{qmdx¿ Pjd\ Joj:yfx¿sf] ljsf; Pjd\ lj:t[tLs/0f .
• ;g\ @)!% leq ;a} afnaflnsf vf;u/L aflnsfx¿, sl7g kl/l:yltsf afnaflnsf /
cNk;ª\Vos ;d'bfosf afnaflnsfx¿sf] nflu :t/Lo, lgMz'Ns tyf clgjfo{ k|fylds lzIffdf
kx'Fr / k"0f{ k|flKt ;'lglZrt ug]{ .
• ;a} o'js tyf k|f}9x¿sf] cfjZostfcg';f/ plrt l;sfO / hLjgf]kof]uL l;kd"ns sfo{qmdx¿df
Gofof]lrt kx'Fr lj:tf/ u/L ;'lglZrt u/fpg] .
• ;g\ @)!% ;Dd k|f}9 ;fIf/tf txdf vf;u/L dlxnf ;fIf/tfdf, sDtLdf %)% j[l4 ug]{ / ;a}
k|f}9x¿sf nflu cfwf/e"t tyf lg/Gt/ lzIffdf Gofof]lrt kx'Fr k'¥ofpg] .

31
 • ;g\ @))% ;Dd k|fylds tyf dfWolds tx;Ddsf] lzIffdf n}ª\lus lje]bLs/0f lgd"{n u/L ;g\
@)!% ;Dd lzIffdf n}ª\lus ;dfgtf sfod ug]{, 5fqfx¿sf] nflu u'0f:t/Lo cfwf/e"t lzIffdf
kx'Fr / pknlAw ;'lglZrt ug]{ .
• u'0f:t/Lo lzIffsf ;a} kIfx¿;Fu ;DalGwt ljlzi6 Pjd\ dfkg ug{ ;lsg] l;sfO pknlAwx¿
vf;u/L ;fIf/tf, ul0ftLo 1fg / hLjgf]kof]uL l;kx¿sf] ljsf; ;'lglZrt ug]{ .
• cflbjf;L, hghflt / eflifs cNk;ª\Vos ;d'bfosf nflu dft[efiffdf cfwf/e"t tyf k|fylds
lzIff k|fKt ug{ kfpg] clwsf/ ;'lglZrt ug]{ .
nIo k|flKtsf /0fgLltx¿
g]kfndf ;a]}sfnflu lzIff cf=k|f= lzIff sfof{Gjogsf] a[xQ/ /fli6«o b[li6sf]0fsf] Ps c+z xf] . g]kfn ;g\
@)!% ;Dddf ;a}sf nflu u'0f:t/Lo cfwf/e"t lzIffdf kx'Fr x'g'k5{ eGg] s'/fdf ljZj:t 5 . ;a}sf
nflu lzIff cleofg pQm nIo k|fKt ug]{ 7f]; /0fgLlt xf] .
cNksfnLg /0fgLlt -@))!–@))%_
• cfwf/e"t tyf k|fylds lzIff sfo{qmd ;g\ @))%
• b;f}+ of]hgf -@))@–@))&_ n] klg tfTsfnLs /0fgLlt ;dfj]z u/]sf] 5 .
• jflif{s /0fgLlt sfof{Gjog of]hgfåf/f lgb]{lzt 5 .
dWosfnLg /0fgLlt -@))%–@)!@_
• dWojtL{ /0fgLltsf] cjlw b;f}+ of]hgfsf kl5Nnf] @ jif{ / P3f/f} of]hgfsf] dWojtL{ of]hgfsf]
k|d'v cjlw xf] .
o; cjlwsf sfo{qmdx¿ lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf 5g\M
• k|f/lDes afnljsf;df PsLs[t kx'Fr – ;d'bfo / ljb\ofnodf cfwfl/t k|f/lDes afn ljsf;
• lgMz'Ns tyf clgjfo{ u'0f:t/Lo k|fylds lzIff
• cfhLjg l;sfOnfO{ k|a4{g ug{ v'nf l;sfOsf cj;/
• cfly{s ;fdflhs ¿kn] lk5l8Psf cleefjsx¿sf nflu cfo cfh{g sfo{qmd
• sIff * ;Ddsf] cfwf/e"t tyf k|fylds lzIff k|a4{g ug{ k"jf{wf/ tof/L
• lzIfsx¿sf] Go"gtd of]Uotf j[l4 -!@ sIff / bz dlxg] tflnd_
bL3{sfnLg /0fgLlt -@)!@–@)!%_
• cfwf/e"t tyf k|fylds lzIffnfO{ sIff ! b]lv * ;Dd lj:tf/
• hLjg;Fu ;DalGwt ljifoj:t' ePsf] ljs]lGb|t kf7\oqmd tyf kf7\ok':tsx¿
• ljb\ofno kf7\oqmd cEof;df lglb{i6 ;'wf/x¿
• lzIfs u'0f:t/ tyf tflnddf ;'wf/
• ;"rgf k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t cfwf/e"t tyf k|fylds lzIffsf] cf/De
• ljb\ofno lzIffsf] ljsf;df a[xQ/ kx'Fr, k"j{k|fylds, k|fylds tyf dfWolds txsf] lzIff
afnaflnsfsf] l;sfO cfjZostfnfO{ dWogh/ u/L ;Dk"0f{ ;xof]uLx¿sf] ;xof]u h'6fpg]

32
@=@= ;a}sf nflu lzIff sfo{j|md -@))$–@))(_ p2]Zo tyf pknlAw_

;a}sf nflu lzIff -d"n b:tfj]h @))$–@))(_

!_ of] b:tfj]h ;a}sf nflu lzIffsf] ;g\ @)!% ;Ddsf nflu lgdf{0f ul/Psf] /fli6«o sfo{of]hgfdf
cfwfl/t k~rjifL{o /0fgLlts sfo{qmd lyof] . o;sf tLgcf]6f k|d'v p2]Zox¿ /x]sf lyP M
s_ k|fylds lzIffdf kx'Fr (Access)tyf ;dGoflostf (Equity);'lglZrt ug]{,
v_ k|fylds lzIffsf] u'0f:t/ tyf ;fGble{stf j[l4 ug]{ /
u_ sfo{bIftf tyf ;+:yfut Ifdtfsf] ;'wf/ ug]{ .
@_ cfwf/e"t k|fylds lzIff sfo{qmdM bf];|f] r/0fsf pknlAw / cg'ejnfO{ ;'b[9Ls/0f ub}{ lgdf{0f
ul/Psf] o; sfo{qmdsf gLltut vfsf b;f}+ of]hgf -ul/aL Go"gLs/0f /0fgLlts kq (Poverty
Reduction Strategy Paper, PRSP), /fli6«o k|fyldstfdf cfwfl/t dWofjlws ;+/rgf (Medium
Term Expenditure Framwork– MTEF), :yfgLo :jfoQ P]g, @)%% / lzIff P]g ;ftf}+ ;+zf]wgdf
cfwfl/t 5 .
;a}sf nflu lzIff d"n b:tfj]h
sfof{Gjog cjlw M @))$–@))(
sfo{qmdsf] nflu M *!$=% ldlnog cd]l/sL 8n/
afÅo ;xof]u M @&( ldlnog cd]l/sL 8n/ -#$ k|ltzt_
g]kfn ;/sf/sf] nfut M %#% ldlnog cd]l/sL 8n/ -^^ k|ltzt_
bft[ lgsfox¿ -k'lnª\u_ M 8]gdfs{ -## ldlnog 8n/_, lkmgNof08 -!% ldlnog 8n/_, gj]{ -@% ldlnog
8n/_, j]nfot -#% ldlnog 8n/_, ljZj a}+s -%) ldlnog 8n/_, PlzofnL
ljsf; a}+s -#) ldlnog 8n/_, o'lg;]km -@ ldlnog 8n/_ u/L hDdf !()
ldlnog cd]l/sL 8n/_
bft[ lgsfox¿ -ggk'lnª_M ljZj vfB sfo{qmd, lzIfs lzIf0f cfof]hgf, o"Pg ;Da4 ;+:yfx¿
;Demf}tf ePsf] ldlt M ;]K6]Da/ @$, @))$
sfo{qmd nfu" x'g] If]q M &% cf]6} lhNnf
sfo{qmdsf] p2]Zo M afn ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] lj:tf/, k|fylds lzIffdf ;a} afnaflnsfx¿sf] kx'Fr
tyf ;dfof]hg, hghflt tyf nf]kf]Gd'v ;d'bfosf] l;sfO cfjZostfsf]
;'lglZrttf, k|f}9 lg/If/tf Go"gLs/0f, lzIffdf n}+lus lje]bsf] pGd"ng /
u'0f:t/Lo lzIffsf ;a} kIfx¿df ;'wf/ .
#_ ;a}sf nflu lzIff @))$–@))( sf ^ cf]6f sfo{qmd cjojx¿ (Program components);a}sf
nflu lzIff ljifos 8fsf/ sfo{9fFrf (Dakar framework for action)df lgwf{/0f ePsf ^ cf]6f
p2]Zodf cfwfl/t 5g\M
s_ afn ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] lj:tf/ tyf ;'wf/
v_ ;a} afnaflnsfx¿sf nflu k|fylds lzIffdf kx'Frsf] ;'lglZrttf
u_ lk5l8Psf hghflt tyf cNk;ª\Vos eflifs ;d'bfosf afnaflnsfx¿ nufot ;a}

33
 afnaflnsfx¿sf l;sfO cfjZostf k"lt{ ug]{ .
3_ k|f}9 lg/If/tfb/df sdL Nofpg],
ª_ n}ª\lus tyf ;fdflhs e]befjnfO{ x6fpg] .
r_ u'0f:t/Lo lzIffsf ;a} kIfx¿df ;'wf/ Nofpg] .
$_ of] b:tfj]h b;f}+ of]hfn] cjnDag u/]sf cjwf/0ffcg'¿k ul/aL Go"gLs/0fdf ljz]if¿kn] nlIft
ePsf] x'Fbf ;f]xLcg'¿k sfo{qmdx¿ lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] 5 . pbfx/0f:j¿k afn ljsf; sfo{qmdx¿
t'ngfTds ¿kn] ul/jL k|efljt lhNnfx¿df s]lGb|t u/fOPsf 5g\ . vf;u/L aflnsfx¿,
;'ljwfljd'v ;d'bfosf blnt, ckfª\u tyf o'4 / ul/aLsf] rk]6fdf k/L sl7g kl/l:yltdf u'hf/f
ul//x]sf afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ k|fylds ljb\ofno hfg k|f]T;fxg tyf 5fqj[lQsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .
o;}u/L lg/If/tf / ul/jL larsf] ;DaGwnfO{ b[li6ut u/L ul/aLsf] df/df k/]sf If]qx¿df
cfjZostfdf cfwfl/t ;fIf/tf sIffsf ;fy} cgf}krfl/s lzIff sfo{qmdx¿ klg ;~rfng
ul/g]5g\ .
%_ lzIffsf] kx'Frdf clej[l4 ug{, ;dflxt lzIff k|0ffnLsf] cjnDagåf/f ;a}sf l;sfO cfjZostf k"/f
ug{ / u'0f:t/Lo lzIffsf ;a} kIfx¿df ;'wf/ Nofpg ljs]Gb|Ls/0fnfO{ k|d'v /0fgLltsf] ¿kdf
lnOPsf] 5 .ljb\ofnosf] :jfldTj / Joj:yfkgsf nflu :yfgLo ;d'bfox¿sf] Ifdtf ;'b[9 ul/g]5 .
lhlzsf, lhlj; tyf uflj;x¿n] lgoldt tflnd tyf cg'udgdfkm{t ljb\ofno tyf ;Da4
;d'bfonfO{ ;+:yfut ;xfotf k|bfg ug]{5g\ .ljb\ofno ;'wf/ of]hgf, ef}lts lgdf{0f tyf dd{t
;Def/sf nflu ljb\ofnonfO{ k|fljlws ;xof]u k|bfg ul/g]5 .
^_ vf;u/L of]hgf lgdf{0f tyf sfo{qmd sfof{Gjogdf 5fqfx¿ tyf dlxnf ju{sf] ;xeflutfnfO{ ljz]if
Wofgdf /fvL ljBdfg n}ª\lus c;dfgtfsf] lg/fs/0f ug]{ nIo /x]sf] 5 .
sfo{qmdsf] k[i7e"ld
;a}sf nflu lzIff @))$–@))( g]kfn ;/sf/n] k|lta4tf hfx]/ ul/;s]sf] ;a}sf nflu lzIff ljifos
!% jif]{ /fli6«o sfo{of]hgf (National plan of action for EFA 2003-2015) df cfwfl/t k~rjifL{o
/0fgLlts sfo{qmd xf] . o;sf sfo{qmd cjojx¿ (Program components) 8fsf/ sfo{ 9fFrf (Dakar
framework of action for EFA)n] to u/]sf ^ cf]6f p2]Zodf cfwfl/t 5g\ .

cfwf/e"t k|fylds lzIffsf nflu cfwf/e"t k|fylds lzIff sfo{qmd bf];|f] r/0f / ljutsf
kl/of]hgfx¿n] cfwf/zLntf k|bfg ul/;s]sf x'gfn] ;a}sf nflu lzIff @))$–@))( sf efjL sfo{qmd
o;] cfwf/zLnf / ljutdf k|fKt u/]sf 1fg / cg'ejdf cfwfl/t x'g]5g\ . cfwf/e"t tyf k|fylds lzIff
sfo{qmd bf];|f] r/0faf6 l;Sg'kg]{ dxTjk"0f{ s'/fx¿dWo] pkIf]qsf] efjL ;xof]u / sfo{qmd nlrnf]
/;docg's"n x'g'kg]{ klg Pp6f xf] . ;fy} ljb\ofno, lzIfs / :yfgLo ;+:yfx¿sf nflu lglZrt b[li6sf]0f
x'g'kg]{ s'/fnfO{ klg cfwf/e"t tyf k|fylds lzIff sfo{qmdn] k|:6 kf/]sf] 5 . o;afx]s lhNnfx¿nfO{
5'6o\ fOPsf] ah]6sf] cfsf/sf] kl/jt{g -!(((–@)))_ df $$ k|ltzt af6 -@))@–@))#_ df *&
k|ltztaf6 ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf] If]qdf dxTjk"0f{ kl/jt{g ePsf] ;+s]t ldNb5 . sfo{qmd ;"rsx¿n] Olª\ut
u/]sf] cfwf/e"t tyf k|fylds lzIff sfo{qmdsf] of]ubfg tyf sdL sdhf]/Lsf ;fy} pQm sfo{qmdsf] bf];|f]
r/0fsf cjlwdf lgld{t s]Gb|Lo tyf lhNnf txsf ;+:yfx¿sf] IfdtfnfO{ klg ;a}sf nflu lzIff @))$–
@))( sf] of]hgf th'[df ug]{ qmddf ljrf/ k'¥ofOPsf] 5 . ;fy} ;a}sf nflu lzIff @))$–@))( nfO{
dWod cfjlws Joo vfsf, b;f}+ of]hgf jf ul/aL Go"gLs/0f /0fgLlt kq / ;a}sf nflu lzIff /fli6«o
34
sfo{of]hgf @)!% n] dfu{ lgb]{zg ub{5g\ .
nlIft glthf
@)!% df Pp6f l;Sgsf nflu lh1f;' x'g'sf ;fy} ljZjJofkL ;Gbe{df cGo afnsx¿;/xsf]
afns 1fgn] ;';lHht x'g]5 .
@)!% df Pp6f l;sfO / ljsf;sf] nflu ;'/lIft k|]/0ffbfoL, ;'ljwf ;DkGg, l;h{gfTds tyf
ljb\ofno lh1f;' dl:tisnfO{ k|f]T;flxt ul//xg], sfo{ ;Dkfbgsf] b[li6n] ljb\ofnox¿
:jfoQ ;+:yf, ljleGg ;f+:s[lts ;d"xnfO{ ;lxi0f'tf, zflGt / ;xcl:tTjsf]
clej[l4dfkm{t PsLs[t ug]{ s]Gb|sf ¿kdf ljsf; ePsf] x'g]5 .
@)!% df Pp6f l;sfO cfjZostfsf] kl/k"lt{ ug{ pTk|]/0ff hufpg] jftfj/0f lbg], ;lj|mo /
sIff–sf]7f afns]lGb|t lzIff lbg] lx;fan] ljBfyL{sf] cfjZostfcg's"n ;dfof]hg x'g]
vfnsf] x'g]5 .
@)!% df Pp6f z}lIfs ¿kn] ;dy{, of]Uo / ;'k|lzlIft, k];fdf k|lta4 / afnaflnsfx¿sf
lzIfs nflu k|]/0ffbfoL / r'gf}tLk"0f{ jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug{ ;dlk{t x'g]5g\ .
@)!% df Pp6f afnaflnsfx¿sf] l;sfOnfO{ d2t ug]{ z}lIfs cfwf/zLnf v8f ug{ lgb]{lzt,
;d'bfo sfo{qmdnfO{ k|]/0ff / ult lbg] zlSt x'g]5g\ .
sfo{qmdaf6 ck]Iff ul/Psf pknlAw
qm=;+= ;"rs @))! @))*÷)( @)!%1
! afn ljsf;÷k"j{ ljb\ofno !# %! *)
@ afn ljsf;;lxt sIff ! df egf{ x'g]sf] k|ltzt )* ^) *)
# sIff ! df s'n cfudg b/ !$! !!) !)@
$ sIff ! df v"b cfudg b/ %#=&s (% (*
% s'n egf{ b/ !@# !)$ !)%
^ v'b egf{ b/ *! (^ !))
& k|fylds lzIffsf nflu lgb]{lzt s'n /fli6«o pTkfbgsf] k|ltzt !=&v @=# @=%
* k|fylds lzIffsf nflu lgb]{lzt s'n lzIffsf] ah]6sf] k|ltzt %%=^v ^) ^%
( cfjZos of]Uotf / tflnd k|fKt lzIfssf] k|ltzt !% (( !))
!) cfjZos k|df0fkq;lxtsf lzIfsx¿sf] k|ltzt (( !))
!! ljBfyL{ lzIfs cg'kft #( #& #)
!@ bf]xf]¥ofpg] b/ M

. oL nIox? ;a}sf nflu lzIff /fli6«o sfo{of]hgf @))#_ af6 lnOPsf x'g\ . ;a}sf nflu lzIff /fli6«o sfo{of]hgf ;DkGg eO;s]kl5 5'§}
1

;'? ul/Psf] ljZn]if0ffTds sfo{sf] kl/0ffd:j¿k @))( / @)!% sf nIox?df ;fgfltgf s'/fx?df Ps¿ktf gb]lvPsf] xf] .
35
!@=! sIff ! #( !) !)
!@=@ sIff % ( # *
!# sIff ! b]lv % ;Dd k'Ug]x¿sf] b/ ^^ *% ()
!$ sfo{bIftfsf] u'0ffª\s ^) *# *)
!% sIff % l;sfO pknlAwsf] k|ltzt $) ^) *)
!^ ;fIf/tf b/
!^=! pd/] ;d"x !%–@$ &)u *@ (%
!^=@ pd]/ ;d"x ^ ± jif{ %$u &^ ()
!& k|f}9 ;fIf/tf -!% ± jif{_ $*u ^^ &%
!* ;fIf/tf n}ª\lus ;dfgtf ;"rs -!% ± jif{_ )=^ )=( !=)

s M !((& v M !((( u M @))! sf] hgu0fgfaf6

sfo{qmdsf cjojx¿
of] sfo{qmdsf cjoj b]xfosf ;a}sf nflu lzIffsf nIox¿af6 lnPsf x'g\ M
• afn ljsf;
• ;a} afnaflnsfx¿sf nflu kx'Frsf] ;'lglZrttf
• cflbjf;L / cNk;ª\Vos eflifs ;d'bfox¿nufotsf ;a} afnaflnsfx¿sf] cfjZostf kl/k"lt{
• k|f}9 lg/If/tfdf sdL
• n}lª\us e]befj lg/fs/0f
• u'0f:t/Lo lzIffsf ;a} kIfx¿sf] ;'wf/

sfo{qmd sfof{Gjogsf nflu l;4fGt / /0fgLltx¿

!_ dfu{lgb]{zs l;4fGt
• ;a}sf nflu lzIff /fli6«o sfo{of]hgf @))!–@)!%
• b;f}+ of]hgf
• ul/aL lgjf/0f /0fgLlt kq
• ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIo
• ;'zf;g

@_ sfo{qmd sfof{Gjogsf] a[xt\ /0fgLlt–ljs]Gb|Ls/0f

• ljb\ofno ;'wf/ of]hgf÷ufpF lzIff of]hgf
• lzIffsf] kx'Frdf ;'wf/sf nflu :yfgLo lgsfonfO{ lhDd]jf/L
• ljb\ofnosf] Joj:yfkg ;d'bfodf x:tfGt/0f
• ;fwf/0f ah]6 lhlj;dfkm{t k|jfx x'g]

36
#_ kx'Fr tyf ;dGofo
• ljBfyL{ tyf ljb\ofno b'a}nfO{ cfly{s ;xfotf lbg'
• ckfª\u, aflnsf, blnt tyf ;'ljwfljxLgsf nflu egf{ clej[l4sf nflu Psd'i6 cg'bfg, yk
cg'bfg
• 5fqj[lQ sfo{qmd
• ljb\ofno df}lns ;'wf/ sfo{qmd
• lzIfsx¿sf] lgo'lSt tyf b/aGbL ldnfg
• afnljsf; tyf k"j{k|fylds lzIff lj:tf/
• ;dflxt lzIff k|0ffnL
• k|f}9 ;fIf/tf

$_ u'0f:t/ tyf ;fGble{stf clej[l4

• lzIf0f l;sfOdf ;'wf/
• lzIf0f ;fdu|Ldf ;'wf/
• kf7\ok':ts pTkfbg tyf ljt/0fdf lghL If]qnfO{ k|f]T;flxt
• kf7\oqmd ljsf;, k'g/fjnf]sg, kl/dfh{g / ;+zf]wg
• ljs]lGb|t cg'udg d"Nofª\sg k|0ffnLsf] ljsf;
• cg';Gwfg / ljsf;

%_ sfo{ bIftf tyf ;+:yfut ;'wf/

• ljb\ofno Joj:yfkgnfO{ ;d'bfodf x:tfGt/0f
• ljb\ofno ;'wf/ of]hgf
• dfgj ;+;fwg ljsf; of]hgf;DaGwL sfo{qmd
• sfo{ Ifdtf / ;+:yfut Ifdtfsf] ;'wf/
• ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t ;+3;+:yf / u}=;=;=;Fusf] ;fem]bf/L] ljsf;

@=#ljb\ofno If]q ;'wf/ sfo{qmd -@)^^–@)&@_ sf] pknlAw

ljb\ofno If]q ;'wf/ sfo{qmd
ljb\ofno If]q ;'wf/ of]hgf g]kfn ;/sf/, lzIff dGqfnoåf/f kl/nlIot cfwf/e"t tyf dfWolds lzIffsf
nIo tyf p2]Zox¿ k|fKt ug{ cf=j= @)^^.^& b]lv @)&@.&# ;Ddsf nflu tof/ ul/Psf] Pp6f
bL3{sfnLg /0fgLlts of]hgf xf] .
ljb\ofno If]q ;'wf/ of]hgf xfn ;~rfngdf cfO/x]sf sfo{qmdx¿, h:t}M ;a}sf nflu lzIff sfo{qmd,
dfWolds lzIff ;xof]u sfo{qmd, ;fd'bflos ljb\ofno ;xof]u sfo{qmd tyf lzIfs lzIf0f cfof]hgfsf]
lg/Gt/tf xf] . ljutdf l;s]sf kf7 tyf xfl;n ul/Psf pknlAwsf cfwf/df ljb\ofno If]q ;'wf/
of]hgfn] ljb\ofno lzIffsf] ;+/rgf, lzIffsf] u'0f:t/ tyf sfo{;Dkfbgsf] lhDd]jf/L /

37
hjfkmb]lxtfnfO{;+:yfut ug]{h:tf ljifodf gofF ;'wf/sf /0fgLltx¿ k|:t't u/]sf] 5 . oL ;'wf/sf
/0fgLltx¿ dfkm{t\ o; of]hgfn] ljb\ofno aflx/ /x]sf afnaflnsfnfO{ lzIffdf kx'Fr k'¥ofpg hf]8 lbFb}
lzIff If]qsf] ;Ifdtf tyf ;]jf k|jfxsf] k|efjsfl/tf j[l4 u/L ;a} afnaflnsfnfO{ l;sfOsf] cj;/sf]
k|Tofe"lt u/]sf] 5 .
ljut Ps bzsdf ljb\ofnosf] kx'Fr tyf egf{b/df pNn]Vo k|ult ePsf] eP klg w]/} afnaflnsf tyf
lszf]/lszf]/Lx¿ cfkm\gf] Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ug}{ gkfO{ tyf hLjg:t/ psf:g cfjZos kg]{ cfwf/e"t
l;k;d]t gl;sL ljb\ofno 5f]8\b5g\ . b}lgs hLjgsf nflu sfo{d"ns ;fIf/tf tyf Jofjxfl/s ul0ftsf
cfwf/e"t l;ksf] cfjZostf 5, t/ cfwfhlt hg;ª\Vofdf oL cfwf/e"t l;ksf] ;d]t cefj 5 .
oL r'gf}tLx¿sf] ;fdgf ug{ lzIff dGqfnon] ljb\ofno lzIffsf ljBdfg\ ;]jfdf clej[l4 ug{ ljleGg
;'wf/sf] kxn u/]sf] 5 . oL ;'wf/ sfo{sf] d'Vo nIo ljb\ofno lzIffsf] u'0f:t/ tyf ;fGble{stfsf]
clej[l4 g} xf] . lzIffsf] u'0f:t/ ;'wf/, ;Ifdtf clej[l4 / ;]jf k|jfxdf k|efjsfl/tf Nofpg s]lGb|t
ljb\ofno If]q ;'wf/ of]hgf o; If]qsf gofF r'gf}tL, dfu tyf ck]IffnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ k|d'v dfWod aGg
uPsf] 5 .
ljb\ofno If]q ;'wf/ of]hgf ;a}sf nflu lzIff, /fli6«o sfo{of]hgf ;g\ @))!–@)!%, lqjifL{o cGtl/d
of]hgf tyf ljb\ofno If]q ;'wf/ of]hgfsf] d"n b:tfj]hnfO{ cfwf/ dfgL ljsf; ul/Psf] xf] . o; of]hgfn]
jflif{s /0fgLlts sfof{Gjog of]hgf (ASIP) tyf jflif{s sfo{qmd tyf ah]6 (AWPB) sf /0fgLlts
¿k/]vf k|bfg ug]{5 .ljb\ofno If]q ;'wf/ of]hgfsf] /0fgLlts ¿k/]vfcGtu{t jflif{s /0fgLlts sfof{Gjog
of]hgf tyf jflif{s sfo{qmd tyf ah]6n] jflif{s s|lds sfof{Gjog of]hgfsf nflu /0fgLlt k|bfg ug]{5 .
lzIff dGqfnon] ljb\ofno If]q ;'wf/ of]hgfsf] d"n /0fgLlts b:tfj]h tyf /fi6«JofkL ¿kdf ljleGg
txdf ;/f]sf/jfnf;Fusf] ;Dks{ / cGt/lj|mofaf6 k|fKt k[i7kf]if0fsf cfwf/df o; ljb\ofno If]q ;'wf/
of]hgfsf] ljsf; u/]sf] xf] . lzIff df}lns xssf ¿kdf /xg], n}ª\lus ;dfgtf, ;dfj]lztf, ;dtfh:tf
k|d'v gLltut nIo tyf d"Non] of] of]hgfsf] tof/Ldf dfu{bz{g u/]sf 5g\, h;nfO{ /0fgLlts sfo{qmdsf
¿kdf of]hgfdf cfab\w ul/Psf 5g\ .
k|d'v ljb\ofno If]q ;'wf/ sfo{qmdsf ;"rs, cfwf/ jif{sf] l:ylt / ;g\ @)!%÷)!^ sf] nIo
;"rsx¿ PsfO jif{ k|ult
2007-
2007-008 2013-
2013-014 2015-
2015-16 @)!%÷@)!^
!= lzIffdf ah]6sf] c+z
s'n /fli6«o pTkfbg % 2 2.4 2.5

s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbg % 3.5 3.8 4

@= lzIffsf laleGg txsf] ah]6 c+z

cfwf/e"t lzIff % 70 74 76

dfWolds lzIff % 9 9 9

#= sIff ! df egf{

38
;"rsx¿ PsfO jif{ k|ult
2007-
2007-008 2013-
2013-014 2015-
2015-16 @)!%÷@)!^
k|f/lDes afn ljsf; tyf lzIffaf6 gofF egf{
ePsf % 33 64 80 ^@=$
v'b k|j]z b/ % 141 130 123 !#%=%
;xh} b]lvg] k|j]z b/ % 78 94 100 (#=*
$= ;xh} b]lvg] egf{ b/
k|f/lDes afn ljsf; tyf lzIff % 60 87 99 *)=^
cfwf/e"t lzIff -!–*_ % 116 132 131 !!(=@
dfWolds lzIff -(–!)_ % 36 66 83 &%=!
%= v'b egf{ b/
k|fylds lzIff % 89 99 100 (^=^
cfwf/e"t lzIff % 71 85 90 **=&
dfWolds lzIff % 20 27 31 %*
^= cfjZos of]Uotf tyf tflnd k|fKt lzIfs
cfwf/e"t lzIff -!–*_ % 62 88 100 (*=*
dfWolds lzIff -(–!)_ % 74 93 100 ((=#
&= k|df0fLs/0f tflnd k|fKt lzIfs
cfwf/e"t lzIff % 90 97 100 (@
dfWolds lzIff % 90 97 100 (#=%
*= ljBfyL{ lzIfs cg'kft
cfwf/e"t lzIff cg'kft 44 37 34

dfWolds lzIff cg'kft 42 28 25

( sIff bf]xf]¥ofpg] b/
sIff ! % 28 2 1 !@=#
sIff * % 13 4 2

!)= sf]x6{ ljlwcg';f/ l6sfp b/

sIff % 54 79 90 *(=$
sIff * 37 66 80 &&=@
!!= ;Ifdtfsf] u'0ffª\s
cfwf/e"t lzIff 0.46 0.66 0.75 )=&%
dfWolds lzIff 0.3 0.5 0.6

39
 ;"rsx¿ PsfO jif{ k|ult
2007-
2007-008 2013-
2013-014 2015-
2015-16 @)!%÷@)!^
sIff % / *
sf d'Vo
ljifodf
ljBfyL{x¿ sf]
!@=l;sfO pknlAw cf};t k+|fKtf°

%), ^)
sIff % 50 71 80 / %$
#%, $*
sIff * 44 56 60 / $!
P;=Pn=;L= /
pRr df=lz=
sf] /fli6«o
k/LIffdf
pQL0f{ ljBfyL{
!#= pQL0f{ b/ k|ltzt

P;=Pn=;L= 60 71 75 $&=$#
pRr df=lj= 23 41 50
;fIf/tf
!$= ;fIf/tf b/ k|ltzt

pd]/ ;d"x !%–@$ 73 89 95

pd]/ ;d"x ^± aif{ 63 85 90 ^%=(

pd]/ ;d"x !%± aif{ 52 70 75

!% ;fIf/tf n}ªl\ us ;dtf ;"rsfª\s !%+ 0.61 0.96 1 )=((

@=$ljb\ofno If]q ljsf; of]hgf -@)&#–@)&(_M p2]Zo tyf sfo{j|md

!= k[i7e"ld
ljZjJofkL b[li6sf]0faf6 x]bf{ g]kfnn] ;g\ @)!% kZrft\sf] ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIosf] ;do kf/ u/]sf] 5
eg] /fli6«o b[li6sf]0faf6 x]bf{ g]kfn ev{/} hf/L ePsf] ;+ljwfgcGtu{t Joj:yf ePsf] ;ª\3Lo k|0ffnLdf
k|j]z ug]{ dxTTjk"0f{ df]8df 5 . ljb\odfg z}lIfs of]hgf eg]sf] ;g\ @))( df ;'? ul/Psf] ljb\ofno
If]q ;'wf/ sfo{j|md -ljIf];'sf_ xf], h'g ;g\ @)!^ c;f/df ;DkGg eof] . To;}n] ;/sf/n] ;g\ @)!^ b]lv
sfof{Gjogdf NofPsf] ljb\ofno If]q ljsf; sfo{j|md -ljIf]ljsf_ n] ljb\ofno If]q ljsf; of]hgfnfO{ g}
lg/Gt/tf lbPsf] 5 . clt sd ljsl;t /fi6«sf] :t/af6 dfly p7\g] b"/b[li6sf ;fy o; sfo{j|mdsf]
ljsf; ePsf] 5 . ;a}sf nflu lzIff, dfWolds lzIff ;xof]u sfo{j|md, ;fd'bflos ljb\ofno ;xof]u
sfo{j|md, lzIfs lzIf0f kl/of]hgf tyf ljIf];'sf dfkm{t lzIffdf ;a}sf] kx'Fr / u'0f:t/sf] ;'lglZrttf
40
ug]{ ;/sf/sf] k|of;sf] lg/Gt/tf o; ljIf]ljsfdf /xg] 5 . ljIf]ljsfn] oL sfo{j|mdx¿af6 xfl;n ePsf
cg'ej tyf pknlAwx¿af6 l;Sb} ;DkGg x'g g;s]sf kIfsf] ;Daf]wg ug]{ tyf xfn} ;a}n] dGh'/ u/]sf
ljZjJofkL lbuf] ljsf; nIon] lnPsf p2]Zo xfl;n ug]{ b[li6sf]0f /fv]sf] 5 .
ljb\ofno If]q ljsf; sfo{j|md -ljIf]ljsf_ ljZj lzIff d~rsf] OGrf]g 3f]if0ff tyf lbuf] ljsf; nIosf]
cGt/f{li6«o k|ltab\wtfcg'¿k ljsf; ug]{, hf] ;]K6]Da/ !% df ;+o'St /fi6« ;ª\3sf] ;fwf/0f ;efaf6
kfl/t eO;s]sf] 5 . ljIf]ljsfsf] of]hgfdf lbuf] ljsf; nIocg's"n x'g] u/L ;"rsx¿sf] ljsf; ul/g]
5.
@)&@ ;fn j}zfvdf uPsf] ljgfzsf/L e"sDk tyf To;kl5 w]/} k6s uPsf k/fsDkgsf sf/0fn] ;du|
lzIffsf ;]jfx¿ cj?4 x'g'sf ;fy} b]zsf clwsf+z If]q k|efljt ePsf 5g\ . *))) eGbf a9L
ljb\ofno Wj:t eP, sl/a !) nfv afn aflnsfn] cWoognfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg ;s]gg\ . o;n] egf{, xflh/L
tyf cfGtl/s ;Ifdtfdf k|efj kf/\of] . kl/0ffd:j¿k ljb\ofnoaflx/ /xg] ljb\ofyL{sf] ;ª\Vofdf j[l4
eof] . ckfª\utf tyf 3fOt] x'g] afn aflnsfsf] ;ª\Vofdf klg j[l4 ePsf sf/0fn] lzIffaf6 pgLx¿
jl~rt x'g'kg]{ l:yltsf] l;h{gf eof] . 3/fo;L sfddf yk >d ug'{kg]{ sf/0fn] ljz]if u/L dflyNnf]
sIffsf ljb\ofyL{x¿ ljb\ofnodf lg/Gt/ x'g g;Sg] / ljb\ofno 5f]8\g'kg]{ ;Ddsf] cj:yf pTkGg eof] .
ljb\ofnodf x'g'kg]{ Go"gtd k"jf{wf/ tyf pT;fxdf klg sdL x'Fbf ljb\ofyL{x¿n] k9fO k'/f ug{ gkfPsf]
l:ylt /x\of] . kl/0ffd:j¿k k|efljt If]qsf ljb\ofyL{x¿sf] l;sfO pknlAwdf Go"gtf x'g] cfzª\sf
ul/Psf] cj:yf 5 . ;/sf/n] d"Nofª\sg u/]sf] Post Disaster Needs Assessment (PDNA)n] klxrfg
u/]cg'¿k tyf ;]G8fO{df @)!% df cfof]lht ;+o'St /fi6« ;ª\3Lo ljZj ;Dd]ngdf l:jsfl/Psf] ljkt\
hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f 9fFrfcg';f/ k'glg{df{0f tyf ;'wf/sf sfo{nfO{{ ljIf]ljsfn] k|fyldstf lbg] 5 .
!=! r'gf}tLx¿
lzIffdf kx'Frsf b[li6n] pNn]vgLo pknlAw xfl;n x'Fb} uPsfn] ca u'0f:t/ tyf ;Ifdtfdf s]lGb|t ug'{kg]{
cfjZostf 5 . o;sf nflu u'0f:t/ tyf l;sfO ;Ifdtf ;DaGwL s] s:tf r'gf}tLx¿ 5g\, ltgLx¿nfO{
;Daf]wg ug'{k5{ . o; ;DaGwdf s]xL r'gf}tLx¿sf] klxrfg ul/Psf] 5 M
;dtf
!= g]kfn eflifs tyf ;f+:s[lts b[li6n] cToGt ljljwtfk"0f{ 5, o;n] ljb\ofyL{x¿sf] ljljw l;sfO
cfjZostfsf] l;h{gf u/]sf] 5 . kx'Fr tyf ;fGble{stf cflbsf b[li6n] k|To]ssf] l;sfO
cfjZostfsf] kl/k"lt{ ug'{ r'gf}tLk"0f{ 5 .
@= ;'ljwfljxLg tyf ;LdfGts[t ;d'bfo÷;d"x tyf ef}uf]lns If]qsf ljb\ofyL{x¿sf] kx'Frdf j[b\lw
ePsf] 5}g . ;d'bfo, ;d"x tyf ljb\ofno hfg] pd]/sf ljb\ofyL{ lar o:tf] lje]bdf j[l4 ePsf]
cj:yf 5 .
#= k|fs[lts ljkt\af6 k|efljt tyf ljkt\sf] hf]lvd ePsf If]qdf /x]sf afn aflnsfsf] kx'Fr tyf
u'0f:t/ ;'lglZrt ug'{ r'gf}tLk"0f{ /x]sf] 5 .
u'0f:t/
!= cfwf/e"t tyf dfWolds lzIffsf] rj|mel/ g} l;sfO pknlAw, ljb\ofnodf l6sfO/fVg], tx k'/f
ug]{ b/df Go"gtf 5, o;n] lzIffsf] u'0f:t/ tyf ;fGble{stfnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug'{kg]{ s'/f cf}FNofpF5 .

41
 @= ljb\ofyL{x¿sf nflu ;'/lIft :yfg k|bfg ug{sf nflu k|To]s ljb\ofnonfO{ ljkt\ k|lt/f]ws agfpg
afFsL 5 . ;'/lIft ljb\ofno agfpg] sfo{nfO{ k"0f{ ¿kdf d"n wf/df Nofpg ;lsPsf] 5}g .
#= ljb\ofyL{x¿n] tf]lsPsfcg';f/sf Go"gtd lbg klg k7g kf7gdf latfpg kfPsf 5}gg\ . To:t} u/L
lzIfsx¿n] klg sIffdf tf]lsPcg';f/ cfkm\gf] ;do glatfPsf] clwsf+z cj:yf b]lvPsf] 5 .
$= ljz]if u/L tNnf sIffx¿df k|f/lDes sIff k9fO tyf n]vfO l;ksf] sdLsf sf/0fn] ljb\ofno
5f]8\g] / sIff bf]xf]/o\ fpg] b/ cem} pNn]vgLo 5 .
%= kb:yfkgnufot lzIfssf] ;du| Joj:yfkgnfO{ cem} k"0f{tf lbg'kg]{ 5 .
^= ;Ifdtfsf cfwf/df eGbf klg k|df0fLs/0f / tflndsf cfwf/df lzIfssf] of]Uotf tf]lsPsf]
cj:yf 5 .
&= k|fljlws tyf Jofj;flos lzIffdf ;Lldt cj;/ tyf ;fwf/0f / k|fljlws÷Jofj;flos lzIfflar
lemgf] ;dGjo /x]sf] cj:yf 5 .
;Ifdtf
!= ck]Iff ul/Pcg';f/ lzIff k|0ffnLsf] ;+:yfut ;+/rgfdf ;'wf/ ug{ cem} afFsL /x]sf] 5 .
@= ljb\ofno txsf] z}lIfs u'0f:t/ tyf cfjZostfdf cfwfl/t of]hgf lgdf{0f ug{ ;du| ljb\ofno
Joj:yfkg tyf ljb\ofno Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] e"ldsfnfO{ cem} ;+:yfut ug{ afFsL 5 .
#= lzIffsf] xf]Og, lzIffsf nflu glthfdf cfwfl/t cg'udg tyf d"Nofª\sgnfO{ ;+:yfut ug{ tyf
;du| of]hgf k|lj|mofdf o;nfO{ cfTd;ft\ ug{ cem} afFsL /x]sf] 5 .
$= ;/sf/L lgod sfg'gnfO{ ljb\ofnodf cem} k|efjsf/L ¿kdf nfu' ug{'kg]{ cj:yf 5 .
!=@ cj;/x¿
g]kfnsf] ljb\ofnodf cfwfl/t lzIff k|0ffnL alnof] hudf c8]sf]] 5, h;n] gofF of]hgf tyf sfo{j|md to
ug{ / sfof{Gjog ug{ k|z:t cj;/ k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . oL cj;/x¿nfO{ o; k|sf/ pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 M
!= g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgdf lzIffnfO{ df}lns xssf ¿kdf k|Tofe"t ul/Psf] 5 / elgPsf] 5 æk|To]s
gful/snfO{ cfwf/e"t lzIffdf kx'Frsf] xs x'g] 5 . k|To]s gful/snfO{ /fHoaf6 cfwf/e"t
tx;Ddsf] lzIff clgjfo{ / lgMz'Ns tyf dfWolds tx;Ddsf] lzIff lgMz'Ns kfpg] xs x'g]
5 .Æ
@= ;/sf/sf of]hgf tyf gLltdf ljb\ofno lzIffn] pRr k|fyldstf kfpFb} cfPsf] 5 . ufpF tyf
;d'bfo tx;Dd g} k|z:t ;ª\Vofdf ljb\ofnox¿ v'n]sf 5g\ . oL ljb\ofnox¿ egf{ x'g rfxg] ;a}
ljb\ofyL{x¿nfO{ egf{ ug{ ;Ifd 5g\ .
#= ljkt\ Go"gLs/0f tyf ;'/lIft l;sfO jftfj/0f ;'lglZrt ug{ :jLs[t dfu{bz{g tyf k|fljlws
dfkb08sf cfwf/df ljb\ofnox¿sf] lgdf{0f tyf k'glg{df{0f ug{] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .
$= ljb\ofno lzIffdf ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlwsf] k|of]unfO{ a9fpFb} n}hfg] j|mddf g]kfnel/ g}
sDKo'6/ tyf OG6/g]6df kx'Frdf j[b\lw x'Fb} uPsf] 5 .
%= g]kfnn] @)#) ;Ddsf] lzIff ;DaGwL ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ffk|lt k|ltab\wtf JoSt u/]sf] 5 . o;
j|mddf d'n'sdf lzIffsf] ljsf;sf nflu cGt/f{li6«o ;xof]u tyf ;dGjosf] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 .
^= lzIfsx¿sf] Jofj;flos 1fg tyf l;kdf j[b\lw eO/x]sf] 5 . k|lt:kwf{Tds k|lj|mofdfkm{t lgo'St
lzIfsx¿ lzIf0f k];fdf lelqg] j|md ;'? eO;s]sf] 5 . o; k|lj|mofn] lg/Gt/tf kfpg] cj:yf
5.
42
 &= ;du| u'0f:t/ j[b\lwsf nflu kf7\oj|md, ljb\ofno Joj:yfkg, k/LIff k|0ffnL, lzIfs lgo'lSt, lzIfs
tflnd tyf k];fut ljsf; / ljb\ofyL{sf] pknlAwsf] d"Nofª\sgsf nflu ;+/rgfTds ;+oGqsf]
ljsf; ul/Psf] 5 / ;f]xLcg';f/ sfo{ k|lj|mof cufl8 al9/x]sf] 5 .
*= lzIffdf ;fd'bflos nufgLdf j[b\lw eO/x]sf] tyf lghL If]qsf] ;+nUgtf klg pNn]Vo ¿kdf
al9/x]sf] 5 . cleefjsx¿ klg cfkm\gf afn aflnsfsf] lzIffdf nufgL ug{ pT;'s x'Fb} uPsf]
cj:yf 5 . o; If]qdf u};; tyf gful/s ;dfhsf ;ª\3 ;+:yfsf lj|mofsnfkx¿ klg a9\b}
uPsf 5g\ .
(= l;kd"ns lzIffdf ;a} If]qsf] ?lr tyf k|ltab\wtf a9\b} uPsf] 5 . To;} u/L k|f}9x¿dfem
hLjgko{Gt lzIffk|ltsf] rfxgfdf klg j[b\lw eO/x]sf] 5 .
@= ljlw / kl/jt{gsf] l;b\wfGt
!= ljb\ofno If]q ;'wf/ sfo{j|mdsf] sfof{Gjogaf6 ;Fufn]sf cg'ej tyf l;lsPsf kf7sf cfwf/df
sfof{Gjogsf] ;xh jftfj/0f agfpg / ;g\ @)@@ ;Dddf g]kfn ;/sf/n] lnPsf] cNkljsl;t
/fi6«sf] cj:yf kf/ ug{] nIo k'/f ug{ cfjZos kl/jt{g ;'lglZrt ug{sf nflu ljb\ofno If]q
ljsf; sfo{j|mdsf] th'{df eO sfof{Gjog eO/x]sf] 5 .
@= sfo{j|mdsf] ljsf; ubf{ o; of]hgfn] …cfjZostf,Ú …:jfldTjÚ tyf …sfof{Gjogsf] ;DefJotfÚ h:tf
kl/jt{gsf l;b\wfGtnfO{ s]lGb|t u/]sf] 5, h:t}M
• ;'b[9 ;dtf, u'0f:t/Lotf tyf k|efjsfl/tf ;'lglZrt ug{sf nflu gLlt Pjd\ /0fgLlts
of]hgf cfjZostfdf cfwfl/t xf]pmg\,
• d'Vo ;/f]sf/jfnf Pjd\ k|efj ;d"xlar Jofks ;xdltsf] jftfj/0f l;h{gf u/L sfo{j|md
sfof{Gjogdf ;sf/fTds ;xof]usf] ;'lglZrttf tyf sfof{Gjogstf{ tyf g]t[Tjju{sf]
sfo{j|mdk|ltsf] :jLsf/f]lSt / k|ltab\wtfsf] :jfldTjefj xf];\,
• d'n'ssf] oyfy{ kl/j]z cg's"n gLlt, /0fgLlt tyf sfo{j|md sfof{Gjogsf] ;DefJotf xf];\ .
@=! cfjZostf
!= of]hgfsf k|ToIf Pjd\ k/f]If nfeflGjtju{sf cfjZostf ;Daf]wg eP gePsf] n]vfhf]vf u/L
of]hgfsf] ;fGble{stfnfO{ ;'lglZrt ug{sf lgldTt Pp6f ;'b[9 ;+/rgfsf] cfjZostf kg]{ 5, h;n]
cfjZostfcg';f/sf ;fGble{s tYofª\ssf] ;ª\sng, ;Dkfbg, Pjd\ ljZn]if0f ug]{ 5 / of]hgf
cjlwleq cfjZostfcg';f/ To;nfO{ k|:t't ug]{ 5 . j:t'tM u'0f:t/Lo ;"rgfdfly ;'ud kx'Fr x'Fbf
dfq sfo{j|mdsf] u'0f:t/Lotf tyf ;fGblestfsf] ;xL cfFsng ;Dej x'G5 .
@= cfjZos ;"rgfsf] pknAwtf ;'lglZrt x'g] klxnf] v'8\lsnf] eg]sf] If]qut ljZn]if0fdf cfwfl/t
;'b[9 cfwf/ /]vfsf] :yfkgf xf], h;df b]xosf s'/fx¿ ;d]l6Psf 5g\ M
• ljb\ofno If]q ljsf; sfo{j|md th'{dfsf] k|of]usf nflu ljb\ofno If]q ;'wf/ sfo{j|mdsf]
sfof{Gjogaf6 l;lsPsf kf7 tyf xfl;n u/]sf cg'ej;DaGwL ;"rgf,
• cg';Gwfgdf cfwfl/t ljZn]if0fsf] glthfsf cfwf/df ;du| lzIff If]qsf of]hgfsf] cg'udg
tyf ;"rgf ,
#= cfjZostf klxrfgsf] bf];|f] kIf xf], ljb\ofno If]q ;'wf/ sfo{j|mdaf6 l;lsPsf kf7 tyf If]q
ljZn]if0fsf cfwf/df klxrfg ul/Psf cfjZostfsf ;DaGwdf ;a} txsf ;/f]sf/jfnfsf] Jofks

43
 k/fdz{ . oL k/fdz{ hf];Fu h]sf nflu ul/g] eP tfklg pb\b]Zod"ns 9ª\uaf6 lg/Gt/ ¿kdf
ul/g] 5 .
$= cfjZostf klxrfgsf] t];|f] kIf eg]sf] lzIff If]qleqsf] ;+:yfut ;+oGq xf], h;n] tYofª\ssf]
u'0f:t/ / k|of]usf] ;'lglZrttf u5{ . g]kfnsf] z}lIfs Joj:yfkg ;"rgf k|0ffnLn] z}lIfs ;"rgfsf]
;'b[9 cfwf/ sfod ul/;s]sf] 5 . ctM tYofª\s tyf ;"rgfsf] k|of]u oL s'/fsf nflu x'g'k5{ M -
s_ of]hgfsf/nfO{ cfjZos ;"rgf pknAw u/fO{ cfjZostfdf cfwfl/t kb\wlt ;'lglZrt ug{ -
v_ ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf ;'emfjsf cfwf/df tYofª\ssf] u'0f:t/ ;'b[9 ug]{ ;Gbe{df pknAw ;"rgfsf]
cfbfg k|bfg / k|of]utkm{ pGd'v x'g . ljb\ofno lzIffsf] ;dtfd"ns /0fgLltsf] cª\usf ¿kdf
ljsl;t ;dtf d"ns kx'Fr, l;sfO pknlAw tyf ;xeflutf :t/df kfOPsf ljifdtfnfO{ ;Daf]wg
ug]{ k|efjsf/L ;fwg ;flat x'g] 5 . d'n'sdf /x]sf] lje]b tyf ;ª\s6sf cltl/St ljgfzsf/L
e"sDksf sf/0f l;lh{t cfjZostfx¿sf] ;Gt'lnt ;Daf]wgsf ;Gbe{df klg o;sf] ;fGble{stf
68\sf/f]] 5 .
%= cGTodf, ljb\ofno If]q ljsf; sfo{j|mdsf] th'{df tyf sfof{Gjog ubf{ glthfd"ns l;b\wfGtcg'¿k
ug{'k5{ . o;n] lzIffsf] u'0f:t/ Pjd\ ;Ifdtf a9fpg ;dtfd"ns ¿kdf ;|f]tsf] ljlgof]hgnfO{
nlIft tyf k|fyldsLs/0f ug]{ sfdsf] ;'lglZrttf ug'{k5{ .
@=@ :jfldTj
!= ljb\ofno If]q ljsf; of]hgfsf] th'{df / sfof{Gjogsf] cfwf/sf ¿kdf ck]Iff ul/Psf] kl/jt{gsf]
9fFrfsf] bf];|f] kIf xf], g]t[Tj Pjd\ Joj:yfkg kIf / lhDd]jf/ clwsf/L Pjd\
sfof{Gjogstf{x¿åf/f of]hgfsf] :jfldTj u|x0f . o;sf cltl/St sfo{j|mdaf6 nfeflGjt ju{, d'Vo
;/f]sf/jfnf -h:t} /fhgLlts Pjd\ k|fl1s If]q, ;~rf/ hut tyf cGt/f{li6«o lgsfo nufot_ sf]
Jofks ;dy{g / ;xdlt dxTTjk"0f{ kIf x'g\ . ljb\ofno If]q ljsf; sfo{j|mdnfO{ lzIf0f l;sfO
cEof;df ¿kfGtl/t ug{] k|d'v stf{ lzIfs x'g\ . o; cy{df oL of]hgfsf d'Vo sfof{Gjogstf{
klg x'g\ . k];fut ;ª\u7gdfkm{tn] lzIff k|0ffnLdf 7"nf] k|efj kfg{ ;Sg] ePsfn] logLx¿ o;sf]
k|fylds ;/f]sf/jfnf ;d]t x'g\ . ctM o;sf] ;kmntf lzIfsju{n] o; ;DaGwdf lng] :jfldTjdf
;a}eGbf a9L e/ kg]{ 5 .
@= ljb\ofno If]q ljsf; of]hgfsf] th'{dfsf j|mddf 5nkmn tyf k/fdz{ ub}{ oL ;d"xx¿nfO{ ;+nUg
u/fOPsf] lyof] . ljifout ;d"xdf /x]/ of]hgfsf] k[i7e"ldsf] d:of}bf ug]{, cjwf/0ff kq agfpg]
tyf cfwf/ kq agfpg] / sfo{j|mdsf] d"n b:tfj]h lgdf{0f nufotsf sfo{df ;a}
;/f]sf/jfnfx¿;Fu k/fdz{ lnOof] . g]kfnL / cª\u|]hL b'a} efiffdf ljIf]ljsfsf b:tfj]h tof/ kf/L
/fo ;'emfj ;ª\sng ul/Psf] lyof] . o; j|mddf ul/Psf] Jofks tyf ;dfnf]rgfTds 5nkmndf oL
;d"xx¿ ;xefuLtf lyof] . o;sf cltl/St oL ;d"xx¿nfO{ ljleGg ljifo If]qdf cfjZos k/fdz{
lngdf ;d]t ;+nUg u/fOPsf] x'Fbf logL;Fu k/fdz{ lng] dfq geO{ sfo{ ;d"xsf ;b:osf x}l;otdf
logn] klg c¿;Fu k/fdz{ lng] jftfj/0f >[hgf ul/Psf] lyof] .
#= ljIf]ljsfsf] sfof{Gjogsf] :jfldTj o;sf] ;~rf/ /0fgLltsf] ljsf;dfkm{t ;'lglZrt ul/g] 5 .
o;sf nflu ljleGg k|efj ;d"x tyf cGo ;/f]sf/jfnfsf wf/0ff, b[li6sf]0f tyf k|fyldstfnfO{
cfwf/ agfOg] 5 . o; /0fgLltsf] Pp6f pbfx/0f ;~rf/ /0fgLlt x'g ;S5 .

44
@=# sfof{Gjogsf] ;DefJotf
!= s'g} klg of]hgf sfof{Gjog ug{ ;DefJotf 5 5}g eGg] s'/f of]hgfsf] ljsf; j|mddf of]hgfn]]
lgwf{/0f u/]sf p2]Zo tyf sfo{qmdx¿ d'n'ssf kl/j]z ;fk]If eP–gePsf], ltgsf] sfof{Gjogsf
nflu cfjZos Ifdtf tyf ;|f]t ;fwgsf] pknAwtf s:tf] 5 cflbaf/] sfof{Gjogsf lhDd]jf/
kIf;Fu ul/g] k/fdz{sf] ulx/fOdf lge{/ ub{5 . jt{dfg ;ª\qmd0fsfnLg kl/l:ylt tyf cfufdL
;dodf d'n'sn] cjnDag ug{] ;ª\3Lo ;+/rgfut 9fFrfdf cfpg ;Sg] ;Defljt kl/jt{gnfO{
b[li6ut ubf{ ;a} txsf ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] lg/Gt/ ljZn]if0f, cg';Gwfg, k'g/fjnf]sg, cGj]if0f
Pjd\ dfgsLs/0fdf ;xhLs/0f ug{ ;3fpg ljIf]ljsfdf lgoGq0f tyf ;Gt'ngsf nflu Pp6f
;'b[9 ;+/rgfsf] vfFrf] kg]{ 5 . lgoGq0f tyf ;Gt'ngsf nflu s]Gb|Lo gLlt tyf of]hgfsf] cª\usf
¿kdf ;dGjo tyf k'g/fjnf]sgsf nflu kof{Kt Ifdtf ljsf;sf] ;'lglZrttf ug'{k5{ .
@= k|To]s jif{ ljIf]ljsfsf] cleGg cª\usf ¿kdf nlIft sfo{j|md sfof{Gjogsf nflu cfjZos ;|f]t
;fwg, Ifdtf ljsf;sf cfjZostfx¿sf] cfFsng / ul/g] lj|mofsnfkx¿sf] klxrfg ;lxtsf]
jflif{s sfo{j|md sfof{Gjog of]hgfsf] th'{df ul/g] 5 . Ifdtf ljsf; sfo{j|mdn] lzIfsx¿sf]
lzIf0f l;sfOsf lj|mofsnfkdf ;xhLs/0f u/L pgLx¿sf] bIftfsf] ljsf;df hf]8 lbg] 5 .
#= b"/b[li6, p2]Zo, gLlt lgb]{z / /0fgLlt
o; kl/R5]bdf ljb\ofno If]q ljsf; sfo{j|mdn] cª\uLsf/ u/]sf b"/b[li6, pb\b]Zo, gLlt lgb]{z /
/0fgLltsf] lj:t[t JofVof ul/Psf] 5 .
#=! b"/b[li6
nf]stGq tyf dfgj clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f / k|jw{gsf nflu tof/, lg/Gt/ lzIffk|lt k|ltab\w,
>dk|lt ;sf/fTds b[li6sf]0f, :j/f]huf/ pGd'v, d'n's / ;d'bfok|lt ;lj|mo, PSsfO;f}F ztfAbLdf
d'n's, ;dfh tyf hgtfn] ef]lu/x]sf r'gf}tLx¿sf] ;fdgf ug{ / ;dfwfgdf of]ubfg ug{ ;Ifd
gful/s tof/ kfg'{ g]kfnsf] ljb\ofno lzIffsf b"/b[li6 x'g\ .
#=@ p2]Zo
b]xfosf p2]Zo k|fKt u/]kl5 Dffly pNn]v ePsf b"/b[li6 ;fsf/ x'g] 5g\M
;dtf
!= nlIft ;d"x tyf If]qdf ePsf] lje]bnfO{ Go"gLs/0f ub}{ lzIff k|0ffnLdf kx'Fr, ;xeflutf tyf
l;sfO pknlAwsf b[li6n] ;dfj]lztf tyf ;dtf ;'lglZrt ug'{
u'0f:t/
@= lzIffdf ;fGble{stf Pjd\ u'0f:t/Lotf clej[b\lw ug'{
#= ljkt\ k|lt/f]ws k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ug'{
;Ifdtf
$= lzIf0f l;sfO k|lj|mof tyf l;sfO pknlAwdf :jLs[t Go"gtd dfkb08 ;'lglZrt ub}{ ;'b[9 /
:yfgLo ;/sf/k|lt hjfkmb]xL z}lIfs ;'zf;g tyf Joj:yfkgsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f ug'{
%= s]Gb|Lo, k|fGtLo Pjd\ :yfgLo ;/sf/lar d"No ;fem]bf/Lsf] cjwf/0ff cjnDag u/L lbuf] / ;'b[9
ljTtLo Joj:yfsf] ljsf; ug'{

45
;fGble{stf
^= klxrfg ul/Psf cfjZostf Pjd\ ;ª\3Lo kl/j]zcg's"n lzIff If]qsf] /fhgLlts Pjd\
k|zf;lgs k'gM;+/rgf ug'{
&= ljZj tyf /fli6«o kl/j]zdf g]kfnn] cfTd;ft\ u/]sf cfsfª\IffnfO{ ;xhLs/0f ug'{
#=# gLlt lgb]{z
!= ljb\odfg ljb\ofno Joj:yfkg tyf ;~rfng;DaGwL lgod sfg'gnfO{ gofF ;+ljwfgcg's"n
kl/dfh{g ug]{
@= cfwf/e"t lzIffsf ;fGble{stf, u'0f:t/ tyf ;dtfdf ;'wf/ ug]{ sfo{nfO{ k|fyldsLs/0f ug]{
#= kx'Frsf ;fy} u'0f:t/Lo dfWolds lzIff ;'lglZrt ug]{
$= d"Nodf cfwfl/t l;k pGd'v k];fut tyf Jofj;flos lzIffnfO{ hf]8 lbg]
%= lzIffnfO{ hLljsf]kfh{g tyf k];fut cfjZostf;Fu cfab\w u/fpg]
^= ;'/lIft ljb\ofnox¿sf] lgdf{0f ug]{
#=$ /0fgLlt
!= gofF ;+ljwfgcg's"n agfpgsf nflu ljb\odfg lgod sfg'gsf] k'g/fjnf]sg tyf d"Nofª\sg ug]{
@= cfwf/e"t lzIffsf] u'0f:t/ ;'wf/df hf]8 lbOg]
#= dfWolds lzIffsf kx'Frdf ;'wf/ ;'lglZrt ug{] vfnsf sfo{j|mdx¿sf] nfu' ug]{
$= dfWolds lzIffdf k|fljlws tyf Jofj;flos lzIffsf 5'6\6} wf/sf] sfof{Gjog ug]{
%= dflg;sf] hLljsf]kfh{g tyf /f]huf/Lsf nflu lzIffsf] ;fGble{stf tyf dxTTj a9fpg]
^= lzIf0f l;sfOsf nflu cg's"n / ;'/lIft :yfg ;'lglZrt ug{ ljkt\sf hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f ;DaGwL
sfo{j|mdx¿nfO{ d"nk|jfxLs/0f ug]{
$= pkIf]qut tyf ljifout p2]Zo, gLlt lgb]{z / /0fgLlt
• ljb\ofno If]q ljsf; sfo{j|mdsf pkIf]q / ;dfg ljifo If]qsf p2]Zo, gLlt lgb]{z / /0fgLltsf
¿k/]vf b]xfo cg';f/ 5g\ M
$=! k|f/lDes afn lzIff / ljsf; sfo{j|md
p2]Zo
• k|f/lDes afn ljsf;sf] k|jw{g ug'{
• lgwf{l/t pd]/leq} sIff ! df egf{ x'g afn aflnsfsf] tTk/tf ;'lglZrt ug{'
gLlt lgb]{z
• rf/ jif{ pd]/ ;d"xsf afn aflnsfnfO{ Ps jif{sf] k"j{ k|fylds lzIff jf k|f/lDes afn lzIff /
ljsf; sfo{j|mdsf] kx'Frdfkm{t ljb\ofnodf egf{sf] tof/L ;'lglZrt ug]{
• dfusf cfwf/df k|f/lDes afn lzIff / ljsf; sfo{j|mdsf] lj:tf/ ug]{
• ljb\odfg k"j{ k|fylds lzIff÷k|f/lDes afn lzIff / ljsf; sfo{j|md lj:tf/ ubf{ ef}uf]lns
¿kdf b'u{d tyf ;LdfGts[t ;d'bfonfO{ k|fyldstfdf /fVg]
• k"j{ k|fylds lzIff÷k|f/lDes afn lzIff tyf ljsf; sfo{j|md tyf ;]jf k|jfxsf u'0f:t/sf
dfkb08 k'/f ug]{
• :yfgLo ;/sf/åf/f k"j{ k|fylds lzIff÷k|f/lDes afn lzIff / ljsf; sfo{j|md / o;sf] ;]jf
k|jfxsf cfwf/e"t dfkb08 ;'lglZrt ug]{
46
/0fgLlt
;dtf
• :yfgLo ;d'bfo;Fu ;xsfo{ u/L cfjZos dfkb08, lgb]{lzsf tyf k|f]T;fxg sfo{j|mdx¿sf]
ljsf; u/L :yfgLo ;/sf/nfO{ dfusf cfwf/df k"j{ k|fylds lzIff÷k|f/lDes afn lzIff /
ljsf; sfo{j|md ;~rfngsf nflu dfkb08, lgb]{zg tyf k|f]T;fxgsf Kofs]hdfkm{t ;zStLs/0f
ug]{
• dfusf cfwf/df 3/, ljb\ofno, ;d'bfo cflbdf cfwfl/t tyf cfjf;Lo h:tf k"j{ k|fylds
lzIff÷k|f/lDes afn lzIff / ljsf; sfo{j|mdsf ljljw 9fFrfx¿sf] ljsf; ug]{
• k"j{ lgwf{l/t dfkb08 tyf lgb]{lzsfsf cfwf/df :yfgLo ;/sf/n] ;d'bfo, kl/jf/, cleefjs
;d"x tyf lghL Pjd\ ;fj{hlgs If]qnfO{ ;+nUg u/fO{ rf/ jif{ pd]/sf ;a} afn aflnsfsf] kx'Fr
;'lglZrt ug{ ! a;]{ k"j{ k|fylds lzIff÷k|f/lDes afn lzIff tyf ljsf; sfo{j|mdsf] lj:tf/
ug]{
• k"j{ k|fylds lzIff÷k|f/lDes afn lzIff / ljsf; sfo{j|mddf ;a}sf] ;dtfd"ns kxF'r ;'lgZrt
ug{ ljb\ofno egf{sf] tof/Ldf pRr lje]b /x]sf a:tL jf ;d'bfosf nflu ljz]if k|fjwfg nfu'
ug]{
u'0f:t/
• ;a} k"j{ k|fylds÷k|f/lDes afn lzIff tyf ljsf; s]Gb|x¿sf ef}lts tyf z}lIfs jftfj/0fdf
cwf/e"t :t/ ;'lglZrt ug{ s]Gb|Lo / :yfgLo ;/sf/x¿lar ;fembf/Lsf] k|jw{g ug]{
• cfjZos dfkb08 tyf lgb]{lzsfx¿sf] ljsf; u/L :yfgLo ;/sf/x¿nfO{ k"j{
k|fylds÷k|f/lDes afn lzIff / ljsf; s]Gb|x¿sf] Joj:yfkg tyf ;~rfng kb\wltsf]
;'b[9Ls/0fdf ;xof]u u/fpg]
• k"j{ k|fylds÷k|f/lDes afn lzIff / ljsf; sfo{j|mdsf ;fdu|Lx¿sf] :t/ tyf ;fGble{stf
;'lglZrt u/L ltgnfO{ k|f/lDes l;sfOsf ljsf;sf] dfkb08sf] :t/;Fu cfab\w u/fpg]
• ;a} k"j{ k|fylds÷k|f/lDes afn lzIff / ljsf; sfo{j|mdsf ;xhstf{nfO{ Ps dlxg] ;3g
tflnd k|bfg u/L Ifdtf ljsf; u/fpg]
• k"j{ k|fylds÷k|f/lDes afn lzIff / ljsf; sfo{j|mdsf nflu ;Defljt ;xhstf{ pTkfbg ug]{
pb\b]Zon] cfwf/e"t lzIff -sIff !)_ k"/f u/]sf ljb\ofyL{sf nflu Ps aif]{ z}lIfs sfo{j|mdsf]
ljsf; ug]{
;Ifdtf
• ;fd'bflos ljb\ofno / ltgsf] l5d]sdf /x]sf k"j{ k|fylds÷k|f/lDes afn lzIff / ljsf;
sfo{j|mdlar ;xdltsf cfwf/df sfo{d"ns ;DaGw :yflkt u/fpg]
• k"j{ k|fylds÷k|f/lDes afn lzIff / ljsf; sfo{j|mdsf] ;'kl/j]If0f tyf cg'udg ug{ :yfgLo
;/sf/sf] e"ldsfnfO{ ;'b[9 u/fpg]
• afn aflnsfdf /fd|f] glthf pknAw u/fpg :jf:Yo, kf]if0f, lzIff tyf ;'/Iff h:tf
sfo{j|mdx¿nfO{ ;dGjo ug{{ s]Gb| :t/sf dGqfnox¿larsf] ;dGjonfO{ ;'b[9 agfpg]

47
;fGble{stf
• l;k l;sfpg] ;Gbe{df k/Dk/fut tyf :yfgLo 1fgsf] k|of]u s;/L eO/x]sf] 5, ;f]sf] vf]hL ug]{
$=@ cfwf/e"t lzIff
p2]Zo
• cfjZos l;sfO ;Ifdtf ;lxt dfWolds lzIffdf k|j]zsf nflu ljb\ofyL{x¿sf] tTk/tf
;'lglZrt ug]{
• hLjgf]kof]uL l;k tyf d"Nodf cfwfl/t lzIffsf] k|jw{g ug]{
• ;fdflhs÷;f+:s[lts ljljwtf;Fu tfbfTDo tyf /fli6«o cy{tGqtkm{ cled'v u/fpg]
gLlt lgb]{z
• ;a}sf nflu clgjfo{ tyf lgMz'Ns cfwf/e"t lzIff ;'lglZrt ug'{' /fHosf] k|fylds bfloTj x'g]
• cfwf/e"t lzIffdf n}ª\lustf, ckfª\utf, ul/aL, ;LdfGts[t ;d'bfo tyf lk5l8Psf If]qdf
a;f]jf; ug]{x¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg ub}{ ;dtf sfod ug{] sfo{df k|fyldstf lbg]
• lzIf0fsf] dfWodsf ¿kdf q}eflifs gLltsf] cjnDag u/L ef}lts, z}lIfs, z}Ifl0fs k|lj|mofdf
u'0f:t/Lotf sfod ug]{
• lzIffdf ;dtnLo tyf nDaLo b'a} lx;faaf6 k|j]z ;'ud u/fpgsf nflu cf}krfl/s,
cgf}krfl/s tyf cGo 9fFrfsf lzIff k|0ffnLsf] k|df0fLs/0f ug]{
• d'n'ssf cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts ljljwtf;Fu cfab\w x'g] u/L Jojxf/ s'zn l;k tyf
d"Nodf cfwfl/t lzIffsf] sfof{Gjog ug]{
• lzIfs tyf ljb\ofyL{lar k7g ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf; ug]{
/0fgLlt
;dtf
• ljleGg pd]/ ;d"xsf ljb\ofyL{x¿sf] l;sfO cfjZostfnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ sIff !–#, !–% tyf
!–* h:tf pktxsf] Joj:yf ug]{
• u'Daf, u'?s'n, db\/;f tyf v'nf Pjd\ j}slNks lzIff nufot ;a} vfn] z}lIfs sfo{j|mdx¿df
;a}sf nflu clgjfo{ tyf lgMz'Ns lzIff ;'lglZrt ug]{
• hf]lvddf k/]sf, ckfª\utf ePsf tyf lgM;xfo nufot ljb\ofyL{sf leGg l;sfO cfjZostfsf]
;Daf]wgsf nflu v'nf, j}slNks, cfjf;Lo tyf ljz]if lzIffsf] Joj:yf ug]{
• b'u{d :yfgsf] cfjZostfcg';f/ 3'DtL ljb\ofno k|0ffnLnfO{ ;'b[9 ug]{
u'0f:t/
• leGg Ifdtf ePsf ljb\ofyL{x¿nfO{ lzIffsf] d"nwf/df ;d]6\g ;a} ;Dej :yfgx¿df Go"gtd
:t/sf ;dfj]zL l;sfO jftfj/0f ;'lglZrt ug]{
• ljb\ofnox¿nfO{ ljTtLo tyf k|ljlws b'j} k|sf/sf] ;xof]u k|bfg ug{ pko'St lgodgsf/L
Joj:yf tyf ;+/rgfx¿sf] ljsf; u/L ;a} ;fd'bflos tyf ;+:yfut ljb\ofnox¿df l;sfOsf
Go"gtd cj:yf ;'lglZrt ug]{

48
 • j}slNks, cf}krfl/s tyf cgf}krfl/s ;a} 9fFrfsf lzIffnfO{ k|df0fLs/0f ug{ nflu /fli6«o
of]Uotf k|f¿ksf] ljsf; ug{ kf7\oj|md ljsf; s]Gb|sf] sfo{ Ifdtf clej[b\lw u/L ;'b[9 ug{]
• l;sfO Ifdtf tyf l;ksf] k|jw{gsf nflu k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t kf7\o ;fdu|Lx¿sf] ljsf; ug]{
• hLjgf]kof]uL tyf Jojxf/ s'zn l;k tyf d"Nodf cfwfl/t lzIffnfO{ ;d]6\g] u/L kf7\oj|mdsf]
kl/dfh{g ug{]
• dft[efiff, /fli6«o efiff tyf cGt/f{li6«o efiff u/L lzIf0f l;sfOsf dfWodsf ¿kdf q}eflifs
gLlt cjnDag ug]{
• ljb\ofyL{sf] pknlAwsf] /fli6«o k/LIf0f (National Assessment of Student Achievement -
NASA)tyf k|f/lDes sIffdf k9fOsf] k/LIf0f (Early Grade Reading Assessment –EGRA)
af6 k|fKt glthfsf cfwf/df kf7\oj|md ljsf; s]Gb|n] sIff / txut ¿kdf l;sfO ;Ifdtfsf]
dfkb08 tof/ kfg]{ 5
• kf7\o ;fdu|L tyf z}Ifl0fs ;xof]u k|0ffnLnfO{ ljb\o'tLo agfpg]] / ljb\ofnox¿df kof{Kt ;"rgf
tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlw ;'ljwf pknAw u/fpg]
• kf7\oj|md ljsf; s]Gb|n] ;ª\3Lo gLltcg'¿k ljifo j:t' tyf z}Ifl0fs 9fFrf lgwf{/0f ug{ ;3fp
k'/o\ fpg] b[li6n] k|fGtsf nflu Pp6f /fli6«o kf7\oj|md k|f¿ksf] ljsf; ug]{ 5
• cWofkg cg'dlt kq k|0ffnL, lzIfssf] of]Uotf j[b\lw tyf lzIfssf] ;Ifdtfdf s]lGb||t ub}{
lzIfs tflnd sfo{j|mdnfO{ cem} k|efjsf/L agfpg]
• lzIfsdf Go"gtd u'0f:t/ tyf ;Ifdtf sfod ug]{ tyf lzIfs lgo'lStdf dlxnf, nlIft tyf
;LdfGts[t ;d"xnfO{ k|fyldstfdf /fVg]
• ljb\ofnosf lsl;d -j}slNks lzIff, ax'sIff lzIf0f, k/Dk/fut tyf ljz]if k|sf/sf ljb\ofno_
sf cfwf/df lzIfssf] kbsf] Joj:yfkg kb\wltsf] nfu' ug]{
• leGg Ifdtf ePsf ljb\ofyL{x¿sf nflu cg';Gwfgdf cfwfl/t kf7\oj|md ;Dab\w ;fdu|L tyf
d"Nofª\sgsf ;fwgsf] ljsf; ug]{
• lg/Gt/ d"Nofª\sg kb\wlt tyf k|f/lDes sIffdf k9fO k/LIf0f ljlwx¿sf] k|efjsf/L pkof]u
ub}{ ljb\ofyL{ d"Nofª\sgnfO{ ;'b[9 agfpg]
• k9\gsf nflu l;Sg] tyf l;Sgsf nflu k9\g] k|lj|mofnfO{ k|f]T;flxt ug{ ljb\ofnox¿df k':tsfno
tyf k9fO s'gf pknAw u/fpg]
• dfusf cfwf/df ljz]if ;d'bfo tyf ef}uf]lns cjl:yltsf nflu ax'sIff, ax'tx lzIffsf
/0fgLltx¿sf] ljsf; ug]{
;Ifdtf
• lzIf0f l;sfO ;xof]u k|0ffnLdf s]lGb|t ;'kl/j]If0f tyf cg'udg kb\wltsf] ;'b[9Ls/0fsf nflu
xfnsf] ;|f]ts]Gb| tyf ;|f]t JolStsf] e"ldsfsf] k'g/fjnf]sg u/L k/LIf0fsf ¿kdf k|To]s ;|f]t
s]Gb|df ;|f]t lzIfssf] Joj:yf ug]{ .
• ljb\ofnodf lzIf0f l;sfO sfo{df Joltt ug'{kg]{ ;do a9fpgsf nflu k|f]T;fxgd"ns k4lt nfu'
ug]{

49
$=# dfWolds lzIff
p2]Zo
• l;ko'St dfgj ;+;fwgsf] ljsf; u/L ljb\ofyL{x¿nfO{ sfdsf] ;+;f/sf nflu tof/ kfg'{
• u'0f:t/df ;Demf}tf gu/L lzIffsf] kx'Fr j[l4df hf]8 lbg'
• pRr lzIff;Fu cfa4 ug'{ / sfo{ pGd'v u/fpg'
• pRr lzIffsf nflu cfwf/ k|bfg ug'{
• ljb\ofyL{x¿nfO{ gful/s bfloTj jxg ug{ tTk/ agfpg'
gLlt lgb]{z
• lgMz'Ns dfWolds lzIffsf] Joj:yf ug]{
• dfWolds lzIffdf ;dtfd"ns kx'FrnfO{ k|fyldstf lbg]
• dfWolds lzIffdf ;fwf/0f / k|fljlws–Jofj;flos u/L b'O{ wf/ sfod ug]{ -b'a} wf/sf lzIffdf
Jojxf/ s'zn l;k l;sfpg], j[lTt ljsf;;Fu hf]8\g], /fli6«o Jofj;flos of]Uotf k|f¿k ;lxt
/fli6«o of]Uotf k|f¿ksf] Joj:yf ug]{_
• dfudf cfwfl/t ;|f]tsf] ljlgof]hg ug]{ -ljb\ofno / lzIfs_
• Joj:yfkg tyf ;~rfngsf] bfloTjdf ;fem]bf/Lsf] gLlt cjnDag ug]{
/0fgLlt
;dtf
• lgMz'Ns dfWolds lzIff sfof{Gjogsf nflu ;fem]bf/Lsf ljleGg 9fFrfsf] k|of]u ug{ lgodgsf/L
Joj:yf ug]{
• lgDg ;fdflhs cfly{s cj:yfsf ljb\ofyL{x¿sf] dfWolds lzIffdf kx'Fr tyf ;xeflutf
a9fpgsf nflu gub cg'bfg k|bfg ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfpg]
• leGg l;sfO cfjZostf ePsf tyf hf]lvddf k/]sf tyf ;LdfGts[t ;d"xsf ljb\ofyL{, h:t}M
;8s afn aflnsf, ckfª\utf ePsf, tyf r]kfª, /fp6], afbL, d';x/, 8f]d, rdf/, b';fw,
/fhdfdf, s';'G8f cflbsf] l;sfO cfjZostf ;Daf]wg ug{sf nflu v'nf, j}slNks, cfjf;Lo
tyf ljz]if lzIffsf] k|fjwfg ug]{
u'0f:t/
• v'nf, j}slNks tyf cgf}krfl/s lzIffsf k|df0f kqnfO{ ;dsIftf k|df0fLs/0f u/L Ps wf/ jf
txsf ljb\ofyL{nfO{ csf]{ wf/ jf txsf lzIffdf nDaLo tyf ;dtnLo b'j} lx;fan] k|j]z k|bfg
ug{ /fli6«o of]Uotf k|f¿k nfu' ug]{
• dfWolds sIff ;~rfng ug{ ;fj{hlgs jf ;+:yfut ljb\ofnox¿sf nflu Go"gtd cfwf/e"t
cfjZostfsf] ;"rL lgwf{/0f u/]/ ljb\ofnox¿df u'0f:t/sf] dfgs tof/ ug]{
• dfWolds ljb\ofnox¿df Go"gtd cfwf/e"t cfjZostf k"/f ug{ ;fem]bf/L tyf lhDd]jf/Lsf]
k|fjwfg ug]{
• kf7\oj|mddf ;dfnf]rgfTds l;sfO, ;xof]u, ;xsfo{ / ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlw h:tf
dxTTjk"0f{ l;k ;dfj]z u/fO{ ltgsf] k7g kf7g u/fpg] Joj:yf ldnfpg]
• ;fwf/0f tyf Jofj;flos b'j} wf/sf sIff ;~rfng ug]{ dfWolds ljb\ofnox¿sf nflu a[xt\
;xfotf k|0ffnL tyf lgodgsf/L k|fjwfg ug]{
50
 • lzIfs Joj:yfkg tyf k];fut ljsf;sf k|fjwfg sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg]
;Ifdtf
• dfusf cfwf/df 7'nf, cfjf;Lo tyf gd'gf ljb\ofnox¿sf] :yfkgf ug]{
• k|fljlws–Jofj;flos ljb\ofnox¿ ;~rfngsf nflu cfjZos ;+:yfut ;+/rgf tyf lgodgsf/L
k|fjwfgx¿ ug]{
• dfusf cfwf/df ljifo ljz]ifsf] cWoog cWofkg u/fpg] k|fljlws÷Jofj;flos ljb\ofnox¿sf]
Joj:yf ug]{
• pTs[i6tfsf cfwf/df cAan 7xl/Psf ljb\ofyL{x¿sf nflu k|f]T;fxgsf sfo{j|mdx¿sf] Joj:yf
ug]{ .
• hJffkmb]lxtf ;'lglZrt ug{ ljb\ofnox¿sf] ;~rfng tyf sfo{;Dkfbg :t/sf] jflif{s ¿kdf sfo{
;Dkfbg k/LIf0f ug]{
• dfWolds ljb\ofnox¿nfO{ sfo{ ;Dkfbgsf] :t/sf cfwf/df k'/:s[t tyf lgodg ug{sf nflu
hjfkmb]lxtf tyf sfo{;Dkfbg k/LIf0f ug]{
• lgDg txsf] pknlAw xfl;n ug]{ ljb\ofnox¿nfO{ ;xof]u ug{ ;xfotf Kofs]hsf] Joj:yf ug]{
• ljb\ofyL{x¿nfO{ l;ko'St / ;Ifd agfpg tflnd k|bfg ug{, ltgnfO{ gful/s, kfl/jfl/s tyf
;fdflhs bfloTjjf/] lzlIft u/fpgsf ;fy} bIf ljb\ofyL{sf ¿kdf pRr lzIffsf If]qdf k|j]z
;xh u/fpg vf; u/L cfwf/e"t ul0ft tyf lj1fgsf ljifosf dfWolds kf7\oj|mdsf]
k'g/fjnf]sg tyf kl/dfh{g ug{]
• :yflkt Jofj;flos 3/fgf tyf cf}bo\ f]lus k|lti7fgx¿;Fusf] ;xsfo{dfkm{t sfo{ :yn tflnd
lbgsf nflu / pb\odzLntfsf l;ksf] ljsf; ug{ z}Ifl0fs 9fFrfx¿sf] l8hfOg ug]{
• lghL tyf ;fj{hlgs If]q;Fusf] ;xsfo{dfkm{t k|fljlws÷Jofj;flos dfWolds lzIff -sIff (–
!@_ kf7\oj|mdsf] k'g/fjnf]sg tyf kl/dfh{g ug]{
$=$ hLjgko{Gt l;sfO tyf lg/Gt/ lzIff
p2]Zo
• gful/snfO{ ;Ddfghgs hLjg ofkgsf nflu rflxg] ;Ifdtf tyf cfwf/e"t hLjgf]kof]uL
l;k;lxt ;fIf/ u/fpg'
• j}slNks tyf nlrnf 9fFrfsf z}lIfs sfo{j|mdx¿nfO{ ;a}sf nflu lzIffsf /fli6«o pb\b]Zo
k|flKtdf k"/s agfpg'
• k9\g] / l;Sg] afgLsf] ljsf;sf] k|jw{g ug'{
gLlt lgb]{z
• ;a}sf nflu ;fIf/tf sfo{j|mdsf] k|fjwfg ug]{
• ljljw l;sfO cfjZostf ePsf nlIft ;d'bfosf nflu hLjgko{Gt l;sfOsf cj;/ l;h{gf ug]{
• lzIff / k];flarsf vf8n d]6\g j[lTt ljsf;df cfwfl/t ;fIf/tf sfo{j|mdx¿sf] ljsf; ug]{
/0fgLlt
;dtf
• k':tsfno tyf ;fd'bflos jfrgfnosf] lj:tf/dfkm{t lg/Gt/ lzIff sfo{j|mdsf] :t/ j[b\lw ug]{

51
 • nlIft ;d'bfosf nflu l;k ljsf; tyf cfo cfh{g;Fu cfab\w u/L ljz]if sfo{j|mdx¿
sfof{Gjog ug]{
• a9L pd]/ ePsf tyf ljb\ofno aflx/ /x]sf ;d"xsf nflu nlIft z}lIfs sfo{j|mdx¿ ;~rfng ug]{
u'0f:t/
• dfusf cfwf/df cf}krfl/s, v'nf tyf j}slNks 9fFrfsf z}lIfs sfo{qmdx¿ ljsf; u/L
sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg]
• k];fut ljsf; tyf sfd ;DaGwL l;ksf] ljsf;df s]lGb|t j[lTt ljsf;df cfwfl/t
sfo{j|mdx¿sf] ljsf; / sfof{Gjog ug]{
;Ifdtf
• :yfgLo ;/sf/x¿nfO{ ;fIf/tf tyf ;fIf/f]Tt/ sfo{j|mdx¿sf] ;dGjofTds ¿kn] ljsf;,
of]hgf tyf ;~rfngsf nflu ;zStLs/0f ug]{
• ;ª\ul7t gful/s ;dfh h:tf lzIffsf k|fylds ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿;Fu ;xsfo{ u/L /fli6«o :jod\
;]jf cleofg ;~rfng ug]{
• cg'udg tyf ;'kl/j]If0f ;xof]usf nflu :yfgLo ;+oGqsf] ljsf; ug]{
$=% ;d ljifo If]q (Cross-cutting Themes)
$=%=! lzIfs Joj:yfkg tyf k]zfut ljsf;
p2]Zo
• of]Uo tyf ;Ifd lzIfsx¿sf] k|fjwfg ug{'
• ;/sf/sf] lgb]{zg tyf dfu{ bz{gcg';f/ lzIf0f l;sfO ul/g] sfo{ lbg / lzIfsn] sIffdf
latfpg'kg]{ ;dosf] ;'lglZrttf ug'{
• lzIfs ljb\ofyL{df lzIf0f l;sfOsf ;Gbe{df pRr dgf]jn tyf pTk|]/0ffsf] ljsf; ug'{
gLlt lgb]{z
• ;+ljwfgsf] efjgfcg'¿k lzIfs Joj:yfkg ug]{
• of]Uotd tyf k];fut ¿kn] ;Ifd JolStx¿nfO{ lzIf0f ;]jfdf cfslif{t ug]{ / ltgnfO{ k];fdf
l6sfO/fVg k|oTg ug]{
• Go"g k|ltlglwTj ePsf ;d'bfonfO{ ;d]t Wofgdf /fvL lzIfs 5gf]6sf] ;Gt'lnt kb\wlt sfod
ug{] .
• lzIfsx¿sf nflu lgoldt k'gtf{huL tyf Ifdtf ljsf; sfo{j|md ;~rfng ug]{
/0fgLlt
lzIfs Joj:yfkg
• ljb\ofnox¿sf nflu ljifo lzIfs tyf cWofkg cg'dlt ;DaGwL sfo{x¿ k|efjsf/L ¿kn]
;Dkfbg ug{ lzIfs ;]jf cfof]usf] Ifdtf clej[b\lw ug]{ . lzIfs ;]jf cfof]un] pko'St
pd]bjf/nfO{ lzIfs kbdf lgo'lStsf nflu :yfgLo ;/sf/nfO{ l;kmfl/; ug]{ 5 / :yfgLo
;/sf/n] ltgnfO{ cfjZos kg]{ ljb\ofnodf lgo'St ug]{ 5
• cfwf/e"t lzIff tyf Jofj;flos wf/nufot dfWolds lzIffsf l/St lzIfs kbsf] kfFr k|ltzt
kbx¿df k|ltefzfnL :gftsnfO{ cfslif{t u/L kbk"lt{sf] k|jwfg ug]{
52
 • cfwf/e"t txsf lzIfssf ;fy;fy} dfWolds txdf sDtLdf @) k|ltzt l/St b/aGbLdf k"lt{
ug]{
• ;a} lhNnfsf ljb\ofnox¿df lzIfsx¿sf] ;dtfd"ns ljt/0f ;'lglZrt ug{ tyf lzIfsx¿sf]
k'glj{t/0f u/L lzIfs ljb\ofyL{ cg'kft ldnfpg lgodgsf/L k|fjwfgsf] ljsf; tyf sfof{Gjog
ug]{
• c:yfoL tyf lghL ;|f]taf6 lgo'St lzIfsx¿sf] Joj:yfkgsf nflu dfkb08 tyf lgb]{lzsfx¿
lgdf{0f u/L sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg]
• cWokg cg'dlt kq tyf lzIfs ;]jf cfof]usf] k/LIffdf of]Uo x'gsf nflu jf~5gLo of]Uotfsf]
dfkb08sf] k'g/fjnf]sg tyf ;'b[9Ls/0f ug{] . pbfx/0fsf nflu, Go"gtd cfjZos of]Uotf
xfl;n u/L Ps a;]{ tof/L tflndk"/f u/]sf JolStn] dfq cWofkg cg'dlt ;DaGwL k/LIffdf
a:g kfpg] Joj:yf ug]{
lzIfs ljsf;
• lghfdtL ;]jf P]gdf ePsf k|fjwfg ;/x lzIfsx¿nfO{ klg dflyNnf] txsf kbdf ;f]em}
kbf]Gglt x'g] k|fjwfg;lxt j[lTt ljsf; kysf] k|fjwfg /flvg] 5
• ljb\ofnox¿df cª\u|]hL, ul0ft tyf lj1fg h:tf d'Vo ljifox¿ k9fpg] lzIfsx¿sf] cfk"lt{sf
nflu lzIfs tof/L sfo{j|mdsf] ljsf; / ;~rfng ug]{
• k|To]s kfFr jif{df cWofkg cg'dlt kqsf] gjLs/0f ug]{
• lg/Gt/ l;sfO tyf k];fut ljsf;df ;3fp k'/o\ fpg] vfnsf sfo{j|mdx¿ sfof{Gjog ug]{
• lzIf0f k];fdf gjk|j]zL lzIfsx¿nfO{ j[lTt ljsf; tyf k|f]T;fxg;Fu ;Dab\w ub}{ kof{Kt
dfu{bz{g tyf ;xof]u ;lxt ;]jf k|j]z tflnd k|bfg ug]{
• pTs[i6 lzIfsx¿nfO{ lr7L tyf k|z+;f k|bfg u/L kq k|f]T;flxt ug]{
• lzIfsx¿nfO{ dfu tyf cfjZostfsf cfwf/df 5f]6f tyf dWod cjlwsf tflndsf] Joj:yf
ug]{
$=%=@ ;'zf;g / Joj:yfkg
pb\b]Zo
• z}lIfs ;]jf k|jfxnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg'
gLlt lgb]{z
• ;+ljwfgsf] k|fjwfgcg';f/ ljb\ofno k|zf;g tyf Joj:yfkgnfO{ j|mdzM :yfgLo ;/sf/df
x:tfGt/0f ug]{
• ljb\ofno ;~rfng tyf Joj:yfkgdf ;d'bfosf] ;dtfd"ns ;xeflutf tyf k|ltlglwTj u/fpg]
• z}lIfs ;]jfnfO{ cem ;Ifd / k|efjsf/L agfpg]

/0fgLlt
• ljb\ofno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt tyf lzIfs cleefjs ;ª\3 / ;|f]t s]Gb|sf sfd, st{Jo /
clwsf/nufot ljb\ofno ;~rfng tyf Joj:yfkg ;Dab\w lgod sfg'gx¿nfO{ ;+ljwfg cg's"n
agfpg ltgLx¿sf] k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{

53
 • ljb\ofno k|zf;g tyf Joj:yfkgsf] ;'b[9Ls/0fnfO{ b[li6ut u/L ljb\ofno Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf]
sfd st{Jo / clwsf/sf ;fy} ltgsf Ifdtfsf] ;d]t k'g/fjnf]sg ug{ :yfgLo ;/sf/nfO{
;xof]u k'/o\ fpg Pp6f /fli6«o sfo{9fFrfsf] ljsf; ug]{
• ljb\ofno txdf hafkmb]lxtf ;'lglZrt ug{ sfo{;Dkfbgdf cfwfl/t Joj:yfkg tyf nufgLsf]
k|jwfgsf] sfofGjog ug]{
• ljb\ofno k|wfgfWofksx¿sf nflu 5'6\6} ;]jf s/f/sf] Joj:yf nfu' ug]{ . o:tf] s/f/gfdfdf
x:tfIf/ ubf{ pgLx¿n] k]; u/]sf ;'wf/ of]hgf tyf sfof{Gjog ug]{ Ifdtfdf ljb\ofyL{ pknlAwdf
b]lvg] ;Defljt glthf slTtsf] k|blz{t x'G5, ;f]nfO{ cfwf/ dflgg] 5
$=%=# Ifdtf ljsf;
p2]Zo
• ;]jf k|jfxsf] u'0f:t/ / ;Ifdtfdf ;'wf/ ug'{ .
gLlt lgb]{z
• glthfd"ns ;]jf k|jfxsf nflu lzIff k|0ffnLsf] Ifdtf ljsf; ug'{
/0fgLlt
• ;du| lzIff k|0ffnLnfO{ gofF ;+ljwfgcg'¿k cled'v tyf k'gM;+/rgf ug]{
• z}lIfs If]qsf] dfgjLo ;+;fwgsf] Ifdtf tyf of]Uotf clej[b\lwsf nflu k];fut tflnd tyf
of]Uotf ljsf;sf sfo{j|mdx¿ sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg]
• j[lTtdf cfwfl/t b/aGbL tyf lzIfs ljsf;sf sfo{j|mdsf] sfof{Gjog tyf ;'b[9Ls/0f ug{sf
nflu sfg'gL k|jwfgx¿df ;'wf/ Nofpg]
• ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t Ifdtf ljsf;sf sfo{j|mdx¿sf] th'{df u/L sfof{Gjogdf
Nofpg]
• lzIfsx¿sf] Ifdtf ljsf;sf nflu ;/sf/L tyf lghL If]qsf lgsfox¿;Fu ;fem]bf/L k|bfg ug]{
• ljZj ljb\ofnodf cWoog/t lj1fg, ul0ft tyf cª\u|]hL ljifosf d]wfjL :gftsx¿nfO{ ljZj
ljb\ofnosf ;]d]:6/sf lardf ;fj{hlgs ljb\ofnox¿df tL ljifosf] cWofkgdf ;+nUg u/fpg]
sfo{j|mdx¿sf] ljsf; u/L sfof{Gjogdf NofOg] 5
• jflif{s /0fgLlts sfof{Gjog of]hgf tyf jflif{s of]hgf tyf ah]6df dfu tyf cfjZostfdf
cfwfl/t Ifdtf ljsf; sfo{j|mdsf nflu ah]6sf] Joj:yf ug]{
$=%=$ ljkt\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f tyf ljb\ofno ;'/Iff
p2]Zo
• ljkt\k"j{ tyf ljkt\kl5sf cg'ejnfO{ ljb\ofno If]q ljsf; sfo{j|mdsf] gLlt tyf /0fgLlt
lgdf{0fdf pkof]u ug'{,
• ljb\odfg ;/sf/L ;+oGqdfkm{t afn aflnsf, lzIfs, k|wfgfWofks, ljb\ofno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt,
cleefjs, ;d'bfo, lzIffsf clwsf/Lx¿ nufot ;a} txsf clwsf/Lx¿nfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpgsf
nflu ljb\ofnodf ljkt\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f tyf ljb\ofno ;'/Iffsf Go"td Kofs]hsf] klxrfg ug'{,
• ljkt\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f tyf ljb\ofno ;'/Iffsf] d"nk|jfxLs/0f ;'lglZrt ug{ lzIff dGqfno
tyf ljefusf g]t[TjbfoL clwsf/Lx¿nfO{ ;xof]u k'/o\ fpg ljkt\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f ;Dab\w d'Vo
kfqx¿ tyf rfn' Pjd\ eljiodf ;~rfng x'g] sfo{j|mx¿sf] lj:t[t cfFsng ug{'
54
gLlt lgb]{z
• ;+:yfut, lghL, wfld{s nufot g]kfndf ;~rflnt ;a} k|sf/sf ljb\ofnox¿ ljkt\k|lt k|lt/f]wL
ePsf] ;'lglZrt ug'{sf ;fy} ;a} ljb\ofyL{nfO{ u'0f:t/Lo lzIff k|fKt ug{ ;'/lIft :yfg ;'lglZrt
ug]{ . o;cGtu{t ;'/lIft :yfgsf] 5gf]6, ejg ;+lxtf, ljkt\ k|lt/f]wL l8hfOg, k|anLs/0f,
lgdf{0f sfo{sf] ;'kl/j]If0f tyf u'0f:t/sf] lgoGq0f cflb ;a} kb{5g\
• /fli6«ob]lv ljb\ofno tx;Ddsf ax'cfoflds hf]lvdx¿sf] d"Nofª\sg tyf gS;fª\sgsf
cfwf/df lzIff If]qdf ljkt\ Joj:yfkg -;+/rgfut / u}/ ;+/rgfut_ ;DaGwdf tTk/tf tyf
hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f Ifdtfsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f ug]{] . ljb\ofno txdf hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f sfo{of]hgf
lgdf{0f ug]{, ljb\ofno ;'wf/ of]hgfdf ljb\ofno ;'/IffnfO{ ;dfj]z ug]{, z}lIfs lg/Gt/tfsf]
of]hgf agfpg], ljkt\sf] k|ltsfo{ tyf k"j{tof/L Ifdtfsf ;fy} ;fd'bflos hfu/0f cflbnfO{ ;d]t
cGtj{:t' agfpg]
• ljkt\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f tyf k|lt/f]w Ifdtfsf ;DaGwdf /fli6«o tyf :yfgLo kf7\oj|md tyf
lzIfssf] k];fut ljsf; sfo{j|mddfkm{t cf}krfl/s tyf cgf}krfl/s lzIffdf d"nk|jfxLs/0f
ug]{
/0fgLlt
;'/lIft l;sfOsf ;'ljwf
• ;fd'bflos, ;+:yfut, wfld{s nufot ;a} k|sf/sf ljb\ofnox¿df ;a} k|sf/sf l;sfO ;'ljwfx¿
ljkt\ k|lt/f]wL agfpg]
• gofF ljb\ofno ejg lgdf{0fsf gd'gf l8hfOgx¿ ax' k|sf/sf ljkt\k|lt ;+j]bgzLn / ckfª\ud}qL
agfpg]
• ljb\ofnox¿sf] lgdf{0f tyf k|anLs/0fsf j|mddf clwsf/ k|fKt ;/sf/L lgsfo dfkm{t k|fljlws
;xof]u tyf k|df0fLs/0f u/fpg]
• ;'/lIft tyf hf]lvd k|lt/f]wL ljb\ofno ejg lgdf{0fdf ;fd'bflos ;+nUgtf clej[b\lwsf]
;'lglZrttf ug{sf nflu :ki6 dfu{lgb]{z tof/ kfg]{
• ljb\ofno ejg lgdf{0fdf ;+nUg ;a} ;+:yfx¿nfO{ ;/sf/L lgod sfg'gsf] kl/kfngf u/fpg] .
• ;|f]t tyf nfut -d"Nofª\sg, of]hgf, ;'kl/j]If0f, sfof{Gjog, k/fdz{, ;dGjo, cg';Gwfg /
ljsf;, ;r]tgf tyf Ifdtf ljsf;_ sf] k|ltab\wtf ;lxt ;'/lIft ljb\ofno ejg
lgdf{0f÷k'glg{df{0fsf nflu ;doab\w sfo{ of]hgf agfpg]
ljb\ofno ljkt\ Joj:yfkg
• ljleGg k|sf/sf ljkt\sf nflu ljkt\ ;DaGwL d'Vo ;Gb]z;lxtsf] :t/Lo sfo{ ;~rfng
k|lj|mofx¿ ljb\ofnodf x'g'kg]{ 5 . o;nfO{ ljkt\ Joj:yfkg ;Dab\w clwsf/Lx¿sf] ;dGjodf
lzIff clwsf/Lx¿af6 :jLs[t ug]{
• lzIfs tflnd sfo{j|mddf ljkt\sf hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f ;DaGwL ;a} k|d'v ;Gb]zx¿ ;d]6L /
ljb\ofyL{, lzIfs, ljb\ofno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt tyf ;d'bfodf ljleGg ;+oGqdfkm{t ltgsf] tyf k|rf/
k|;f/ ug]{
• lzIfs, k|wfgfWofks, ljb\ofno Joj:yfkg ;ldltnufot g]kfndf ljkt\sf hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f
tyf ljb\ofno ;'/Iff ;Dab\w ;a} JolSt jf lgsfox¿sf nflu ;/sf/åf/f :jLs[t ljkt\sf
hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f ljifos kf7\o ;fdu|Lsf ;]6 tof/ kfg]{
55
 • lel8cf], l8le8L tyf gf6s h:tf>Jo b[Zo lzIf0f l;sfO ;fdu|Lsf] lgdf{0f u/L k|of]u ug]{
• ljb\ofno ;'wf/ of]hgfdf hf]lvd cfFsng tyf ljb\ofno ;'/Iff of]hgfsf] ;dfof]hg ug]{ ;Gbe{df
k|wfgfWofks tyf ljb\ofno Joj:yfkg ;ldltx¿nfO{ cfjZos k|fljlws ;xof]u pknAw u/fpg]
• ljkt\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f ug]{ ;Gbe{df ljb\ofno Joj:yfkg ;ldltn] lgjf{x ug'{kg]{ e"ldsf tyf
sfo{x¿nfO{ b[li6ut u/L ltgsf] sfd st{Jo tyf clwsf/sf] k'g/fjnf]sg tyf kl/dfh{g ug]{]
• hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fdf ;lj|mo ;xeflutf ;'lglZrt ug{sf nflu afn aflnsf, cleefjs, kl/jf/sf
;b:o tyf ;d'bfonfO{ ljkt\sf hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f ;DaGwL ultljlwdf cfab\w u/fpg]
• afn aflnsf tyf o'jfx¿nfO{ kl/jt{gsf ;+jfxs dfgL ltgnfO{ ljkt\sf hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf
l;sfO lj|mofsnfkdf ;lj|mo ¿kn] ;l/s u/fpg] . o; k|of]hgsf nflu afn Sna, o'jf ;d"x
nufotsf ;ª\3 ;+:yfx¿nfO{ pkof]u ug]{
• ljkt\ Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL ;a} ;fdu|Lx¿df ;a}sf] ;xh kx'Fr ;'lglZrt u/fpg] . To:tf
;du|Lsf] ljsf; n}ª\lus ;dfgtf tyf ;fdflhs ;dfj]lztfsf] l;b\wfGt cg'¿k x'g] 5g\\
• @)&@ ;fn j}zfvdf uPsf] e"sDkaf6 xfl;n cg'ejsf cfwf/df ljkt\sf] cfkt\sfnLg of]hgf
tyf tof/L of]hgfx¿sf] k'g/fjnf]sg, kl/dfh{g Pjd\ lg/Gt/ k/LIf0f u/fpg]
hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f tyf pTyfgzLntf -resilience_ lzIff
• afn lzIff tyf ljsf;sf r/0fb]lv dfWolds lzIff;Ddsf kf7\oj|mdx¿sf] k'g/fjnf]sg u/L
ltgdf ljkt\sf hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf l;sfO pknlAw ;dfof]hg ug]{
• kl/dflh{t kf7\oj|mdsf cfwf/df k"j{ ;]jfsfnLg, ;]jfsfnLg nufot ;a} k|sf/sf lzIfs tflnd
;fdu|LnfO{ cb\ofjlws ug]{]
• ljkt\sf hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf /0fgLltk|lt ljb\ofyL{x¿ k"0f{ ;r]t ePsf] tyf hf]lvdo'St
jftfj/0fsf] cfFsng ug{ ;Ifd eO{ ljkt\sf a]nf dfgjLo IfltnfO{ Go"g u/fpg] ljifosf]
;'lglZrttf ug]{]
• hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f lzIffnfO{ n}ª\lus ;dfgtf Pjd\ ;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0fsf l;b\wfGtcg'¿k
agfpg] / ;f]dfly ;a}sf] kxF'r ;'lglZrt ug]{]
• ljkt\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf ljifoj:t' ;a} txsf cf}krfl/s, cgf}krfl/s, k];fut Pjd\ cfwf/e"t
r]tgfsf] txb]lv Jofj;flos tflnd;Ddsf kf7\oj|mdx¿df PsLs[t ug]{
• hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f tyf pTyfgzLntf lzIff k|bfg ug{ :yfgLo kf7\oj|md nufotsf k|fjwfgsf]
k|of]u ug]{
• pko'St :yfgsf] k|of]u u/L cgf}krfl/s lzIffsf dfWodaf6 hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f tyf hf]lvd
pTyfgzLntf lzIffsf] k|af]wLs/0f ug]{
• Affn aflnsf, cleefjs tyf ;d'bfodf o; k|af]wLs/0f ug{ ljleGg ;fwgx¿sf] k|of]usf] k|jw{g
ug{ Pp6f ;~rf/ /0fgLltsf] ljsf; ug]{
$=%=% cg'udg tyf d"Nofª\sg / k/LIf0f
p2]Zo
• gLlt lgdf{tfx¿nfO{ ;fdfGotM lzIff k|0ffnLsf], ljz]if u/L l;sfO pknlAwsf] cj:yf af/]
hfgsf/L k|bfg ug'{
• sfo{j|md tyf lj|mofsnfk af/] sfof{Gjog ug]{ lgsfonfO{ lgoldt k[i7kf]if0f pknAw u/fpg'

56
gLlt lgb]{z
• ljb\ofyL{ pknlAwsf] /fli6«o k/LIf0fsf c;n cEof;nfO{ cjnDag ug]{
• ljb\ofyL{x¿sf] pknlAwsf] k/LIf0fnufot lzIff k|0ffnLsf] :jtGq ¿kdf ;dLIff tyf k/LIf0f ug{
z}lIfs u'0f:t/ k/LIf0f s]Gb|sf] ;+:yfut Ifdtf ;'b[9Ls/0f ug]{
/0fgLlt
• z}lIfs Joj:yfkg ;"rgf k|0ffnL tyf glthfd"ns cg'udg Pjd\ d"Nofª\sg k|0ffnLsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f
ug]{
• lgoldt ¿kdf ljb\ofyL{sf] pknlAw k/LIf0f (NASA) tyf k|/lDes sIff k9fO sfo{j|mdsf]
d"Nofª\sg (EGRA) ug{sf nflu z}lIfs u'0f:t/ k/LIf0f s]Gb|sf]] Ifdtf ljsf; u/fpg]
• ljb\ofyL{sf] pknlAw k/LIf0f, k|f/lDes sIff k9fO sfo{j|md, z}lIfs u'0f:t/ k/LIf0f s]Gb|,
cg'udg tyf d"Nofª\sg tyf z}lIfs Joj:yfkg ;"rgf k|0ffnLaf6 k|fKt glthfnfO{ of]hgf tyf
gLlt lgdf{0f;Fu cfab\w ug]{
• z}lIfs sfo{j|mdx¿sf] cfjlws d"Nofª\sgsf nflu pko'St vfnsf 9fFrfsf] th'{df tyf ljsf;
ug]{
• cg';Gwfgdf cfwfl/t cg'udg tyf d"Nofª\sg k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ug]{
• nfeflGjt ;d"xsf] ;Gt'li6 ;DaGwL ;e]{ tyf lgdf{0ffTds cg';Gwfg ug]{
• z}lIfs tYofª\s Joj:yfkgdf k|ljlwsf] k|of]unfO{ ;'b[9Ls/0f ug]{
$=^ k/LIff tyf k|df0fLs/0f
p2]Zo
• z}lIfs of]Uotf k|df0fLs/0fsf nflu ljZj;gLo k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; u/L d'n'se/ ;dsIftf k|bfg
ug]{
gLlt lgb]{z
• z}lIfs of]Uotfsf] k|df0fLs/0fsf nflu Pp6f /fli6«o k/LIff k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ug]{
• k/LIff tyf k|df0fLs/0fnfO{ ljs]Gb|Ls/0f ug]{ .
• lzIffsf] d"Nofª\sg ;'lglZrt ug{sf nflu lgdf{0ffTds, lg0f{ofTds / k/LIff ;'wf/ sfo{sf]
sfof{Gjog tyf ;'b[9Ls/0f ug]{
/0fgLltx¿
• /fli6«o k/LIff af]8{sf] :yfkgf ug]{
• sIff *, !) / !@ sf] cGTodf ltg txdf /fli6«o k/LIff ;~rfng ug]{
• ljb\ofnon] cGo ;a} sIffsf] k|df0f kq kbfg ug]{
• ;a} z}lIfs k|df0f kqdf cIf/fª\sg kb\wlt cjnDag ug]{
• kf7\oj|md, kf7\ok':ts tyf d"Nofª\sgsf] k'g/fjnf]sg tyf ltgsf] cfk;L ;DaGw sfod ug]{
$=& ljTtLo Joj:yf
p2]Zo
• z}lIfs ljsf;sf nflu kof{Kt ljTtLo ;|f]tsf] Joj:yf ug]{
• z}lIfs gLlt lgb]{zgsf nflu kof{Kt ;|f]tsf] Joj:yf ug]{
• pknAw ;|f]t ;fwgsf] k|efjsf/L Joj:yfkg ug]{
gLlt lgb]{z
57
 • ;/sf/n] Ps a;]{ k"j{ k|fylds÷k|f/lDes afn ljsf; / lzIff nufot ;du| ljb\ofno lzIffsf]
nfut Joxf]g]{
• o;sf nflu s]Gb|Lo Pjd\ k|fGtLo ;/sf/x¿lar nfut ;fem]bf/Lsf] Joj:yf ug]{
• ljb\ofnodf ;/sf/L z}lIfs cg'bfg lbgsf nflu Go"gtd dfkb08sf] ;'lglZrttf ug]{
• z}lIfs sfo{j|mddf nufgL ug{ lghL tyf ;fj{hlgs If]qsf] e"ldsfsf] clej[b\lw ug]{
• nufgLsf k|d'v k|efj If]qdf hf]8 lbgsf nflu lzIffdf afx\o ;xof]u lng]
/0fgLlt
• kmd'{nfsf cfwf/df cg'bfg ljt/0f u/fpg], h:t}M cfwf/e"t÷k|ltab\w cg'bfg, k|f]T;fxg cg'bfg /
ljz]if cg'bfg Kos]h cjnDag ug]{
• glthfdf cfwfl/t ;|f]t ljlgof]hg k|0ffnL cjnDag ug]{
• lzIffdf nufgLsf nflu s]Gb|Lo, k|fGtLo tyf :yfgLo ;/sf/x¿sf e"ldsf tyf bfloTjlar
;dGjo ug{sf nflu lzIffdf ;du| nfufgLsf] 9fFrfsf] ljsf; ug]{
• 7"nf ljb\ofno, cfjf;Lo ljb\ofno tyf ljz]if ljb\ofno h:tf :t/Lo k|sf/sf ljb\ofnx¿sf]
lsl;d lgwf{/0f ug]{ . k|To]s k|sf/sf ljb\ofnosf nflu Go"gtd dfkb08 lgwf{/0f u/L ;f]xL
cfwf/df k|lt ljb\ofno vr{sf] cfFsng u/L Psd':6 cg'bfg k|jflxt ug]{ . ljb\ofnodf ul/Psf
nufgL /sdsf]] dxTTj ;'lglZrt ug{sf d"No k|efjsfl/tf tyf k|ltkmnsf] ljZn]if0f ug]{
k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ug]{
• ;fj{hlgs vr{ cg'udg ;e]{, ;]jf k|jfx ;e]{, lgoldt cg'udg / ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO tyf l/kf]6{
sf8{sf] Joj:yf u/]/ ljTtLo cg'zf;g tyf ;'zf;g sfod ug]{
ljb\ofno If]q ljsf; of]hgfsf d'Vo sfo{ ;Dkfbfg ;'rsx¿(KPI)
pkIf]q÷ljifout cfwf/ /]vf # jif{] of]hgfsf] % jif{] & jif{]
;"rsx¿ -@)!%÷!^_ nIo of]hgfsf] nIo of]hgfsf]
-@)!*÷@! -@)@)÷@! nIo
;Dd_ ;Dd_ -@)@@÷@#
;Dd_
!= k|f/lDes afn lzIff tyf ljsf;÷k"j{ k|yflds lzIff -k|faflzlj÷k"k|flz_
!=!= k|faflzlj÷k"k|flzdf s'n 81 86 89.5 94
egf{ b/
!=@ k|faflzlj÷k"k|flzdf 93.7 95.5 97 100
cfjZos of]Uotf k|fKt
lzIfssf] k|ltzt
!=#= k|faflzlj÷k"k|flzdf Ps 0 30 65 100
dlxg] tflnd k|fKt
lzIfssf] k|ltzt

58
 pkIf]q÷ljifout cfwf/ /]vf # jif{] of]hgfsf] % jif{] & jif{]
;"rsx¿ -@)!%÷!^_ nIo of]hgfsf] nIo of]hgfsf]
-@)!*÷@! -@)@)÷@! nIo
;Dd_ ;Dd_ -@)@@÷@#
;Dd_
!=$= k|faflzlj÷k"k|flzdf cg'ej 62.4 68.5 73 85
ePsf sIff ! df
gjk|j]zLsf] k|ltzt
@= cfwf/e"t lzIff -sIff !–*_
@=!= sIff ! df s'n egf{ b/ 136.7 130.5 127 115

@=@= sIff ! df v'b egf{ b/ 93.9 95 96 100

@=#= s'n egf{ b/ cfwf/e"t 135.4 130.5 125.5 115

lzIff -sIff -!–*_
@=$= v'b egf{ b/ cfwf/e"t 96.6 97.5 98.5 100
lzIff -sIff ! – %_
@=%= s'n egf{ b/ cfwf/e"t 120.1 198 115 112
lzIff -sIff ! – *_
@=^= v'b egf{ b/ cfwf/e"t 89.4 94 97 100
lzIff -sIff ! – *_
@=& cfwf/e"t lzIff -sIff ! – 1 1 1 1
*_ df n}lª\us ;dtf
;"rsfª\ssf cfwf/df v'b
egf{ b/
@=*= sIff * df l6sfp b/ 76.6 86 92 97

@=(= cfwf/e"t lzIff tx k"/f 69.6 78.5 85 90

ug{]sf] b/
@=!) cfwf/e"t lzIff -% – !@ 10.6 7.5 5 0
jif{ pd]/_ sf ljb\ofno
aflx/ /x]sf afn
aflnsfsf] k|ltzt
@=!!=! sIff # df ljBfyL{ k7g 27.2 33.2 37.2 50
;Ifdtf k|ltzt
@=!@=! sIff % df ljBfyL{sf] ul0ftM $* %@ %^ %)
@=!@=@ l;sfO pknlAwsf] cª\u]h
| LM $& %# %& ^)

59
 pkIf]q÷ljifout cfwf/ /]vf # jif{] of]hgfsf] % jif{] & jif{]
;"rsx¿ -@)!%÷!^_ nIo of]hgfsf] nIo of]hgfsf]
-@)!*÷@! -@)@)÷@! nIo
;Dd_ ;Dd_ -@)@@÷@#
;Dd_
@=!@=# k|fKtfª\s k|ltzt g]kfnL $^ %$ %( ^%
@=!#=! sIff * df ljBfyL{sf] ul0ftM #% $* %% ^)
l;sfO pknlAwsf]
k|fKtfª\s k|ltzt
@=!#=@ g]kfnLM $* %@ %& ^@
@=!#=# lj1fgM $! $( %% ^)
#= dfWolds lzIff
#=! sIff ( –!@ sf] s'n egf{ %^=& &@ *% ()
b/
#=@ sIff ( –!@ sf] v'b egf{ #&=& $% %# ^)
b/
#=# sIff !) ;Ddsf] l6sfp #&=( %) ^% &%
b/
#=$ sIff !@ ;Dd l6sfp b/ !!=% !* @% #!
#=% dfWolds lzIff -sIff ! – )=(( ! ! !
!@_ df n}lª\us ;dtf
;"rsfª\ssf cfwf/df
v'b egf{ b/
#=^ gd'gf ljb\ofnosf] ;ª\Vof 0 340 540 1000

#=& k|fljlws ljifodf sIff (– 9750 72540 102600 126600

!@ df egf{ x'g] ljBfyL{sf]
;ª\Vof
$= cgf}krfl/s lzIff tyf hLjgko{Gt l;sfO
$=! ^ jif{dflysf] ;fIf/tf b/ 78 85 87 90

$=@ !%–@$ jif{dflysf] ;fI/tf 88.6 92 95 98

b/
$=# !% jif{ dflysf] ;fIf/tf 57 70 75 80
b/
%= lzIfs Joj:yfkg tyf k];fut ljsf;
60
 pkIf]q÷ljifout cfwf/ /]vf # jif{] of]hgfsf] % jif{] & jif{]
;"rsx¿ -@)!%÷!^_ nIo of]hgfsf] nIo of]hgfsf]
-@)!*÷@! -@)@)÷@! nIo
;Dd_ ;Dd_ -@)@@÷@#
;Dd_
%=! cfwf/e"t txdf dlxnf 38.8 42 45 50
lzIfssf] k|ltzt
%=@ dfWolds txdf dlxnf 15.1 18 20 22
lzIfssf] k|ltzt
^= If]qut cfly{s Joj:yf
^=! lzIffdf /fli6«o ah]6sf] 12.4 15 17 20
s'n k|ltzt

Sources: a. DoE (2016); b and c. ERO (2016); d. NPC (2016); e. NPC (2014); f. CBS (2012)

@=% /fli6«o k|f/lDes sIff k9fO{ sfo{qmd (NEGRP) -@)!$÷!%–@)!(÷@)_

lzIff dGqfnon] b'O{ jif{sf nflu ljb\ofno If]q ;'wf/ sfo{j|md lj:tfl/t of]hgf -@)!$÷!%—@)!%÷!^_
cg'df]bg u/L sfof{Gjogdf NofPsf] lyof] . o; of]hgfn] b'O{ jif{df ;DkGg ug'{kg]{ sfo{j|mdsf]
k|fyldstfsf If]q ;dfj]z ug'{sf ;fy} ;g\ @)!% kl5sf nflu z}lIfs sfo{j|mdsf] ¿k/]vf lgwf{/t u/]sf]
5 . o; j|mddf ljleGg r/0fdf 5nkmnx¿ eP . ljz]iftM oL 5nkmn ljsf;zLn /fi6«sf] ;fIf/tf /
k|f/lDes sIffdf l;sfO pknlAwsf] ;'wf/sf d'4fdf s]lGb|t lyP . cWoogx¿n] ljsf;zLn d'n'sx¿sf
k|f/lDes sIffsf] l;sfO pknlAw:t/ cToGt Go"g /x]sf] b]vfPsf] 5 . o;} tYonfO{ b[li6ut ub}{ ljb\ofno
If]q ;'wf/ sfo{j|mdn] æk|f/lDes sIff k9fO sfo{j|mdÆ nfO{ ;fd'bflos ljb\ofnosf] ;Ifdtf / u'0f:t/
;'wf/ ug]{ cfwf/e"t l;ksf ¿kdf ljz]if k|fyldstfsf ;fy cufl8 a9fPsf]df ljBfno If]q ljsf;
of]hgfn] ;d]t o;nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbPsf] 5 .
g]kfn ;/sf/sf] k~r jifL{o sfo{j|mdsf ¿kdf k|:t't æ/fli6«o k|f/lDes sIff k9fO sfo{j|md—
/f=k|f=s=k=sf=Æ(National Early Grade Reading Program -NEGRP)cfly{s jif{ @)!$ b]lv k|f/De ul/g]
of]hgf /x]sf] lyof] . o;n] k|f/lDes txsf sIff ! b]lv # ;Ddsf afn aflnsfsf] k9fO l;ksf] ljsf;df
hf]8 lbPsf] 5 . ljb\ofno If]q ;'wf/ sfo{j|mdn] ck]Iff u/]sf cjwf/0ff / k|s[ltsf] k"/ssf ¿kdf o;
b:tfj]hsf] th'{df ul/Psf] xf] . o; b:tfj]hn] /fli6«o k|f/lDes sIff k9fO sfo{j|mdsf] cjwf/0ff tyf
/0fgLltx¿nfO{ lj|mofsnfk tyf sfof{Gjog of]hgfdf 9fnL lj:t[t agfPsf] 5 . To;}n] o; b:tfj]hnfO{
ljb\ofno If]q ;'wf/ sfo{j|md h:tf] /fli6«o sfo{j|mdsf] Ps cleGg kIfsf ¿kdf lnOPsf] 5 . o'P;PcfO8L
g]kfnsf] k|fljlws ;xof]udf lzIff dGqfnon] o; b:tfj]hsf] th'{df u/]sf] xf] .
sfo{j|mdsf] k|d'v pb\b]Zo
sIff ! b]lv # ;Ddsf ;a} ljb\ofyL{sf] k9fO l;ksf] ;'wf/ ug'{ xf] . oL sIffsf ljb\ofyL{n] a'em]/ pko'St
ultsf ;fy k9\g l;Sg]5g\ / k9]sf ljleGg kf7\of+zx¿sf] cy{ lgsfNg ;Sg]5g\ . ;dtfd"ns l;sfOdf
sfo{j|mdn] hf]8 lbg] x'gfn] ;a} ljb\ofyL{sf] k9fO l;ksf] clej[b\lw x'g] 5 .
61
/fli6«o k|f/lDes sIff k9fO sfo{j|mdsf k|d'v cjojx¿
sfo{j|mdsf k|d'v cjojx¿ b]xfocg';f/ 5g\M
!= k|f/lDes afn lzIff tyf ljsf; sfo{j|mdsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f
@= z}Ifl0fs 9fFrf
#= ;fdu|L ljsf;, pTkfbg / ljt/0f
$= lzIfssf] k];fut ljsf; / z}Ifl0fs ;xof]u
%= lg/Gt/ d"Nofª\sg / pkrf/fTds ;xof]u
^= ;fd'bflos ljsf; / ;xof]u
&= cg';Gwfg, cg'udg / d"Nofª\sg
;a}sf nflu lzIffsf ;Gbe{df ljutsf bzs / To;cl3 blIf0f Pl;ofnL d'n'sx¿sf k|of; d"ntM
k|fylds lzIffdf afnaflnsfsf] kx'Fr a9fpg / ltgnfO{ sIffdf l6sfO /fVgdf s]lGb|t /x] . o;
ljZjJofkL k|oTgaf6 pNn]vgLo pknlAw xfl;n ePsf 5g\ . g]kfndf ljb\ofno txsf] ;du| lzIffsf]
ljsf; tLj| u/fpg] pb\b]Zon] ;g @))( b]lv k|d'v dfu{bz{s zlStsf ¿kdf ljb\ofno If]q ;'wf/
sfo{j|mdsf] sfof{Gjogdf eof] . ljb\ofnodf cfwfl/t ;a} txsf lzIffsf] ljsf;sf ;du| k|oTgnfO{
If]qut kb\wltdf 9fnL PsLs[t / 7f]; ¿kn] cufl8 a9fp“b} cfPsf] ljb\ofno If]q ;'wf/ sfo{j|mdnfO{
;flaseGbf a9L cu|ufdL dflgPsf] 5 . o; sfo{j|mdsf] ljutsf] kfFr jif{sf] sfof{jlwdf kx'“rsf] j[b\lw /
n}ª\lus ;dfgtfsf ;"rsx¿df pNn]Vo k|ult ePsf 5g\ . sfo{j|mdsf] cfwf/ jif{ ;g\ @))*–( df
cfwf/e"t lzIff -sIff !–*_ sf] v'b egf{b/ &# k|ltzt laGb' sfod /x]sfdf ;g\ @)!@–!# ;Dddf
*&=% k|ltzt k'Ug uof] . ;f]xL cjlwdf k|fylds tyf cfwf/e"t lzIffsf n}ª\lus ;dtfsf] ;"rsfªs
)=(( lyof] h;nfO{ k"0f{ ;dtfsf] cj:yf eGg ;lsG5 . o; lzIffsf] jt{dfg u'0f:t/ j[b\lwsf lx;fan]
;a} ljb\ofnodf lzIf0f l;sfOnfO{ k|efjsf/L 9ª\un] cufl8 a9fpg ;3fpg] k|fyldstf k|fKt Go"gtd
cfjZostfx¿ (PriorityMinimum Enabling Conditions -PMECs) ;'lglZrt ug'{ ljb\ofno If]q ;'wf/
sfo{j|mdsf] k|fyldstf /xg uPsf] 5 .PMECs cGtu{t kf“r s'/f cfjZos kg]{ elgPsf] 5M !_ pko'St
sIff sf]7f, @_ lzIfs–ljb\ofyL{sf] pko'St cg'kft, #_ ;doleq} lgMz'Ns kf7\o k':tssf] pknAwtf, $_
aflnsfx¿sf nflu ljb\ofnodf zf}rfnosf] ;'ljwf tyf %_ sIff sf]7fdf k':ts s'gf . xfn g]kfndf oL
kf“r} s'/f k"/f ug]{ ;fd'bflos ljb\ofnox¿sf] ;ª\Vof Go"g /x]sf] 5 . s]an $ k|ltzt ;fd'bflos
ljb\ofnon] dfq oL kf“r} cfjZostf k"/f ug{ ;s]sf 5g\ . !! k|ltztn] Ps≤ @# k|ltztn] @, sl/a #@
k|ltztn] # / @* k|ltztn] $ dfq k"/f u/]sf 5g\ . k9fOsf l;k j[b\lwsf nflu clgjfo{ ;t{sf ¿kdf
dflgPsf] k':ts s'gf ** k|ltzt ;fd'bflos ljb\ofnodf 5}g .
/fli6«o k|f/lDes sIff k9fO sfo{j|mdsf k|d'v l;b\wfGt
/fli6«o k|f/lDes sIff k9fO sfo{j|mdsf k|d'v lgb]{zs l;4fGt b]xfocg';f/ /x]sf 5g\ . ltgnfO{ ;fdfGo
l;4fGt / k9fO ;DaGwL l;4fGt u/L b'O{ efudf juL{s/0f ul/Psf] 5 M
;fdfGo l;b\wfGt
s= ;dtfd"ns u'0f:t/sf] lzIff M /fli6«o k|f/lDes sIff k9fO sfo{j|mdsf] d"n cfwf/ ;dtfd"ns
u'0f:t/sf] lzIff x'g]5 . pko'St jftfj/0f lbPdf ;a} afn aflnsf k9fO / n]vfO l;k l;Sg ;Ifd
x'G5g\ eGg] dfGotfdf o; sfo{j|mdsf] 9fFrf tof/ kfl/Psf] xf] . /fli6«o k|f/lDes sIff k9fO
sfo{j|mdn] sIffleq ;a} afn aflnsfdf l;sfO ;'lglZrt ug]{ /0fgLlt k|jw{g ug]{ 5 .
v ljb\ofyL{sf nflu l;sfOdf a9L ;do M ljz]if ¿kn] k9fO;Fu ;DalGwt l;sfOpGd'v z}Ifl0fs 9fFrfsf]
ljsf; ul/g] 5, h;df ;du| sIff lzIf0f, ;d"x tyf Psn lj|mofsnfk cflbnfO{ a9fjf lbOg]

62
 5 .pko'St lsl;daf6 cEof; k'l:tsf tof/ kfg{ ;lsof] / ltgsf] ;xL k|of]u x'g ;Sof] eg] klg
ljb\ofyL{sf] ;do l;sfO sfo{df nufpg ;lsG5 .
u= ljb\ofyL{sf] ;lj|mo l;sfO M l;sfOsf sfddf ;lj|mo x'g] cj;/ ldNof] eg] ljb\ofyL{sf] l;sfO
k|efjsf/L x'g ;S5 . s]an bf]xf]/o\ fpg], cg's/0f ug]{ tyf 3f]sfpg]df cTolws hf]8n] l;sfOsf]
ck]lIft glthf k|fKt x'g ;Sb}g . ;lj|mo l;sfOsf] jftfj/0fdf ljb\ofyL{nfO{ lgoldt ¿kn] ;fgf /
r'gf}tLk"0f{ sfd ug]{ cj;/ lbPdf / To:tf sfd ug{ pko'St lsl;dn] ;xof]u ul/Pdf ljb\ofyL{n]
/fd|/L l;Sg ;S5g\ . k|efjsf/L l;sfOsf nflu k"0f{ ¿kn] ljifo j:t' s]lGb|t geO{ l;k s]lGb|t
lzIf0f ljlwsf] cfjZostf kb{5 .
3= ljb\ofyL{sf] l;sfOk|lt k4ltut pTt/bfloTj M afn aflnsfsf] l;sfOsf nflu lg/LIf0f tyf lzIf0f
;xof]usf ;DaGwdf ;|f]t JolSt≤ sIff lzIf0fdf lzIfs, k7g kf7gsf] cg'udgnufot 3/df afn
aflnsfsf] x]/rfx / ;xof]df cleefjssf] e"ldsf dxTTjk"0f{ x'G5 . To;sf/0f afn aflnsfsf]
l;sfOk|lt ;|f]t JolSt, lzIfs tyf cleefjs ;a} ;dfg ¿kn] hjfkmb]xL x'g] k4ltsf] ljsf; x'g'
cfjZos 5 .
ª= lzIfssf] k];fut ljsf;sf] lg/Gt/tf M sIff lzIf0fsf] cEof;df kl/jt{g ;'lglZrt ug{sf nflu
lzIfssf] k];fut ljsf; sfo{j|mdsf] lg/Gt/tf, k'gtf{huL tflnd, sfo{zfnf, cGt/lj|mof tyf gd'gf
kf7 k|bz{g tyf tt\:yfg k|fl1s ;xof]u, kf7 of]hgfsf nflu lzIfs a}7s cflb dxTTjk"0f{ x'G5g\ .
tflnd k|of]ufTds tyf sIff lzIf0fdf lzIfssf nflu k|ToIf ¿kn] pkof]uL x'g'k5{≤ / afn
aflnsfn] s;/L k9\g l;S5g\ eGg] ljifosf] 1fg lbg ;Sg'k5{ .
r= bf]xf]¥ofpg / cEof; ug{ kof{Kt ;do M ;a} ljb\ofyL{nfO{, vf; u/L sdhf]/ ljb\ofyL{nfO{ s]Gb| laGb'df
/fv]/ ljb\ofyL{nfO{ bf]xf]/o\ fpg / cEof; ug{ kof{Kt ;dosf] k|fjwfg /fVg'k5{ .
^= :ki6 nIosf cfwf/df lgoldt d"Nofª\sg M d"Nofª\sgsf] glthfsf cfwf/df lzIf0fsf] ultnfO{
;dfof]hg ug]{, yk kl/dfh{g tyf z}Ifl0fs ljlwdf ;'wf/ ug]{ .
USAID sf] ;xof]udf ;g\ @)!$÷!% df !^ cf]6f lhNnfdf EGRP sfo{qmd nfu" ul/g] of]hgf eP
tfklg z}lIfs ;q @)&# af6 ^ cf]6f lhNnfdf dfq k/LIf0fsf] ¿kdf nfu" ul/Psf] lyof]. tL
lhNnfx¿ qmdzM s+rgk'/, afFs], sf:sL, dgfª, eStk'/ / ;Kt/L /x]sf 5g\ eg] z}lIfs ;q @)&%
;fnaf6 wgs'6f, k;f{, d':tfª, ?kGb]xL, alb{of, bfª, 8f]Nkf, ;'v]{t, 88]+nw'/f / s}nfnLdf of] sfo{j|md
nfu" ePsf] 5 . s'n &) ldlnog 8n/ cg'dflgt vr{ /x]sf] o; sfo{j|mddf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] *
ldlnog 8n/ /xg] 5 .

@=^ rfn' cfjlws of]hgfdf lzIff -rf}wf}+ of]hgf M @)&#÷&$—@)&%÷&^_

!= k[i7e"ld
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn] lzIff;DaGwL xsnfO{ df}lns xssf ¿kdf k|Tofe"t u/]sf] 5 . o;}u/L /fHosf
lgb]{zs l;4fGtdf lzIffnfO{ gful/ssf cfwf/e"t cfjZostfsf] ¿kdf juL{s/0f u/L ;a} gful/snfO{
lzIffsf] cj;/ pknAw u/fpg' /fHosf] bfloTj /xsf] ljifo k|i6 kfl/Psf] 5 . g]kfnnfO{ cNkljsl;t
/fi6«sf] ;"rLaf6 d'Qm u/fO{ ljsf;f]Gd'v /fi6«sf] ;"rLdf ;dfj]z u/fpg Pjd\ lbuf] ljsf;sf nIocg'¿k
;dfj]zL / ;dGofodf cfwfl/t lzIff ;a}df k'¥ofpg;d]t lzIff If]qsf] ljsf; ckl/xfo{ 5 .
lzIff k|0ffnLnfO{ cfly{s ;fdflhs ¿kfGt/0fsf] ;+jfxssf] ¿kdf ljsf; ug]{, ;a} tx Pjd\ ljwfsf]
lzIffdf ;dtfd"ns kx'Fr ;'lglZrt ug]{, lzIffnfO{ /f]huf/L pGd'v agfpg], u'0f:t/df ;'wf/ Pjd\
Joj:yfksLo Ifdtfdf clej[l4 u/L cfly{s ;fdflhs ljsf;sf nIo xfl;n ug]{tkm{ lzIff gLlt tyf
63
sfo{qmd pGd'v /x]sf 5g\ . cfly{s jif{ @)&@.&# ;Dddf sIff Psdf afnlasf;sf] cg'ej;lxt egf{
x'gcfpg] afnaflnsf ^@=$ k|ltzt k'u]sf], k|fylds tx -!–%_ sf] v'b egf{ b/ (^=^ k|ltzt, cfwf/e"t
tx -!–*_ sf] v'b egf{ b/ *(=$ k|ltzt tyf dfWolds tx -(–!@_ sf] v'b egf{ b/ #&=& k|ltzt
k'u]sf] 5 . sIff !–!) sf] l6sfp b/ #&=( k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 , sIff !–% ;Ddsf] sIff 5f8\g] b/ #=(
k|ltzt / bf]xf]¥ofpg] b/ &=^ k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . o;}u/L v'b egf{ b/df n}lª\us ;dfgtfdf klg
pNn]vgLo k|ult ePsf] 5 . o:tf] ;dfgtf k|fylds txdf )=((, cfwf/e"t txdf !=)) / dfWoflds
txdf )=(( /x]sf] 5 .hgu0fgf @)^* cg';f/ s'n ;fIf/tf b/ ^%=( k|ltzt k'u]sf] 5 .
@= r'gf}tL tyf cj;/
r'gf}tL
lzIffsf ;a} txdf u'0f:t/ clej[l4 ug]{, lzIffnfO{ Joj;fo tyf /f]huf/Ld"ns agfpg], ;a} txsf]
lzIffnfO{ ;dtfd"ns / ;dfj]zL agfpg], k|fljlws lzIff tyf Jofj;flos tflndnfO{ cfdgful/ssf]
kx'Fr;Dd k'¥ofpg], lzIfssf] dfu / cfk"lt{aLr ;Gt'ng sfod ug]{, nufgLcg'¿ksf] k|ltkmn ;'lglZrt
ug]{, ;+ljwfg k|bt lzIff;DaGwL xssf] pkef]u ug]{ ;fy} ;du| z}lIfs If]qsf] Joj:yfkgdf ;'wf/ u/L
;'zf;gsf] k|Tofe"lt ug]{ sfo{ r"gf}tLk"0f{ 5 . o;}u/L sIff !–!) sf] #&=( k|ltzt /x]sf] l6sfp b/nfO{
j[l4 ug]{, sIff !–% ;Ddsf] sIff 5f8\g] b/ #=( k|ltzt / bf]xf]¥ofpg] b/ &=^ k|ltzt /x]sfn] oL b/nfO{
36fpg] ;fy} ut jif{ uPsf] dxfe"sDkaf6 Ifltu|:t ;+/rgfsf] k'g:yf{kg / k'glg{df{0f ug]{ r'gf}tL klg
/x]sf] 5 .
cj;/
;a} tx / ljwfsf z}lIfs k"jf{wf/sf] lj:tf/ ePsf], dlxnf, blnt, hghflt / ckfª\utf ePsf Pjd\
;LdfGts[t ;d'bfosf afnaflnsf / ljBfyL{sf] ;a} txdf egf{ b/df pNn]vgLo ¿kdf j[l4 ePsf],
;fwf/0f lzIffsf cltl/Qm dfWolds / pRr lzIffdf k|fljlws tyf Jofj;flos lzIff Pjd\ tflndsf]
lj:tf/ ePsf] / pRr lzIff;Dd k|fljlws tyf Jofj;flos wf/nfO{ lj:tf/ ug{ dfu{ k|;:t ePsf] 5 .
o:t} ;d'bfodf lzIffk|ltsf] cfsif{0f a9]sf], :jf:Yo tyf ;/;kmfO, jftfj/0f ;+/If0f / cfÇgfxs
clwsf/k|ltsf] ;hutf a9]sf], z}lIfs ;"rgf k|0ffnL / z}lIfs ;'zf;gsf nflu cfwf/lznf tof/ ePsf]
;fy} l8lh6n l8efO8nfO{ Go"g ub}{ n}hfg] qmddf lzIf0f l;sfO lj|mofsnfkdf ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/
k|ljlwsf] k|of]udf lj:tf/ ePsf cflb sf/0fn] u'0ffTds lzIffsf] ljsf; ug]{ cj;/ l;h{gf ePsf] 5 .
#= ;f]r, nIo, p2]Zo, /0fgLlt / sfo{gLlt
#=! ;f]r
lzIffdf ;a}sf] kxF'r / u'0f:t/ clej[l4 u/L k|lt:kwL{, pBdL / gjk|jt{gzLn dfgj k'FhLsf]
ljsf;af6 cfly{s ;fdflhs ¿kfGt/0f .
#=@ nIo
!= ;a}nfO{ hLjgpkof]uL lzIffsf cj;/ k|bfg ub}{ hLjgko{Gt l;sfO pGd'v tyf gjk|jt{gzLn
z}lIfs k|0ffnL ljsf; ug]{ .
@= d'n'ssf] cfjZostfcg'¿k u'0f:t/Lo, Jofj;flos / l;ko'Qm lzIff k|bfg ug]{ .
#= /f]huf/L Pjd\ :j/f]huf/Lsf nflu l;kd"ns lzIffsf] lj:tf/ ug]{ .
#=# p2]Zo
!= lzIffdf ;dtfd"ns cj;/ ;'lglZrt ub}{ lzIffnfO{l;ko'Qm, ;do–;fGble{s / u'0f:t/o'Qm
agfpg' .

64
 @= j}slNks pkfosf] cjnDagaf6 ;a} tx Pjd\ k|sf/sf] lzIff / l;kd"ns tflnddf kxF'r
clej[l4 ug'{ .
#= z}lIfs k|zf;gdf lg/Gt/ ;'wf/, gjk|jt{g / ;'zf;gnfO{ ;+:yfut ug'{ .
#=$ /0fgLlt
!= hLjgko{Gt lzIff, clgjfo{ cfwf/e"t lzIff tyf lgMz'Ns cfwf/e"t / dfWoflds lzIff
k4ltnfO{ k|efjsf/L ¿kdf sfof{Gjog ug]{ .
@= /f]huf/L / pBdzLntf ljsf; ug{ k|fljlws / Jofj;flos lzIffsf] lj:tf/ ug]{ .
#= ;a} txsf] lzIffsf] u'0f:t/df ;'wf/ Nofpg] .
$= cfly{s ¿kn] ljkGg, nf]kf]Gd'v / ;LdfGts[t ;d'bfo / ckfª\utf ePsf Jolj|msf] lzIffdf
kx'Fr ;'lglZrt ug]{ .
%= pRr lzIffnfO{ kx'Frof]Uo, k|lt:kwL{ / cg';Gwfgd"ns agfpg] .
^= ;fj{hlgs / lghL txaf6 k|bfg ul/g] lzIffaLrsf] u'0f:t/df /x]sf] cGt/ 36fpg] .
#=% sfo{gLlt
!= ;fIf/tf tyf ;fIf/f]Q/ sfo{qmdsf] ;dGjofTds ¿kn] ljsf;, of]hgf tyf ;~rfngsf nflu
:yfgLo ;/sf/;Fu ;xsfo{ ul/g]5 . -!_
@= cgf}krfl/s lzIff / cf}krfl/s lzIffsf] bf]xf]/f] k|j]zsf] cj;/ k|bfg u/L k|fKt 1fgsf]
;dsIftf lgwf{/0f tyf k|df0fLs/0f ul/g]5 . o;sf ;fy} lg/If/ / gj;fIf/nfO{ hLjgko{Gt
lzIff lbg ;fd'bflos cWoog s]Gb|dfkm{t\ ;fIf/tf :jod\;]js kl/rfng ul/g]5 . -!_
#= clgjfo{ tyf lgMz'Ns cfwf/e"t lzIff ;'lglZrt ug{ ;+:s[t, kfnL, ef]6efiff, u'?s'n, afxf–
axL, laxf/, u'Daf, db/;f, v'nf Pjd\ j}slNks lzIff sfo{qmdnfO{ yk k|efjsf/L agfOg]5 .
-!_
$= lzIfs b/aGbL ldnfg sfo{nfO{ k|efjsf/L ¿kdf cl3 a9fO{ ljb\ofnodf lzIfssf] ;dtfd"ns
ljt/0f ;'lglZrt ul/g]5 . xfn ljBdfg sfg'gL tyf gLltut k|fjwfgcg';f/ k|fylds txdf
clws b]lvg] :jLs[t b/aGbLnfO{ cfjZostfcg';f/ dflyNnf] txdf ¿kfGt/0f u/L kbk"lt{sf]
Joj:yf ldnfOg]5 . -!,#_
%= lzIff If]qdf lghL If]qsf] ;xeflutfnfO{ Jojl:yt ug]{ tyf lghL / ;fj{hlgs ljb\ofnosf
lzIffsf] u'0f:t/sf] cGt/nfO{ sd ug]{ sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/g]5 . -!,#_
^= ljb\ofno lzIffdf hLjgf]kof]uL tyf Jojxf/ s'zn l;k / d"Nodf cfwfl/t lzIffnfO{ ;d]6\g]
u/L kf7\oqmdsf] kl/dfh{g u/L sfof{Gjogdf NofOg]5 . -@_
&= k|fljlws / Jofj;flos ljb\ofno ;~rfngsf nflu cfjZos ;+:yfut ;+/rgf tyf lgodgsf/L
Joj:yfnfO{ yk k|efjsf/L agfOg]5 . ;fwf/0f tyf Jofj;flos b'j} wf/sf sIff ;~rfng ug]{
dfWolds ljb\ofnonfO{ cfjZos >f]t Joj:yf u/L yk ;'b[9Ls/0fsf nflu sfo{ljlw, k|lj|mof /
;+oGqnfO{ ;'b[9 ul/g]5 . -@_

65
*= k|fljlws lzIff tyf Jofj;flos tflndsf] If]qdf nufgLsf] ;'lglZrtfsf nflu k|fljlws tyf
Jofj;flos lzIff / tflnd;DaGwL PsLs[t sf]ifsf] :yfkgf ul/g]5 . -@_
(= Jofj;flos ljb\ofno / kf]ln6]lSgs ;+:yf yk lj:tf/ u/L lzIffnfO{ /f]huf/Ld"ns agfpg]
sfo{qmd sfof{Gjogdf NofOg]5 . -@_
!)= lghL If]q, u}/;/sf/L If]q, :yfgLo lgsfo / ljsf;sf ;fem]bf/;Fusf] ;xsfo{af6 k|fljlws
lzIff tyf Jofj;flos tflndsf cj;/ lj:tf/ ul/g]5 . -@_
!!= k"j{k|fylds sIff / k|f/lDes afnljsf;;Fu ;DalGwt l;sfO ;fdu|Lsf] :t/ tyf ;fGble{stf
;'lglZrt u/L ltgnfO{ afnljsf; s]G›sf afnaflnsfsf] :t/cg'¿k agfOg]5 . -#_
!@= ljZj ljb\ofnodf pTs[i6 glthf xfl;n ug]{ ljBfyL{nfO{ lzIf0f k]zfdf cfsif{0f ug{ cfjZos
sfg'gL tyf gLltut Joj:yf ul/g]5 . -#_
!#= ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlwnfO{ ;du| lzIff k|0ffnLsf] cleGg cª\usf] ¿kdf PsLs[t ub}{
l8lh6n l8efO8nfO{ sd ub}{ nlug]5 . -#_
!$= ljb\ofno lzIffsf] u'0f:t/ clej[l4 tyf ljBfyL{sf] l;sfO ;'lglZrttfsf nflu dft[efiff,
/fli6«o efiff / cGt/f{li6«o efiffnfO{ lzIf0f l;sfOsf] dfWodsf ¿kdf ckgfO{ lzIffdf
ax'eflifs gLlt cjnDag ul/g]5 . -#_
!%= ljBfyL{sf] l;sfO clej[l4sf nflu lg/Gt/ d"NofÍg k4lt tyf k|f/lDes afn sIffdf k9fO
l;k ljsf; ljlwsf] k|efjsf/L pkof]u ub}{ nlug]5 . -#_
!^= dfWolds tx ;~rfng ug]{ ;fd'bflos tyf ;+:yfut b'j} k|sf/sf ljb\ofnodf pknAw x'g'kg]{
Go"gtd cfwf/e"t ;'ljwfsf] ;"rL lgwf{/0f u/]/ ljb\ofnodf u'0f:t/sf] dfgs tof/ u/L nfu"
ul/g]5 . -#, ^_
!&= ljb\ofno txsf] ;]jf k|jfxnfO{ yk k|efjsf/L agfpg / hjfkmb]lxtf ;'lglZrt ug{
ljb\ofnosf] ;~rfng tyf sfo{;Dkfbg:t/sf] jflif{s ¿kdf sfo{ ;Dkfbg k/LIf0f ug]{ /
sfo{;Dkfbgdf cfwfl/t Joj:yfkg tyf nufgLsf] k|fjwfg nfu" ul/g]5 . -#_
!*= lzIfssf] k|fl1s pGgog Pjd\ k]zfut ljsf;sf nflu dfu tyf cfjZostfsf cfwf/df 5f]6f
tyf dWod cjlwsf tflnd ;~rfng ul/g]5 . -#_
!(= ljb\ofnosf] Joj:yfkg ;'wf/ tyf z}lIfs pknlAw clej[l4sf nflu k|wfgfWofks;Fu
sfo{;Dkfbg s/f/sf] Joj:yf nfu" ul/g]5 . -#_
@)= hg;ª\Vof / e"uf]n;d]tsf] cfwf/df ljb\ofnosf] gS;fª\sg u/L k'g;{+/rgf ul/g]5 . -#_
@!= lzIfssf] sfo{;DkfbgnfO{ljb\ofnosf x/]s sIffsf ljBfyL{n] xfl;n u/]sf] glthf;Fu cfa4
u/L k'/:sf/ tyf b08sf] Joj:yf ul/g]5 . -#_
@@= ;a} k|sf/sf z}lIfs ;+:yfsf] ef}lts cj:yfdf ;'wf/ u/L ljkb\k|lt/f]wL agfOg]5 . ljBfyL{sf]
l;sfOdf ljkb\ Joj:yfkg ljifo ;dfj]z ul/g]5 . -#_
@#= z}lIfs u'0f:t/ lgwf{/0fsf nflu /fli6«o of]Uotf lgwf{/0f k|0ffnL / /fli6«o Jofj;flos of]Uotf
lgwf{/0f k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; u/L sfof{Gjogdf NofOg]5 . -#_

66
@$= pTs[i6 z}lIfs Joj:yfkg tyf ;]jfk|jfxdfkm{t z}lIfs u'0f:t/ clej[l4 ug{, cToGt lk5l8Psf]
;d'bfo, nf]kf]Gd'v, ul/a kl/jf/af6 cfpg] h]x]Gbf/ ljBfyL{, cNk;ª\Vos ;d'bfosf
afnaflnsfsf] lzIffsf] nflu b]zsf ljleGg :yfgdf 7"nf, cfjf;Lo tyf gd'gf ljb\ofno
;~rfngdf NofOg]5 . -#, $_
@%= rf/jif{ pd]/sf ;a} afnaflnsfsf] lzIffsf] nflu Psjif]{ k"j{k|fylds sIff / k|f/lDes
afnljsf; sfo{qmdsf] gS;fª\sgsf cfwf/df cToGt b'u{d a:tL jf ;d'bfo / ef}uf]lns ljs6
If]qdf nlIft u/L k'glj{t/0f / lj:tf/ ul/g]5 . -$,!_
@^= hf]lvddf k/]sf, cNk;ª\Vos tyf nf]kf]Gd'v ;d'bfosf ljBfyL{sf] l;sfO cfjZostf
;Daf]wgsf nflu v'nf, j}slNks, cfjf;Lo tyf ljz]if lzIff sfo{qmdnfO{ yk ;'b[9Ls/0f
ul/g]5 . -$_
@&= b'u{d tyf lxdfnL lhNnfsf ljb\ofnodf egf{ ePsf ljBfyL{sf] lg/Gt/tf tyf l;sfO
;'lglZrttfsf nflu ;~rfngdf /x]sf cfjf;Lo ljb\ofno tyf 3'DtL ljb\ofnosf] Ifdtf
lj:tf/ ul/g]5 . -$_
@*= dfgj ljsf; ;"rsfÍsf cfwf/df kl5k/]sf] If]q tyf ul/aL JofKt /x]sf] If]qnfO{ nlIft u/L
ljb\ofnodf lbjf vfhf sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/g]5 . -$_
@(= blnt, 5fqf, hghflt, nf]kf]Gd'v hfthflt, ul/a tyf h]x]Gbf/ ljBfyL{sf nflu cfjZostfsf]
cfwf/df 5fqj[lQsf] Joj:yf ul/g]5 . -$_
#)= leGg l;sfO cfjZostf ePsf, hf]lvddf k/]sf tyf ;LdfGts[t ;d"xsf ljBfyL{sf] l;sfO
cfjZostf ;Daf]wg ug{sf nflu v'nf, j}slNks, cfjf;Lo tyf ljz]if lzIff sfo{qmdsf]
;'ljwf lj:tf/ ul/g]5 . -$_
#!= gofF ljb\ofno ejg lgdf{0fsf gd'gf l8hfOg ax'k|sf/sf ljkb\k|lt ;+j]bgzLn / ckfËd}qL
x'g]u/L agfOg]5 . -$_
#@= pRr j}1flgs Pjd\ k|fljlws / cg';GwfgfTds lzIffdf nufgL a9fOg]5 . -%_
##= pRr lzIffsf] kx'Fr k'Ug g;Sg] b'u{d :yfg / j}slNks kx'Frsf] cfjZostf kg]{nfO{ Wofgdf
/fvL v'nf ljZjljb\ofnonufot v'nf Pjd\ b"/lzIff k|0ffnLsf] ;+:yfut ljsf; ul/g]5 . -%_
#$= pRr lzIffnfO{ /fli6«o k|fyldstfsf cfwf/df Joj:yfkg ug{ s[lif, kz'lj1fg tyf jg,
kof{j/0f, lj1fg tyf k|ljlw, lrlsT;f lj1fg, cfo'j]{b, ko{6g, Ol~hlgol/ª\, hnljB't\,
gjLs/0fLo zlj|m, pBf]u tyf Jofkf/nufotsf If]q;Fu ;Da4 sfo{d"ns Pjd\ /f]huf/pGd'v
pRr lzIffsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/nfO{ k|fyldstf lbOg]5 . -%_
#%= pRr lzIffdf u'0f:t/ ;'lglZrttf / k|Tofog k|df0fkqsf cfwf/df dfq ljb]zL pRr lzIff
k|bfos ;+:yfnfO{ ;DaGwg lbg] Joj:yf ldnfOg]5 . -%_
#^= pRr lzIffsf kf7\oqmd tyf sfo{qmdnfO{ /fli6«o cfjZostf;Fu cfa4 u/L logLnfO{
cg';Gwfgd"ns Pjd\ k|j4{gfTds agfOg]5 . -%_
#&= pRr lzIff P]g hf/L u/L pRr lzIffdf ljljwLs/0f / u'0f:t/df ;'lglZrt ub}{ k|efjsf/L
¿kdf lgodg ul/g]5 . -%, ^_
67
 #*= k|fljlws tyf Jofj;flos lzIffdf ;xh / ;/n kx'Frsf nflu ;fdflhs Gofosf cfwf/df
nfut cg'bfg, nfut ;fem]bf/L / nfut p7\tLsf] cfwf/df z'Ns lgwf{/0f ug]{ gLlt cjnDag
ul/g]5 . -%_
#(= b'u{d tyf dfgj ljsf; ;"rsfª\ssf cfwf/df kl5 k/]sf If]qdf ;DefJotfsf cfwf/df k|ljlw
pGd'v cfª\lus SofDk;sf] :yfkgf ul/g]5 . -%_
$)= k|To]s k|b]zdf ;Gt'lnt z}lIfs ljsf;sf nflu sDtLdf Pp6f k|fljlws tyf Jofj;flos pRr
z}lIfs ;+:Yffsf] :yfkgf ul/g]5 . -%_
$= ck]lIft pknlAw
of]hgfsf] cGTodf !% jif{dflysf ;fIf/tf b/ *% k|ltzt, !% b]lv @$ jif{ pd]/ ;d"xsf] ;fIf/tf
b/ (@ k|ltzt k'u]sf] x'g], sIff Psdf afnljsf;sf] cg'ej;lxt egf{ x'g cfpg] afnaflnsfsf]
;ª\Vof &* k|ltzt k'u]sf] x'g] / cfwf/e"t tx sIff !–* sf] v'b egf{ b/ ($ k|ltzt tyf
dfWolds tx sIff (–!@ sf] v'b egf{ b/ $% k|ltzt k'u]sf] x'g]5 . ;fy}, sIff * / !) sf]
l6sfp b/ qmdzM *) / %) k|ltzt k'u]sf] x'g], ;a} ufpFkflnsf / gu/kflnsfsf j8fdf
;fd'bflos cWoog s]Gb| :yfkgf ePsf] x'g], pRr lzIffdf lj1fg ljifo cWoog/t ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vof %
k|ltzt k'u]sf] x'g], pRr lzIffdf ;xh} b]lvg] egf{ b/ @) k|ltzt k'u]sf] x'g] / u'0f:t/Lo k|fljlws
tyf Jofj;flos tflndsf] kx'Frsf] nflu cfwf/ ;'lglZrt ePsf] x'g]5 .

68
 kl/R5]b M tLg

lzIff ;DaGwL xfn;Ddsf k|ltj]bg

;j{k|yd /f0ff k|wfgdGqL jL/zdz]/sf kfnfdf g]kfnsf nflu s] s:tf] lzIff of]hgf th'{df ug'{kg]{ xf]
eGg] rrf{ rn]sf] lyof] . ax;df ljleGg ts{ p7] o:t} of]hgf ug'{kb{5, of] efiffsf dfWodaf6 o;/L
k9fpg'k5{ eGg] lgisif{ cfpg ;s]g . jL/zdz]/sf] cfÇg} c7f]6n] cfÇgf 5f]/f u]x]Gb|zdz]/nufot &
hgfnfO{ k|fljlws lzIff lbnfpg hfkfg k7fPsf lyP . k|wfgdGqL b]jzdz]/sf] ef/bf/Ldf s'g k|sf/sf]
lzIff g]kfnsf nflu pko'Qm xf]nf eGg] ax; rNof]] . b]jzdz]/ / hok[YjLaxfb'/ l;+x g]kfnL efiffsf]
kIfdf, kl08t lbJob]j kGt / s]xL kl08t ;+:s[taf6 lzIff lbg'kb{5 eGg] kIfdf / a6's[i0f d}q]o
cª\u|]hLdf lzIff lbg'kb{5 eGg] kIfdf /x] . 7"n} ax; / 5nkmnkl5 g]kfnL efiffd} lzIff lbg'kb{5 eGg]
lgisif{ lgsfnL b]jzdz]/n] hok[YjLaxfb'/ l;+xnfO{ …cIf/fª\s lzIffÚ gfds k':ts n]Vg nufO{ ;f]xL
k':ts b]jzdz]/n] vf]n]sf kf7fzfnfdf k9fpg yflnof] .
rGb|zdz]/n] b]jzdz]/nfO{ kbaf6 x6fPkl5 pgsf kf7zfnfsf b/aGbL vf/]hLdf k/] . h'4zdz]/n]
lj=;+= !((# dfu{ @% ut] @@ ;b:oLo lzIff af]8{ u7g u/] . To;} af]8{sf] l;kmfl/;df g]kfnL lghfdtL
dWodf k/LIffsf] kf7Øqmddf ‘s d]n’ / ‘v d]n’ ul/of] .k|fylds txsf] kf7Øqmd klg k|sflzt ePsf]
lyof] . /f0ffsfndf ul7t lzIff af]8{sf] ;'emfjcg';f/ g} lzIff k|0ffnL rNb} cfPsf] cj:yfdf @))&
;fndf k|hftGqsf] :yfkgfkl5 lzIffsf] bfo/fnfO{ s]xL km/flsnf] kfg]{ sfo{sf] k|f/De ul/of], o;/L lj= ;+=
@))& ;fnkl5 lzIff;DaGwL ljljw cfof]u, ;ldlt, sfo{bn u7g u/L k|rlnt lzIff k4ltdf ;d;fdlos
;'wf/ ug]{ hdsf]{ ul/Psf] kfOG5 . xfn;Dd g]kfndf nueu Ps bh{g hlt o:tf cfof]u jf sfo{bn u7g
eO{ ljleGg /fo ;'emfj Pjd\ l;kmfl/; k|:t't ul/Psf lyP . xfn;Dd g]kfndf u7g ePsf k|d'v cfof]u
/ o;sf l;kmfl/;nufot dxŒjk"0f{ ljz]iftfsf] ;ª\lIfKt rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 .

#=! g]kfn /fli6«o lzIff of]hgf cfof]u, @)!) -g]kfndf lzIff–@)!!_

lj=;+= @))( ;fndf ul7t lzIff af]8{sf] l;kmfl/;cg';f/ @))( ;fn r}t ( ut] af]8{sf cWoIf ;/bf/
?b/fh k08]sf] cWoIftfdf $^ ;b:oLo g]kfn /fli6«o lzIff of]hgf cfof]usf] u7g ul/of] . o; cfof]usf]
z}lIfs ;Nnfxsf/df cd]l/sfsf] cf]/]ug ljZjljb\ofnosf k|fWofks 8f= x\o'u aL= p8= /x]sf lyP . rf/
efu, @) kl/R5]b / cfof]usf ;b:osf] gfdfjnL pNn]v ePsf] kl/lzi6;lxtsf] k|ltj]bg tof/ u/L pQm
;ldltn] tTsfnLg lzIffdGqL l8NnL/d0f /]UdL;dIf @)!! ;fn kmfu'g !* ut] tbg';f/ ! dfr{ !(%%
sf lbg k|:t't u/]sf] lyof] .

69
k|ltj]bgsf] klxnf] efudf g]kfndf lzIffsf] P]ltxfl;s k[i7e"ld, lzIffsf] k|sf/, cfhsf] g]kfndf lzIffsf]
lsl;d, lzIff;DaGwL ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfsf] /fo tyf g]kfndf lzIffsf] cfjZostf ;DaGwdf lj:t[t rrf{
ul/Psf]5 eg] bf];|f] efudf g]kfnsf nflu lzIffsf] /fli6«o sfo{of]hgf ;DaGwdf lj:t[t rrf{ ul/Psf]5 .
o:t} k|ltj]bgsf] t];|f] efudf ;f/f+z / l;kmfl/; pNn]v ul/Psf]5 eg] rf}yf] tyf clGtd efudf
sfo{qmdsf] k|f/Dekl5 ePsf] z}lIfs k|ult ljZn]if0f ul/Psf]5 .
s= cfof]un] l;kmfl/; u/]sf /fli6«o lzIffsf k|d'v ljz]iftf
k|fylds / k|f}9 lzIff b]zJofkL x'g]5 .
lzIff /fli6«o x'g]5 -/fli6«o lzIff of]hgf, /fli6«o :s'n, /fli6«o kf7Øqmd_ .
k|f}9 lzIff / k|fylds lzIff lgMz'Ns x'g]5 .
lzIffn] gful/ssf] ljsf; ug]{JolStsf] ljsf; ug]{ / /f]huf/L lbg] lsl;dsf] x'g]5 .
k|fylds :s'nn] ;fwf/0f Go"gtd lzIff lbg]5 .
dfWolds :s'n /f]huf/L lbg] ax'p2]Zosf] x'g]5 .
pRrlzIff k|of]ufTds / /f]huf/L lbg] lsl;dsf] x'g]5 .
z}lIfs sfo{qmd a9fpg lzIfsnfO{ tflnd lbOg]5 .
• g]kfn /fli6«o lzIff of]hgf cfof]usf] k|ltj]bg @)!! sf d'Vo d'Vo l;kmfl/;
• lzIff Jofks x'g'k5{ ;j{;'ne x'g'k5{
• lzIff hgtfsf] cfjZostf;Fu ldNbf] x'g'k5{
• % ± % txsf] ljBfno lzIff
• ;g\ !(^% ;Dd k|ltxhf/ ! k|fylds ljb\ofno / #,)),)) k|f=lj= txsf ljBfyL{nfO{ k|fylds lzIff
• ;g\ !(&% ;Dd Voluntary Universal Primary Education pknAw u/fpg]
• ;g\ !(*% ;Dddf lgMz'Ns clgjfo{ k|fylds lzIff
• ax'p2]ZoLo dfWolds lzIffsf] Joj:yf
• /fli6«o ljZjljb\ofnosf] :yfkgf
• k|f}9 lzIffsf] Joj:yf
• lzIff k|zf;gdf ljs]Gb|Ls/0f
• lzIffnfO{ ;j{JofkL lgz'Ns / clgjfo{ u/fpg]
v= cfof]un] lbPsf k|d'v ;'emfj Pjd\ l;kmfl/;
!= lzIffsf] /fli6«o of]hgf;DaGwL
• gjo'jssf] lgldQ sn]h vf]lnlbg'kb{5 .
• lzIffdf of]hgf / cjlR5Ggtf lglZrt¿kn] NofpgnfO{ lzIffsf leGgleGg txnfO{
;fjwfgLk"j{s k/:k/ ;lDdlnt kfg'{k5{ .
• k|f}9df lg/If/tf x6fpgsf] lgldQ b; jif]{ of]hgf x'g'k5{ .
• lzIff km}nfpg] Pp6f af6f] z}lIfs ljifodf k~rfot / ;ldltsf] k|aGw ug{ ;Nnfx / pT;fx
lbFb} d'n's}el/ bf}8fxf ug{ z}lIfs ;ª\u7gsf] Joj:yf ug'{k5{ .
• lxhf]cfh z}lIfs k|oTg 5l/Psf 5g\ . tL ;a}nfO{ alnof] /fli6«o Pp6} k|oTgdf ldnfpg'kb{5 .
70
 • 6f9f6f9f km}lnPsf lzIffn] æ;]tf] s7fn]Æ a]sf/Ldf gn}hfcf];\ eGg] xfdLn] xf]; /fVg'kb{5 .
• lzIffdf ljb]zL k|0ffnLsf] gSsn ug'{ e"n x'g]5 .
• a]sf/L x6fpgnfO{ OR5fwLg 6]lSgsn lzIff ;a}sf nflu k|fKo x'g'kb{5 .
• o; ;dodf ;fwf/0f lzIffeGbf 6]lSgsn lzIffsf] rf}k§ vfFrf] 5 .
• lzIffnfO{ pT;fx lbg dfWolds :s'n ;dfKt u/]sf] 5}g eg] To; o'jssf] c+zdf xs /xg] 5}g
eGg] ;/sf/n] Pp6f P]g g} agfpg'kb{5 .
• clvn g]kfnL lzIfs ;ª\3sf] Joj:yf x'g'kb{5 / jif{sf] Ps k6s /fli6«o ;ef x'g'kb{5 .
• :qL lzIffdf hf]8 lbOg'kb{5 .
@= k|fylds :s'nsf] kf7Øqmd;DaGwL
• klxnf b'O{ u|]8kl5 lzIffsf] dfWod g]kfnL x'g'k5{, k|fylds :s'ndf cª\u|]hL / lxGbL lbg'x'Fb}g .
• xfd|f] d'n's s[lifk|wfg xf], To;sf/0f xfd|f :s'nn] 5fq5fqnfO{ hLljsf rnfpg l;sfpg'kb{5 .
• g]kfndf cfwf/ lzIff rfnfpgsf lgldQ To;sf] ;'wf/ x'g'kb{5 .
• xfd|f :s'ndf 5fqsf] ;ª\Vof a9fpgnfO{ ;/sf/n] sbd p7fpg'kb{5 .
• k|fylds :s'nsf] kf7Øqmddf g]kfnL, lx;fa, e"uf]n, ;fdfGo 1fg / 3/]n' pBf]u /fVg'kb{5 .
• ;/sf/sf] lgldQ k|wfg sfo{dWo] Pp6f xfd|f :s'ndf kf7Øk':ts h'6fpg' xf] .
• k|fylds lzIff lgMz'Ns / clgjfo{ x'g'k5{ .
#= dfWolds lzIffsf] kf7Øqmd;DaGwL
• dfWolds lzIff a]sf/L a9fpg] lsl;dsf] x'g'x'Fb}g .
• dfWolds lzIff ;/sf/L hflu/sf] lgldQ tof/ kfg]{ sfdeGbf lj:t[t x'g'kb{5 .
• dfWolds lzIffsf ljBfyL{sf] x:tlzNk / s[lifdf 1fg / snfk"0f{ bIftf k|fKt ug'{kb{5,
Jofj;fosf] ljsf; x'g'kb{5 .
• dfWolds :s'nsf] txdf /f]huf/L lzIff clgjfo{ x'g'kb{5 .
• kf7Øqmdaflx/sf sf/afxL sfo{qmdsf lglZrt efu aGg'kb{5 .
• xfd|f :s'nsf] lgldQ kf7Øk':ts n]VgnfO{ ;/sf/n] ljåfg\\nfO{ k|f]T;fxg lbg'kb{5 .
• lzIffsf] dfWodsf] lgldQ cª\u]|hL clgjfo{ x'g'x'Fb}g, xfO:s'ndf cª\u|]hL OR5fwLg x'g'kb{5 .
• kf7Øqmd ;fdflhs, lj1fg, s[lif, jfl0fHo jf pBf]usf] ;j{;fwf/0f 1fg, Hofldlt, aLhul0ft /
g]kfnL /xg'kb{5 .
• xfO:s'nsf] txdf ;+:s[t, cª\u|]hL / lxGbL OR5fwLg ljifo x'g'kb{5 . ljb]zsf] Oltxf;eGbf
g]kfnsf] Oltxf;nfO{ k|fyldstf lbg'k5{ .
$= ljZjljb\ofno lzIff;DaGwL
• g]kfnsf] cfÇg} ljZjljb\ofno geP;Dd pRrlzIffdf ;dfgtf cfpg ;Qm}g .
• xfd|f]h:tf] ;fgf] d'n'sdf lsl;dlsl;dsf :s'n / sn]h /fVg xfdLnfO{ k'uL;/L cfpFb}g≤ Pp6f
7"nf] ljZjljb\ofnosf] dftxtdf Psgf;]kg Nofpg'kb{5 .
• ljZjljb\ofno of]hgf cfof]u v8f ug'{ / rfn' ug{sf nflu t'?Gt} v8f ug'{k5{ .
71
 • ;dfgtf Nofpg] ljZjljb\ofno l;h{gf ug{nfO{ xfd|f sn]hdf s'g} 7"nf] kl/jt{g ug'{ jf vr{
a9fpg' cfjZos kb}{g .
• tIflznf, gfnGbf / ljqmdlznf -sl/a @)) la=;L= b]lv !$)) P=8L=;Ddsf ef/tLo
ljZjljb\ofno_ sf cfbz{df Pp6f ljZjljb\ofno xfdLn] Nofpg'kb{5 .
• k"j{ / klZrd g]kfndf tyf sf7df8f}+df klg xfdLn] sn]h /fVg'kb{5 .
• ljZjljb\ofno t'?Gt :yflkt x'g ;Qm}g eg] cGtl/d sfnsf] lgldQ Pp6f zf;g ;ldlt lgo'Qm
ul/of];\ .
%= k|f}9 lzIff;DaGwL
• k|f}9–;fIf/tf–k|]/0ff Jojl:yt x'g'kb{5 .
• ;a} :s'nsf lzIfs u|fd / ljsf; sfo{stf{nfO{ k|f}9–;fIf/tf Snf; rnfpg sfObf
l;sfpg'kb{5 .
• k|f}9 lzIff ;d"xsf] lgldQ a]n'sLkv :s'n / k':tsfnosf] rng ug'{kb{5 .
• v]tLsf] sfd, 3/wGwf, lzNksnf / c¿ pkof]uL ljifodf k|f}9 Snf; ;'¿ ug'{kb{5 .
• /]l8of] lzIff, lkmNd, Joª\Uolrq, syf / c¿ cfw'lgs ljlw k|f}9 lzIffdf k|of]u ug'{kb{5 .
• kf7Øk':ts, kflIfs klqsf / ;lhnf krf{ k|f}9 ;fIf/sf] lgldQ tof/ kfg'{kb{5 .
• xfO:s'nsf ljBfyL{nfO{ ;fIf/tf Snf;df k9fpg] sfObf l;sfpg'kb{5 . o;/L ;fIf/tf l56f]l56f]
km}nfpg'kb{5 .
^= lzIfssf] tflnd;DaGwL
• g]kfndf ;a} lzIfssf] lgldQ k9fpg] cfw'lgs ljlwsf] ljifodf kf7Øk':tssf] Hofb} h?/t
5.
• lzIfsnfO{ tflnd ug{ 5f]6f] cjlwsf kf7Øqmd t'?Gt /fVg'kb{5 .
• xfdLnfO{ k|fylds :s'ndf k9fpg] xhf/f}F lzIfssf] b/sf/ 5 .
• tflnd ePsf lzIfs kfpgnfO{ k]|/0ffsf] ¿kdf lzIfssf] tna tflnddf lge{/ /xg'kb{5 .
• gofF lzIfsnfO{ tflnd ug{ / k'/fgf lzIfsnfO{ km]l/ tflnd lbg lzIfs lzIf0f s]Gb| rflxPsf]
5.
• lzIfsn] sfd ug]{ ufpFdf pgLnfO{ tflnd ug{ / sfd ubf{ub}{ tflnd lbg g]kfnsf ;a} efudf
lzIfs lzIf0f km}nfpg'kb{5 . w]/} s]Gb|df lzIfs lzIf0f x'g'kb{5 .
• gd"gf ¿ksf :s'n lzIfs lzIf0f s]Gb|sf] efu x'g'kb{5 .
• lzIf0f s]Gb|df o'js hgtfnfO{ /fd|/L cfs[i6 kfg{ lzIfsnfO{ a9L tna lbg'kb{5 .
&= lzIff ljifos ;fwg;DaGwL
• kf7Øk':ts / c¿ k9\g] ;fwgsf] ¿kdf k|of]u ug{sf] lgldQ cª\u|]hL, lxGbL, pb"{, ;+:s[t,
aËfnL / c¿ s'/f g]kfnLdf cg'jfb ug]{ sfddf sfd gkfPsf lzlIft hgtfdWo] s]xLnfO{
nufpg'kb{5 .
• ;:tf kf7Øk':tssf] lgldQ ;:tf] sfut pTkfbg ug{ g]kfndf sfuh agfpg] sn -k]k/ ldN;_
/fVg'kb{5 .
72
 • k':ts / ;fwg ljt/0f ug]{ /fd|f] of]hgfsf] Joj:yf geP;Dd c¿ ;a} of]hgf Joy{ x'g]5g\ .
xfd|f] k9fpg] sfObf ldnfpg] t'Nofpg xfdLn] Doflhs NofG6g{, /]l8of], gS;f /
n]vflrq;DaGwL s'/f / ;Dk|bfosf] k'FhLsf] k|of]u ug'{kb{5 .
• g]kfnL kf7Øk':tssf] tof/L / 5kfOn] klxnf] :yfg kfpg'kb{5 .
*= lzIffsf] zf;gJoj:yf / lg/LIf0f;DaGwL
• x/]s lhNnf, uf}+8fsf] To; lhNnf uf}+8fel/s} lgldQ Pp6f 5'§} k"/f clwsf/ ePsf] Joj:yf ug]{
;ldlt x'g'kb{5 / ToxL ;ldlt lzIffsf] k|fb]lzs zf;gJoj:yfsf] lgldQ pQ/bfoL x'g'kb{5 .
• ;/sf/L ;xfotf kfPsf] / k|fOe]6 :s'n b'j}df lzIff zf;gJoj:yfsf] lgldQ ;'emfp, lgod /
ljwfg lbgnfO{ Pp6f gofF lzIff sfg'g tof/ ug'{kb{5 .
• s]Gb|Lo ;/sf/n] lzIffsf] lgldQ lgb]{zg l;4fGt sfod ug'{ t kb{5 t/ zf;gJoj:yf eg]]
k|fb]lzs / ufFpsf clVtof/jfnfnfO{ 5f]l8lbg'kb{5 .
• :yfgLo :s'nnfO{ zf;g ug{ x/]s ufpF jf ;fgf;gf ufpFsf] ;d"xsf] Psf]6f k|aGws ;ldlt
x'g'kb{5 . o; ;ldltdf :yfgLo hgtfsf] k|ltlglw x'g'k5{ / lzIff sfg'g nufpgsf] lgldQ
hjfkmb]xL x'g'kb{5 .
• x/]s lhNnf uf}+8fsf] lgldQ Ps Psf]6f :s'n OG:k]S6/ lgo'Qm ug'{kb{5, t/ :s'n OG:k]S6/n]
jt{dfg d08nLo -hf]gn_ OG:k]S6/k|lt hjfkmb]xL x'g] ug'{kb{5 .
• s'g} :s'nnfO{ s]Gb|Lo ;/sf/n] clxn] lbPsf] dgkl/sf bfg -ltgdWo] s'g} t rfn" klg ePsf
5}gg\_, vfln vf/]h u/]/ jf:tljs cfjZos :yfgLo bfg / To:t} s'/fdf cfwfl/t a9\tf
Psgf;sf] k|0ffnL v8f ug'{k5{ .
• OGk]S6/nfO{ ;jf/Lsf] ¿kdf ;/sf/n] lhk, df]6/ jf xfQL lbg'kb{5 .
• s]Gb|Lo ;/sf/sf] lzIff lgldQsf] vr{sf] *# k|ltzt sf7df8f}F vfN8f]df vr{ ePsf] 5≤
a/fa/ ug{nfO{ of] s'/f] t'?Gt x6fpg'kb{5 .
• lzIffsf] cljnDa k|;f/sf] lgldQ ;/sf/n] lzIffdf vr{ ul/Psf] k'FhLsf] k|ltzt a9fpg'kb{5 .
cfjZos k¥of] eg] kN6gsf] vr{ 36fpg'kb{5 .
(= lzIffsf] vr{;DaGwL
• lzIffnfO{ vr{ k'¥ofpgsf nflu s]Gb|Lo ;/sf/n] ljtf{df / u'7Lsf] cfDbfgLdf s/ nufpg'kb{5 .
ljnf;sf dfndf klg s/ nufpg'kb{5 .
• ;a} cfDbfgLdf lzIff;DaGwL s/ nufpg'kb{5 .
• ;/sf/n] a'‰g] dfnkf]tsf] rt'yf{+z lzIff;DaGwL sfdsf] lgldQ 5'6Øfpg'kb{5 .
• clxn] ;/sf/n] sb / u'0fsf] jf:tf g/fvL :s'nnfO{ bfg lbg] u/]sf] 5≤ ljBfyL{sf] ;ª\Vof,
lzIfssf] ;ª\Vof, vr{ / :s'nnfO{ d2t lbgdf ufpFsf] OR5'stf / o:t} s'/fsf] cfwf/df
;/sf/n] ;xfotf afFl8lbg'k5{ .
• xfdLn] lskmfotsf] lgldQ ;xlzIffnfO{ :jLsf/ ug'{kb{5 lsgeg] 5fq / 5fqfsf nflu a]Unfa]Un}
:s'n xfdL /fVg ;Qm}gf}F .
• yk cfDbfgL h'g lhNnf uf}+8fdf p7fOPsf] 5 Tof] lzIff;DaGwL sfddf ToxL /flvg]5 eGg]
;Demf}tfdf :yfgLo dfnkf]t ;os8f !) a9fpg'kb{5 .
73
 • wgL ;fx" dxfhgdf, w]/}w]/} tna kfpg] sd{rf/Ldf, 7"N7"nf / latf{jfn / c¿ wgL dflg;df
;/sf/n] lzIff;DaGwL s/ nufpg'kb{5 .
• u'7Lsf] hldgaf6sf] cfDbfgLdf c¿ hUufhldgs} h:tf] u/L lt/f] nfpg'k5{ .
• wfld{s bfgbftJo, d7, b]jfno / ToxL lsl;dsf] cfDbfgLaf6 lzIffdf s]xL nufpg'kb{5 .

#=@ ;jf{ªu\ L0f /fli6«o lzIff ;ldltsf] l/kf]6{, @)!*

lj=;+=@)!) r}q ( ut] ul7t /fli6«o lzIff of]hgf cfof]un] cfÇgf] k|ltj]bgdf lbOPsf ;'emfj Pjd\
l;kmfl/;sf s]xL s'/f sfof{Gjog eP klg sltko s'/f sfof{Gjog ePsf lyPgg\ . o;nfO{ cem} ;do
;fk]If agfO{ nfu" ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf klg lyP . log} s'/fnfO{ ljrf/ u/L lzIffsf] ljsf;nfO{ cem ult
k|bfg ug{ tTsfnLg lzIffdGqL ljZjaGw' yfkfsf] cWoIftfdf @)!* ;fn j}zfv @% ut] ;jf{·L0f /fli6«o
lzIff ;ldltsf] u7g ul/Psf] lyof] . of] ;ldltn] g]kfn /li6«o lzIff cfof]usf] l;kmfl/;nfO{ ;fdfGo ;'wf/
Pjd\ yk36 u/L sfof{Gjog ug]{ s'/fdf hf]8 lbPsf] lyof] .
;jf{ËL0f /fli6«o lzIff ;ldlt, @)!* sf] d'Vo d'Vo l;kmfl/;
• Ps} k|sf/sf] lzIff k4lt nfu" x'g'kg]{,
• lzIffsf] dfWod Ps} x'g'kg]{,
• k|fylds lzIff ;a}sf] nflu clgjfo{ / lgMz'Ns x'g'kg]{,
• Jofj;flos tyf k|fljlws lzIfftkm{ ljz]if Wofg lbg'kg]{,
• ;a} lzIf0f ;+:yf ;/sf/ clwg:t x'g'kg]{,
• lzIffsf] ;+/rgf % ± ^ ± # -k|f=lj= ± df=lj= ± :gfts_ x'g'kg]{,
• ;do;fk]If lzIff P]g tyf lgodfjnLsf] Joj:yf x'g'kg]{,
• ;+:s[t lzIff ljsf; x'g'kg]{,
• ljb\ofnosf] k'gu{7g x'g'kg]{,
• pRr lzIftkm{ Ps} k|fWofksn] @÷# lt/ sfd ug{ kfpg]sf] cGTo x'g'kg]{

o; ;ldltdf z'?df !! hgf ;b:o lyP .kl5 Ps ;b:o yk u/L !@ hgf ;b:o agfOof] . of] ;ldltn]
cfÇgf] k|ltj]bg @)!* cf;f/ !% ut] tTsflng /fhf dx]Gb| ;dIf k]; u/]sf] lyof] .k~rfotL
Joj:yfcg's"n x'g] k|sf/sf] lzIffsf] k|:tfj o; k|ltj]bgn] u/]sf] lyof] .
;ldltn] a'emfPsf] k|ltj]bgsf dxŒjk"0f{ ;'emfj
-s_ lzIff k4lt;DaGwL ;'emfj
• ;Dk"0f{ b]zdf Ps} k|sf/sf] lzIff k4lt nfu" ug'{kb{5 .
• k|fylds lzIffnfO{ ;Dk"0f{ b]zdf lgMz'Ns Pjd\ clgjfo{ ug'{k5{ .
• Jofj;flos Pjd\ k|fljlws lzIfftkm{ ljz]if Wofg lbg'k5{ .
• ;+:s[t lzIffnfO{ ljz]if k|f]T;fxg lbO{ o;nfO{ ;fwf/0f lzIffdf g} ;dflji6 u/fO{ 5fqnfO{ lgMz'Ns
Pjd\ 5fqj[lQ;d]t pknAw u/fpg'k5{ .
• b]zsf ;f/f lzIf0f ;+:yfpk/ >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] lgoGq0f x'g'k5{ .
• ;dfhsf k|To]s cª\unfO{ ;fIf/ agfpb} hLjgf]kof]uL tflnd lbg ;dfh lzIffsf] Joj:yf ug'{k5{ .
74
-v_ lzIff k|lzIfssf ;DaGwdf lbOPsf ;'emfj
• pT;flxt gjo'jsnfO{ lzIf0f Joj;fodf nufpg xfO:s'ndf lzIfs j[l4 cfGbf]ng rnfOg'kb{5 .
• eljiodf ;a} df=lj=lzIfsnfO{ aL=P8= clgjfo{ u/fpg'k5{ .
• aLP8sf] l8u|L k|fKt u/]kl5 lzIff ;]jfdf lnOg] lglZrttf lbg'k5{ .
• PdP8sf Snf; klg vf]lng'k5{ .
• g]kfnL efiff k9fOsf] dfWod x'g] ljb\ofno / k7zfnfsf lzIfsnfO{ # dlxgfsf] efiff k|lzIf0f
s]Gb|sf] aGbf]a:t ug'{k5{ .
-u_ kf7Øk':ts ;DaGwdf ul/Psf l;kmfl/;
• oyfzSo g]kfnL gful/såf/f lnlvt k':ts dfq /flvg'k5{ .
• x/]s ljifodf /flvg] k':ts 5fGg] / lg0f{o ug]{ lzIff ljefuåf/f ;DalGwt ljifodf ljz]if1sf]
Ps ;ldlt u7g x'gk5{ .
• k|fylds sIffsf] k|To]s k':ts hfFrL l/kf]6{ lbgnfO{ k|To]s ;b:onfO{ k|ltk':ts g]=?= !) /
dfWolds sIffsf] k|To]s k':tssf nflu g]=?= @) z'Ns lbg' jf~5gLo 5 .
• ljb]zL k|sfzsn] k':ts hfFRg k7fpg rfx]df ;/sf/n] k|ltk':ts ef=?= #) lng' dgfl;a
b]lvG5 . ToxL b/ :jb]zL k|sfzsnfO{ k|ltk':ts g]=?= !), Tof] b/ ljb]zL n]vs / g]kfnL
n]vsnfO{ qmdzM ef=?= !) / g]=?= % x'g'k5{ .
• kf7Øk':ts k|To]s ljifodf d'n'sel/ ToxL x'g'k5{ .
• k|To]s ljifodf 5flgPsf kf7Øk':ts # jif{;Dd nfu" x'g'k5{ .
• ljz]if u/L k|fylds sIffdf kf7Øk':ts ;s];Dd ;lrq x'g'k5{, .
• kf7Øk':ts k|sfzs g]kfnL gful/s x'g'k5{ .
-3_ k|fylds :s'nsf lzIfs k|lzIf0f ;DaGwdf ;ldltn] lbPsf ;'‰ffj
gd{n :s'nnfO{ lbg] bfdsf] e'StfgL, a8fxflsdsf] / :yfgLo dfn c8\8fsf] ;xfotfåf/f ;dodf g}
lbOg'kb{5 .
k|z:t k|lzIffyL{ gkfOg] :yfg ePsf d'n'ssf kxf8L efudf hfgsf] lgldQ sf7df8f}+ / t/fO{sf
dflg;df cfly{s k|]/0ffn] pT;fx k}bf ug{ ;Sg'kb{5 .
xfn /x]sf kGw|cf]6f gd{n :s'nnfO{ afxfn ltg'kg]{ 3/sf] ;§fdf :yfoL ejg lnP/ jf agfP/
dha't t'Nofpg'kb{5 .
k|To]s gd{n :s'naf6 tflnd kfPsf lzIfssf] gfdgfdf;L -ln:6_ l8lehgn OG:k]S6/sxfF /fVg'k5{
/ k|To]s l8lehgsf :s'ndf lzIfs egf{ ubf{ l8lehgn OG:k]S6/;Fu ;Dks{ /fVg'kb{5 .
gd{n :s'naf6 tflndk|fKt k|lzIffyL{nfO{ ;/sf/n] Psjif{leq sfd lbg'k5{ . Ps jif{leq sfd lbg
g;s]df k|lzIffyL{ cGoq k];fdf hfg ;Sg] 5g\ .
-ª_ dfWolds :s'nsf lzIfs k|lzIf0f ;DaGwdf ;ldltn] lbPsf ;'‰ffj
tna eQfsf] ;Gtf]ifhgs :s]n / ;fdflhs :t/ lbP/ lzIfs k];fsf] plrt ;Ddfg, h;af6 o;
k];fdf of]Uo dflg; k|fKt x'g ;s"g\ .

75
 pT;flxt gjo'jsnfO{ lzIf0f Joj;fodf nufpg xfd|f xfO:s'ndf lzIfsj[l4 cfGbf]ng
rnfOg'kb{5 .
-s_ eljiodf xfd|f dfWolds ljb\ofnodf l;sfpg pT;'s x'g] ;a}nfO{ aL=P8= pkflw -l8u|L_ sf]
of]Uotf clgjfo{ u/fpg'kb{5 .
-v_ ha;Dd lzIfssf] cfjZostf a9L dfqfdf /lx/xG5 / /fd|/L tflnd kfPsf lzIfssf]
cfjZostf k"/f ug{ ;lsGg ta;Dd tflnd gkfPsf :gfts -Uo|fh'P6_ nfO{ cfk"m lgo'lSt
ePsf] ldltn] % jif{leq tflnd lnO;Sg'kg]{ ;t{df sfddf nufpg ;lsG5 .
-u_ klxnf tflndk|fKt lzIfssf] lgldQ a/fa/ sfo{zfnf cGt/;]jf tflnd k|;f/sf] kf7Øqmdsf]
Joj:yf ul/g'kb{5 .
sn]h ckm Ph's];gdf k|lzIffyL{ aL=P8=sf] l8u|L k|fKt u/]kl5 lzIff;]jfdf lnOg] lglZrttf
lbOg'kb{5 . ltgLx¿sf] lgo'lStsf] aGbf]a:t klxn] g} ul/g'kb{5 h;af6 lg?T;fxk"0f{ l9nfO gxf];\ /
ltgLx¿ c¿ Joj;fodf tflgg] ;Defjgf klg gxf];\ .
hf] 6f9f / cK7]/f] 7fpFdf /xG5g\ ltgLx¿nfO{ ljz]if eQf lbOg'kb{5 .
sn]h ckm Ph's];g kf7Øqmdsf] la:tf/}la:tf/} gjLs/0f ul/g}kb{5 h;n] ls d]yf]8f]nf]hL-
lzIf0fljlw_ df lbOPsf] WofgnfO{ sd gu/Lsg ljifodf klg Hofb} hf]8 lbg ;lsof];\ .
PdP8sf] Snf; klg vf]Ng] / sn]h ckm Ph's];gsf] :t/ p7fpg h'lgo/ n]Sr//nfO{ pRr
k|lzIf0fsf] lgldQ aflx/ k7fpg'kb{5 / cfjZos k/]df s]xL of]Uo JolSt klg lgo'St ul/g'kb{5 .
sn]h ckm Ph's];gnfO{ lqe'jg ljZjljb\ofnosf] lgdf{0f sfo{qmddf k|fyldstf lbg'kb{5 / ljZj
ljb\ofnosf] If]qdf oyfzL3| ;fg'{kb{5 .
sn]h ckm Ph's];gdf lj1fg / Jofj;flos k|lzIf0fsf] :t/ lj1fgsf] k|of]uzfnf vf]n]/, sfo{zfnf
:yfkg u/]/ / of]Uo k|fWofks lgo'St u/]/ p7fpg'kb{5 .
g]kfnL efiff k9fOsf] dfWod x'g] l;4fGt :jLs[t ePsf kf7zfnf / ljb\ofnosf lzIfsdf g]kfnL
efiffsf] 1fg u/fpgsf nflu ;/sf/n] sddf sd # dlxgfsf] g]kfnL efiff k|lzIf0f s]Gb|sf]
aGbf]a:t u'g{kb{5 .
#=@=! /fli6«o lzIff ;Nnfxsf/ kl/ifb\, @)@$
lj= ;+= @)@$ ;fn cfiff9 !$ ut] !# ;b:oLo /fli6«o lzIff ;Nnfxsf/ kl/ifb\sf] u7g ePsf] lyof] .
lj=;+= @)@# ;fn df3 !$ ut]sf] dGqL kl/ifb\sf] lg0f{ocg';f/ k|fyldsb]lv pRr lzIff;Fu ;DalGwt
;Dk"0f{ ljifosf] cWoog u/L tTsfnLg >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] ck]Iff cg'¿k ;do;fk]If lzIff Joj:yf ug]{
ljifodf ;xfotf / ;Nnfx lbg of] kl/ifb\ u7g ul/Psf] xf] .
!= lzIff k4ltsf] ;'wf/, k|fylds, dfWolds / pRrlzIff, k|fljlws tyf Jofj;flos lzIff k4lt,
lzIfs tflnd, k|f}9 lzIff cflb ljifodf tTsflng >L % sf] ;/sf/nfO{ ;Nnfx lbg .
@= o;df ljleGg ;ldlt tyf pk;ldltsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] .
#= o;sf] cjlw # jif{sf] tf]lsPsf] / klxnf] k|lta]bg @ dlxgfleq k]; ug'{ kg]{ u/L ;do lgwf{/0f
ul/Psf] lyof] .
$= s'g} dxTjk"0f{ sfd gu/L @@ dlxgfd} -lj= ;+= @)@^ j}zfvdf_ of] kl/ifb\sf] lj36g -lzIffdGqL
;'/]Gb| axfb'/ a:g]tsf] kfnfdf_ ePsf] lyof] .
%= lj= ;+= @)@^ ;fndf km]/L csf]{ ;Nnfxsf/ ;ldltsf] u7g eof] . o;af6 klg ;Gtf]ifk|b sfd x'g
;s]g / k'gM lzIff dGqL jf;'b]j 9'+ufgfsf] cWoIftfdf -& ;b:oLo_ csf]{ ;Nnfxsf/ ;ldlt @)@^
76
 sflt{s !$ ut] u7g eof] . of] ;ldltn] lzIff of]hgf / sfof{Gjogsf] ;DaGwdf s]xL sbd rfn]sf]
lyof], t/ ljleGg afwf / cj/f]wn] ubf{ oL ;ldltaf6 pNn]Vo sfd ePsf] kfOFb}g .
^= lj=;+= @)@^ df lzIffdGqL af;'b]j 9'+ufgfsf] cWoIftfdf ul7t ;ldlt lj=;+= @)@^ sflt{sdf
lj36g eof] / o;sf @ pk;ldltn] cf—cfÇgf] k|ltj]bg k]; u/]sf lyP .
&= o; kl/ifb\n] lzIffsf] /fli6«o tyf txut p2]Zo / kf7\oqmd, lzIfs tflnd, lzIff ;ª\u7g,
ljb\ofno tx / pRr txsf] lzIff Joj;flos / k|fljlws lzIff, ;+:s[t lzIff, k|f}9 lzIff, ljBfyL{
/fli6«o ;]jf / cltl/Qm lj|mofsnfksf] ;DaGwdf cfÇgf ;'emfa k]; u¥of] .
*= o; kl/ifb\n] lgDg lnlvt s'/fsf] af/]df l;kmfl/; u/]sf] lyof] M
• k|zf;gtkm{ dGqfno / ljefusf aLr sfdsf] /fd|f] ljefhg gePsf] .
• lhNnf:t/df of]hgf agfpg] sfd gePsf] .
• lg/LIfsnfO{ s]xL clwsf/ gePsf] .
• s]Gb|Lo txaf6 kof{Kt lg/LIf0f gk'u]sf] .
• lzIff dGqfnon] ug]{ gLltlgwf{/0f / of]hgf th'{df ug{ lhNnf lzIff ;ldlt /xg' kg]{ .
• ;~rfns ;ldlt cfly{s ;|f]tsf] Joj:yf ug]{ lgsfosf] ¿kdf dfq /xg' kg]{ .
• lhlzlg af6 lg/LIf0f k|efjsf/L agfpg' kg]{ s'/fdf hf]8 lbOPsf] .
(= lj= ;+= @)@* df /flzkof] u7g ePkl5 o; kl/ifb\sf] s'g} cf}lrTo gePsfn] of] lgliqmo eof] .
!)= c~rn lzIff clwsf/Lsf] Joj:yf x6fO lhNnfdf /f= k= låtLo >]0fLsf] lhNnf lzIff clwsf/L /xg'
kb{5 egL kl/ifb\n] l;kmfl/; u/]sf] .

#=# /fli6«o lzIff k4ltsf] of]hgf, -@)@*–@)#@_

g]kfndf of]hgfa4 ¿kdf lzIffsf] ljsf; ug{ ljleGg cfof]u, ;ldlt tyf af]8{sf] u7g u/L ltgLx¿n]
lbPsf ;'emfj / l;kmfl/;sf cfwf/df ljleGg sfo{ug]{ k|oTg eO/x]sf] ;Gbe{df /fli6«o lzIff k4ltsf]
of]hgf klg u'0ffTds lzIffsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/ ug]{ p2]Zon] lzIffsf] bL3{sfnLg of]hgfsf] ¿kdf nfu"
ul/Psf] xf] . lj=;+=@)@* ;fn j}zfv % ut] /fhfaf6 /fli6«o lzIff k4ltsf] of]hgf @)@* 3f]if0ff ePsf]
xf] . ;j{k|yd @)@* ;fndf sf:sL / lrtjg lhNnfdf of] of]hgf nfu" eof] . hDdf % r/0fdf ljleGg
lhNnfdf of]hgf nfu" ub}{ @)#@ ;fndf b]ze/ nfu" eO;Sof] .
/fli6«o lzIff k4ltsf] of]hgfsf ljz]iftf
– ljb\ofno lzIffsf] ;+u7g M # ± $ ± #
– sfof{GJog r/0f M @ lhNnf @)@* -sf:sL / lrtjg_
!# lhNnf @)@(
!^ lhNnf @)#)
@) lhNnf @)#!
@$ lhnnf @)#@
– ;a} ;fd'bflos ljb\ofno /fli6«o ljb\ofnodf ¿kfGt/0f
– /fli6«o ljsf; ;]jfsf] u7g .

77
!= k|d'v ljz]iftf
lzIffsf] /fli6«o Pjd\ txut p2]Zo lgwf{/0f x'g' .
ljb\ofno lzIffsf] ;+u7g !–# sIff k|fylds, $–& sIff lgDgdfWolds / *–!) dfWolds x'g' .
k|To]s txdf egf{sf] nIo lgwf{/0f ug'{ .
ljb\ofno Joj:yfkgdf Ps¿ktf x'g' .
b]zel/ Ps} lsl;dsf] kf7Øqmd nfu" ug'{ .
kf7Øqmd / kf7Øk':tssf] ljsf;df hf]8 lbg' .
dfWolds lzIffdf Jofj;flos lzIffnfO{ hf]8 lbg' .
lzIfs tflndnfO{ clgjfo{ ug]{ of]hgf x'g' .
lzIfssf] >]0fL ljefhg / kfl/>lds lgwf{/0fdf Ps¿ktf x'g' .
ljBfyL{ d"Nofª\sgnfO{ Jojl:yt ul/g' .
lzIff k|zf;gdf of]hgf / d"Nofª\sg s]Gb|Ls[t / sfof{Gjog ljs]Gb|Ls[t ul/g' .
/fli6«o lzIff k|0ffnLsf] Joj:yf x'g' .
ljb\ofno lg/LIf0fsf] Joj:yf Jojl:yt Pjd\ j}1flgs x'g' .
z}lIfs cj;/ Pjd\ ;'ljwfsf] ;Gt'lnt / Gofof]lrt ljt/0f ug'{ .
lhNnfnfO{ lgb]{]zg tyf ;dGjo / lg/LIf0f ug{ If]qLo lzIff lgb]{zgfnosf] Joj:yf ug{' .
ljb\ofnonfO{ lglZrt k|ltzt ;/sf/L cg'bfgsf] Joj:yf ug'{ .
lzIffsf] u'0ffTds ljsf;df hf]8 lbg' .
gLlt lgdf{0f ug]{ sfo{nfO{ ;lhnf] agfpg Pp6f pRr:t/Lo /fli6«o lzIff ;ldltsf] Joj:yf ug'{ .
@= /fli6«o lzIff k4ltsf] of]hgfcg';f/ nfu" ul/Psf] gofF lzIff of]hgfsf] ;ª\lIfKt ¿k/]vf o;k|sf/ 5
-s_lzIffsf] p2]Zo
/fi6« / /fhd's'6k|lt jkmfbf/ /xL k~rfotL Joj:yfcg's"n cfr/0f ug]{ gful/s tof/ ug]{, tyf lj1fg /
k|fljlws 1fgsf] k|;f/ u/L b]z ljsf;sf nflu cfjZos hgzlStsf] k"lt{ ug'{ x'g]5 .
-v_lzIffsf] ;ª\u7g
lglZrt p2]Zo k|flKt ug]{ nIo /fv]/ lzIffsf] ;ª\u7g ul/g]5 .
k|fylds lzIff sIff ! b]lv # ;Dd x'g]5 o;sf] p2]Zo afnaflnsfnfO{ ;fIf/ agfpg' x'g]5 .
lgDgdfWolds lzIff sIff $ b]lv& ;Dd x'g]5 . o;sf] p2]Zo ljBfyL{sf] rl/q lgdf{0f ug'{x'g]5 .
dfWolds lzIff sIff * b]lv !) ;Dd x'g]5 . o;sf] p2]Zo Jofj;flos lzIff lbO{ bIf
hgzlSttof/ kfg'{x'g]5 .
pRrlzIffsf] k|yd tx k|df0fkq tx x'g]5 . o;sf] p2]Zo lgDg txsf] k|fljlws hgzlSt tof/
ug'{ x'g]5 .
pRrlzIffsf] bf];|f] tx l8Knf]df x'g]5 . o;sf] p2]Zo dWod:t/Lo hgzlSt tof/ ug'{ x'g]5 .

78
 pRrlzIffsf] t]>f] tx l8u|L tx x'g]5 . o;sf] p2]Zo :t/Lo hgzlSt tof/ kfg'{ x'g]5 .
#= k|fylds lzIff
o; txdf afnaflnsfnfO{ ;fIf/ agfO{ g]kfnL efiffsf] 1fg / ;Lksf] ljsf; u/fpgdf hf]8
lbOg]5, ul0ftsf] ;fwf/0f 1fg / cfÇgf /fhf, /fgL / b]zsf af/]df ;fwf/0f 1fg lbOg]5 .
b]zsf ^ b]lv * jif{;Dd pd]/sf afnaflnsfsf] hg;ª\VofdWo] cfufdL % jif{df ^$ k|ltztnfO{
k|fylds lzIffsf] ;x'lnot k|bfg ul/g] 5 .
P;Pn;L jf ;f] ;/x / tflnd k|fKt lzIfsnfO{ k|fylds lzIfs agfOg] 5 .
b'u{d If]qsf ljBfyL{nfO{ / ul/a ljBfyL{nfO{ lgMz'Ns tyf c¿nfO{ ;'ky df]ndf /fd|f]:t/sf]
kf7Øk':ts pknAw u/fOg] 5 .
k|fylds lzIffsf] cGTodf lhNnf:t/Lo k/LIff ul/g]5 .
k|fylds lzIfssf] ;Dk"0f{ tnanfO{ cfjZos /sd ;/sf/n] cfly{s cg'bfgsf] ¿kdf lbOg] 5 .
$= lgDg dfWolds lzIff
o; txdf efiff / ul0ftsf lzIffnfO{ cem lj:t[t kfl/g] 5 . /fhelSt, b]zelSt cg'zf;g /
lhDd]jf/Lsf] efjgf l;sfpg] pko'Qm ;do oxL ePsfn] kf7Øk':ts tyf c¿ sfo{snfkaf6 rl/q
lgdf{0fdf hf]8 lbOg]5 . o;} txdf k"j{ Joj;flos lzIff lbO{ >dk|lt OHht ug]{ efjgf / >d ug]{
k|j[lQ ljsf; u/fpg] k|of; x'g]5 .
k|fylds lzIff kfO/x]sf ljBfyL{sf] $) k|ltzt afnaflnsfnfO{ lgDg dfWolds lzIffsf] ;x'lnot
lbOg]5 .
cfO{=P8= cyjf cfOPjf ;f];/x / tflnd k|fKt JolStnfO{ lgDgdfWolds lzIfs agfOg] 5 .
b'u{d :yfgdf ztk|ltzt / cGo If]qdf lzIfs tnasf] &% k|ltzt /sd >L % sf] ;/sf/n]
cfly{s cg'bfg lbg]5 .
lgDgdfWolds lzIffsf] cGTodf c~rn:t/Lo k/LIff x'g]5 .
%= dfWolds lzIff
dfWolds lzIff txdf ;a}n] Jofj;flos 1fg xfl;n ug'{ clgjfo{ x'g]5 . dfWolds lzIffaf6 bIf
sfo{stf{ tof/ ug]{ nIo /flvg] 5 . dfWolds ljb\ofno tLg k|sf/sf x'g]5g\ M—
-s_ ;fwf/0f dfWolds ljb\ofno— o;df ;fwf/0f lzIffsf ljifodf *) k|ltzt;Dd /
Jofj;flos lzIffdf @) k|ltzt 1fg lbOg]5 .
-v_ Jofj;flos dfWolds ljb\ofno—o;df Jofj;flos lzIff #) b]lv $) k|ltzt;Dd l;sfOg]
5 . ;fwf/0f lzIffdf sd hf]8 lbOg] 5 .
-u_ ;+:s[t dfWolds ljb\ofno—o;df ;+:s[t lzIffdf a9\tf hf]8 lbOg]5 .
k|fylds lzIff kfO/x]sf ljBfyL{sf] @) k|ltzt afnaflnsf tyf lgDgdfWolds lzIff kfO/x]sf
ljBfyL{sf] %) k|ltztnfO{ dfWolds lzIffsf] ;x'lnot lbOg] 5 .
aLP8 cyjf aLP jf ;f];/x kf; u/L tflnd k|fKt u/]sf] JolStnfO{ dfWolds ljb\ofnosf] lzIfs
agfOg] 5 .
79
 dfWolds lzIffsf] cGTodf x'g] /fi6«JofkL hfFrnfO{ sfod /flvg] 5 .
^= k|f}9 lzIff
k|f}9 lzIff b'O{ k|sf/sf x'g]5g\ -s_ ;fIf/tfd"ns -v_ sfo{d"ns k|f}9 lzIff .>L % sf] ;/sf/n] sfo{d"ns
k|f}9 lzIff rnfpgdf hf]8 lbg]5 / ;fIf/tf sfo{qmd juL{o ;ª\u7g tyf :yfgLo k~rfotdfkm{t ;+o'Qm
hjfkmb]xLdf rnfOg]5 .
&= pRrlzIff
;Dk"0f{ b]zsf] ljsf;sf nflu cfjZos hgzlStsf] cg'dfg u/L hgzlStsf] cfjZostfcg';f/
pRrlzIffsf] sfo{ k"/f Joj:yf ug]{ x'g]5 . pRrlzIffdf k9fOsf] pRr:t/ sfod ug]{ nIo
/flvg]5 .
ljZjljb\ofnoaf6 pRrlzIffsf] lglDt 5'§} k|j]z k/LIffsf] Joj:yf x'g]5 .
pRrlzIffsf] Joj:yfsf nflu ljZjljb\ofnocGtu{t k|To]s ljifodf OlG:6Ro'6 u7g x'g]5g\ .
;a} k|sf/sf pRrlzIff ljZjljb\ofnocGtu{t u7g x'g] OlG:6Ro'6sf cª\u x'g]5g\ . OlG:6Ro'6
aflx/ s'g} k|sf/sf] pRrlzIff lbg] ;+:yf /fVg gkfOg] Joj:yf x'g]5 .
lgDg:t/Lo k|fljlwsn] pRrtxsf] k|fljlws x'g rfx]df pRrtxsf k|fljlws lzIff pknAw ug]{
df}sf lbOg] 5 .
pRrlzIffsf] Ps tx kf; u/]kl5 dflyNnf] txdf cWoog ug]{ If]qdf sfd ug{ clgjfo{ ul/g]5 .
pRrlzIffdf k9\g] ljBfyL{dWo] qmdzM snf ljifotkm{ 36fO{ k|fljlws ljifotkm{ ;ª\Vof a9fpg]
Joj:yf x'g]5 .
lqe'jg ljZjljb\ofnoPp6f :jzfl;t ;+:yf x'g]5 . lzIff dGqfnon] hgzlStsf] cfjZostf
cg'dfg ug]{5 / ;f]adf]lhd hgzlSt tof/ ug]{ lhDdf lqe'jg ljZjljb\ofnosf] x'g]5 .
lqe'jg ljZjljb\ofnosf ;~rfngsf nflu l8s]6 / l;lG8s]6sf] ;§fdf Pp6f ljZjljb\ofno ;ef
/xg]5 / pQm ;efdf %) ;b:o /xg]5g\ .
*= /fli6«o lzIff ;ldlt
;Dk"0f{ lzIffsf] gLlt lgwf{/0f ug{ Pp6f pRr:t/Lo æ/fli6«o lzIff ;ldltÆ u7g x'g]5 .
(= lzIf0f ljlw
lzIf0f tl/sfdf ;'wf/ ug{ k|To]s ljifodf lzIf0f ;'wf/ / cg';Gwfg ug]{ cfof]hgf ul/g]5 . pSt
cfof]hgfåf/f j}1flgs 9Ën] k9fpg] tl/sfsf] cWoog, cg';Gwfg / k|of]u ul/g]5 / cfjZos
z}lIfs ;fdu|L lgdf{0f, tflnd / hfFr cflb ul/g]5 .
dfWolds lzIff;Dd k9fOsf] dfWod g]kfnL efiff x'g]5 / pRrlzIffdf k9fOsf] dfWod ;fwf/0ftM
cª\u|]hL x'g]5 .
!)= kf7Øk':ts
hgs lzIff ;fdu|L s]Gb|nfO{ :jzfl;t ;+:yf agfpg] / pSt s]Gb|n] k|d'v laifosf ;a} kf7Øk':ts
n]vfpg], 5kfpg] Pjd\ ljt/0f u/fpg] sfd ug]{5 . aflx/sf k|sfzsnfO{ gd"gfcg';f/ k':ts
k|sfzg ug{ k|f]T;fxg ul/g]5 .

80
!!= lzIfs tflnd
cfjZostfg';f/ tflnd k|fKt lzIfssf] ;ª\Vof a9fpg snf laifodf lzIff k|fKt ul//x]sf
JolStnfO{ lzIfs tflnd lbOg]5 / snf dxfljb\ofnodf lzIf0f tflnd laifo klg k9fOg]5 .
lzIf0f tflndsf] :t/ a9fpg lzIfs tflndsf] kf7Øqmd / kf7Øk':tssf] cfw'lgsLs/0f ul/g]5
/ lzIf0f ljlwsf ;fy;fy} ljifoj:t'sf] lzIffdf hf]8 lbOg]5 .
!@= lzIfssf] ;]jf zt{df ;'wf/
u}x«;/sf/L lzIfssf] ;]jfnfO{ lgoldt / ;'/lIft agfpg lhNnf:t/df lzIfs ;]jf u7g ul/g]5 /
dxfljb\ofnosf lzIfs ljZjljb\ofno ;]jf cfof]uaf6 lgo'St x'g]5g\ . lzIfssf] tna ;dfg
of]Uotf ePsfn] c¿ k];fdf kfpg] ;/x x'g]5 .u}x«;/sf/L lzIfsnfO{ klg cjsfz kfPkl5 cg'bfg
lbOg]5 . lzIfssf] k|df]zgdf z}lIfs of]Uotf, cg'ej ljz]if sfd, :j:y / b'u{d If]qdf sfd u/]sf]
cflb cfwf/ /xg]5g\ .
!#= k/LIff
cfGtl/s d"Nofª\sg k|yf nfu" ul/g]5 / ljBfyL{sf] ljj/0f /fVg] Joj:yf x'g]5 . k|To]s txsf]
cGtdf clGtd k/LIff x'g]5 .
P;Pn;L sf] k|Zg / hfFr ug]{ tl/sfdf ;'wf/ NofOg]5 . cfGtl/s k/LIffsf] gDa/ P;Pn;L
hfFrdf klg u0fgf x'g]5 .
!$= lzIff k|zf;g
lzIff k|zf;gdf of]hgf sfof{Gjog, d"Nofª\sg cflb ;fy;fy} hfg] Joj:yf ul/g]5 . of]hgf /
d"Nofª\sgsf] sfo{ k"/f s]Gb|Ls[t x'g]5 / o;nfO{ sfof{Gjog ug]{ sfd ljs]Gb|Ls[t x'g]5 .
sfof{GjognfO{ 5f]6f]5l/tf] kfg{ k"jf{~rn, dWodf~rn / klZrdf~rndf If]qLo lgb]{zgfno
/xg]5g\ . lhNnfdf lhNnf lzIff clwsf/L /xg]5 / lhNnfsf ljb\ofno;Fu ltgLsf] ;f]em} ;DaGw
/xg]5 .
!%= lg/LIf0f
s]Gb|n] ljb\ofnodf x'g'kg]{ ;fwg tyf k9fOsf] :t/ lgwf{/0f ug]{5 / lhNnf sfof{non] jif{sf]
b'O{k6s ;fwgsf] kof{Kttf / k9fOsf] :t/sf] lg/LIf0f ug]{5 . lg/LIf0fsf] k|ltj]bgsf cfwf/df
ljb\ofnosf] d"Nofª\sg x'g]5 / ;f]xL cfwf/df dfq ljb\ofnon] cg'bfg kfpg] Joj:yf x'g]5 .
!^= cfly{s cg'bfgsf] gLlt
lzIfssf] tnasf] nflu ;/sf/n] cfly{s cg'bfg lbg], ejg / c¿ ;fwg lghL ;|f]taf6 agfpg]
zt{ x'g]5 .

!&= cltl/St sfo{snfk

cltl/St sfo{snfknfO{ z}lIfs sfo{qmdsf] cleGg cËsf] ¿kdf nfu" ug]{ / cltl/St
sfo{snfkåf/f ljBfyL{df cg'zf;g, :jfjnDag / lhDd]jf/Lsf] efjgf hufpg] k|of; x'g]5 .

81
!*= ef}lts ;fwg
ljb\ofnodf ljb\ofno ejg, kmlg{r/ / c¿ ;fdfgaf/] lzIff dGqfnon] lj:t[t lgb]{zg lgsfNg]5 /
k|To]s ljb\ofnodf k|To]s sIffsf nflu Pp6f sf]7f / dfWolds ljb\ofnodf yk k|of]uzfnf,
sfo{zfnf / k':tsfno sf]7f x'g'kg]{5 .
!(= /fli6«o ljsf; ;]jf
k|To]s pRrlzIff kfpg] ljBfyL{dWo] pRrlzIffsf] t[tLo jif{ cyjf kfFrf+} jif{ kf; u/]kl5 Ps
jif{sf nflu /fli6«o ljsf; ;]jfcGtu{t ufpF ufpFdf uO{ ;]jf ug'{ kg]{ Joj:yf ul/g]5 .
/fli6«o ljsf; ;]jfnfO{ rf/ bndf ljeflht ul/Psf] 5M
-s_ lzIff ;]jf bn
-v_ :jf:Yo ;]jf bn
-u_ s[lif ;]jf bn
-3_ lgdf{0f bn
plNnlvt bnnfO{ ;}lgs tflnd / c¿ Jofj;flos tflnd lbO{ ufpF ufpFdf v6fOg]5 . sfddf
vl6Fbf ;DalGwt dGqfnon] kfl/>lds lbg]5 .
/fli6«o ljsf; ;]jfsf ;b:osf] sfdsf] lg/LIf0f / d"Nofª\sg x'g]5 .
@)= 5fqj[lQsf] Joj:yf
ul/a tyf h]x]Gbf/ ljBfyL{sf nflu 5fqj[lQsf] Joj:yf ul/g]5 .
/f=lz=k=of]= sf] dWofjlw d"Nofª\sg, @)#!
• lj=;+= @)#! cfiff9 !) ut] /fli6«o k~rfotsf] @$ cf}+ clwj]zgnfO{>L % jL/]Gb|n] u/]sf]
;Daf]wgdf dWofjlw d"Nofª\sgaf/]df x's'd eof] æof]hgf nfu" ePkl5 cfh;Ddsf] sfof{Gjog
k|efasfl/tfsf] n]vfhf]vf u/L c¿ ;'wf/ ub}{ hfg] p2]Zon] dWofjlw d"Nofª\sg sfo{qmd klg ;'?
ul/Psf] 5 .Æ
• /flzkof] sfof{Gjogsf] ultljlwsf] ;dLIff ug{ hfFra'em s]Gb|af6 dWofjlw d"Nofª\sg 6f]nL u7g
eof] . 6f]nLn] kfPsf] lgb]{zg o; k|sf/ 5 M
– of]hgf sfof{Gjogsf] ultljlwsf] ;dLIff ug]{,
– of]hgf tyf sfo{qmdsf] lglb{i6 nIo;Fu} tL ultljlw slt k|f;ª\lus 5g\ ;f]sf] n]vfhf]vf ug]{,
– of]hgf cg'¿k z}lIfs sfo{qmd ;Dkfbg Pjd\ ;~rfng ubf{ lzIffsf] ljleGg txdf cfOk/]sf
;d:ofsf] lg¿k0f ug]{ /
– kfFrf}+ k~raifL{o of]hgf sfndf lzIff of]hgfnfO{ ;'b[9 kfg{ gofF pkfo Pjd\ ljsNk af/]
cfjZos ;'emfa lbg] .
lgb]{zg adf]lhd sfo{ 6f]nLn] cWoog u/L lj=;+= @)#! a}zfv @@ ut]b]lv lj=;+= @)#! dfu{
d;fGt;Dddf k|ltj]bg tof/ u/]sf] lyof] .

dWofjlw d"Nofª\sg 6f]nLn] cf}+NofPsf of]hgf sfof{Gjogsf sdhf]/L o; k|sf/ 5g\ M

• dGqfnodf sfo{af]em x]/L a9L sd{rf/L /x]sf] t/ If]lzlg / lh=lz=sf= df sfo{af]em x]/L sd
sd{rf/L ePsf],
82
 • lhNnf:t/df of]hgf sfof{Gjog x'Fbf kl/cfPsf] sl7gfOsf] ;dfwfg If]qLo lzIff lgb]{zsn]
cfkm}+n] gu/L dGqfnodf l;kmfl/; k7fO af]wfy{ lhNnfnfO{ lbg] u/]sf],
• cfÇgf] If]qdf tYofª\s ;ª\sngdf lgb]{zsn] Ps¿ktf Nofpg] k|of; gu/]sf],
• cfÇgf] If]qdf kf7\oqmd, kf7\ok':ts lzIf0f ;fdu|Lsf af/] cWoog, cg'';Gwfg, ;]ldgf/,
uf]i7Lsf] sfo{qmddf ;Ifd g]t[Tj ug{ lgb]{zs ;Ifd gePsf],
• lhlzc lzIf0f cg'ej gePsf] sf/0f z}lIfs kIfdf eGbf k|zf;gdf a9L ;+nUg /xg] u/]sf],
• lzIf0fsf] cg'ejljxLg lg/LIfsaf6 vfl/Psf] cg'ej af]s]sf lzIfs tyf k|cnfO{ z}lIfs
ultljlwdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg g;s]sf] .
• a]nfa]nfdf ljb\ofno lg/LIf0f gePsf],
• lg/LIfs :yfoL x'g g;s]sf],
• Jofj;flos ;fdu|L Hofb} lgDg :t/sf] /x]sf] / ;f] klg Joj;flos dfWolds ljb\ofno df
gk'u]sf],
• lhNnf lzIff ;ldlt ;lj|mo gePsfn] ljb\ofno ejg, kmlg{r/, 5fqfjf; h'6fpg g;s]sf],
• lhNnf lzIff ;ldltn] ljb\ofno lgwf{/0fdf k|efjsf/L e"ldsf lgefpg g;s]sf],
• kf7\ok':ts q'l6k"0f{ ePsf]† tflnd ck|fKt P;Pn;L kf; gu/]sf] lzIfsnfO{ g} k7g kf7gdf
nufPsf]† lzIfssf] ;]jf /]s8{ 7Ls;Fu /fVg g;s]sf]† lzIfs tflnd / ljb\ofnodf u} lzIfsn]
ug]{ sfddf ;fd~h:otf gePsf]† ljb\ofnodf Jofj;flos ljifo lgwf{/0f ug{ g;s]sf] cflb .
dWofjlw d"Nofª\sg 6f]nLn] k]; u/]sf ;'emfj
• lzIffsf] k|rf/ k|;f/nfO{ k|fyldstf lbOg' kg]{,
• k|fylds lzIff pd]/sf -^—* jif{sf_ ^$ k|ltzt afnaflnsfnfO{ lgMz'Ns k|fylds lzIffsf]
cj;/,
• Jofdfljdf u'0ffTds ljsf;df hf]8,
• lzIfs tnasf] %) k|ltzt b]lv &% k|ltzt;Dd cg'bfg lbg],
• hg;xof]u kl/rfng ug{ rGbfbftfsf] gfdaf6 lzIf0f ;+:yfsf] gfdfs/0f ug]{, rGbfbftfnfO{
cfb/kq tSdf cflb lbg],
• k|fljlws lzIf0f ;+:yfdf lbO cfPsf] %) k|ltzt 5fqj[ltnfO{ 36fP/ @) k|ltzt dfq 5fqj[lt
lbg],
• dWofjlw d"Nofª\sgsf] sfof{Gjog ug{ k]; u/]sf ;'emfjdf dGqfnoleqsf] k|zf;g a9L l56f]
5l/tf] agfpg zfvf 36fpg], ufEg] sfd ug]{ u/L sd{rf/L 36fpg], If]lzlgdf k|fljlws
pklgb]{zs /fVg] Joj:yf lg/LIf0f Joj:yf ;'b[9 agfpg], If]lzlgdf ;a} Jofj;flos ljifosf
lg/LIfs /fVg], lhNnf lzIff ;ldltnfO{ lzIff ;'wf/sf]nflu s]xL /sd cltl/Qm cg'bfg lbg],
k|To]s jif{ >L % dxf/fhlw/fhsf] z'e/fHoleif]ssf] lbg lzIff lbj; dgfO lzIff kbs k|bfg
ug]{ Joj:yf ug]{, :s"n :jLs[lt lb+bf k/LIf0fdf /x]sfnfO{ cg'dlt lbg], :yfoL tj/n] rNg] ePdf
:yfoL :jLs[lt lbg],
• dWofjlw d"Nofª\sgsf] l;kmfl/; cg';f/ lj=;+= @)#% efb| ! ut] dGqfnosf] k'gu{7g e} #
dxfzfvf sfod ePsf] /fhkqf+ª\lst sd{rf/Lk§L !#=$ k|ltzt / /fhkq cgª\lstk§L %#=
)% k|ltzt sd{rf/L s6f}tL ePsf],
• kf7\oqmd, kf7\ok':ts lg/LIf0f, >Job[io / n]vs zfvfnfO{ ;+o'Qmkf/L kf= kf=lg=lj=s]= df
83
 kl/0ft ul/Psf]† k/LIff pkzfvfnfO{ k=lg=sf=df kl/0ft ul/Psf]† hgs lzIff ;fdu|L s]Gb|nfO{
lnld6]8 sDkgLdf kl/0ft ul/Psf]† If]lzlg nfO{ ;'b[9Ls/0f ug{ clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg ul/Psf]†
k|fljlws hgzlSt -pklgb]{zs / !% ljz]if1_ If]lzlg df yk ul/Psf]† !^ lhNnfdf lhlzsfdf
;xfos lhlzc df ljlg, n]vfkfn, gf;', vl/bf/ cflbsf] b/aGbL c:yfoL ¿kdf lhNnfdf
uPsf],
• lg/LIfsn] lg/LIf0f ug{ clgjfo{ ul/Psf], kf7\ok':tsdf b]vf k/]sf q'6L x6fO ;/nLs/0f ug{
kl/dfh{g sfo{ z'? ePsf] cflb .
/f=lz=k=of]= sf] k"0ff{jlw d"Nofª\sg, @)#$
lj=;+= @)#$ df of]hgfsf] -@)@*—@)#*_ sfof{Gjogaf6 lzIffdf ePsf pknAwL d"Nofª\sg ug{ /fli6«o
lzIff ;ldltsf] ;b:o ;lrjsf] ;+of]hsTjdf k"0ff{jlw d"Nofª\sg 6f]nLsf] u7g eof] .
• 6f]nLsf cGo ;b:odf lqljlj= sf @ hgf k|fWofks / lzIff dGqfnosf cGo # hgf ljz]if1
lyP .
• 6f]nLn] cWoog u/L ;Djt\ @)#^ ;fndf k"0ff{jlw d"Nofª\sgsf] k|ltj]bg k]; u/]sf] lyof] .
• k|ltj]bgsf] v08 Psdf /f=lz=k=of]= sfof{Gjogsf] l;+xfjnf]sg z}lIfs sfo{qmd tyf k|zf;gsf
pknAwL / ;d:of k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 eg] v08 @ df ;'emfa lbOPsf 5g\ .
• pRr lzIfftkm{ z}lIfs sfo{qmdsf pknAwLdf ;]d]i6/ k|0ffnL cg';f/ sfo{qmd ;~rfng, txut
p2]Zocg';f/ kf7\oqmd th'{df tyf ljsf; ePsf],
• !@ k|ltzt tflnd k|fKt lzIfsdf a[l4, lzIf0f ;+:yfsf] hUufsf] nut v8f ug{ sfdsf]
z'?jft ePsf],
• sIff $ / % af6 k"j{ Jofj;flos lzIff x6fOPsf],
• ;d:of b]vfpg] qmddf 6Ldn] tflnd k|fKt lzIfsaf6 ;d]t u'0ffTds lzIffdf cfjZos of]ubfg
k'Ug g;s]sf], w]/} ljb\ofno 3f6fdf rn]sf, ef}lts ;'wf/sf ckof{Kttf /x]sf],
• P;Pn;Ldf u|]; dfs{ lbg] rng, jL/]Gb| lzIff kbs lbg] Joj:yf e} g;s]sf], Joj;flos
ljb\ofnodf lgb]{zg ;Nnfxsf/sf] Joj:yf e} g;s]sf], Jofj;flos gd"gf ljb\ofnosf] :yfkgf e}
g;s]sf],
• k"jf{jlw d"Nofª\sgn] lzIff dGqfnosf] k|zf;lgs sdhf]/ kIf klg b]vfPsf],
• lj=;+= @)#% b]lv sfod d'sfod d's// ug]{ k|yf x6] tfklg lzIff dGqfno cGtu{tsf
sfof{nodf sf=d'= oyfjt /x]sf],
• lhNnf / If]qdf a:g] sd{rf/Lsf] of]Uotf a9fpg] df}sfaf6 al~rt,
• dxfzfvfsf] zfvfsf aLr ;dGjosf] cefjdf bf]xf]/f] / c:ki6 lgb]{zg hfg] u/]sf] s'/f
pNn]v,
• lhNnfn] ;f]em} ;Dks{ dGqfno;Fu ug]{ u/]sf],
• If]lzlg af]wfy{ sfof{no ag]sf],
• ljz]if1sf] sfd, st{Jo lj:t[t ¿kdf ls6fg x'g g;s]sf],
• lh=lz=sf= df sfo{ef/sf] cfwf/df b/jGbL gk'u]sf],
• w]/} l56f]l56f] lhlzcsf] ;?jfn] sfddf l9nf ;':tL ePsf],
84
 • w]/} l56f] ;?jfn] sd{rf/Lsf] :yfloTj / ;'/Iffsf] efjgfdf sdL cfPsf],
• u'0ffTds ljsf;df lhlzc, k|c / lg/LIfs Ps ;fy h'6\g g;s]sf],
• pRrlzIfftkm{ lgs} vr{ a[l4 ePsf], hg;xeflutfsf] sdL, k9fO z'Nsdf Ps¿ktf gePsf],
• /fli6«o ah]6sf] !) k|ltzt lzIffdf vr{ ug]{ elgPsf]df s]jn (=)# k|ltzt k'u]sf] b]lvPsf],
• k|fljlws pRrlzIffdf $, Jofj;flos pRrlzIffdf #, ;fwf/0f pRr lzIffdf @ cWoog
;+:yfg /xg],
• ljb\ofnotkm{ 6]lSgsn :s'n :yfkgf ug]{, gofF :s'n :jLs[t lb+bf glhssf c¿ :s'nnfO{ c;/
gkg]{ ul/lbg], lzIfs b/aGbL & k'¥ofpg] cflb l;kmfl/; u/]sf] .
#=#=! kf7\oqmd sfof{Gjog of]hgf, @)#*
s'g} klg d'n'ssf] lzIff k|0ffnL ;do Pjd\ kl/l:ylt cg';f/ kl/jt{gzLn x'G5 . lzIff k|0ffnLnfO{
lgb]{lzt ug]{ sfo{ kf7\oqmdn] ub{5 . kf7\oqmd kl/jt{gzLn x'G5 . o;} ;Gbe{df /f=lz=k=of]= @)@*–#@
cg';f/ to ul/Psf] g]kfnsf] ljb\ofno txsf] kf7\oqmddf lj=;+=@)#* ;fndf ag]sf] kf7\oqmd of]hgfn]
lgDgfg';f/ x]/km]/ Pjd\ kl/jt{g u/L nfu" ug]{ l;kmfl/; u/]sf] lyof] M
!= tt\sfnLg /fhfaf6 /fli6«o k~rfotsf] clwj]zg ;+af]wg ubf{ k|fylds lzIffnfO{ !–# af6 !–%
;Ddsf] 3f]if0ff ul/aS;]adf]lhd ljb\ofnosf] :t/sf] txut ;+/rgf jf ;+u7gdf cfPsf] kl/jt{g
d'tfljs kf7\oqmddf x]/km]/ u/]sf] .
@= kl/jlt{t kf7\oqmd @)@* sf] z}lIfs ;qb]lv sIff $, ^ / * df -k|yd r/0fdf_ / bf];|f] r/0fdf -
@)#(_ sIff %, & / ( df t];|f] r/0f -@)$) df_ sIff !) df nfu" ub}{ hfg] .
#= sIff !–# ;Ddsf] k|fylds lzIff afnaflnsfnfO{ ;fIf/ t'Nofpgsf nflu kof{Kt eP tfklg
cfwf/e"t lzIffsf lgldQ ckof{Kt g} /x]sf]n] % jif]{ k|fylds lzIffsf] k|rng x'g'kg]{ l;kmfl/;
u/]sf] .
$= of]hgfn] sIff !, @, # df ^ ljifo k7gkf7g x'g] / kf7\oef/ #$ x'g] / k"0ff{ª\s ^)) x'g] s'/f
pNn]v u/]sf] lyof] .
%= sIff $ / % df * ljifosf] cWofkg ul/g'kg]{ kf7\oef/ #( / k"0ff{ª\s &)) sfod ul/Psf] lyof] .
^= lg=df= txdf ( ljifo cWofkg ul/g] / kf7\oef/ #(, k"0ff{ª\s &)) sfod ul/Psf] lyof] .
&= lg=df=lj=txdf lj1fgsf] kf7\oef/ % / k"0ff{ª\s *) / :jf:Yosf] kf7\oef/ ! / k"0ff{ª\s @) sfod
ul/Psf] .
*= dfWolds txsf] k"0ff{ª\s &)) / kf7\oef/ #( lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] .
(= ;+:s[t df=lj= sf] nflu Jofj;flos ljifosf] ¿kdf sd{sf08 / P]lR5s ljifosf] ¿kdf ;+:s[t
;d"xaf6} @ kq lng' kg]{ Joj:yf ul/Psf] .
!)= k|fylds lzIffsf] p2]Zo lzIffnfO{ afns]lGb|t u/L afnaflnsfdf cGt/lg{lxt Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ug]{,
b}lgs Jojxf/df cfOkg]{ ;fwf/0f n]vfO, k9fO / lx;fa;DaGwL ;Lksf] ljsf; ug]{, hLjgf]kof]uL
d"No, dfGotf / cf:yfsf] ;+j4{g u/L Odfgbfl/tf, :jfjnDag / >dzLnh:tf u'0f / gful/s,
j}1flgs tyf jftfj/0fLo r]tgfsf] ljsf; tyf ug]{ u/]sf] .

85
!!= k|fylds / lgDgdfWolds txsf] kf7\oqmd ¿k/]vf M
qm=;+= ljifo sIff !–# sIff $–% sIff ^–& s}lkmot
!= g]kfnL #)) !%) !@)
@= ul0ft @)) !)) !))
#= ;fdflhs !)) !)) !))
$= zfl/l/s lzIff ;kmfO, lrqsnf /
%) – –
x:tsnf
%= ;+:s[t – %) #)
^= cª\u|]hL – !)) !))
&= zfl/l/s lzIff – %) %)
*= lj1fg tyf :jf:Yo &)±#
– *)±@)
)
(= g}lts lzIff – %) %)
!)= k"j{Jofj;flos – – %)
hDdf ^%) &)) &))
pQm sIff ^ b]lv %) k"0ff{ª\ssf] k"j{Jofj;flos lzIff yk ul/Psf] .
!@= dfWolds txsf] kf7\oqmdsf] ¿k/]vf M -sIff *–!)_
ljifo sIff * sIff ( / !) s}lkmot
g]kfnL !)) !))
cª\u|]hL !)) !))
ul0ft !)) !))
Jof= ljifo s'g} Ps !)) !))
Oltxf; &% –
e"uf]n &% –
k~rfot tyf gful/s lhjg %) –
lj1fg±:jf:Yo *)±@)
P]lR5s ;d"x M
!= k|yd kq – !))
@= låtLo kq – !))
#= yk P]lR5s – !))
hDdf &)) &))

86
#=$ /fli6«o lzIff cfof]usf] k|ltj]bg, @)$(
;dfh tyf b]zsf] cfjZostf / rfxgfcg';f/ z}lIfs If]qsf ljleGg kIfdf ;do;dodf kl/jt{g Pjd\
;'wf/ ug{ h?/L x'G5 .@)$^ ;fnsf] hgcfGbf]ngaf6 lgb{nLo k~rfotL Joj:yfsf] cGTo eO{ ax'bnLo
zf;gk|0ffnL nfu" eof] . b]zsf] l;+·f] zf;g k|0ffnLdf kl/jt{g cfPkl5 z}lIfs p2]Zo, lzIffsf]
;+u7gfTds 9fFrf, k/LIff k4lt kf7Øqmd, kf7Øk':tsnufot ljleGg ljifodf /fo, ;'emfj /
l;kmfl/;;lxtsf] k|ltj]bg k]; ug{ >L % sf] ;/sf/n] tTsfnLg lzIffdGqL 8f= s]z/h· /fodfemLsf]
cWoIftfdf @)$& ;fn kmfu'g !$ ut] !% ;b:oLo /fli6«o lzIff cfof]usf] u7g u¥of] .
!= cfof]u;DaGwL hfgsf/L
cfof]usf] sfo{sfn @)$* ;fn j}zfv;Dd tf]lsPsf] eP tfklg ;f] cjlw 5f]6f] ePsfn] cfof]usf]
sfo{cjlw a9fOPsf] lyof] .
@)$* ;fpg !# ut] cfof]usf] k'gu{7g eO{ tTsfnLg lzIffdGqL /fdxl/ hf]zLsf] cWoIftfdf !^
;b:oLo cfof]u aGof] . km]l/ To;kl5 dlGqd08nsf] k'gu{7g ePkl5 cof]usf] cWoIf tTsfnLg
lzIffdGqL uf]ljGb/fh hf]zL x'g k'u] .
cfof]usf] klxnf]] cWoIf – 8f= s]z/h· /fodfemL
pkfWofIf – q}nf]Sogfy pk|]tL
;b:o ;lrj – 8f= 5ljnfn uh'/]n
cfof]un] @)$( ;fn h]7 % ut];Dd sfo{ u/L @)$( ;fn c;f/ !$ ut] k|ltj]bg tTsfnLg
k|wfgdGqL lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnf;dIf a'emfPsf] lyof] .
@= cfof]usf] sfo{If]q
-!_ z}lIfs p2]Zosf] k'glg{wf{/0f, lzIffdf ;dfg cj;/, z}lIfs u'0f:t/ tyf z}lIfs hgzlSt
of]hgfaf/] .
-@_ k"j{k|fylds txb]lv pRrlzIffsf tx;Ddsf] ;Ë7gfTds 9fFrfsf] ;dLIff / ;f]sf] k'gM
lgwf{/0faf/] .
-#_ ax'ljZjljb\ofno -;fwf/0f, k|fljlws / v'nf ljZjljb\ofno;d]t_, g]kflnh OlG:6Ro'6, ckm
6]Sgf]nf]hL, kf]ln6]lSgs OlG:6Ro'6, kf]ln6]lSgs :s'n, k|fljlws lzIffno, cgf}krfl/s lzIff -k|f}9
lzIff, dlxnf lzIff, /fli6«o ;fIf/tf cleofg, ljz]if lzIff_ / cGt/f{li6«o:t/sf] ljb\ofnoh:tf
gofF z}lIfs cfofd / ;+/rgfaf/] .
-$_ ljleGg z}lIfs kl/of]hgfsf] k|efjsf/L cWoog / ;f];DaGwL gLltaf/] .
-%_ ;/sf/L cg'bfg k|fKt / hg;xeflutfåf/f ;~rflnt lzIf0f ;+:yfsf] ;·7gfTds z}lIfs tyf
k|zf;lgs Joj:yfkgaf/] .
-^_ ;a} :t/sf z}lIfs ;+:yfnfO{ k|bfg ul/g] cg'bfg;DaGwL gLltaf/] .
-&_ lzIffsf ljleGg If]q tyf z}lIfs tyf k|fl1s lj|mofsnfk Pjd\ k|zf;lgs / Joj:yfkgsf]
;'kl/j]If0f, d"Nofª\sg / cg'udgaf/] pko'Qm gLlt lgwf{/0f;DaGwL .
-*_ ;fs{ ;·7gsf cGo ;b:o /fi6«sf] z}lIfs :t/nfO{ ;d]t b[li6ut u/L z}lIfs u'0f:t/ clej[l4
ug{ cfjZos gLltaf/] .
87
 -(_ kf7Øqmdsf] :t/Lotf, ;do;fk]Iftf, pkfb]otf / tbg'¿k kf7Øk':tssf ;fy} pko'Qm
kf7Øk':ts / kf7Ø;fdu|L tof/ ug]{af/] .
-!)_ ;Gbe{;fdu|L tyf cGo z}lIfs ;fdu|Lsf] pTkfbg;DaGwL .
-!!_ /fli6«o lzIff ;ldlt, lzIff tyf ;+:s[lt dGqfno / k"j{k|fyldsb]lv pRrlzIff;Ddsf ljleGg
z}lIfs lgsfosf] ;·7gfTds :j¿k / sfo{k4ltsf] ljrf/ u/L ;dGjo / ;fdfGh:o sfod
/fVg] af/] .
-!@_ ;+:s[t lzIffaf/] .
-!#_ k/LIff k4lt / k/LIff ;~rfngaf/] .
-!$_ lzIfssf] ;]jf, j[lQljsf;, tflnd / ;'ljwfaf/] .
-!%_ pRrlzIffsf] jt{dfg Joj:yfkg, cfly{s ef/ cflb ;d:ofsf] k'g/fjnf]sg u/L :ki6 gLlt lgwf{0f
ug]{af/] .
-!^_ z}lIfs If]qdf hg;xeflutf clej[l4 ug]{af/] .
-!&_ pko'{Qm ljifosf cltl/Qm cfof]un] plrt 7x/fPsf ;'emfj .

/fli6«o lzIff cfof]usf] k|ltj]bg, @)$( sf ljz]iftf / l;kmfl/;

ljz]iftf
• g]kfnsf] ;ljwfg @)$& sf] df}lns xs / l;4fGtnfO{ Wofgdf /flvPsf]
• ljZj lzv/ ;Dd]ngsf] k|lta4tf
• cgf}krfl/s lzIffdf hf]8
• l5d]sL b]zsf] lzIff gLltdf klg Wofg
• pRr lzIffsf] ljs]Gb|Lt :j¿k
• ;xeflutf, lj:tf/ / lghLs/0f
l;kmfl/;
• lzIffsf] /fli6«o p2]Zo
• k|fylds lzIff dft[efiffdf lbg ;lsg]
• df=lj= txsf] ;+/rgf -^–* lg=df= (–!) df !) ± @ pRr df=lj_=
• pRr dfWodldsdf ;fwf/0f, k];fut, k|fljlws, ax'k|fljlws / ;+:s[t
• pRr lzIfdf $ tx -:gfts, :gftsf]Q/, Pdlkmn, ljBfjfl/lw_
• v'nf ljZjljb\ofnosf] cjwf/0ff
• dlxnf, ckfª\u / czQm afnaflnsfnfO{ k|fyldstf
• cfly{s, ;fdflhs / ef}uf]lns b[li6n] kl5 k/]sf hgzlStsf] lzIffdf ;d'lrt Joj:yf
• ljZjljb\ofno cg'bfg cfof]usf] :yfkgf
• yk ljZjljb\ofno :yfkgfsf] af6f] v'Nnf
• @)%) b]lv lqljn] k|df0fkq txsf] SofDk; vf]Ng aGb u/L @)%& ;Dddf ;a} k|df0fkq txnfO{ ±@
df ¿kfGt/0f
• lzIfs k|lzIf0f clgjfo{

88
• df=lj= qmdzM lgMz'Ns ug]{
• lhNnfnfO{ lg/LIf0f PsfOdf ljefhg u/L k|To]s PsfOnfO{ dfWolds lg/LIfssf] If]q agfpg]
• ljs]Gb|Ls/0fdf hf]8
• /fli6«o lzIff ljsf; s]Gb| :yfkgf ug]{
• k/LIff lgoGq0f sfof{nonfO{ :jfoQ ;+:yfsf] ¿kdf ljsf; ug]{
• lzIffdf /fli6«o nufgL j[l4 ug]{
#= s]xL k|d'v ;'emfj
sIff ! df k|j]z ug]{ ljBfyL{ ^ jif{ nfu]sf] x'g'k5{ .
s'g} OR5's ljb\ofno jf ;d'bfon] cfÇgf] If]qsf] k|fylds ljb\ofnodf 5'§} kf7Øqmd tof/ u/Lnfu"
ug{ rfx]df To:tf] kf7Øqmd lzIffsf] /fli6«o p2]Zo / nIo;Fu d]n vfg] agfO{ lzIff dGqfnoaf6
:jLs[t ul/Psf] x'g'kb{5 .
lzIff ;j{;'ne agfpg dft[efiffdf k|fylds lzIff lbg] ;lsg]5 .
k|fylds txdf lzIfssf] lgo'lSt ubf{ afnaflnsfsf] dft[efiff hfg]sf] JolStnfO{ k|fyldstf lbg] /
k|To]s k|fylds ljb\ofnodf sDtLdf Ps hgf dlxnf lzlIfsfsf] Joj:yf x'g'kb{5 .
k|fylds ljb\ofnosf] Joj:yfkg ;fwf/0ftof cnUu} x'g'k5{ .
dfWolds txdf ;ËLt tyf gf6Øljb\ofno vf]Ng k|f]T;flxt ug{'k5{ .
pRrdfWolds lzIff ;fwf/0f, k];fut, k|fljlws, ax'k|fljlws / ;+:s[t u/L % lsl;dsf] x'g'k5{ .
b'u{d tyf u|fdL0f If]qdf !)±@ sIff vf]Ng>L % sf] ;/sf/sf tkm{af6 ljz]if k|of; ul/g'k5{ .
!)±@ df ;~rfns ;ldlt, lg/LIf0f Joj:yf tyf cGo lgod dfWolds ljb\ofnosf]
Joj:yfkg;/x x'g'k5{ .
!)±@ df ;~rfns ;ldlt, lg/LIf0f Joj:yf tyf cGo lgod dfWolds ljb\ofnosf]
Joj:yfkg;/x x'g'kb{5 .
!)±@ ;~rfng ePsf ljb\ofno>L % sf] ;/sf/af6 jflif{s cg'bfg kfpg], k6s] cg'bfg kfpg]
tyf !! / !@ sIff cfÇg} ;|f]taf6 ;~rfng ug]{ u/L tLg lsl;dsf x'g]5g\ .
@)%& ;fn;Dddf b]zdf ljZjljb\ofnocGtu{t k|jL0ftf k|df0fkqtxsf] sfo{qmd ;~rfng k"0f{tM
pRrdfWolds lzIffcGtu{t Nofpg'k5{ .
kf7Øk':ts n]vg tyf k|sfzgdf Psflwsf/sf] Joj:yf g/fvL lghLs/0f tyf k|lt:kwf{sf]
cfwf/df :t/Lo kf7Øk':ts n]vfO{ pknAw u/fpg'k5{ .
k|To]s lhNnfdf sDtLdf Pp6f pRrdfWolds ljb\ofno :yfkgf ul/g'kb{5 .
dGqfnocGtu{t ;+:s[t lzIffdf lg/LIf0f PsfOsf] Joj:yf u/L z}lIfs sfo{qmdsf] lg/LIf0f tyf
;'b[9Ls/0fsf] k|aGw ldnfOg'kb{5 .
;+:s[t lzIffdf klg cgf}krfl/s lzIff / b'/lzIffsf] Joj:yf qmlds¿kdf ub}{ hfg'k5{ .
ljb\ofno txsf] lzIf0f k];fdf k|j]z ug{ lzIfs k|lzIf0f clgjfo{ ug{'k5{ .
lzIf0f k];fdf k|j]z ul/;s]sf t/ tflnd gkfPsf lzIfsnfO{ clgjfo{ ¿kn] tflndsf] Joj:yf
ug'{kg]{ .
lzIfs k|lzIf0fdf dlxnfnfO{ u|fÅotf lbg'k5{ .
89
 lzIfs k|lzIfs h:tf hgzlSt tof/ kfg{ aL= P8= u/]sfnfO{ @ jif{, Pd= P8= / cGo ljifodf
:gftsf]Q/ u/]sfnfO{ Ps jif]{ Pd= P8= sfo{qmd / c¿ ljifodf :gftsf]Q/ u/]sf JolStnfO{ %
dlxg] k|lzIf0f ljlw tflnd lbg] Joj:yf ug{'k5{ .
ckfª\unfO{ lzIff lgMz'Ns ul/g'sf ;fy} cfjf;Lo ;'ljwf, kf7Ø;fdu|L / pks/0f cflb ;d]t
pknAw u/fpg] gLlt lnOg'kb{5 .
lg/If/tfnfO{ lgd{"n ug{ ;fIf/tf cleofgsf] ;~rfng ug]{ tyf ;fIf/tfkl5 ;fIf/f]Q/ sfo{qmd
Pjd\ hLjgf]kof]uL ;Lkd"ns lzIffnfO{ ;j{;'ne ug{ sbd rfNg'k5{ .
cgf}krfl/s lzIffsf] kf7Ø;fdu|L g]kfnLsf ;fy} b]zsf /fli6«o efiff jf eflifsfdf ;d]t ljsf;
ug{ gd"gf ;fdu|L lgdf{0f x'g'kb{5 .
;/sf/n] lzIff If]qdf s'n ah]6sf] !% k|ltzt pknAw u/fpg] l;4fGt cFufNg'kb{5 .
ljb\ofnonfO{ lbOg] cg'bfg lhNnf lzIff sfof{nodfkm{t pknAw u/fpg], ;fy} eljiodf ;/sf/n]
ljb\ofno gS;fª\sgsf] cfwf/df vf]n]sf ljb\ofnonfO{ ;fna;fnL Psd'i6 cg'bfg lbg] Joj:yf
x'g'kb{5 .
k|fylds ljb\ofnosf] ;~rfng ;ldltdf % b]lv & ;Dd / cGo ljb\ofnodf ( b]lv !! hgf;Ddsf]
;ldlt agfpg'kb{5 . ;~rfns ;ldltsf] kbfjlw $ jif{ agfO{ cWoIfnfO{ lhNnf lzIff ;ldltn]
dgf]gLt ug{'kb{5 .
dfWoldsljb\ofnodf lzIf0f z'Nsafx]s cGo /sd klg p7fpg kfOg] Joj:yf ug{'k5{ .
k|To]s lhNnf lzIff ;ldltn] Pp6f lzIff kl/qmdf sf]if (Revolving fund) sf] :yfkgf u/L To;af6
ljb\ofnon] / ul/a ljBfyL{n] C0f jf ;fk6L lng ;Sg] Joj:yf x'g'kb{5 .
rf/jif{ k'u]sf afnaflnsfnfO{ Ps jif{sf] k"j{k|fylds lzIffsf] Joj:yfsf nflu k|f]T;flxt
ug{'kb{5 .
lghL ljb\ofno ;fdflhs ;]jfsf] efjgfaf6 k|]l/t / ;]jfd"ns Joj;fosf] efjgfaf6 k|]l/t u/L @
lsl;dsf] x'g'kb{5 .
b]zsf k|To]s ljsf;If]qdf sDtLdf Pp6f pRr:t/Lo lghL:t/df ;~rflnt gd"gf ljb\ofno
:yfkgf ug{ ;/sf/n] k|f]T;fxg / ;xof]u k'¥ofpg'kb{5 .
ljBfyL{sf] d"Nofª\sg x/]s txdf dfl;s, q}dfl;s cw{jflif{s / jflif{s k/LIffsf] ;+o'Qm cfwf/df
ul/g' pko'Qm x'G5 .
kf7Øk':tssf] k|sfzg k':tsfno ;+:s/0f / ljBfyL{ ;+:s/0f u/L b'O{ k|sf/sf] x'g'kb{5 .
$= lzIffsf] ;+/rgf
lzIffsf] /fli6«o p2]Zo k"lt{sf] lglDt lzIffsf] jt{dfg ;+/rgfdf kl/jt{g u/L cfof]un] gofF ;+/rgf
k|:tfljt u/]sf] 5 . lzIffn] gofF ;+/rgfcGtu{t lzIff / ;Lk k|bfg ug]{ tLg dfu{ 5g\M cf}krfl/s,
cgf}krfl/s / Joj;fod"ns . lgoldt ¿kdf lzIf0f ;+:yfdf lbOg] lzIff cf}krfl/s lzIff xf] . s'g} klg
JolStn] k"/f ;do k9\g] ljBfyL{sf ¿kdf cfkm"nfO{ /fvL cf}krfl/s lzIff k|fKt u/]sf] x'G5 .ljb\ofno,
dxfljb\ofno / ljZjljb\ofnoaf6 JolStnfO{ cf}krfl/s ¿kdf lzIff k|bfg ug]{ k/Dk/f 5, t/ lzIff
cgf}krfl/s ¿kdf klg lbg ;lsG5 . ;fIf/tf lzIff, sfo{d"ns k|f}9 lzIff / r]nLa]6L sfo{qmd
cgf}krfl/s lzIffsf s]xL pbfx/0f x'g\ . Joj;fod"ns lzIffrflx+ ;Lk tflnd xf] h;df 1fgdf eGbf ;Lk
ljsf;df hf]8 /xG5 . /fli6«o lzIffsf] k|:tfljt ;+/rgfdf cf}krfl/s cgf}krfl/s Pjd\ k|fljlws tyf
Jofj;flos lzIffnfO{ oyf;Dej PsLs[t ug]{ k|of; ul/Psf] 5 .
90
!= lzIffnfO{ ;j{;'ne agfpg] sfo{nfO{ ult k|bfg ug{ ! b]lv # sIff;Ddsf] lzIffnfO{ cf}krfl/s lzIff
;Lk tflndsf] sfo{qmd;Fu ;dt'No ul/Psf] 5 .
@= cgf}krfl/s lzIffsf] cfwf/e"t ;fIf/tf / ul0ftsf] 1fgnfO{ cfwf/e"t ;fIf/tfsf] tx dflgPsf] 5
/ Jofj;flos lzIffsf] ;'¿sf] txnfO{ cfwf/e"t ;Lk tflnd dflgPsf] 5 .
# k|fylds tx sIff % ;Ddsf] g} x'g'k5{,
$= dfWolds tx tLg r/0fsf] x'g]5 -!_ lgDgdfWolds -sIff ^–*_, dfWolds -sIff (–!)_ /
pRrdfWolds -sIff !!–!@_ . dfWolds lzIff ( / !) u/L @ jif{sf] x'g]5 o; txdf P]lR5s /
cltl/Qm P]lR5ssf ¿kdf Jofj;flos / ;+:s[t jf cGo ljifo lng] tL ljifosf] ljlzi6Ls/0flt/
nfUg]5g\ .
%= dfWolds lzIff kl5sf] b'O{ jif{sf] cf}krfl/s lzIffnfO{ pRrdfWolds lzIff elgg]5 .
^= cfufdL @)%& ;fn;Dddf k|jL0ftf k|df0fkq txnfO{ ljZjljb\ofnoaf6 pRrdfWolds
kl/ifb\\cGtu{t NofOg] 5 .
&= ;fwf/0f, k];fut, ;+:s[t, lj1fg / k|ljlws tyf ax'k|fljlws ljifodf pRrlzIffsf] Joj:yf x'g]5 .
;dfGotM pRrlzIffsf rf/ tx x'g]5g\– :gfts, :gftsf]Q/, Pd=lkmn= / ljBfjfl/lw .
*= k];fut ljifodWo] tLg jif{sf] :gfts tx k"/f u/]sfnfO{ Ps jif{sf] lzIff :gfts txdf / sfg'gdf
klg lgwf{l/t of]Uotf k'u]sfnfO{ b'O{ jif]{ aL= Pn= sfo{qmddf k|j]z lbg ;lsg]5 .
(= k|fljlws ljifosf :gfts:t/Lo sfo{qmd ljleGg cjlwsf x'g]5g\ .
!)= ;fwf/0f, lj1fg, k];fut / ;+:s[t ljifodf :gftsf]Q/ :t/ pQL0f{ u/]sf / lgwf{l/t cª\s k|fKt u/L
:gftsf]Q/ pkflw k|fKt u/]sfsf lglDt Ps jif{sf] Pd=lkmn=tx /xg]5 .
!!= ljBfjfl/lw -lkPr=8L_ ug{sf nflu Pd=lkmn=nfO{ k"jf{jZos dflgg]5 . Ps jif{sf] Pd=lkmn=tx k"/f
u/]df jf ;Da4 ;ª\sfoåf/f lgwf{l/t ;t{ k"/f u/]sf JolStnfO{ sDtLdf b'O{ jif{ / a9Ldf % jif{df
k"/f ug{ ;lsg] u/L ljBfjfl/lw txsf sfo{qmd ljleGg ljifodf /xg]5g\ .
%= k|fylds lzIff;DaGwL ;'emfj
k|fylds lzIffdf ;fdlos ;'wf/ Nofpg lgDgadf]lhd cfjZos Joj:yf ug{sf nflu ;'emfj k|:t't
ul/Psf 5g\ M
-!_ k|fylds lzIffsf] d"ne"t p2]Zo lzIffnfO{ afns]lGb|t u/L afnaflnsfdf cGtlglx{t Ifdtfsf] ljsf;
ug]{, b}lgs Jojxf/df cfOkg]{ ;fwf/0f n]vfO, k9fO / lx;fa;DaGwL ;Lksf] ljsf; ug]{,
hLjgf]kof]uL d"No, dfGotf / cf:yfsf] ;Da4{g u/L Odfgbf/L :jfjnDag / >dzLntfh:tf u'0f /
gful/s, j}1flgs tyf jftfj/0fLo r]tgfsf] ljsf; ug]{ x'g'k5{ .
-@_ k|fylds lzIff % jif{sf] x'g'k5{ / sIff ! df k|j]z ug]{ ljBfyL{ ^ jif{ nfu]sf] x'g'k5{ .
-#_ k|fylds lzIffnfO{ ;j{;'ne u/fpFb} n}hfg xfn;Dd k|rlnt k|fylds lzIffdf s]xL ;+/rgfTds
;dfof]hg ul/g'k5{ . o;f] ubf{ ! b]lv # ;Ddsf] lzIffnfO{ cfwf/e"t ;fIf/tfsf] ¿kdf dflgg'k5{ /
cgf}krfl/s lzIffsf] cfwf/e"t ;fIf/tfnfO{ o;sf] ;dsIf dflgg'k5{ .
$_ k|fylds lzIffdf jf:tljs hLjg;Fu ;DalGwt tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, s[lifh:tf ljifosf] Jofjxfl/s
1fg lbgdf;d]t Wofg lbg'kb{5 .

91
-%_ k|fylds lzIffdf ;kmfO, :jf:Yo / zf/Ll/s lzIffsf ;fy} x:tsnf, lrqsnfh:tf ljleGg ljifodf
Jofjxfl/s sfo{snfksf dfWodaf6 cled'vLs/0f ug'{kb{5 .
-^_ k|fylds lzIffsf] nIo / cfwf/nfO{ b[li6ut u/L] lzIff dGqfnon] /fHosf k|fylds
ljb\ofnonfO{pko'Qm x'g] u/L jt{dfg kf7Øqmd cfjZos ;'wf/;lxt k|fylds lzIffsf] /fli6«o
kf7Øqmd tof/ u/L nfu" ug'{kb{5 .
-&_ g]kfnL dft[efiff gePsf g]kfnsf cGo /fli6«o efiffefifL If]qsf ljb\ofnodf lzIffsf] dfWodsf
¿kdf /fli6«o efiffsf] k|of]u ug{ ;lsg]5 .
-*_ ax'eflifs ;d'bfosf afnaflnsfnfO{ :yfgLo dft[efiffsf] cWoog ug{ k|f]T;flxt ug'{k5{ .
-(_ k|fylds txdf lzIfssf] lgo'lSt ubf{ afnaflnsfsf] dft[efiff hfg]sf] JolStnfO{ k|fyldstf
lbg'k5{ . k|To]s ljb\ofnodf sDtLdf Pshgf dlxnf lzIfssf] Joj:yf x'g'k5{ .
-!)_ ;d'bfo jf :yfgLo PsfOnfO{cfÇgf] If]qdf k|fylds ljb\ofno vf]nL lzIffnfO{ ;j{;'ne agfpg]sfo{df
of]ubfg ug{ k|f]T;flxt ug'{k5{ .
-!!_ k|fylds sIffdf lgDg tflnsfdf pNn]v ePsf ljifosf] k7gkf7g k|:tfljt ul/Psf] 5 M
sIff !b]lv % ;Dd k9fOg] ljifo / cª\s ljt/0f

sIff
laifo
! @ # $ %
!= g]kfnL efiff !)) !)) !)) !)) !))
@= dft[efiff jf cGo efiff !)) !)) !)) !)) !))
#= cª\u|]hL efiff — — — !)) !))
$= ul0ft !)) !)) !)) !)) !))
%= ;fdflhs lzIff !)) !)) !)) !)) !))
^= :jf:Yo, zf/Ll/s tyf jftfj/0f lzIff %) %) %) %) %)
&= snf -x:tsnf, lrqsnf, g[Tosnf cflb_ %) %) %) %) %)
*= lj1fg — — — !)) !))
hDdf %)) %)) %)) &)) &))
^= dfWolds tyf pRrdfWolds lzIff;DaGwL ;'emfj
dfWolds lzIff;DaGwL
-!_ ef}uf]lns b[li6n] ljBfyL{ 3/af6 @ 306feGbf a9L lxF8]/ hfg' gkg]{ u/L sDtLdf sIff * ;Dd
k9\g kfpg] Joj:yf x'g'k5{ .
-@_ dfWolds lzIffsf] ;+/rgf tLg txsf] x'g'k5{ M lgDgdfWolds -sIff ^–*_, dfWolds -(–!)_ /
pRrdfWolds -!)±@_ .
-#_ >d k|lt ;sf/fTds efjgf ePsf, /fi6« / k|hftfGqk|lt cf:yfjfg\ tyf g]kfnL efiff, ul0ft /
lj1fg ljifodf pko'Qm:t/sf] 1fg ePsf, rl/qjfg\ gful/s tof/ kfg'{ lgDgdfWolds lzIffsf]
p2]Zo x'g'k5{ .
92
 -$_ dfWolds lzIff g]kfnsf] cfly{s ljsf;sf nflu dfgj ;+;fwgsf] d"n cfwf/ x'g'k5{ . eflifs
Jojxf/df ;Ifd, l;h{gzLn, ;xof]uL, /fli6«o k/:k/f / ;+:s[lt;Fu kl/lrt, j}1flgs ;'ema'em
ePsf, :jfjnDaL, pBdzLn / k|hftflGqs hLjg d"No;Fu ;r]t gful/s tof/ kfg'{ o; lzIffsf]
p2]Zo x'g'k5{ .
-%_ cf7f+} of]hgfleq /fHosf ;a} lhNnfdf sIff !@ ;Ddsf] cWoog ug]{ ;x'lnot k|bfg ug'{k5{ .
-^_ lgDgdfWolds -^–*_ lzIffdf lgDg tflnsfdf pNn]v ePcg';f/sf ljifosf] k7gkf7g k|:tfljt
ul/Psf] 5M
lgDgdfWolds sIff -^ b]lv * ;Dd_ sf ljifo
ljifo sIff ^ sIff & sIff *
g]kfnL !)) !)) !))
;+:s[t %) %) %)
cª\u|]hL !)) !)) !))
ul0ft !)) !)) !))
lj1fg -/ jftfj/0f lzIff_ !)) !)) !))
;fdlhs lzIff !)) !)) !))
:jf:Yo / zf/Ll/s lzIff %) %) %)
P]lR5s efiff !)) !)) !))
snf÷ k"j{Jofj;flos %) %) %)
hDdf &%) &%) &%)
-c_ P]lR5s efiffdf dft[efiff, /fi6«efiff, cª\u|]hL / ;+:s[tdWo] s'g} Ps lng'k5{ .
-cf_ snf÷k"j{Jofj;flosdf lrqsnf, g[To ;ËLt, x:tsnf / k"j{Jofj;flosdWo] s'g} Ps ljifo
lng'k5{ .
-O_ ;+:s[t dfWolds lzIffdf P]lR5s efiffcGtu{t ;+:s[t lng'k5{ .
-&_ dfWolds lzIff -(–!)_ df lgDg tflnsfdf pNn]v ePcg';f/sf ljifosf] k7gkf7g k|:tfljt
ul/Psf] 5 M
dfWolds lzIff -sIff ( / !)_ sf ljifo
ljifo sIff ( sIff !)
g]kfnL !)) !))
cª\u|]hL !)) !))
ul0ft !)) !))
lj1fg -/ jftfj/0f lzIff_ !)) !))
;fdflhs lzIff !)) !))
P]lR5s @)) @))

93
 cltl/Qm P]lR5s !)) !))
hDdf &))±!)) &))±!))
-c_ g]kfnL ljifocGtu{t ;xof]uLsf ¿kdf ;+:s[tnfO{ klg ;dfj]z ug]{ Joj:yf x'g'k5{ .
-cf_ P]lR5s @)) k"0ff{ª\sssf] x'g'k5{ . o;cGtu{t lgwf{l/t ljifo ;d"xaf6 s'g} b'O{ ljifo jf
Pp6} ljifoaf6 b'O{ kq lng ;lsg]5 .
-O_ P]lR5s glnPsf] s'g} Ps ljifo jf Ps kq cltl/Qm P]lR5sdf lng ;lsg]5 .
-O{_ ;+:s[t dfWolds lzIffdf P]lR5s ljifosf ¿kdf @)) k"0ff{ª\s ;+:s[t clgjfo{ ¿kdf
lng'k5{ . cltl/Qm P]lR5sdf ;fwf/0f ;d"xsf] cGo ljifo jf ;+:s[t klg lng ;lsg]5 .
-p_ cltl/Qm P]lR5sdf pQL0f{ cg'QL0f{;Fu ;Da4 gu/L pQL0f{eGbf dflysf] k|fKtfª\s hf]l8g]
Joj:yf ul/g'k5{ .
-pm_ P]lR5s / cltl/Qm P]lR5sdf ljb\ofnosf] Ifdtfn] Joj:yf ug{ ;s]sf] ljifo lng ;Sg]
k|fjwfg x'g'k5{ .
-*_ Pp6} kf7Øqmd nfu" x'g] xfnsf] l:yltdf s]Gb|Lo txdf P;=Pn=;L=k/LIffsf] tof/L u/L If]qLo txdf
k/LIff ;~rfng ug]{, pQ/k'l:tsf k/LIf0f tyf k/LIffkmn k|sfzg ug]{ cfjZos Joj:yf
ldnfpg'k5{ .
pRrdfWolds lzIff;DaGwL l;kmfl/;
pRrdfWolds lzIff 1fg / ;Lksf] ljlzi6Ls/0flt/ hfg] klxnf] r/0fsf ¿kdf x'g'k5{ . o; txsf]
k|d'v p2]Zo dWo:t/sf] hgzlSt pTkfbg ug]{ x'g'k5{ .
pRrdfWolds lzIffsf] wf/f kfFr lsl;dsf] x'g'k5{ M -!_ ;fwf/0f -@_ k];fut -#_ k|fljlws -$_
ax'k|fljlws -%_ ;+:s[t .
k|rlnt dfWolds ljb\ofnodf sIff !! / !@ yk u/]/ pRrdfWolds ljb\ofno :yfkgf ul/g'k5{,
t/ xfn ljZjljb\ofnoaf6 ;~rflnt tyf ljZjljb\ofnoaf6 ;DaGwg k|fKt u/]sf SofDk;sf
k|jL0ftf k|df0fkq txsf sIff klg pRrdfWolds lzIffsf] ;+/rgfdf kg{ cfpg] x'Fbf ;fwf/0ftof
To; txdf !–!@, ^–!@, (–!@ jf !!–!@ sIff ;~rfng x'g ;Sg]5g\ . pko'{Qm k|sf/sf ljb\ofno
x'g] eP klg cGttf]uTjf pRrdfWolds ljb\ofnonfO{ ^ cyjf ( b]lv !@ sIff;Dd rNg]
ljb\ofnosf] ¿kdf kl/0ft ug]{ gLlt ckgfOg'k5{ .
pRrdfWoldsdf klg d"n kf7Øqmd ;fdfGotof Pp6} k|s[ltsf] x'g'k5{ .
pRrdfWolds lzIffnfO{ ljb\ofno lzIffsf] cleGg cª\usf ¿kdf ljsf; ul/g] x'gfn] o; txsf]
lzIffsf] Joj:yfkg klg dfWolds lzIff Joj:yfkg ;·7g leq} ;dflxt x'g'k5{ cyf{t\ ;~rfns
;ldlt, lg/LIf0f Joj:yf tyf cGo lgod dfWolds ljb\ofnosf] Joj:yfkg;/x x'g'k5{ .
pRrdfWolds lzIffdf lghL If]q tyf hg;xeflutfnfO{ ljz]if hf]8 lbOg'k5{ / o; cfwf/df
pRrdfWolds;Dd rNg] ljb\ofno>L % sf] ;/sf/af6 jflif{s cg'bfg kfpg], k6s] cg'bfg kfpg],
!! / !@ sIff cfÇg]} ;|f]tn] ;~rfng ug]{ u/L tLg lsl;dsf x'g]5g\ .
xfn;Dd SofDk; gePsf], t/ sIff !! / !@ ;~rfng ubf{ k|ltsIff sDtLdf $) ljBfyL{ x'g] b'u{d
tyf kxf8L lhNnfsf dfWolds ljb\ofnodf sIff !! / !@ yKg ;lsg] Joj:yf x'g'k5{ .
ljZjljb\ofnon] @)%) ;fnkl5 k|jL0ftf k|df0fkq txsf] ;DaGwg jf cflËs SofDk; vf]Ng]
94
 :jLs[lt aGb ug'{k5{ . ;fy} lj=;+= @)%& ;fn;Dddf b]zdf ljZjljb\ofnocGtu{t k|jL0ftf k|df0fkq
txsf] sfo{qmd ;~rfng k"0f{tM pRr dfWolds lzIffcGtu{t NofOg'k5{ .
xfn lghL If]qdf ;~rflnt k|jL0ftf k|df0fkq txsf sfo{qmdnfO{ k|:tfljt pRrdfWolds
ljb\ofnodf ;dflxt ug{ jf :gfts txdf :t/j[l4 ug{ k|f]T;flxt ug'{k5{ . o;f] ubf{ xfn sfo{/t
lzIfssf] ;]jf ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt x'g'k5{ .
&= pRrlzIff;DaGwL ;'emfj
pRrlzIff -;fwf/0f_ ;DaGwL oL ;'emfp jt{dfg l:yltsf sltko kIfnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL agfOPsf 5g\ .
logdf cfly{s kIf ljz]if ¿kn] ljrf/0fLo 5 . pRrlzIffdf clxn] /x]sf] cf};t jflif{s !) k|ltzt j[l4
b/ / % k|ltzt egf{ cg'kft rfn" g} /xg]5 . o; j[l4 b/nfO{ t'?Gt} cfd"n kl/jt{g ug'{ /fhgLlts
b[li6n] ;Dej b]lvb}g . o;sf ;fy} ;/sf/sf] cfwf/e"t, k|fylds tyf dfWolds lzIffk|lt al9/x]sf]
jrga4tfn] ubf{ klg pRrlzIffsf If]qaf6 cem vr{sf] s6f}tL x'g] ;Defjgf 5 .
k|ltjif{ P;=Pn=;L=pQL0f{ x'g] ljBfyL{nfO{ t'?Gt} pRrdfWolds -!)±@_ lt/ jf k|:tfljt Jofj;flos tyf
k|fljlws tflnd s]Gb| jf ax'k|fljlws ;+:yfglt/ pGd'v u/fpg klg cem a9L vr{ rflxg]5 . o;sf/0f
clxn]sf] k"0f{ ;/sf/L cg'bfg lbg] k|0ffnLaf6 pRr lzIffdf lghL :jfldTjnfO{ k|f]T;fxg lbg] k|0fnL
cFufNg'kg]{ s'/f :ki6 b]lvG5 .
• g]kfndf rfn' tyf k|:tfljt pRr lzIf0f ;+:yfsf] ljz]if u/L ljZjljb\ofno lzIffsf] ;fdflhs
dfu / cy{zf:qdf To;sf] e"ldsf tyf sfo{nfO{ kl/eflift ug{ Pp6f pRr:t/Lo ljZjljb\ofno
cg'bfg cfof]u (University Grants Commission-UGC) h:tf] ;+:yfsf] :yfkgf x'g'k5{ .
• lqljsf cflËs SofDk; / lghL SofDk;nfO{ PsLs[t u/]/ k"jf{~rn, dWodf~rn /
klZrdf~rndf PsPs tyf dWoklZrdf~rn / ;'b"/klZrdf~rnsf nflu Ps u/L sDtLdf
rf/cf]6f ljZjljb\ofno vf]lng'k5{ .
• lgs6 eljiodf ;/sf/n] Pp6f v'nf ljZjljb\ofnosf] :yfkgf ug'{k5{ . o; ljZjljb\ofnon]
k|fOe]6 k/LIffyL{sf lglDt klg k/LIff ;~rfng ug'{sf ;fy} cgf}krfl/s dfWoddf pRrlzIffsf]
lj:tf/sf lglDt
g]kfnsf] cfjZostfnfO{ Wofgdf /fv]/ b"/ lzIf0fsf] sfo{qmd klg ;~rfng ug'{k5{ .
• pRrdfWolds lzIff kl/ifb\\ P]g, @)$^ df k|:tfljt u/]cg';f/ lqe'jg ljZjljb\ofnon] r/0fa4
¿kdf k|jL0ftf k|df0fkq txsf] k9fO lj=;++= @)%& ;Dddf k"0f{¿kn] aGb ul/g'k5{ . clxn]sf
lqe'jgljZjljb\ofno cGtu{tsf SofDk;af6 k|jL0ftf k|df0fkq :t/nfO{ aGb u/]kl5
ljZjljb\ofnocGtu{tsf ;ª\sfo / ljefu tyf dxfljb\ofnon] :gfts / :gftsf]Q/ l8Knf]df,
Pdlkmn / ljBfjfl/lwsf sfo{qmdsf] ;~rfng ul/g'k5{ .
• kL=Pr=8L=sfo{qmddf gfd btf{ ug{ PdlkmnnfO{ k"jf{jZos ug'{k5{ / To;nfO{ a9L ;';Ët ¿kdf
;~rfng u/]/ k|efjsf/L tflndsf] ¿k lbg'k5{ . Pdlkmnsf kf7Øf+zdf cGo ;DalGwt ljifo
klg /xg'kb{5 .
• /fli6«o ljsf; ;]jfnfO{ ;fdflhs ;]jf / lj:tf/ sfo{qmdsf ¿kdf hgtf;Dd n}hfg cfly{s ;|f]t
h'6fP/ qm]l86 hDdf gx'g] u/L :j]R5fsf cfwf/df ;~rfng ug]{ Joj:yf ug'{k5{ .

95
 • :gfts tx pQL0f{ JolStnfO{ dfq aLPnsf] sfo{qmddf k|j]z lbg'k5{ .
• pRrlzIffsf nflu rflxg] u'0f:t/o'Qm kf7Øk':ts / kf7Ø;fdu|Lsf] clej[l4sf lglDt
pko'Qm:t/sf] j}1flgs :ynut k"j{k|lzIf0fsf] Joj:yf u/L of]Uo n]vsnfO{ k|f]T;flxt ug'{ /
n]lvPsf kf7Øk':tssf] ;Dkfbg u/L pko'Qm :t/df d'b|0f u/]/ ljBfyL{nfO{ plrt d"Nodf
pknAw u/fpg'k5{ .
• b]zdf j}1flgs Pjd\ k|fljlws pRr hgzlStsf] vfFrf]nfO{ dWogh/ /fVb} k|fljlws
pRrlzIffnfO{ hf]8 lbO{ 7f]; gLltsf cfwf/df k|fljlws pRrlzIffsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f, lj:tf/ tyf
ljsf; ug'{kb{5 .
• xfn ;~rflnt eO/x]sf k|fljlws lgDg / k|df0fkq txsf sfo{qmd oyf;Dej ljZjljb\ofnoaf6
qmdzM x6fpFb} @)%& ;fn;Dddf k"0f{¿kn] x6fOg'k5{ / o;/L x6fOPsf sfo{qmd pRrdfWolds
lzIffcGtu{t ;DalGwt lgsfoåf/f ;~rfng ug'{kb{5 . ;fy} ;Lkd"ns pRrlzIffsf lgldQ
qmdzM ax'k|fljlws dxfljb\ofnosf] :yfkgf ug'{kb{5 .
• cGo ;DalGwt ljifoIf]qsf cWoogcWofkg sfo{qmdnfO{ ;d]t ;dfj]z u/L cWoog ;+:yfgnfO{
sfo{bIftf / Ifdtfsf] cfwf/df qmdzM k"0f{ ljZjljb\ofnosf] ¿kdf ljsl;t ug'{k5{ .
• xfnsf] lj1fg tyf k|ljlw cWoog ;+:yfgnfO{ k"0f{¿kn] c¿ k|fljlws cWoog ;+:yfg;/x
ljsl;t u/L ;';lHht k|of]uzfnf, k':tsfno cflbsf] Joj:yf ug'{k5{ .
• lj1fg / lrlsT;fzf:qafx]s cGo ;a} k|fljlws ljifodf :gfts txsf] cjlw ;fwf/0ftof rf/
jif{sf] x'g'k5{ . To:t} ;fdfGotof lj1fgdf tLg jif{sf] / lrlsT;fzf:qdf PdaLaLP; sfo{qmd
;f9] rf/ jif{sf] x'g'k5{ .
• cfufdL jif{df k|fljlws pRrlzIfftkm{ ljBfyL{ egf{sf] k|ltzt qmdzM j[l4 ub}{ b;jif{ leq s'n
ljBfyL{ egf{ ;ª\Vofsf] $) k|ltzt k'¥ofpg] nIo /flvg'sf ;fy} b]zsf] s'n ufx{:y pTkfbgsf] !
k|ltzt /sd k|fljlws pRrlzIffdf nufgL ug]{ nIo /flvg'k5{ .
*= ;+:s[t lzIff;DaGwL ;'emfj
• g]kfnsf] /fli6«o ;+:s[lt / d"No Pjd\ dfGotfsf] hu]gf{ ug{ ;Ifd JolSt tof/ kfg'{, ;+:s[tsf
ljljw zf:qLo ljifosf cWoog k/Dk/fsf] ;+/If0f ug'{, /fi6«efiff Pjd\ cGo /fli6«o efiffsf]
eflifs, ;flxlTos k|of]u / lzIf0fdf ;3fp k'¥ofpg', ;+:s[t efiffdf lglxt pRr:t/Lo ;flxlTos
l;h{gf / zf:qLo lrGtgsf ;fy} cfo'j]{b, Hof]ltif, of]uh:tf k|of]uk|wfg 1fgsf] dfWodaf6
/fi6«nfO{ nfeflGjt u/fpg' / ;+:s[t jfª\dosf ljljw kIfsf] cWoog–cg';Gwfg k/Dk/fåf/f
/fi6«nfO{ ;+:s[t ljBfsf] cWoog–cg';Gwfg ug]{ cGt/f{li6«o s]Gb|sf] ¿kdf :yflkt u/fpg' ;+:s[t
pRrlzIffsf] k|d'v p2]Zo x'g'k5{ .
• ;+:s[t lzIffsf] kf7Øqmd lgwf{/0f ubf{ lzIffsf] /fli6«o kl/k|]Io / ;+:s[t lzIffsf] cGt/f{li6«o
dfGotfnfO{ ;d]t Wofg lbg' cfjZos 5 .
• ;+:s[t lzIfftkm{ k"j{dWodfb]lv cfrfo{ tx;Dd ;+:s[t efiffs} dfWodaf6 ;+:s[tsf ljifosf]
cWoogcWofkg x'g'k5{ / ;fwf/0f lzIfftkm{ ljb\ofno txb]lv Pd=P=;Dd /fi6«efiff tyf
cGt/f{li6«o efiffsf] dfWodaf6 k7gkf7g ;~rflnt x'g'k5{ .
• :ynut pko'Qmtf / ;DefJotfsf cfwf/df k|To]s lhNnfdf sDtLdf Pp6f ;+:s[t dfWolds
ljb\ofnosf] :yfkgf ul/g'k5{ .

96
 • k|To]s ;+:s[t dfWolds ljb\ofnodf 5fqfjf;sf] Joj:yf ldnfpgsf nflu :yfgLo ;xof]u
h'6fpg], ;Dej ePdf cGo rn tyf crn ;DklQsf] pkof]u ug]{ / bftf vf]hL u/L bftfs}
sLlt{:tDesf] ¿kdf 5fqfjf;sf] lgdf{0f u/fpg];d]t Joj:yf ldnfpg'kb{5 .
• dx]Gb| ;+:s[t ljZjljb\ofno cGtu{t ;~rflnt x'Fb} cfPsf ;+:s[t dfWolds ljb\ofnonfO{ cGo
;fwf/0f ljb\ofno;/x g} dGqfnosf] Joj:yfkgcGtu{t ;~rfng ug]{ Joj:yf x'g'kb{5 .
• cg';Gwfgtkm{ ljBfjfl/lwh:tf pkflwd"ns sfo{qmdsf ;fy} ;+:s[t;Fu ;Da4 ljleGg ljifo /
If]qdf cNksflns / bL3{sflns cg';Gwfg kl/of]hgf ;~rflnt x'g'kb{5 .
• cfo'j]{b / af}4bz{g;DaGwL cWoogsf] lgldQ 5'§} ljBfkL7sf] Joj:yf x'g'kb{5 .
• ;+:s[t jfª\dosf] cWoogsf lgldQ ;+:s[t, kfnL / k|fs[t efiff l;Sg rfxg] :jb]zL tyf ljb]zL
k|lzIffyL{sf nflu efiff k|lzIf0fsf] sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/g'kb{5 .
(= k|fljlws tyf Jofj;flos lzIff;DaGwL ;'emfj
!_ k|fljlws lzIff / Jofj;flos tflndsf p2]Zo lgDgfg';f/ x'g'k5{ M
-s_ hg;fwf/0fsf] hLljsf]kfh{gdf ;'wf/ Nofpg] / cfly{s pGgltsf nflu ;Lko'Qm hgzlStsf]
ljsf; ug]{
-v_ b]zsf] ;fdflhs, cfly{s, ;f+:s[lts ljsf;sf ;fy} a[xt\ k|hftfGqLs/0f / k'glgdf{0fdf
of]ubfg k'¥ofpg JolStsf] Ifdtf, k|ltef / ;Lksf] ljsf; ug]{,
-u_ k|lzIffyL{nfO{ j}1flgs, k|fljlws k|of]hg, kl/jt{gaf6 ;Eotf, ;dfh, /fhgLlt Pjd\
jftfj/0fdf kg]{ k|efj a'‰g ;Sg] agfpg],
-3_ ;fd'bflos sfo{, ;d"xsfo{ / s'g} sfddf g]t[Tj lbg ;Sg] t'Nofpg cfjZos Ifdtfsf] ljsf;
ug]{, /
-ª_ cfly{s pGgltsf nflu ;Lko'Qm hg;fwgnfO{ ckf/ ;|f]tsf ¿kdf ljsf; ug]{ .
@_ Jofj;flos tyf k|fljlws lzIff cfwf/e"t, dWod, pRrdWod / pRr u/L rf/ txsf] x'g'k5{ M
-s_ cfwf/e"t klxnf] txdf cf}krfl/s Pjd\ cgf}krfl/s ¿kdf ;fwf/0f ;fIf/ JolStnfO{
hLjgdf ;'wf/ Nofpg] hLljsf]kfh{gsf cfwf/e"t ;Lk lbg'k5{ .
-v_ bf];|f] txdf ;fdfGo k|j]z k/LIff pQL0f{ JolStnfO{ cf}krf/Ls tyf cgf}krfl/s ¿kdf 5f]6f]
cjlwsf df]8'n/ sf];{, lgoldt tflnd sf];{, Pk]|lG6l;k tflnd / s'g} vf; Jofj;fosf nflu
tof/ ug]{ ;Lk lbg'k5{ .
-u_ pRrdWod txdf lghL / ;/sf/L If]qdf :yflkt pBf]u, lghL Jofj;fo, /f]huf/ / 3/]n'
pBf]usf nflu rflxg] hgzlSt cfk"lt{sf nflu h'lgo/ 6]lSgl;og / 6]lSgl;ogh:tf ljleGg
tx / ljifosf 6]lSgl;og tyf 6]«8Dofgsf] pTkfbg ug]{ / Pk|]lG6l;k tflndnfO{ qmdzM nfu"
ub}{ n}hfg'k5{ .
-3_ pRr txdf l;lgo/ 6]lSgl;ogsf] pTkfbg ug]{ Joj:yf x'g'k5{ .
#_ k|fljlws lzIff tyf Jofj;flos tflnd sfo{qmdnfO{ z}lIfs ;+/rgfsf] d"nwf/fdf :ki6 :yfg
lbg'k5{ .
$_ cfwf/e"t txeGbf dflysf k|fljlws lzIff / Jofj;flos tflnd sfo{qmdsf] ;~rfngdf

97
 cfjZostf cg'¿k clxn]sf] Ifdtf -(#$@ JolSt k|ltjif{_ nfO{ cfufdL % jif{df @ u'gf / !)
jif{df # u'gf j[l4 ug]{ u/L lj:tf/ ul/g'k5{ .
-%_ k|fljlws lzIff tyf Jofj;flos tflnd kl/ifb\\n] b]zdf ljleGg lgsfoaf6 ;~rfng ul/Psf /
;~rfng ul/g] Jofj;flos lzIff tyf k|fljlws k|lzIf0f sfo{qmdsf] u'0f:t/ lgoGq0f,
k|df0fLs/0f, ;dGjo / :t/Ls/0f ug]{ sfo{ ug'{k5{ .
-^_ cfwf/e"t tyf dWod:t/sf ;Lko'Qm k|fljlws hgzlStsf] If]q k|fljlws lzIff tyf Jofj;flos
tflnd kl/ifb\\sf] sfo{If]qdf /xg] u/L P]g, lgodnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpFb} nlug'k5{ . kl/ifb\\cGtu{t
/xg] u/L P;=Pn=;L=k/LIffkl5 of]Uotf / k|j]zk/LIffsf cfwf/df egf{ lnOg] xfn yfkfynL,
k'Nrf]s SofDk;sf l8Knf]df / o; k|sf/sf cGo ;+:yfnfO{ kf]ln6]lSgs OlG:6Ro'6sf ¿kdf /xg]
Joj:yf ul/g'k5{ .
-&_ s'g} tflnd s]Gb| jf k|fljlws lzIffno jf kf]ln6]lSgs OlG:6Ro'6 vf]Ng'k/]df ;lhnf];Fu lghL jf
;/sf/L, cw{;/sf/L ¿kdf vf]Ng ;Sg] lgod agfOg'k5{ .
-*_ s'g–s'g sfo{qmdnfO{ s'g–s'g txsf] dfGotf / k|df0fkq lbg'kg]{ xf] ;f] lgwf{/0f u/L k|df0fLs/0f
ug]{ Joj:yf x'g'k5{ .
-(_ /fli6«o:t/ sfod ug{sf nflu k|df0fkq / nfO;]G; lbnfpg k|flz tyf Jof=tf=kl/ifb\\cGtut{
/fli6«o ;Lk k/LIf0f ;ldltnfO{ ;'b[9 u/fO{ To;nfO{ :jfoQ ;+:yfsf ¿kdf v8f u/L ;Lk k/LIf0f
sfo{nfO{ lj:tf/ ul/g'k5{ .
-!)_ k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f(Technology transfer)ug{ / dxFuf tflnd sfo{qmdh:tf geO{ gx'g] sfo{qmdsf]
nflu b'O{kIfLo / ax'kIfLo j}b]lzs ;xof]u / k|fljlws ;xof]usf] lj:tf/ ug]{
-!!_ tflnd k|fKt / of]Uo k|lzIfs g} tflndsf] d]?b08 x'g] x'Fbf ;+:yfut ¿kdf lgwf{/0f lgoldt
¿kn] k|lzIfssf] tflnd d'n'sleq} ;~rfng ul/g'k5{ .
-!@_ xfn} k|fljlws lzIff tyf Jofj;flos tflnd kl/ifb\\cGtu{t :yflkt k|fljlws k|lzIfs k|lzIf0f
s]Gb|nfO{ dfly plNnlvt tflnd lbg] ;Ifd ;+:yfsf ¿kdf ljsl;t ul/g'k5{ .
-!#_ lqljcGtu{t /x]sf] ;fgf]l7dL SofDk;nfO{ljb\ofnosf] Jofj;flos tflnd lbg] ;+:yfsf ¿kdf ;'b[9
ul/g'k5{ .
-!$_ bIf, cw{bIf >lds / cGo sfdbf/nfO{ k];f, sfd tyf /f]huf/L;DaGwL oyfy{ hfgsf/L lbg
>dahf/ ;"rgf(Labour market information)lbg] Joj:yf ul/g'k5{ .
!)= lzIfs lzIffsf] k|:tfljt ¿k/]vf / ;'emfj
bIf lzIfssf] pTkfbg u/L ltgsf] dfWodaf6 /fli6«o ¿kd}} lzIff ljsf;sf nflu e/kbf]{ 6]jf k|bfg ug'{
lzIfs lzIff tyf lzIfs k|lzIf0f sfo{qmdsf] d"n nIo xf] .lzIfs pTkfbg sfo{qmdnfO{ ;fdfGotM b'O{
k|sf/df afFl8Psf] 5 M lzIfs lzIff / lzIfs k|lzIf0f .
lzIfs lzIff
jt{dfg\ lzIffzf:q ;ª\sfocGtu{t / ljZjljb\ofno;Fu ;DaGwg k|fKt lghL SofDk;df lglZrt ;dofjlw
kf/ u/]/ tf]lsPsf kf7Øf+z cWoog u/]kl5 ;f];DaGwL k/LIff pQL0f{ u/]/ k|fKt ug]{ pkflw h:t}M
k|jL0ftf k|df0fkq, aL=P8=Pd=P8=nfO{ lzIfs lzIffsf] ¿kdf dflgPsf] 5 . ;fy} z}lIfs k|zf;g,
98
;'kl/j]If0f / kf7Øqmd lgdf{0f Pjd\ d"Nofª\sgh:tf sfo{df ;ª\nUg JolStnfO{ lbOg] k];fut l8Knf]dfnfO{
klg o; k|sf/sf] lzIffleq /flvPsf] 5 .
lzIfs k|lzIf0f
lzIffzf:q ;ª\sfo tyf lzIff tyf ;+:s[lt dGqfnocGtu{t ;~rfng eO/x]sf] k|fylds lzIfs tflnd,
Kofs]h tflnd, ;]jfsfnLg tflnd, 5f]6f] cjlwsf] tflnd / o:t} cGo ;]jfsfnLg tflndnfO{ lzIfs
k|lzIf0fsf] ¿kdf lnOPsf] 5 . o:tf] sfo{qmd lglZrt dfGotf lglb{i6 gLlt lgodleq /x]/ ;/sf/L,
u}/;/sf/L tyf cGo lghL ;ª\3;+:yfn] klg ;~rfng ug{ ;Sg] k|fjwfg /flvPsf] 5 .
lzIfs lzIffsf] /fli6«o gLlt
-!_ ljb\ofno txsf] lzIfs lzIffsf] /fli6«o gLlt tklzn cfg';f/sf] x'g'kb{5M
-s_ ljb\ofno txsf] lzIf0f k];fdf k|j]z ug{ lzIfs k|lzIf0f clgjfo{ ug]{ .
-v_ xfn lzIf0f k];fdf k|j]z ul/;s]sf t/ tflnd gkfPsf lzIfsnfO{ clgjfo{ ¿kn] tflnd lbg]
Joj:yf ldnfpg] .
-u_ tflnd k|fKt lzIfsnfO{ lbg] tna tyf cGo ;'ljwf tflndsf] txcg';f/ a9fpFb} n}hfg] .
-3_ lzIfs k|lzIf0fdf dlxnfnfO{ u|fÅotf lbg] .
-ª_ ljleGg txdf lzIfssf nflu k|lzIf0f sfo{qmd lgwf{l/t ug]{ . b]zdf a9\bf] lzIffsf] dfunfO{
b[li6ut u/L To;cg'¿k ljljw lzIfs k|lzIf0f sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/g'k5{ / oL sfo{qmd
;~rfng ug]{ cleef/f ljleGg lgsfo, ljZjljb\ofno, lzIff tyf ;+:s[lt dGqfno, lghL ;+:yf
/ u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfnfO{ lbOg'k5{ .
@= ljZjljb\ofnocGtu{t lzIffzf:q ;ª\sfodf Ps s]Gb|Lo SofDk;sf] Joj:yf ul/g'k5{ . o; SofDk;n]
lzIfs lzIffsf nflu cGo txsf ;fy} ljBfjfl/lw txsf] sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{ / lzIfs k|lzIf0fsf
nflu 5f]6f] cjlwsf] k|lzIf0f / Kofs]h tflndsf] klg ;~rfng ug]{ Joj:yf ug'{k5{ .
#= If]qLo lzIff SofDk;cGtu{t lj:tf/ SofDk; / 3'DtL 6f]nLsf] Joj:yf ul/g'k5{ .
$= lzIfsnfO{ tflnd lbO{ lzIf0fsf] u'0f:t/ p7fpg', lzIf0f k];fnfO{ Jofj;foL/0f ug'{, ;dfhdf lzIf0f
k];fnfO{ dof{lbt t'Nofpg', lzIfssf nflu k|lzIf0fsf] cj;/ ;j{;'ne u/fpg', lzIff If]qdf rflxg]
ljleGg ljifosf lzIfs, k|lzIfs, k|fljlws / ljz]if1 tof/ kfg'{, lzIff If]qdf b]vfk/]sf ljleGg
;d:ofsf] cWoog cg';Gwfgsf] Joj:yf ug'{, z}lIfs If]qdf ;+nUg ljleGg lgsfonfO{ cfjZos
;/;Nnfx pknAw u/fpg', z}lIfs k|jt{g;DaGwL wf/0ff k|sflzt u/L k|lzIf0fsf] :t/ p7fpg' /
ljb\ofnosf] j:t'l:yltcg'¿k lzIfs k|lzIf0fsf] ljsf; ub}{ n}hfg' lzIffsf p2]Zo x'g'k5{ .
%= xfnnfO{ k|j]lzsf pQL0f{nfO{ !) dlxg] tflnd Kofs]h lbO{ k|dfl0ft k|fylds lzIfssf] k|df0fkq
lbOg'k5{ . cGo ljifodf k|jL0ftf k|df0fkq k"/f u/]sfnfO{ !) dlxg] k|lzIf0f lbO{ k|fylds lzIfssf]
Joj:yf ug]{tkm{ klg qmdzM hf]8 lbOg'k5{ .
^= k|fylds lzIffdf ljlzi6Ls/0f u/L k|jL0ftf k|df0fkq pQL0f{ u/]sfnfO{ k|fylds lzIffdf g}
ljlzi6Ls/0f ug]{ u/L tLg jif]{ aL=P8=sf] sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/g'k5{ .
&= c¿ ;ª\sfoaf6 k|df0fkq tx pQL0f{ u/]sfnfO{ !) dlxg] tflnd lbO{ ^,&,* sIff -lgDgdfWolds_ sf
nflu tflndk|fKt lzIfssf] k|df0fkq lbOg'k5{ .
*= dfWolds lzIffsf ljleGg ljifodf ljlzi6Ls/0f u/fpg] u/L tLg jif]{ aLP8sf] ;~rfng ul/g'kb{5 .
99
(= dfWolds lzIffsf ljleGg ljifodf ljlzi6Ls/0f u/fpg] u/L Ps jif]{ aLP8 sfo{qmdnfO{ Jofks
¿kdf ;~rfng ul/g'kb{5 .
!)= ljz]if lzIff tkm{ M
-s_ ckfËsf] ;fdflhs PsLs/0f / :jfjnDagsf lgldt pko{'Qm 1fg / ;Lk k|bfg ug'{ ljz]if
lzIffsf] p2]Zo x'g'k5{ .
-v_ ckf· ljBfyL{nfO{ oyf;Dej PsLs[t ljb\ofnoåf/f g} lzIff lbg jf~5gLo 5 . To;sf nflu
;fwf/0f ljb\ofnodf Pp6f ljz]if PsfOsf] Joj:yf ug{ ;lsg]5 . c;fdfGo ¿kn] ljsnfË -
vf; ;':t >j0f ;':t dgMl:ylt ePsf_ nfO{ dfq cfjZostfcg';f/ ljz]if ljb\ofnosf] Joj:yf
ug'{k5{ .
-u_ ckf·nfO{ lzIff lgMz'Ns ul/g'sf ;fy} cfjf;Lo ;'ljwf, kf7Ø;fdu|L / pks/0f cflb;d]t
pknAw u/fpg] gLlt lnOg'k5{ .
-3_ ckfª\utfsf k|f/lDes cj:yfdf sltko nIf0f cf}ifwf]krf/åf/f lgd"{n x'g ;Sg] ePsfn]
ljb\ofno txsf kf7Øqmddf ckf·tf s]lGb|t :jf:YolzIff klg ;dfj]z x'g' bL3{sfnLg ¿kn]
pkof]uL x'G5 . ;fy}, efjL k':tfnfO{;d]t ;r]t u/fO{ ckfª\utfsf] /f]syfd / lgbfgfTds
pkrf/tkm{ klg hf]8 lbg'k5{ .
!!= cgf}krfl/s lzIff tkm{sf l;kmfl/;
-!_ cgf}krfl/s lzIffsf p2]Zo lgDglnlvt x'g'kb5{ M
-s_ cf}krfl/s lzIff u|x0f ug{ g;s]sf ljleGg cfo' ju{sf JolStnfO{ /fli6«o lzIffsf] nIo
k|flKtsf lglDt cgf}krfl/s ljlwaf6 1fg, ;"rgf / ;Lk k|bfg ug]{ .
-v_ k|f}9 ;fIf/tf sfo{qmdsf dfWodaf6 b}lgs hLjgofkgsf lglDt cfjZos kg]{ sfo{d"ns 1fg
/ ;Lk k|bfg ug]{ .
-u_ afnlzIff sfo{qmdsf dfWodaf6 k|fylds ljb\ofno hfg g;s]sf / aLr}df k9fO 5f8]sf
afnaflnsf -*–!$ jif{sf_ nfO{ ;fIf/ t'NofO{ cf}krfl/s lzIffdf k|j]zsf nflu k|f]T;flxt
ug]{ .
-3_ ;fIf/f]Q/ tyf lg/Gt/ lzIffsf] Joj:yf u/L hLjgJofkL l;sfOsf] k|lj|mofnfO{ ;d'lrt ult
k|bfg ug]{ .
-ª_ ;dfhaf6 lg/If/tfnfO{ lgd"{n ug{ ;fIf/tf cleofgsf] ;~rfng ug]{ .
-@_ ;fIf/tfsf ljleGg tx -cfwf/e"t tx, dWod tx / :jfWoog tx_ sf] /fli6«o kl/efiff tof/ u/L
x/]s txsf] cf}krfl/s lzIff;Fu ;d:t/tf tf]Sg'kb{5 .
-#_ ;g\ !(() sf] ;a}sf nflu lzIff ljifos ljZj ;Dd]ng tyf ;\g !(() s} afnaflnsf;DaGwL
ljZj lzv/ ;Dd]ngdf g]kfnn] bzf{Psf] k|lta4tfcg'¿k lj=;+= @)%& ;Dd xfn ljBdfg
lg/If/tfsf] b/nfO{ %) k|ltzt sd kfg'{kb{5 .
-$_ ;dfhaf6 lg/If/tf lgd"{n ug]{ p2]Zon] ;fIf/tf sfo{qmdnfO{ ;3g ¿kdf lj:tf/ ug'{sf ;fy}
o;nfO{ Jofks k"j{tof/Lsf ;fy} /fli6«o cleofgsf ¿kdf ;~rfng ug'{kb{5 . o;/L ;~rfng
ubf{ vf; ufpF jf lhNnfsf] lg/Iftf pGd"ng ug]{ sfo{qmddf hf]8 lbg'kb{5 .
100
 -%_ ;fIf/tf sfo{qmd ;~rfng ubf{ lhNnfsf] s'g} lglZrt If]qaf6 ;'¿ u/L To;nfO{ qmdzM afFsL
efudf lj:tf/ ub}{ hfg'kb{5 .
-^_ ;xof]uL sfo{qmdnfO{ a9L pTk|]/0ff k|bfg ug{sf nflu ltgLnfO{ lbOg] ;'ljwf / kfl/>lds
a9fOg'kb{5 .
-&_ ;fIf/tf sIff k|fylds ljb\ofnosf] dftxtdf ;~rfng ug]{ .
-*_ P;=Pn=;L=k/LIff lbPkl5 ^–& dlxgf k/LIffkmnsf nflu k|tLIff ug'{kg]{ 5fq5fqfnfO{ ;fIf/tf
cleofgdf ;+nUg u/fpg] .
-(_ pRrlzIffcGtu{tsf] /fli6«o ljsf; ;]jfdf efu lng] 5fq5fqfnfO{ ;fIf/tf cleofgdf efu lng
k|f]T;flxt ug]{ .
!@= lzIff If]qsf] cfly{s Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL l;kmfl/;
-!_ lzIff If]qsf] lglDt s"n ah]6sf] c+zdf j[l4 ug'{ cfjZos x'G5 .
-#_ dfWolds lzIff qmdzM lgMz'Ns ub}{ hfg] qmddf ;/sf/nfO{ kg{ hfg] yk Jooef/sf] n]vfhf]vf
u/L lgMz'Ns ul/;Sg] cjlw lglZrt x'g'kb{5 .
-$_ k|fylds txdf lgMz'Ns kf7Øk':ts ljt/0f ug]{ gLltsf] k'g/fjnf]sg u/L k':ts lsGg g;Sg]n]
dfq k':ts lgMz'Ns kfpg ;Sg] Joj:yf ldnfpg'sf ;fy} ;x'lnot b/df d'Vo kf7Øk':tssf]
laqmL ljt/0fsf] Joj:yf ug'{kb{5 .
-%_ pRrdfWolds tyf pRrtxdf lzIf0f z'Ns lgwf{/0f ubf{ nfut–k"/0f l;4fGt nfu" u/L lzIf0f
z'Nsdf qmdzM j[l4 ub}{ n}hfg'kb{5 .
-^_ b]zsf] cfly{s ljsf; ug{sf] lgldQ cfjZos x'g] dWod:t/sf] k|fljlws hgzlSt pknAw
u/fpg k|fljlws tyf ax'k|fljlws lzIffsf] lj:tf/ x'g' cTofjZos 5 .
-&_ k|To]s lhNnfdf lhNnf lzIff ;ldltn] Pp6f lzIff kl/qmdf sf]if (Revolving fund) sf] :yfkgf
u/L To;af6 ljb\ofnon] / ul/a ljBfyL{n] C0f jf ;fk6L lng ;Sg] Joj:yf x'g'kb{5 .
!#= z}lIfs Joj:yfkg tyf lg/LIf0f;DaGwL l;kmfl/;
-!_ zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s, af}l4s tyf ult ljsf;sf wf/0ffcg'¿k afnaflnsfsf] ljsf;nfO{ Wofgdf
/fvL afn lzIff lbg' k"j{k|fylds lzIffsf] p2]Zo x'g'k5{ .
-@_ k|fylds ljb\ofno hfg] pd]/ gk'u]sf $ jif{ k'u]sf afnaflnsfnfO{ o; txdf k|j]zsf nflu
of]Uo dfGg'kb{5 . k"j{k|fylds lzIffnfO{ lzz' :ofxf/ s]Gb|eGbf :ki6tM cnu u/fOg'k5{ .
-#_ lghL ljb\ofno b'O{ lsl;dsf x'g'k5{ -!_ ;fdflhs ;]jfsf] efjgfaf6 k|]l/t cyjf d'gfkmfsf] b[li6
g/fVg] (Nonprofit making) / -@_ ;]jfd"ns pBf]u . Joj;foaf6 k|]l/t cyjf d'gfkmfsf] b[li6
/fVg] (Profit making) .
-$_ b]zsf k|To]s ljsf; If]qdf sDtLdf Pp6f pRr:t/Lo lghL:t/df ;~rflnt gd"gf ljb\ofno
:yfkgf ug{ ;/sf/n] k|f]T;fxg / ;xof]u k'¥ofpg'k5{ .
-%_ lghL If]qdf ;~rfng ul/g] ljb\ofnosf] :yfkgf / ;~rfng lghL :jfldTjdf ug{ ;lsg]5, t/
o:tf lghL ljb\ofnon] ;/sf/L bfloTj k"/f ug]{ Joj:yf x'g'kb{5 .
!$= kf7Øqmd–kf7Øk':ts tyf d"Nofª\sg ;DaGwL l;kmfl/;

101
-!_ kf7Øqmd kf7Øk':ts tyf lg/LIf0f ljsf; s]Gb|nfO{ Pp6f /fli6«o:t/sf] :jfoQ / bl/nf]
;+:yfsf] ¿kdf ljleGg bIf JolSt ;lDdlnt u/L ljsf; ul/g'kb{5 .
-@_ ljleGg txsf kf7Øqmddf /fli6«o p2]Zo k|ltlalDat x'g'kb{5 .ljb\ofnosf] kf7Øqmd j:t'k/s /
:yfgLo jftf/j/0fl;t d]n vfg] u/L 5fq5fqfsf nflu hLjgf]kof]uL x'g] lsl;daf6 lgdf{0f
ul/g'k5{ .
-#_ ljb\ofno txdf sIff Psb]lv sIff !@ ;Ddsf] z[ª\vnfnfO{ x[boËd u/L p2]Zo, ljifoj:t'sf] If]q
/ qmd, lzIf0f k|lj|mof / d"Nofª\sg k|lj|mof;d]t pNn]v ePsf] kf7Øqmd x'g'kb{5 .
-$_ kf7Øqmd k|sflzt u/L lgMz'Ns ljt/0f ug]{ k/Lkf6L ;dfKt u/L ;Da4 ;+:yfn] nfut d"Nodf
laqmLljt/0f ug]{ Joj:yf x'g'kb{5 .
-%_ xfnsf] k/LIff lgoGq0f sfof{no jt{dfg\ a9\bf] cfjZostfsf] t'ngfdf ;|f]t / hgzlStsf]
b[li6af6 ;fx|} sdhf]/ cj:yfdf 5 . o;nfO{ Pp6f bl/nf] :jfoQ ;+:yfsf] ¿kdf ;~rfng /
ljsf; ul/g'k5{ .
-^_ cgf}krfl/saf6 cf}krfl/s jf Jofj;flos lzIffdf k|j]zsf nflu klg k|j]z k/LIffsf] ljsf;
ul/g'kb{5 .
-&_ pRrlzIffdf k|j]zsf nflu :t/o'Qm k|Zgkqsf] lgdf{0f, k/LIf0f / ;~rfngtkm{ 7f]; sbd
rflng'kb{5 .
-*_ cfufdL jif{df ;]d]:6/ k|0ffnLnfO{ k'gM sfof{Gjog ug]{ af/] ;DalGwt ljifosf bIfn] lrGtgdgg
u/L Pp6f sfo{qmd agfO{ nfu" ug]{tkm{ ljrf/ ug'{kb{5 . Tof] geO{ lzIfs / ljBfyL{sf]
k7gkf7gdf ;+nUgtf / hjfkmb]xLdf j[l4 ug{ sl7gfO kg]{ x'G5 .
-(_ eflifs ;d'bfosf] cfjZostfnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL k|fylds lzIffsf kf7Øk':tsnfO{ /fli6«o efiffdf
tof/ ug{ ;Da4 efiffsf ljåfg\\nfO{ k|f]T;flxt ug'{kb{5 .
-!)_ kf7Øk':tssf] k|sfzg b'O{ k|sf/sf] x'g'k5{ M k':tsfno ;+:s/0f / ljBfyL{ ;+:s/0f . k':tsfno
;+:s/0f k':tsfnodf /fvL OR5's ljBfyL{nfO{ lbg'k5{ / ljBfyL{ ;+:s/0frflxF ;x'lnot b/df
pknAw u/fpg'k5{ .
-!!_ ;/sf/sf] ;Da4 lgsfoaf6 kf7Øqmddf cf+lzs jf k"0f{;+zf]wg jf kl/jt{g ul/Pdf lghL
k|sfzsn] klg tbg'¿k kf7Øk':ts jf ;xfos k':tsdf ;+zf]wg u/]/ dfq k|sfzg ug{ kfpg]
Joj:yf x'g'kb{5 .
-!@_ sIff Psb]lv tLg;Ddsf kf7Øk':ts, afnk':ts / kf7Ø;fdu|L ljb\ofnosf] ;ª\sngaf6
ljBfyL{nfO{ lbg'k5{ . o;/L lbFbf ljb\ofnon] Go"gtd w/f}6L lng ;Sg] Joj:yf x'g'k5{ .
-!#_ ljb\ofnosf lglDt k|sflzt kf7Øk':ts ;:tf] df]ndf laqmLljt/0f ug]{ u/fpg] Joj:yf x'g'k5{ /
k':tssf] d"No g]kfnel/ g} Pp6} x'g'k5{ .
-!$_ dlxnf ju{, ckfª\u tyf ;fdflhs b[li6n] kl5 k/]sf ;d'bfosf nflu ljleGg ;ª\3;+:yf /
;]jfefjn] k|]l/t JolStaf6 lgMz'Ns ¿kdf kf7Øk':ts tyf kf7Ø;fdu|L pknAw u/fpg]
Joj:yf x'g'k5{ .
-!%_ lgMz'Ns ljt/0f ul/g] kf7Øk':tssf nflu Pp6f lglZrt cfwf/ agfO{ ;Da4 ;+:yfaf6 k|sfzg
/ ljt/0f;DaGwL sfd u/fpg'kb{5 .

102
#=% pRr:t/Lo /fli6«o lzIff cfof]usf] k|ltj]bg, @)%%
• pRr:t/Lo /fli6«o lzIff cfof]u tTsfnLg lzIffdGqL b]jLk|;fb cf]emfsf] cWoIftfdf @)%$÷!÷!@
ut] u7g ul/of] .h]7 !% ut] ;fj{hlgs ul/Psf] lyof] .
• cfof]u u7g x'Fbfsf] ;dodf !( ;b:oLo lyof] . o;afx]s & hgf cfdlGqt ;b:o klg /x]sf lyP .
• cfof]usf] u7gkZrft\ ;dod} sfd ;DkGg x'g g;s]sfn] klxnf]k6s % dlxgf / bf];|f]k6s !=%
dlxgf u/L hDdf b'O{k6s Dofb yk ul/Psf] lyof] .
• @)%$÷*÷!^ df tTsfnLg lzIffdGqL s'naxfb'/ u'?ªsf] cWoIftfdf cfof]usf] k'gu{7g u/L s]xL
;b:o tyf cfdlGqt ;b:o klg yk ul/of] .
• k'gu{7g ePsf] cfof]udf cWoIf, pkfWoIf tyf ;b:o / ;b:o;lrj u/L hDdf @% hgf kbflwsf/L
tyf ( hgf cfdlGqt ;b:o /xg] Joj:yf lyof] .
• o; cfof]udf ljleGg ;dodf tLghgf lzIffdGqLn] cWoIf eO{ sfo{ ug]{ cj;/ kfP . tL JolSt
b]jLk|;fb cf]emf, s'naxfb'/ u'?ª / ch'{gg/l;+x s]=;L= x'g\ .
• pRr:t/Lo /fli6«o lzIff cfof]usf] sfo{If]q /fli6«o lzIff cfof]u, @)$(sf] k|ltj]bg / lzIff;Fu
;DalGwt cWoog, cg';Gwfg / cGo k|ltj]bg tyf sfof{Gjog l:yltsf] ;dLIff ug'{sf ;fy} b]xfosf
ljifo lyP .
— z}lIfs gLlt tyf sfo{qmd cflbsf] ;dLIff, ;'b[9Ls/0f / j}slNks Joj:yf,
— lgMz'Ns tyf clgjfo{ lzIff / dft[efiffdf lzIff,
— k"j{k|fyldsb]lv pRrdfWolds ljb\ofno;Dd ;~rflnt sfo{qmdsf] u'0f:t/Lotf / ;'b[9Ls/0f,
— z}lIfs kl/of]hgfsf] ;~rfng / sfo{qmdsf] lg/Gt/tf,
— z}lIfs Joj:yfkgsf] ;'b[9Ls/0fsf nflu lzIff;Fu ;Da4 lgsfosf] ;Ë7gfTds ;+/rgf
sfo{k4lt tyf ;dGjo,
— z}lIfs sfo{qmdsf] lg/LIf0f, cg'udg / d"Nofª\sg k4lt,
— lzIffdf hg;xeflutf, cfly{s kIf / ;/sf/L nufgL,
— ;+:s[t lzIff,
— ;fdflhs, cfly{s / ef}uf]lns cflb b[li6sf]0fn] lk5l8Psf ju{sf nflu lzIffdf ;dfg cj;/,
— ljz]if lzIff, cgf}krfl/s lzIff tyf ;fIf/tf sfo{qmd,
— lzIfssf] ;]jf, j[lQ ljsf; / 5gf]6 k|lj|mof,
— lghL tyf cfjf;Lo ljb\ofno,
— k/LIff tyf d"Nofª\sgk4lt,
— lzIfs tflnd tyf z}lIfshgzlSt ljsf;,
— pTkfbgzLn, /f]huf/d"ns / k|fljlws tyf Jofj;flos lzIff,
— ax'ljZjljb\ofno k|0ffnL,
— lj1fg tyf k|fljlws lzIff,
— cfof]un] plrt 7x¥ofPsf cGo kIf .

103
pRr:t/Lo /fli6«o lzIff cfo]usf] k|ltj]bg, @)%% sf k|d'v l;kmfl/;
• k"j{k|fylds lzIff ! jif{sf] x'g'kg]{
• ljb\ofno gS;fÍgsf] cfwf/df ljb\ofno vf]lng'kg]{
• ljJo; cleefjsdfqsf] ;xeflutfdf u7g x'g'kg]{
• ljb\ofno Joj:yfkgdf ljJo; nfO{ ;Ifd agfOg'kg]{
• ljb\ofno juL{s/0f
cfof]un] ljleGg ljifodf k|:t't u/]sf pNn]vgLo a'Fbf lgDglnlvt 5g\ M
!= lzIffsf] p2]Zo lgwf{/0f ubf{ ;+ljwfgsf df}lns xs tyf /fHosf lgb]{zs l;4fGt / gLltnfO{{
Wofgdf /fvL lzIffsf ;a{ef}d d"No / /fli6«o ljsf; ;d]tnfO{{ ;dflxt ul/Psf] 5 .
@= k"j{k|fylds lzIff xfn;Dd lzIffk|0ffnLeGbf aflx/ /x]sf] / ^ jif{d'lgsf ljBfyL{sf lglDt xfnnfO{{
! jif]{ lzIffsf ¿kdf d'n'ssf] z}lIfs ;+/rgfleq NofOPsf] 5 .
#= lg/If/tf pGd"ngsf lglDt /fli6«o cleofgsf ¿kdf cgf}krfl/s lzIff ;~rfng ug]{ gLlt
lnOPsf] 5 .
$= dlxnfsf] lzIffdf ;dfg cj;/ k|bfg ug]{ gLlt :ki6 kfl/Psf] 5 .
%= ljz]if nlIft ;d"x -ljkGgju{, lk5l8Psf hflt, blnt ;d'\bfo / ckf·_ sf lglDt lzIffsf] kxF'r
k'Ug ;Sg] sfo{gLltdf hf]8 lbOPsf] 5 .
^= k|fylds lzIffnfO{{ clgjfo{ ub}{ hfg] sfo{gLlt cFuflnPsf] 5 .
&= pRrdfWolds lzIffnO{ ljb\ofnoLo lzIffsf] clGtd laGb'sf ¿kdf PsLs/0f ug]{ / k|jL0ftf
k|df0fkqnfO{{ ;doa4 ¿kdf lj:yfkg ug]{ gLlt lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] 5 .
*= k|fljlws lzIff tyf Jofj;flos tflndnfO{{ o;;Fu ;+j4 ;a} lgsfonfO{{ ;dlGjt u/L ul/aL
pGd"ng, /f]huf/L / pTkfbsTjdf j[l4 u/L b]zsf] cfly{s ljsf;sf] cfwf/zLnf v8f ug]{ u/L
/fli6«o ;~hfn tof/ ug{ o;nfO{{ ljz]if k|fyldstf lbOPsf] 5 .
(= lzIffsf] ljsf;df ;dfh;fk]Iftf / /fli6«o cfjZostfnfO{{ cfj4 ub}{ cfGtl/s / jfÅo bIftfdf
clej[l4 u/L lzIf0f ;+:yfnfO{{ ;dfhk|lt pQ/bfoL agfpg z}lIfs Joj:yfkgdf ;'wf/ u/L o;nfO{{
a9L k|ltlglwTjk"0f{ / clwsf/;DkGg t'NofO{ a9L :jfoQtf lbg] / z}lIfs k|zf;gnfO{{ ljs]Gb|Ls/0f
ug]{ gLlt cFuflnPsf] 5 .
!)= u}/;/sf/L If]qnfO{{ k|f]T;flxt ub}{ logsf] ;+/If0f ug{ / ljs[lt x6fpg :ki6 gLlt lgwf{/0f ul/Psf]
5 . pRr k|fljlws lzIfftkm{ u}/;/sf/L If]qnfO{{ ljz]if k|f]T;fxg lbg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .
!!= pRrlzIffdf If]qLo ;Gt'ng sfod ub]{ cfpFbf lbgdf pRr lzIf0f ;+:yf :yfkgf ubf{ ;/sf/L /
u}/;/sf/L If]qsf] lx:;]bf/Lsf ;fy} / k|fl1s ef}lts k"jf{wf/sf cfwf/ k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
!@= cfjZos z}lIfs ;+/rgfdf ;'wf/sf kIfnfO{{ lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] 5 . lzIffsf dxŒjk"[0f{ k|Zgdf
/fli6«o ;xdlt Nofpg / ;dli6ut gLlt lgb]{zg lbg /fli6«o lzIff kl/ifb\sf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .
!#= lzIffsf] u'0f:t/ j[l4sf lglDt lzIfs tflnd, kf7Øqmd, k/LIff / d"Nof°gdf ;'wf/ ug]{ ;'emfj
lbOPsf] 5 .
!$= lzIffdf nufgL gLlt to ubf{ ;/sf/L bfloTj / k|fyldstf If]qsf ;fy} u}/;/sf/L If]qsf]
e"ldsfdf ;d]t ljz]if hf]8 lbOPsf] 5 .
104
 !%= /fli6«o ;+:s[lt, snf–sf}zn Pjd\ zf:qLo efiffsf] ;+/If0f, ;Dj4{g tyf cWoogsf ;fy} /fi6«efiff
/ /fli6«oefiffsf] ljsf; tyf k|fylds lzIff dft[efiffdf lbg] sfo{gLlt to ul/Psf] 5 .

#=^ lzIff;DaGwL pRr:t/Lo sfo{;ldlt, @)%*

!= k|hftGq k'g:yf{kgfkl5 /fli6«o lzIff cfof]u– @)$* ;fndf u7g eO{ o;n] cfÇgf] k|ltj]bg @)$(
df a'emfof] . @)$( sf] pQm k|ltj]bg;d]t k'g/fjnf]sg u/L lzIff ;'wf/sf nflu ;'emfj lbg @)%$
;fndf pRr:t/Lo /fli6«o lzIff cfof]usf] u7g eO{ @)%% df pQm cfof]un] klg cfÇgfk|ltj]bg
k|:t't u¥of] .
@= ljb\ofno lzIffnfO{ cem Jojl:yt k|efjsf/L / kf/bzL{ agfpg] p2]Zon] ;fj{hlgs ljb\ofnosf]
z}lIfs u'0f:t/ clej[l4 tyf ljb\ofnon] ;ª\sng ul//x]sf z'Nssf] cf}lrTo, lghL tyf cfjf;Lo
ljb\ofnosf] z'Ns, ljb\ofnosf] ;~rfng cg'dlt, lzIfssf] ;]jf, ;t{ / ;'ljwf, kf7Øqmd,
kf7Øk':ts, ljb\ofnosf] ef}lts k"jf{wf/;DaGwL ;t{, cfly{s kf/blz{tf cflb ljifodf ;d:of
;dfwfgsf nflu ckgfpg'kg]{ sfo{gLlt lgdf{0f / tbg'¿k k|efjsf/L sfo{qmd th'{dfnufot
Joj:yfksLo kIfdf ul/g'kg]{ ;'wf/sf ljifodf 7f]; / Jofjxfl/s ;'emfj;lxtsf] k|ltj]bg #% lbgleq
k]; ug{ >L % sf] ;/sf/n] ldlt @)%*÷!÷@( df b]xfoadf]lhdsf] lzIff;DaGwL pRr:t/Lo
sfo{;ldltsf] u7g u/]sf] lyof] M
-!_ df= 8f= lgd{nk|;fb kf08], ;b:o /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u –cWoIf
-@_ 8f= dgk|;fb jfUn], lzIffljb\ –;b:o
-#_ 8f= lzj/fh nf]xgL, lzIffljb\ –;b:o
-$_ >L r'dfgl;+x a:g]t, dxflgb]{zs lzIff ljefu –;b:o
-%_ >L /fd;/f]j/ b'j], ;x;lrj lzIff tyf v]ns'b dGqfno –;b:o;lrj
sfo{ ;ldltdf ;xof]uL e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{ tt\sfnLg lzIff tyf v]ns'b dGqfnon] pk;lrjåo,
/fdk|;fb a:ofn / lr/~hLjL vgfn Pjd\ zfvf clws[t ljb'//fh lu/LnfO{ tf]s]sf] lyof] . ;ldltn]
#% lbgleq k|ltj]bg k]; ug{ s]xL sl7gfO dx;'; u/L Dofb yksf nflu cg'/f]w u/]sf]df csf]{ !)
lbgsf] Dofb yk kfPsf] lyof] .
lzIff;DaGwL pRr :t/Lo sfo{;ldlt, @)%*, l;kmfl/;
• ljb\ofno ;+:yfut / ;fd'bflos @ k|sf/sf] x'g'kg]{
• ;fd'bflos klg @ k|sf/sf ;/sf/L cg'bfg lng] / glng]
• ;fd'bflos k|flj lzIff lgMz'Ns x'g]
• g]kfnL / cª\u|]hL sIff ! b]lv g} clgjfo{ ug'{kg]{
• lzIfs nfO;]G; k|0ffnL nfu" ug'{kg]{
• cleefjssf] k|ltlglwTj x'g]u/L ljJo; u7g
• PTA u7g
• lzz' ljsf; sfo{qmd @ jif{sf], To;sf] ;~rfng / /]vb]v uflj;÷gkf
• !& k|ltzt lzIffdf nufgL x'g'kg]{
• !) k|ltzt / % k|ltzt -qmdzM_ lgMz'Ns lzIff k|bfg ug{ 5fqj[lQ .
105
# cfof]un]=lzIff;DaGwL ;d:ofnfO{ d'VotM ubf{ # cf]6f d'2fdf s]Gb|Lt u/]sf] 5 .
-!_ ;fj{hlgs ljb\ofnosf] u'0f:t/ a9\g g;Sg',
-@_ lgMz'Ns lzIff jf:tljs¿kdf lgMz'Ns x'g g;Sg' /
-#_ lghL If]qaf6 ;~rflnt ljb\ofno lgoldttfsf] ¿k/]vfleq /xL ;~rfng x'g g;Sg' .
sf/0f
-!_ lzIffdf Jofks /fhgLlts x:tIf]k,
-@_ ljb\ofnodf k];fut bIftf / g]t[Tj lbg] Ifdtf ePsf k|wfgfWofkssf] sdL,
-#_ ;Dk"0f{ lzIff k|0ffnLsf] s]Gb|Ls/0f,
-$_ ;ª\u7gfTds ;+/rgfaf6 ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ lgsfosf] ;dGjo / hjfkmb]xLtfsf] sdL,
-%_ of]Uo, ;Ifd, tflnd k|fKt / sfdk|lt em'sfj ePsf lzIfssf] sdL,
-^_ ;d'bfo / ljb\ofnoaLr ;dGjosf] cefj tyf ;d'bfodf ljb\ofnok|ltsf] ckgTj gx'g',
-&_ sdhf]/ ;'k/Lj]If0f Pjd\ cg'udg ;+oGq,
-*_ k/LIffd'vL kf7Øqmd / lzIf0f k4ltdf hf]8,
-(_ ljb\ofnosf] ah]6sf clwsf+z /sd tnadf vr{ x'g] / u'0ffTds lzIffdf vr{sf] cefj,
-!)_ l;sfOd'vL lzIf0f k4ltn] k|fyldstf gkfpg' .
$ lghL If]qnfO{ k|f]T;fxg lbg] pbf/ cy{gLltsf] kl/k|]Iodf lghL ljb\ofnosf] ;ª\VofTds j[l4 x'g k'Uof] .
o:tf] ljsf; x'g'df # k|sf/sf cjwf/0ff /x]sf] kfOG5M
-!_ ;fj{hlgs ljb\ofnon] wfGg g;s]sf] rfknfO{ k"/f ug{,
-@_ ;fdflhs cfly{s ljljwtf ePsf] sf/0fn] ubf{ ;dfhdf km/s ?lr ePsf dflg;sf] cfjZostf
k"lt{ ug{,
-#_ ;fj{hlgs ljb\ofnosf] u'0f:t/df j[l4 x'g g;Sgfn] .
%= pko'{Qm s'/fnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL o; ;ldltn] b]xfoadf]lhd !^ cf]6f ljifoj:t'nfO{cfÇgf]cWoogsf] If]q
agfPsf] lyof] M
-!_ ljb\ofnosf k|sf/ -@_ lgMz'Ns lzIff
-#_ ljb\ofnosf] ef}lts ;'ljwf -$_ kf7Øqmd kf7Øk':ts
-%_ k/LIff k|0ffnL -^_ lzIfs Joj:yfkg
-&_ ljb\ofno Joj:yfkg -*_ k|wfgfWoks
-(_ ljBfon÷;d'bfo ;DaGw -!)_ :yfgLo lgsfosf] e"ldsf
-!!_ ;Ë7gfTds ;+/rgf / hjfkmb]lxtf -!@_ ;|f]t / ;fwg
-!#_ cfly{s kf/blz{tf -!$_ ;fdflhs bfloTj
-!%_ ljb\ofnosf] lgoldttfsf] ¿k/]vf -!^_ ;d'Rr sfof{Gjogsf] Joj:yf
-!&_ lgisif{

106
k|ltj]bgsf] ;f/f+z
-s_ ljb\ofno lzIff ;fd'bflos ljb\ofno / ;+:yfut ljb\ofno u/L b'O{ k|sf/sf ljb\ofnoaf6 k|bfg
ul/g]5 / ljb\ofnonfO{ j:t'ut dfkb08sf cfwf/df >]0fLut ljefhg ul/g]5 .;fd'bflosljb\ofno
klg ;/sf/L cg'bfg lng] glng] u/L @ k|sf/sf x'g]5g\ .xfnsf] ;fj{hlgs ljb\ofno ;/sf/L cg'bfg
kfpg] ;fd'bflos ljb\ofnosf] ¿kdf ¿kfGtl/t ul/g] 5 . o:tf ;/sf/L cg'bfg kfpg] ;fd'bflos
ljb\ofnonfO{ ;/sf/L cg'bfg gkfpg] ;fd'bflos ljb\ofnosf ¿kdf qmdzM kl/0ft ug{ k|f]T;flxt
ul/g] 5 .xfn ;~rflnt lghL ljb\ofnonfO{ ;+:yfut ljb\ofnosf] ¿kdf ¿kfGtl/t ul/Psf] 5 .
-v_ ;fd'bflos ljb\ofnodf k|fylds txsf] lzIff k"0f{tof lgMz'Ns x'g]5 / o:tf] lgMz'Ns lzIffdf w/f}6L,
Psd'i6, dfl;s, k/LIff jf cGo s'g} k|sf/sf] z'Ns lng kfOg]5}g .
-u_ ;+:yfut ljb\ofnon] k|fylds txdf ;/sf/n] nufgL ug]{ k|lt ljBfyL{ nfutdf ga9fO{ z'Ns p7fpg
;Sg]5 . o;sf] cltl/Qm ljb\ofnosf] >]0fLcg';f/ ;+:yfut ljsf; /sd p7fpg kfOg]5 .oLafx]s
k|fylds txdf egf{ x'g] ljBfyL{af6 c¿ s'g} z'Ns p7fpg kfOg] 5}g .
-3_ lgDgdfWolds / dfWolds lzIffdf xfn ;fj{hlgs ljb\ofnonfO{ lbOFb} cfPsf] cg'bfg oyfjt
/flvg]5 . o;af6ljb\ofno z'Nsdf ;x'lnot k|bfg u/]sf] dflgg]5 .
-ª_ nfutsf] cfwf/af6 vr{ p7fpg] l;4fGtcg';f/ ;a} k|sf/sf lgdflj / dfljdf z'Ns lgwf{/0fsf]
dfkb08 nfu" ul/g]5 / ljb\ofnosf] >]0fL x]/L ;+:yfut ljsf;sf lgDt vr{ 5'6o\ fOg] 5 / o;af6
z'Nsdf yk36 x'g ;Sg]5 .
-r_ ljb\ofnosf] ef}lts ;'ljwf, lzIfs Joj:yf, ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vof, z}lIfs pknlAw, ljb\ofno ;~rfng
cjlw / s'n vr{sf] afF8kmfF8nfO{ljb\ofnosf] cg'dlt lbg / >]0fLut ug]{ d'Vo cfwf/ dflgg]5 .
-5_ ;a} k|sf/sf ljb\ofnon] ;/sf/n] tf]s]sf] kf7Øqmd / kf7Øk':ts clgjfo{¿kdf k|of]u ug'{kg]{5 .
-h_ g]kfnL / cª\u|]hL efiffsf] k7gkf7g k|fylds txsf] sIff ! b]lv clgjfo{ x'g]5 / dft[efiff,
;+:s[tnufot cGo efiff P]lR5s ;d"xdf /flvg]5g\ .
-em_ dfWolds txsf] kf7Øqmddf k|fljlws÷Jofj;flos ljifosf] ;d"x ;dfj]z ul/g]5 / Jofj;flos
ljifo ljb\ofnon] g} 5gf]6 ug]{ k|fjwfg /flvg]5 .
-`_ sIff % sf] lhNnf:t/Lo k/LIff lhNnf lzIff sfof{noaf6 pknAw u/fOg] k|Zgkqsf] cfwf/df
g]fknL, cª\u|]hL / ul0ft ljifodf ;DalGwt ljb\ofnon] lng] Joj:yf x'g]5 . lgDgdfWoldssf] xsdf
sIff * sf] cGTodf lhNnf lzIff sfof{noaf6 pknAw k|Zgkqsf] cfwf/df tf]lsPsf] dfWolds
ljb\ofnosf] /]vb]vdf ;~rfng ul/g]5 .
-6_ lzIf0f nfO;]G; k|0ffnL nfu" u/L nfO;]G; gePsf lzIfsnfO{ s'g} k|sf/sf] ljifosf] lzIf0f ;]jfdf
k|j]z u/fOg] 5}g .
-7_ /fli6«o lzIfs ;]jf cfof]unfO{ lzIf0f nfO;]G; k|bfg ug]{ ;+:yfsf] ¿kdf ljsf; ul/g]5 .
-8_ ;a} k|sf/sf ljb\ofnodf nfO;]G; k|fKt lzIfsdWo]af6 k|lt:kwf{ u/fO{ ljb\ofno Joj:yfkg ;ldltn]
lzIfs 5gf]6 / lgo'lj|m ug]{ Joj:yf x'g]5 .
-9_ xfn sfo{/t :yfoL lzIfssf] ;DaGwdf % jif{leqdf :yfoL nfO;]G; lnO;Sg'kg]{ ;t{df c:yfoL
nfO;]G; k|bfg ul/g]5 .
-0f_ ;a} k|sf/sf ljb\ofnodf sfo{/t lzIfsnfO{ ;/sf/n] tf]s]sf] Go"gtd tnadf g36\g] u/L tna /
cGo ;'ljwfsf] Joj:yf ug'{ ljb\ofno Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] lhDd]jf/L x'g]5 .
-t_ cleefjssf] k|ltlglwTj x'g]u/L ljb\ofno Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] u7g k|To]s ;fd'bflos ljb\ofnodf
107
 ul/g]5 . ;+:yfut ljb\ofnodf :jLs[t ljb\ofno rf6{/cg';f/ ljb\ofno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt u7g
ul/g]5 .
-y_ ljb\ofno Joj:yfkg ;ldltn] z}lIfs u'0f:t/ j[l4df ;d'bfo;Fusf] ;dGjo / ;DaGw k|j4{g ug{
cleefjs lzIfs ;ª\3 (PTA) u7g ug]{5 .
-b_ k|wfgfWofksnfO{ clwsf/ ;DkGg u/L yk ;'ljwf k|bfg ug{ sfg'gL Joj:yf ul/g]5 .
-w_ ;a} k|sf/sf ljb\ofnon] jflif{s ¿kdf cleefjs e]nf u/fO{ ljb\ofnosf] cfoJoo / z}lIfs pknlAw
;fj{lhgs ug]{ Joj:yf x'g]5 .
-g_ lzz' ljsf; sfo{qmd @ jif{sf] x'g]5 / To:tf] sfo{qmd ;~rfng, /]vb]v / Joj:yfkgsf] bfloTj
;DalGwt ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt÷gu/kflnsfsf] x'g]5 .;/sf/n] o:tf] sfo{qmdsf nflu Psd'i6 cg'bfg
lbg] gLlt lng]5 . xfn sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf] cfwf/e"t tyf k|fylds lzIff sfo{qmdaf6 Ps jif{leq
k/LIf0f sfo{qmd ;DkGg u/L cfufdL % jif{leq clw/fHoJofkL ¿kdf sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/g]5 .
-k_ k|fylds txsf] k7gkf7gsf] /]vb]v, cg'udg ug{ / lzIff ljsf;df ;xof]u k'¥ofpg ufpF lzIff
;ldlt÷gu/ j8f ;ldltn] e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{5 eg] lgDgdfWolds / dfWolds ljb\ofnosf] xsdf
lhNnf lzIff ;ldltnfO{ lhDd]jf/ agfOg]5 .
-km_ lzIff Joj:yfkgsf k|To]s tx -ljb\ofnob]lv lzIff tyf v]ns'b dGqfno;Dd_ / x/]s lgsfo, JolSt
/ ;+:yfsf] hjfkmb]lxtf ;'lglZrt ul/g]5 .
-a_ s'n ;/sf/L vr{sf] !& k|ltzt lzIffdf nufgL ug]{ gLlt lnOg]5 .
-e_ k|To]s txdf u'0ffTds lzIffsf lglDt cfjZos kg]{ jfl~5t Go"gtd k|ltljBfyL{ nfut tf]lsg]5 /
;f]sf] k'g/fjnf]sg k|To]s jif{ ul/g]5 .
-d_ ;a} k|sf/sf ljb\ofnosf] cfDbfgL vr{sf] lx;fj kf/bzL{ agfOg]5 .
-o_ ;fd'bflosljb\ofnodf lgDgdfWolds / dfWolds lzIffsf lglDt s'n egf{sf] !) k|ltzt / ;+:yfut
ljb\ofnosf] ;DaGwdf s'n egf{sf] % k|ltzt tf]lsPsf] nlIft ;d"xsf nflu lgMz'Ns lzIff k|bfg
ug{ 5fqj[lQsf] Joj:yf ul/g]5 . o;sf cltl/Qm h]x]gbf/ ljBfyL{ 5fqj[lQsf] Joj:yf klg ul/g]5 .
-/_ ;fd'bflos ljb\ofno / ;+:yfut ljb\ofnonfO{ lgoldt / k|f]T;fxg ug{ lgoldttfsf] ¿k/]vfcGtu{t
;~rfng ul/g]5 / To;sf] cg'udg ug]{ k|efjsf/L ;+oGqsf] Joj:yf ul/g]5 .
-n_ o; sfo{;ldltn] lbPsf ;'emfj sfof{Gjog ug{sf lglDt ;/sf/L bfloTj lgDg If]qdf kg]{5 M
-c_ lzz' ljsf; sfo{qmdsf nflu :yfgLo lgsfonfO{ cg'bfg
-cf_ k|fylds txsf] lzIff k"0f{tofM lgz'Ns ug{ nfUg] yk /sd
-O_ k|fylds txsf] sIff !b]lv # ;Dd cª\u|]hL ljifosf] yk kf7Øk':tssf] lgMz'Ns ljt/0fsf
nflu nfUg] /sd
-O{_ lgdflj / dflj txsf] !) k|ltzt ljBfyL{nfO{ k"0f{ lgMz'Ns k|bfg ug{ nfUg] 5fqj[lQ /sd
-p_ df=lj= txdf Jofj;flos wf/sf] kf7Øqmd nfu" ug{ ljb\ofnonfO{ lbg'kg]{ ;x'lnot cg'bfg .
lzIfs tflnd / cGo ljsf;sf vr{ ljBdfg / k|:tfljt kl/of]hgfsf] sfo{qmdaf6 g} Aoxf]g{
;lsg]5 . tTsfn ;/sf/sf] cfly{s bfloTjdf s]xL j[l4 x'g] b]lvP tfklg % jif{sf] cGt/fndf qmdzM
;/sf/L bfloTj sd x'Fb} hfg]5 .
-j_ ljb\ofno lzIffsf cjwf/0ff, p2]Zo, gLlt sfo{qmd Pjd\ ;'wf/sf pkfo / sfof{Gjog ug]{ Joj:yfsf]
k|lta4tf;d]t emNsg] u/L :j]tkq hf/L ul/g]5 .

108
 kl/R5]b M rf/

lzIff ;DaGwL /fli6«o gLlt

$=! lzIff gLltsf] kl/ro / z}lIfs gLltsf] cfjZostf

/fHon] hgtfk|ltsf] lzIff ;DalGw ;fj{hlgs pQ/bfloTj / k|lta4tf k"/f ug]{ qmddf u/]sf c7f]6,
k|lta4tf, dfu{bz{g, k|of; jf 3f]if0fkq g} z}lIfs gLlt x'g\ . lzIff If]qsf] Joj:yfkg, of]hgf, ;+u7g,
g]t[Tj / lgoGq0f ug{sf nflu tof/ kfl/Psf sfo{qmd g} z}lIfs gLlt x'g\ .
z}lIfs lg0f{osf] sfof{Gjogsf] nflu dfu{lgb]{zg ug]{ b:tfj]hnfO{ z}lIfs gLlt elgG5 . lzIff If]qdf
lglZrt nIo k|fKt ug{ ;/sf/n] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] dfu{bz{g g} lzIff gLlt xf] .
cgf}krfl/s lzIff, b"/ lzIff, v'nf lzIff, k|fljlws tyf Jofj;flos lzIff, cfod"ns lzIff, k|f/lDes
afn lzIff b]lv ljZjljb\ofnoLo lzIff;Fu ;DalGwt ;du| P]g, lgod, ljlgod, lgb]{lzsf, of]hgf,
sfo{j|md, kl/of]hgfsf] ;du| :j¿k g} lzIff gLltleq k5{g\ .
z}lIfs gLltsf] cfjZostf
• z}lIfs ;]jf k|jfxnfO k|efjsf/L agfO{ u'0f:t/Lo lzIff ;'lglZrt ug{
• /fi6« lgdf{0fsf] cfwf/ lgdf{0f ug{ tyf cfjZos hgzlSt pTkfbg ug]{ sfo{nfO{ k|efjsf/L
agfpg
• ;/sf/sf lzIff ;DaGwL b[li6sf]0fnfO{ Jofjxfl/s¿kdf ¿kfGt/0f ug{
• lzIffdf kx'Fr / ;dtf, u'0f:t/ / ;fGble{stf tyf ;+:yfut Ifdtf ljsf; ug{
• ul/aL Go'gLs/0f ug{sf] ;fy} :j/f]huf/ ;[hgf ug{
• z}lIfs If]qdf b]vf k/]sf ;d:of tyf r'gf}ltsf] ;dfwfg ug{
• z}lIfs ;]jf ;'ljwf k|efjsf/L¿kdf nlIft ;d'bfodf k'¥ofpg d2t ug{
• z}lIfs ;'zf;g sfod ug{ / z}lIfs kf/blz{tf ;'lglZrt ug{
• ;do kl/j]z cg';f/ cfjZos kg]{ lzIffsf] Joj:yf ug{
• z}lIfs sfo{qmd tyf of]hgfnfO{ sfof{Gjogof]Uo / k|ltkmno'Qm agfpg
Zf}lIfs gLlt lgwf{/0fdf k|efj kfg]{ tTj
• Gfful/s, r'gfjL 3f]if0fkq, /fhgLlts, cfly{s, ;fdflhs / ;f+:s[lts 36gf Tfyf Kfqklqsf,
;+rf/sf cGo ;+:yf, /fli6«o sfg"g, cg';Gwfg k|ltj]bg,
• cGt//fli6o jftfj/0f, ;lGw ;Demf}tf, bftf, ef}uf]lns kl/j]z, ;+ljwfgsf dfu{lgb]{zs l;4fGt,
bfloTj , gLlt
• lzIff ;DaGwL cGt/fli6«o k|ltjb\wtf, of]hgf, sfo{j|md h:tf]M OGrf]g 3f]if0ff, lbuf] ljsf;sf
nIo cflb .

109
Gf]kfndf lgdf{0f ePsf s]xL z}lIfs gLlt
• tflnd gLlt @)^@,
• b"/ tyf v'nf l;sfO gLlt, @)^#
• cgf}krfl/s lzIff gLlt, @)^#
• k|fljlws tyf Jofj;flos lzIff Pjd\ tflnd gLlt, @)^(
• pRr lzIff gLlt, @)&@
• ckfªutf ePsf JolStsf nflu ;dfj]zL lzIff gLlt, @)&$ nufot
lzIff gLlt sfof{Gjog gx'g] sf/0f
• Jofjxfl/s tyf oyfy{k/s gLlt aGg g;Sg', a9L dxTjfsfFIfL / k|efj d"Nof+sg gu/L gLlt
aGg'
• oyfy{k/s tYof+s / ;"rgf ljgf gLlt aGg'
• gLlt sfof{Gjogsf] nflu k|ofKt ;|f]t ;fwgsf] cefjsf] ;fy} sfof{Gjog ug]{ lgsfo sdhf]/ x'g'
• gLlt sfof{Gjogdf ;'zf;gsf] cefj tyf /fhg}lts x:tIf]k x'g', gLltut l:y/tf gx'g'
• gLlt lgdf{0f / sfof{Gjog ug]{ lgsfoaLr ;dGjo gx'g', sfof{Gjogdf pbfl;gtf b]vfpg] k|j[lQ
x'g'
• /fhgLlt1, ;/f]sf/jfnf / gLlt lgdf{tfaLr ;dGjo gx'g', /fhgLlts :jfy{k|]l/t gLltn] k|j]z
kfpg'
• gLltsf nIo, p2]Zo, sfo{qmd / ah]6jLr tfnd]n gx'g', gLltsf] bLuf]kgf gx'g'
• cg';GwfgnfO{ gLlt lgdf{0fsf] cfwf/ gagfOg', ulx/f] cWoog / ljZn]if0f ljgf g} gLlt nfu"
ul/g'
• gLltnfO{ k|fyldsLs/0f ug{ g;Sg', poor drafted policy ljBdfg x'g'
• gLlt sfo{fGJog eP gePsf] d"Nof+sg ug]{ k|efjsf/L cg'udg d"Nof+sg ;+oGq gx'g' / cg'udg
gx'g'
• gLlt lgdf{0fsf] nflu policy expert group gx'g' / ePklg k|efjsf/L¿kdf sfof{Gjog gx'g'
• gLlt lgdf{0fdf ;/f]sf/jfnfdf Jofks ;xeflutf gx'g'

$=@ v'nf tyf b'/ lzIff gLlt, @)^#

!= gLlt;DaGwL b"/b[li6
ljleGg cfjZostf / rfxgf af]s]sf ljz]iftM cj;/af6 al~rt ;d'bfo, dlxnf tyf sfdbf/nfO{
lzIffsf]] clwsf/sf] ;'lgzlrttf ug{, cf}krfl/s lzIffsf] kx'Fr k'¥ofO{ pgLx¿sf] JolStTj ljsf;sf
cj;/ k|bfg ug{ b"/ lzIff k|0ffnLaf6 v'nf lzIffsf] ljsNk l;h{gf ug]{ gLlt cjnDag ug'{ o;
¿k/]vfsf] b"/b[li6 /x]sf] 5 .
@= gLltut p2]Zo
-s_ ljBdfg lzIff k|0ffnLcGtu{t ljb\ofno txsf] lzIffaf6 al~rt afnaflnsfsf] lgldQ
lzIffsf] kx'Fr lj:tf/ ug'{ .
-v_ k/Dk/fut lzIffsf] cj;/af6 al~rt ;d'bfonfO{ljb\ofno / pRr lzIffsf] kx'Fr lj:tf/
ug'{ .

110
 -u_ ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlwsf] k|of]uaf6 k/Dk/fut lzIffsf] u'0f:t/ ;'wf/ ug{ ljleGg
lsl;dsf ;xof]uL k|lj|mof / ;fdu|Lsf] ljsf; ug'{ .
-3_ v'nf / b"/ lzIff k|0ffnLnfO{ ldl>t k|0ffnLsf] k|of]uaf6 hLjgko{Gt lzIff, lg/Gt/ lzIff
Pjd\ Jofj;flos bIftf clej[l4 ug'{ .
-ª_ /fli6«o / cGt//fli6«o >dahf/sf] cfjZostf cg'¿k sfd vf]Hg] >dzlStsf]
rfxgfadf]lhd l;kdf cfwfl/t ljifodf lzIff k|bfg ug]{ cj;/ k|bfg ug'{ .
-r_ hftLo tyf cflbjf;L ;d'bfosf] k/Dk/fut l;k / cg'ejnfO{ k|dfl0ft ug]{ cj:yf l;h{gf
ug'{ .
#= gLlt
#=! M ljleGg rfxgf ePsf l;sf?sf nflu lzIffdf kx'Frsf] lj:tf/ ug]{ .
#=@ M k/Dk/fut lzIffsf] u'0f:t/j[l4 ug]{ .
#=# M hLjgko{Gt lzIff / k];fut ljsf;sf] clej[l4 ug]{M .
#=$ M 1fg / l;ksf] k|df0fLs/0f ug]{ k4ltsf] :yfkgf ug]{ .
gLltut ljj/0f
gLlt #=!M ljleGg rfxgf ePsf l;sf?sf nflu lzIffdf kx'“rsf] lj:tf/ ug]{ .
sfo{gLlt M
-s_ ljBdfg k/Dk/fut lzIffsf] ljsNkdf k9\g rfxg] ul/a, dlxnf, cj;/af6 al~rt
gful/s cflbnfO{ lzIffsf] kx'Frleq Nofpg ljb\ofno / pRr lzIffdf ;d]t v'nf tyf b"/
l;sfO k|0ffnLsf] :yfkgf ug]{ .
-v_ v'nf tyf b"/ l;sfO k|0ffnLcGtu{t ;fwf/0f / Jofj;flos u/L b'O{ lsl;dsf] v'nf lzIffsf]
Joj:yf ug]{ . ;fwf/0f / Jofj;flos b'j}sf nflu /fli6«o kf7\oqmdsf] 9fFrfcGtu{t g}
kf7\oqmdsf] lgdf{0f ug]{ t/ l;sf?sf] ;do, ef}uf]lnstf tyf z}lIfs sfo{qmd;d]tnfO{
Wofgdf /fvL cWoog /0fgLltnfO{v's'nf] cyjf nlrnf] agfpg] k|lj|mof k|:t't ug]{ .
-u_ lzIff If]qsf ;du| kl/lwleq /xL gLltlgdf{0f tyf ;Dk"0f{ sfo{ ;~rfng ug{ ;Sg]
clwsf/o'Qm cw{:jfoQ /fli6«o :t/sf] pRr:t/Lo kl/ifb\ u7g u/L v'nf lzIff tyf b"/
l;sfOnfO{ ;+:yfut ug]{ .
-3_ ;/sf/n] cfly{snufotsf d'Vo d'2f;lxt ;+:yfut lg/Gt/tfsf nflu lghL, u}/;/sf/L tyf
cGo ;+:yf;Fu ;fe]mbf/L ljsf; ug{ pko'Qm k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ug]{ .
gLlt #=@ M k/Dk/fut lzIffsf] u'0f:t/j[l4 ug]{ .
sfo{gLlt M
-s_ u'0f:t/o'Qm lzIffsf cj;/ l;h{gf ug{ v'nf tyf b"/ l;sfO / k/Dk/fut lzIffaLrsf]
l;sfOsf ;'ljwfnfO{ ;lDd>0f ug{ ;xof]uL sfo{qmd ;+rfng ug{ Joj:yf ldnfpg] .
-v_ k/Dk/fut lzIffcGtu{tsf ljBfyL{nfO{ ;d]t kmfObf x'g] ;xof]uL ;fdu|L cflb k|of]u ug{
of]hgf agfpg], v'nf / k/Dk/fut lzIffaLrsf] j|m]l86 :yfgfGt/0f nufot lzIfs ljsf;sf
sfo{qmd lgdf{0f ug{ b"/ l;sfO k|0ffnLsf] k|of]u ug]{ .
-u_ kl/ifb\n] sfo{qmd ;'?jft tyf ljsf; ug'{sf cltl/Qm sfo{qmd nfu" ug{ tyf ;'kl/j]If0fsf
nflu ;fj{hlgs tyf lghL If]q;Fu ;fe]mbf/Lsf nflu ;fGble{s ;+oGq :yfkgf ug]{ .

111
 -3_ k"/s sfo{j|mdsf nflu nfUg] ;'?sf] nfut ;/sf/n] Joxf]g]{ ;fy} 7"nf]:t/df o:tf sfo{qmd
;~rfng ug{ lghL If]qnfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug]{ . ;/sf/ / lghL If]qsf] ;fe]mbf/Ldf ug{ ;lsg]
sfo{qmd klxrfg / sfof{Gjog ug{ ;lsg] ;Defjgf vf]Hg] .
gLlt #=# M hLjgko{Gt lzIff / k];fut ljsf;sf] clej[l4 ug]{
sfo{gLlt
-s_ ljleGg If]qdf sfo{/t ;d'bfosf JolStsf] k];fut l;k ljsf; ug]{ / lg/Gt/ lzIff k|bfg
ug]{ Joj:yf lgdf{0f ug{ 5'6[} ;+oGq :yfkgf ug]{ .
-v_ lzIfs ljsf;, ;fdflhs r]tgf, gful/slzIff, :jf:YolzIff, dfgj clwsf/ lzIff,
afnclwsf/ lzIff, jftfj/0fLo lzIff tyf j[Iff/f]k0f cflb;DaGwL sfo{qmd tof/ u/L v'nf
tyf b"/ lzIff dfWodåf/f pko'Qm lzIff k|bfg ug]{ .
-u_ b"/ lzIff tyf v'nf l;sfO kl/ifb\\n] b"/ lzIff dfWodåf/f sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{
lj|mofsnfksf] 9fFrf tof/ ug]{, of]hgf agfpg] / ljleGg lgsfoaLr ;dGjo ug]{ . o:tf
sfo{qmd nfu" ug]{ ;Gbe{df ;fd'bflos cWoog s]Gb| tyf 6]lns]Gb|h:tf ;fGble{s ;+:yfsf]
;~hfnnfO{ k|of]u ug]{ .
gLlt #=$ M 1fg / l;ksf] k|df0fLs/0f ug]{ k4ltsf] :yfkgf ug]{ .
sfo{gLlt M
-s_ ljljw hflt / ;d'bfon] Joj;flos If]qdf k|fKt u/]sf] k|rlnt 1fg / l;k;DaGwL lzIffnfO{
dfGotf lbg / k|df0fLs/0f ug{ v'nf tyf b"/ l;sfO k4ltcGtu{t Pp6f ljz]if ;+oGq
:yfkgf ug]{ .
-v_ k|fKt ul/Psf l;k / 1fgnfO{ k|fylds / dfWolds txsf] :t/df k|df0fLs/0f ug{ pko'Qm
k/LIf0fsf] Joj:yf tyf ;]t' kf7\ofFz / k/fdz{ sfo{qmd ljsf; ug]{ .
-u_ /fli6«o:t/sf z}lIfs lgsfo h:t}M k|fljlws lzIff tyf Jofj;flos tflnd kl/ifb\ h:tf
lgsfo;Fu ;dGjo u/L dfly plNnlvt sfo{qmd lgdf{0f tyf k/LIf0f;DaGwL k|aGw ug]{ .
$= /0fgLlt
$=! kf7\oqmd / l;sfO ;fdu|L
-s_ pRr lzIffsf] nflu ljleGg ljZj ljb\ofno tyf ljb\ofno:t/sf] nflu kf7\oqmd ljsf;
s]Gb|;Fu cfk;L 5nkmnaf6 v'nf lzIffsf] kf7\oqmd /fli6«o kf7\oqmdsf] 9fFrfleq /xg] u/L
lgdf{0f ul/g] 5 . o;sf cltl/Qm v'nf tyf b"/ l;sfO k|0ffnLcGtu{t ;~rfng x'g]
sfo{qmdsf] kf7\oqmd kl/ifb\sf] :jLs[t kZrft nfu" ul/g]5 .
-v_ /fli6«o tyf cGt//fli6«o cfjZostfcg'¿k kf7\oqmddf cfwfl/t cWoog ;fdu|Lsf] lgdf{0f
u/L nfu" ul/g] 5 . l;sf?sf] cfjZostfcg';f/ j|mdz M ljleGg efiffdf ;fdu|L lgdf{0f
ul/g] 5 .
-u_ v'nf tyf b"/ l;sfOsf nflu ljleGg lsl;dsf :jfWoog ;fdu|L -d'lb|t, >Jo tyf >Job[Zo
/ dlN6ldl8of_ pTkfbg ul/g] 5 .
$=@ ;+:yfsf] Joj:yfkg / dfgj;|f]t
-s_ /fli6«o txdf k"0f{ sfg'gL tyf sfo{sf/L clwsf/;lxtsf] pRr:t/Lo cw{ :jfoQ b"/
lzIff÷v'nf l;sfO kl/ifb\\ :yfkgf ul/g] 5 . h;n] v'nf / b"/ l;sfOdf zLif{ ;+:yfsf] ¿kdf
sfd ug]{5 . kl/ifb\df b'O{ tx x'g]5g\ M
112
 != ;a} lsl;dsf ;/f]sf/jfnfsf] k|ltlglwTj x'g] u/L u7g ul/Psf] gLlt lgdf{0f cª\u
@= ;a} sfo{qmd nfu" ug]{ sfo{sf/L cª\u
-v_ kl/ifb\\cGtu{t % cf]6f ljsf; If]qdf % cf]6f If]qLo cWoog s]Gb| :yfkgf ul/g] 5 . :yfgLo
txdf xfn tflnd, cg';Gwfg tyf lzIff;DaGwL sfd ul//x]sf ;+:yfdWo] s'g} ;+:yfnfO{
:yfgLo cWoog s]Gb|sf] ¿kdf :yfkgf ul/g] 5 .
-u_ /fli6«o / If]qLo txdf kl/ifb\\sf] cfk\mg} k];fut / Joj:yfkg;DaGwL hgzlSt x'g]5 .z'?df
7f]; 5gf]6 k|lj|mofsf cfwf/df ljZjljb\ofno / dGqfnosf hgzlStnfO{ k|of]u ul/g]5 .
-3_ v'nf / b"/ l;sfO k|0ffnLnfO{ ;fd'bflos ljb\ofno, ;+:yfut ljb\ofno / cGo ;/sf/L tyf
u}/ ;/sf/L z}lIfs ;+:yfnfO{ ;DaGwg lbO{ sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{ k|f]T;flxt ul/g] 5 .
-ª_ gLltlgdf{0f, sfo{qmdsf] :jLs[lt tyf sfof{Gjog, v'nf / b"/ l;sfO ;+:yfsf] dfGotf /
;DaGwg / k|df0fLs/0f ug]{ lhDd]jf/ ;+:yf b"/ lzIff÷v'nf l;sfO kl/ifb\ x'g]5 .
-r_ s]xL ljb\ofno tyf z}lIfs ;+:yfnfO{ v'nf ljb\ofnosf] cWoog s]Gb|sf] ¿kdf btf{ jf
;DaGwg lbg klxrfg ug]{ sfo{ ul/g] 5 .
-5_ z}lIfs hgzlSt ljsf; s]Gb|df /x]sf] b"/ lzIff÷v'nf l;sfO dxfzfvfsf] k|fljlws tyf
k|fl1s ;|f]t v'nf tyf b"/ l;sfO k|0ffnLsf] lj|mofsnfk ;'? ug{sf nflu k|of]u ul/g] 5 . o;
lsl;dsf] sfo{ kl/ifb\sf] u7g gx'Gh]n sfod /xg]5 .
$=# ;DaGw ;~hfn tyf ;+/rgf
-s_ cfjZos ;fdu|L / dfgjLo ;|f]t ljsf; ug{ /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o ;+:yfaLr kf/:kl/s
cfa4tfsf] ;+/rgf ljsf; ul/g] 5 .
-v_ ;fsf]l8ndf pNn]v ePsf] :t/cg';f/ v'nf tyf b"/ l;sfO;DaGwL kf7\oqmd ;fdu|L tof/
ug{ o; ;+:yf;+u ;dGjo ul/g]5 .
-u_ v'nf tyf b"/ l;sfO k|0ffnLnfO{ /fli6«o / cGt/f{li6«o:t/sf u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf;Fusf] ;xof]u /
;xeflutfaf6 ;~rflnt ug{ k|f]T;flxt ul/g] 5 .
-3_ Joj:yfkg, ;'kl/j]If0f tyf cg'udgdf :yfgLo ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutf ;'lglZrt ul/g] 5 .
$=$ ljBfyL{ ;xof]u k|0ffnL
-s_ sfo{qmd sfof{Gjogsf] z'?sf] cj:yfdf v'nf ljb\ofno tyf cWoog s]Gb|sf] nflu ;a}
lsl;dsf] z}lIfs / k|fljlws ;xof]u z}lIfs hgzlSt ljsf; s]Gb| cGtu{tsf] b"/
lzIff÷v'nf l;sfO dxfzfvf / z}lIfs tflnd s]Gb|dfk{mt\ k|bfg ul/g]5 . sfo{qmd
sfof{Gjogsf] z'?sf] cj:yfdf ;a} lsl;dsf] z}lIfs / k|fljlws ;xof]u k'¥ofOg] Joj:yf
ul/g]5 .
-v_ s]Gb|Lo tyf If]qLo cWoog s]Gb|df k"0f{sfnLg ;xhstf{ tyf ljz]if1 pknAw x'g]5g\ .
o;}u/L :yfgLo txsf cWoog s]Gb|df cf+lzs ;dodf sfd ug]{ ;xhstf{sf] Joj:yf
ldnfOg] 5 . ;xhstf{–;xhstf{aLr, ;xhstf{–ljBfyL{aLr / ljBfyL{–ljBfyL{aLr Ps
cfk;df ;+jfb Pjd\ 5nkmn ug{ cg÷ckm nfOgsf] Joj:yf ul/g]5 . o;afx]s k':tsfnosf]
;'ljwf, k/fdz{, ;fdu|L ljt/0f tyf kl/rofTds sfo{qmdsf] Joj:yf ul/g] 5

113
 -u_ ljBfyL{nfO{ gofF k|ljlw / ;~rf/ -h:t} M d]n, 6]lnkmf]g, OG6/g]6, Od]n, 6]lnsGkm/]G;,
lel8of] sGkm/]G; cflb_ ;fwg k|of]u u/L ;xhstf{ / ljBfyL{aLr cfdg];fdg] e]6\g] / ;+jfb
ug]{ cj;/ k|bfg ul/g]5 .
-3_ ljBfyL{sf] ;xof]ufy{ :yfgLo ljz]if1 k|lzIfs, lzIfs, k|wfgfWofks tyf k|Wofks cflbsf]
;]jf pknAw u/fO{ v'nf tyf b"/ lzIff k|0ffnLnfO{ lbuf] agfOg]] 5 .
$=% ldl8ofsf] k|of]u
-s_ v'nf tyf b"/ l;sfOsf ;fdu|+L lgdf{0f / ljt/0f ug{ ;a} lsl;dsf ;~rf/ tyf d'lb|t ;fwg
k|of]u ul/g]5 .
-v_ OG6/g]6, Od]n, 6]lnsGk|m]lG;ª, lel8of] sGk|m]lG;ª tyf cg÷ckm nfOg 5nkmnh:tf
cfw'lgs ;fwg;lxtsf ljB'tLo ;~rf/ ;fwg k|of]u ul/g] 5 .
-u_ /]l8of], Pkm=Pd / l6eLaf6 lglZrt cjlwsf nflu >Jo tyf >Job[Zo ;fdu|L k|;f/0f ug]{
Joj:yf ul/g] 5 .
-3_ cGt/f{li6«o bft[;+;yf;Fusf] ;xof]u / ;xsfo{df z}lIfs hgzlSt ljsf; s]Gb|sf] b"/
lzIff÷v'nf l;sfO dxfzfvfcGtu{tsf] cl8of] / leh'cn :6'l8of]sf] :t/j[l4 u/L 5'§}
z}lIfs /]l8of] / 6]lnlehg :6'l8of] :yfkgf ul/g] 5 .
-ª_ kl/ifb\\cGtu{t cfk\mg} :6];g gag];Dd v'nf tyf b"/ l;sfOsf sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{ xfn
pknAw l6eL / /]l8of] k|;f/0fsf ;fwg k|of]u ul/g] 5 .
$=^ k|df0fLs/0f tyf ;dsIftf
-s_ b"/ lzIff÷v'nf l;sfO kl/ifb\sf] :yfkgf ePkl5 v'nf tyf b"/ l;sfOsf sfo{qmdsf] u'0f:t/
sfod ug{ 5'6[} k/LIff jf]8{ :yfkgf;Fu} k|df0fLs/0f / ;dsIftf lgwf{/0f ug]{ ;+oGq lgdf{0f
ul/g] 5 . 5'6[} k/LIff jf]8{ :yfkgf geP;Ddsf nflu ljBfyL{ d"Nofª\sg ug]{ xfns]} lgsfo
dfkm{t k|df0fLs/0fsf] sfo{ ul/g] 5 .
-v_ k|df0fLs/0f / ;dsIftf lgwf{/0fsf nflu lnlvt, df}lvs / k|of]ufTds k|lj|mofdf cfwfl/t
d"Nof+sg k|0ffnL nfu" ul/g] 5 .
-u_ qm]l86 :yfgfGt/0f / ;dsIftf lgwf{/0f ug]{ k4lt :yfkgfsf nflu /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o
z}lIfs k|0ffnLdf cfj4 ul/g] 5 . t/ o; k4ltdfk{mt\ sfo{qmd ;+rfng ug{sf nflu
k|fljlws / Jofj;flos lzIff k|0ffnL;Fu cfa4 x'g] u/L ;+oGq ljsf; ul/g] 5 .
$=& nfut tyf ah]6
-s_ d'n'ssf] v'nf tyf b"/ l;sfO k|0ffnLsf] nfut ;+oGqnfO{ lbuf] /fVg ;|f]t tyf nfut
Joj:yfkgsf nflu pko'Qm ;+oGqsf] :yfkgf ul/g]5 .
-v_ ljb\ofno:t/df lzIff ljefu / pRr lzIfftk{m ljZjljb\ofno cg'bfg cfof]un] cfly{s
;|f]tsf] lhDd]jf/L lnOg'kg]{ 5 . v'nf ljb\ofnosf ljBfyL{sf nflu 5fqj[lQ tyf cGo ;'ljwf
pknAw u/fpg ;|f]t kl/rfng ug]{ lhDd]jf/L pQm lgsfoaf6 lnOg' kg]{5 .
-u_ ;'?sf] cj:yfdf v'nf tyf b"/ l;sfOsf ;+:yfsf] ;~rfng vr{ ;/sf/n] Joxf]g'{ kg]{5 .
lzIf0f–z'Ns / /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfsf] ;xof]u k|fKt u/L ;/sf/n]
Joxf]g]{ vr{df qmdzM sd ub}{ nlug] Joj:yf ldnfOg]5 .
114
 -3_ nlIft ;d"xsf] cj:yf ljrf/ u/L nfutsf] 7"nf] c+z ;/sf/n] Joxf]g'{kg]{ 5 . ;fy} :yfgLo
txaf6 klg nfutsf] s]xL c+z Joxf]g]{ pkfo vf]lhg' k5{ . t/ lglZrt dfkb08sf cfwf/df
gLlh If]qn] ;]jfz'Ns lng ;Sg]5 . o;nfO{ z}lIfs ;fdu|L, 5fqj[lTt / cGo ;xof]u lbg]
cg'bfgsf] ¿kdf lng' kg]{5 .
-ª_ ;'ljwfljxLg cj:yfdf /x]sf] nlIft ju{sf] nflu ;/sf/n] ug]{ nufgLsf cltl/Qm
bft[;+:yfnfO{ klg o:tf sfo{qmddf nufgL ug{ cfsif{0f ul/g]5 .
-r_ lghL If]q, :yfgLo ;+:yf, /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfnfO{ z}lIfs ;fdu|L lgdf{0f
/ ljt/0fdf ;xefuL agfOFb} nlug]5 .
%= gLlt nfu" ug]{ r/0f M
v'nf tyf b"/ lzIff;DaGwL gLlt tLg r/0fdf nfu' ul/g]5 M
-s_ klxnf] r/0f M o; r/0fdf d'Votof tLgcf]6f sfd x'g]5g\ M gLlt sfof{Gjogsf nlfu
u'?of]hgf ljsf;, v'nf ljb\ofno tyf k];fut ljsf; / l;k k|df0fLs/0f sfo{qmdsf]
k/LIf0f . gLltut s'/fsf] csf]{ kIfdf tfls{s qmd, nfut cg'dfg / sfo{ ;~rfng
of]hgf;lxtsf] ;dfof]lht sfo{of]hgf ;lxtsf] u'?of]hgfsf] tof/L xf] . of]hgf lgdf{0f ;Fu;Fu}
cf=j= @)^#.)^$ df k/LIf0fsf nflu v'nf ljb\ofno 5gf}6 ug{ sfo{ljlw lgb]{lzsf tof/
ul/g] 5 . k/LIf0fsf] cj:yfdf ;DalGwt lgsfosf ;|f]t;d]t kl/rfng ul/g] 5 . o;
r/0fdf b"/ tyf v'nf l;sfO dxfzfvfn] v'nf tyf b"/ lzIff ;DaGwL sfo{ cufl8 a9fpg
;Dk"0f{ k|fljlws tyf ;dGjo;DaGwL e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{5 . o:t} u/L gLlt $=@ df pNn]v
ePadf]lhd lzIfssf] k];fut bIftfsf] ljsf; / gLlt $=$ df pNn]v ePsf] l;k
k|df0fLs/0f;DaGwL sfo{sf nflu z}lIfs hgzlSt ljsf; s]Gb| / k|fljlws lzIff tyf
Jofj;flos tflnd kl/ifb\n] ljBdfg Joj:yfnfO{ g} lg/Gt/tf lbOg] 5 .
-v_ bf];|f] r/0f M cf=j= @)^$.^%–@)^%.^^ df bf];|f] r/0f nfu" x'g]5 . o; cjlwdf k|:tfljt
;+u7gcg';f/sf] ;+:yf :yfkgf ug]{ / u'?of]hgfnfO{ clGtd ¿k lbOg]5 . xfnsf] b"/
lzIff÷v'nf l;sfO dxfzfvf gofF aGg] kl/ifb\sf] cª\u x'g]5 . Ifdtf clej[l4sf nflu
hgzlSt ljsf; ug]{ p2Zon] o; cjlwdf k];fut 6f]nLsf ;b:onfO{ cGt/f{li6«o cWoog
e|d0f / tflndsf] Joj:yf ul/g] 5 .
-u_ t];|f] r/0f M o; cjlwdf ;a} ;+:yf tyf hgzlStsf] Joj:yf;lxt ;a} gLltsf] sfof{Gjog
ul/g] 5 . ljZjljb\ofno cg'bfg cfof]un] v'nf tyf b"/ lzIff;DaGwL pRr lzIffsf] gLlt
lgdf{0f ug{ ;dGjosf/L e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{ 5 . u'?of]hgfdf ljz]if cg'udgsf] k|fjwfg
/flvg] 5 / gofF Joj:yfdf klg o;nfO{ oyf:yfgdf /flvg] 5 .
e"ldsf lg¿k0f
s= lzIff tyf v]ns'b dGqfno
• gLlt lgdf{0fdf ;dGjo ug]{,
• gLlt sfof{Gjog ug]{,
• kl/ifb\\sf] sfdnfO{ ;xh agfpg d2t ug]{ .

v= b"/ lzIff÷v'nf l;sfO kl/ifb\ M gLlt lgdf{0f cª\u

• gLlt lgdf{0f / lg0f{osf nflu pRr kbflwsf/L;dIf k7fpg],
• nfdf] / 5f]6f] cjlwsf] of]hgf / sfo{qmd :jLs[t ug]{,
115
 • k|df0fLs/0f / dfGotf ;DaGwdf clGtd lg0f{o ug]{ .
u= b"/ lzIff÷v'nf l;sfO kl/ifb\ – sfo{sf/L cª\u
• sfo{qmd nfu" ug{,
• j}b]lzs ;DaGw :yfkg ug{,
• d'n'sleq / aflx/sf ;Defljt ;+:yf;Fu ;dGjo sfod ug]{ .

$=# cgf}krfl/s lzIff gLlt, @)^#

-@)^# df3 @% ut]sf] dlGqkl/ifb\sf] lg0f{ocg';f/ :jLs[t_
cgf}krfl/s lzIffn] ljleGg lsl;dsf ;d"xsf] nflu cfk\mgf] sfo{ nIo agfO{ ;]jf k|bfg ul//x]sf] 5 .
;a}nfO{ ;fIf/ agfpg] b[li6sf]0fn] b'u{d / leqL a:tLsf lg/If/, ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf JolSt /
sf/vfgfsf lg/If/ sfdbf/nfO{ cgf}krfl/s lzIffn] ;r]tgf lzIff, ;fIf/tf, ;fIf/f]Tt/ / lg/Gt/ lzIff
l;k d"ns, cfod"ns sfo{qmd ;~rfng ub{5 . j}slNks z}lIfs cj;/sf b[li6sf]0fn] cgf}krfl/s
lzIffn] ljb\ofno guPsf jf 5f8]sf o'jfo'jtL tyf s]6fs]6Lsf] nflu v'nf ljb\ofno, :yfgLo l;kdf
cfwfl/t k|fljlws Pjd\ Jofj;flos lzIffsf sfo{qmd ;~rfng ub{5 . k];fut lzIff(Career
education)sf] b[li6sf]0fn] cgf}krfl/s lzIffn] ljz]ifu/L zf/Ll/s >d u/L hLjgofkg ug'{kg]{ ;d"nfO{
;d]t cfkm\gf] nlIft ;d"x agfO{ ltgnfO{ k/fdz{ ;]jf, tflnd / k|fl1s ;xof]u ub{5 . ;fdflhs
;dflxttf (Social inclusion) sf] b[li6sf]0fn] cgf}krfl/s lzIffn] n}ª\lus, hft ljz]if (Caste specific)
hftLo (Caste)ef}lts / eflifs ;d:of ePsf JolStnfO{ nlIft u/L ltgLx¿nfO{ pkof]uL x'g] sfo{qmd
;~rfng ul/Fb} cfPsf] 5 .
ljutsf cg'ejsf cfwf/df cgf}krfl/s lzIffdf cg]sg r'gf}tL ;f]+r ;DaGwL, Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL /
sfof{Gjog ;DaGwL, b]lvPsf 5g\ . s;/L cgf}krfl/s lzIffsf] lj:tfl/t :j¿kaf/] ljleGg txdf
hfgsf/L u/fpg] < s;/L lj:tfl/t ;f]+r ;fk]If dfgjLo ;|f]tsf] kl/rfng ug]{ < s;/L cgf}krfl/s lzIff
sfo{qmdaLr ;dGjo ug]{ < s;/L ltgLx¿nfO{ d"nk|jfxLs/0f ug]{ < s;/L JolStut Ifdtf cg';f/ cf–
cfkm\g} ultdf l;Sg ;Sg] cgf}krfl/s lzIff sfo{qmd ;+rfng ug]{ < oL k|Zgsf] ;dfwfgsf nflu
cgf}krfl/s lzIffsf] gLlt Pjd\ sfo{gLltsf] cfjZostf dx;'; ePsf] lyof] . ;f]xL cfjZostf k"/f ug]{
clek|ofn] ;do ;fk]If cgf}krfl/s lzIffsf lj:t[t cjwf/0ffnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL dGqLkl/ifb\sf] ldlt @)^#
df3 @% ut]sf] lg0f{ofg';f/ cgf}krfl/s lzIffsf] gLlt @)^# :jLs[t u/]sf] 5 . cgf}krfl/s lzIffsf]
gLlt, sfo{gLlt / /0fgLlt cgf}krfl/s lzIff sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{ ;/sf/L tyf u}|x ;/sf/L lgsfosf]
nflu dfu{ lgb]{z x'g]5 .
gLlt !
ljleGg pd]/ / ju{sf JolstnfO{pgLx¿sf] cfjZostf cg'¿ksf] k|fl1s tyf Jofjxfl/s 1fg,
l;k / ;"rgf k|bfg ug]{ u/L cgf}krfl/s lzIffsf] If]q lj:tf/ ul/g]5 .
o; gLlt cGtu{t lgDg lnlvt sfo{gLlt ckgfOg]5 .
• k|f}9 dlxnf / o'jfnfO{ ;fIf/ agfOg]5 .

116
 • j}slNks ljb\ofno lzIffdfkm{t\ ljb\ofno hfg gkfpg] / ljr}df ljb\ofno 5f8\g]nfO{
ljb\ofnLo lzIffsf] cj;/ k|bfg ul/g]5 .
• ljb\ofnoLo lzIffdf hfg g;Sg]sf nflu Jofj;flos lzIffsf] k|aGw ldnfOg] 5 .
• v'nf ljb\ofnodfkm{t\ ljb\ofnotxsf] ;dsIfL lzIff pknAw u/fOg]5 .
• ljleGg txsf z}lIfs Ifdtf / l;k ePsf] JolStnfO{ lg/Gt/ lzIff k|fKt ug]{ cj;/
lbnfOg]5 .
• ;r]tgfsf nflu df}lvs ;fIf/tf cleofg ;~rfng ul/g]5 .
• v'nf ljZjljb\nfodfkm{t\ pRr txsf] ;dsIfL lzIff pknAw u/fOg]5 .
/0fgLlt
dflysf] gLlt Pjd\ sfo{gLltnfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{ b]xfosf /0fgLlt x'g] 5g\ M
• cgf}krfl/s lzIff z}lIfs ;"rgf k|0ffnLsf] cfwf/df ufpF÷gu/ lzIff of]hgf tof/ kfg]{ /
of] of]hgfnfO{ lhNnf cfjlws of]hgf / lhNnf lzIff of]hgfsf] cª\usf] ¿kdf ljsl;t
ug]{ .
• z}lIfs ;+:yfnfO{ k|f]T;flxt u/L v'nf ljb\ofno ;~rfng ug]{ .
• u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf, z}lIfs ;+:yf / ;fd'bflos cWoog s]Gb|sf] ljleGg txsf z}lIfs Ifdtf
ePsf JolStsf lglDt lg/Gt/ lzIffsf] k|aGw ug]{ .
• 5nkmn ;q / ;~rf/sf ljleGg dfWod k|of]u u/L df}lvs ;fIf/tf sfo{qmd ;~rfng
ug]{ .
• ;fIf/f]Tt/ lzIffnfO{ cfocfh{g sfo{qmd;Fu cfa4 ug]{ .
• k9\g] ljifoj:t' tyf k9fpg] z}nLdf hLjgkof]uL l;k cfa4 ug]{ .
• 5'6\6f5'6\6} v'nf ljZjljb\ofno gv'n];Dd pRr lzIffsf sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{ ;+:yfaf6}
pRr txsf] ;dsIfL lzIff pknAw u/fpg] .

gLlt @M
lzIffsf] cj;/af6 al~rt jf aLr}df k9fO 5f8]sfnfO{ cf}krfl/s lzIff ;/x dfGotf ePsf]
cgf}krfl/s lzIff k|bfg ul/g]5 .
o; gLlt cGtu{t lgDglnlvt sfo{gLlt ckgfOg] 5g\ .
• j}slNks ljb\ofno lzIffnfO{ k|fylds tx ;dsIfL agfOg] 5 .
• k|f}9÷dlxnf ;fIf/tf sIffnfO{ qmdzM k|fylds txsf] ;dsIfL agfOg]5 .
• j}slNks ljb\ofno lzIff sfo{qmdnfO{ qmdzM afx| sIff a/fa/sf] agfOg] 5 .
• v'nf ljb\ofnodfkm{t\ lgDg dfWolds, dfWolds / pRr dfWolds tx a/fa/sf] lzIff lbOg]
5.
• v'nf ljZjljb\ofnonfO{c¿ ljZjljb\ofnosf] ;dsIfL agfOg] 5 .
• k]zfut / Jofj;flos sf];{sf] gg qm]l86 sf];{sf] ¿kdf ljsl;t ul/g] 5 .
• ;+Zn]lift (Condensed) sf];{sf] ;xof]un] cf}krfl/s / cgf}krfl/s lzIffsf sfo{qmdnfO{
Ps csf{sf] ;dsIfL agfOg] 5 .

117
 • ;fd'bflos cWoog s]Gb|nfO{lzIffsf] ljleGg sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{ ynf]sf] ¿kdf ljsl;t
ul/g] 5 .
/0fgLlt
dflysf gLlt Pjd\ sfo{gLltnfO{ sfof{Gjog ug]{ b]xfosf /0fgLlt x'g]5g\ .
• ljleGg pd]/ ;d"xsf afnaflnsf, lszf]/lszf]/L, k|f}9 tyf dlxnfsf nflu pkof]uL x'g] u/L
cgf}krfl/s lzIffsf] sfo{qmd agfpg] .
• cf}krfl/s lzIff]Gd'v cgf}krfl/s lzIff sfo{qmdsf kf7\os|d k|fylds txb]lv qmdzM
ljZjljb\ofn tx;Ddsf] lzIff;Fu ldNbf]h'Nbf] agfpg] .
• ;+Zn]lift kf7\os|d tyf kf7\of+z agfpg] / nfu" ul/g]5 . o:tf kf7\os|d Pjd\ kf7\oljifo
k|fylds txb]lv qmdzM ljZjljb\ofno tx;Ddsf x'g] .
• :jfWofogaf6} k9]sf JolStnfO{pgLx¿sf] of]Uotfcg';f/ k/LIff / d"Nof+sgsf nflu
cflwsfl/t z}lIfs ;+:yfb\jf/f kl/Iffsf] dfWodaf6 ;dsIftf k|df0fkq lbOg] .
• :jfWofog ;fdu|L lgdf{0f / ;+rfng k4lt ljsf; u/L To;sf] k|rf/k|;f/ ug]{ .
gLlt #
lzIffdf kx'Fr a9fpg ljz]if Joj:yf ul/g]5 .
• dfudf cfwfl/t ;3g ;fIf/tf sfo{qmd (Need based intensive literacy programme)
;~rfng ul/g]5 .
• cgf}krfl/s lzIffdf dlxnfnfO{ k|fyldstf lbOg]5 .
• :jo+d;]jL / ;xof]uL JolSt kl/rfng ul/g] 5 .
• v'nf ljb\ofno / v'nf ljZjljb\ofnodfkm{t\ ;dsIfL sfo{qmd rnfOg] 5 .
• ljleGg lgsfonfO{ cgf}krfl/s lzIff sfo{qmdcGtu{t v'nf ljb\ofno, k]zfut lzIffno /
Jofj;flos lzIffno ;~rfng ug{ cg'dlt tyf ;xof]u k|bfg ul/g]5 .
• :jo+;]jL / ;xof]uLsf nflu tflnd ;fdu|L ljsf; ul/g] 5 .
• hLjgf]kof]uL tyf Jofj;flos tflnd ;~rfng ul/g] 5 .
• df}lvd ;fIf/tf sfo{qmdcGtu{t ;r]tgf sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/g] 5 .
• cf}krfl/s lzIff sfo{qmddfkm{t\ cgf}krfl/s df]8af6 ;dsIfL :j¿ksf] lzIff k|bfg ul/g]
5.
• /f]huf/L lbg] ;+:yf÷JolStnfO{ clgjfo{ ¿kn] cfkm\gf >ldsnfO{ :t/cg';f/sf] cgf}krfl/s
lzIff k|bfg ug{ k|f]T;flxt ul/g] 5 .
• b'u{d / ;x/L a:tLsf leqL efudf a;]sf afnaflnsf, o'jfo'jtL, blnt, dlxnf, wfld{s,
;d"x, hflt, hft ljz]if ty afn>ldsnfO{ sfdsf] k|s[lt x]/L ljljw vfn] cgf}krfl/s
lzIff sfo{qmddf ;xefuL u/fOg] 5 .
• ;a} vfn] ;+3;+:yf / ;~rf/sf dfWodnfO{ kl/rfng ul/g] 5 .
• ;fdflhs, cfly{s Pjd\ z}lIfs b[li6sf]0fn] k5fl8 k/]sf ;d'bfosf] lzIffdf kx'Fr a9fpg]
pko'St kf7\os|d, lzIfs / ;xof]uLsfo{stf{ tof/ kfl/g] 5 .
• cfly{s ¿kn] ljkGg ;xefuLnfO{ ;fIf/ agfO cfocfh{g ;d"xdf cfa4 ul/g] 5 .

118
/0fgLlt
dflysf gLlt Pjd\ sfo{gLltnfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{ b]xfosf /0fgLlt x'g]5g\ .
• ;d'bfo kl/rfng sfo{qmddfkm{t\ ;e]{If0f u/L ufpF÷gu/ lzIff of]hgf agfpg] .
• cf}krfl/s lzIff sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{ ;+:yfn] kl/jf/leqsf] nlIft JolSt;d]t klxrfg
u/L To;nfO{ ldNg] u/L sfo{qmdsf] to ug]{ .
• ;–;fgf ;d"xsf ;fIf/tf Joj:yf ug]{ .
• ljleGg s'gfsfKrf / ;d"x pk;d"xdf /xg] JolStnfO{ ;]jf k'¥ofpg :jo+;]jL tof/ u/L
kl/rfng ug]{ .
• nlIft If]qdf k|f}9÷dlxnf ;fIf/tf, df}lvs ;fIf/tf sfo{qmd, j}slNks ljb\ofno, v'nf
ljb\ofno / v'nf ljZjljb\ofnosf] lj:tf/ ug]{ .
• 5f]6f] cjlwsf sfo{qmd / Kofs]h ljsf; u/L sfof{Gjog ug]{ .
• sfo{qmd cgf}krfl/s lzIffsf lzIffyL{sf] ;dofg's"n ;~rfng ug]{ .
• ;fIf/tf Go"g /x]sf ef}uf]lns If]qdf sfo{qmd nlIft ug]{ .
• ;fIf/tf Go"g /x]sf ju{ hft hfltdf sfo{qmd nlIft ug]{ .
• ljz]if cj:yfsf afnaflnsf h:t} åGåaf6 kLl8t / afn>ldsdf sfo{qmd nlIft ug]{ .
gLlt $
kf7\os|d, kf7\ok':ts / l;sfO ;fdu|L lgdf{0f tyf ljt/0f k|lj|mofnfO{ :yfgLos/0f ub}{ n}hfg]
;Gbe{df ljs]lGb|t ul/g] 5 .
o; gLlt cGtu{t lgDglnlvt sfo{gLlt ckgfOg] 5g\ .
• cgf}krfl/s lzIff sfo{qmd ;+rfng ug]{ ;a} ;/sf/L, u}/;/sf/L / lghL ;+:yfn]
cgf}krfl/s lzIff s]Gb|;Fu ;dGjo / ;xsfo{ u/L ;fIf/tf tyf k|fylds txsf]
cgf}krfl/s lzIffsf] kf7\os|d, kf7\ok':ts / l;sfO ;fdu|L lgdf{0f pTkfbg Pjd\ ljt/0f
ug]{5g\ .
• k|f}9, dlxnf, afn lzIff / j}slNks ljb\ofno sfo{qmdsf ;fdu|Lsf] u'0f:t/ cgf}krfl/s
lzIff s]Gb|n] lgwf{/0f u/] adf]lhd x'g]5 .
• v'nf ljb\ofnosf] kf7\os|d, kf7\ok':ts / l;sfO ;fdu|Lsf] :t/ lgwf{/0f tf]s] adf]lhdsf]
x'g]5 .
• v'nf ljZjljb\ofnosf] o;sf SofDk;sf nflu u'0f:t/ lgwf{/0f ug]{ 5 .
• cgf}krfl/s lzIff sfo{qmdsf nflu ag]sf ;fdu|L n}ª\lus, hft ljz]if, hftLo / eflifs
b[li6n] ljZn]if0f ubf{ pko'St 7xl/g' kg]{5 . o;sf] pko'Sttf cgf}krfl/s lzIff s]Gb|b\jf/f
d'Nofª\sg x'g] 5 .
• d"n kf7\os|d tyf d"n ;fdu|Lsf] vfsf agfpg] qmddf cgf}krfl/s lzIff sfo{qmd ;~rfng
ug]{ ;+:yf Pjd\ u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfnfO{ ;xefuL u/fOg] 5 .
• kf7\os|d kf7\ok':ts lgdf{0f, pTkfbg / ljt/0fdf ;'rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlw (Information
and communication technology) kl/rfng ul/g]5 .

119
/0fgLlt
dflysf gLlt Pjd\ sfo{gLltnfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{ b]xfosf /0fgLlt x'g]5g\ .
• cgf}krfl/s lzIff s]Gb|n] cfwf/e"t tyf ;fIf/f]Tt/ sfo{qmdsf nflu ck]lIft z}lIfs
pknlAwsf] ;"rL tof/ u/L cgf}krfl/s lzIffsf] kf7\ok':ts tyf cGo ;fdu|L agfpg]
;+:yfnfO{ ;f] ;"rL pknAw u/fpg] .
• z}lIfs ;fdu|Ldf hLjgf]kof]uL l;k ;dfj]z ug]{ .
• cgf}krfl/s lzIff s]Gb|n] sfo{qmd ;~rfng, lg0f{ostf{, ;fdu|L pTkfbs / bftf;Fu a;]/
o:tf] ;"rLnfO{ cb\o\ fjlws ug]{ .
• cb\ofjlws ;"rLcg';f/ JolSt tyf ;+:yfn] cfjZos ;fdu|L agfpg] .
• ;dsIftfsf nflu j}slNks ljb\ofno, v'nf ljb\ofno / v'nf ljZjljb\ofnosf kf7\os|d,
kf7\o;fdu|L / ;xfos Pjd\ k"/s ;fdu|L cgf}krfl/s lzIffsf ck]lIft pknlAwsf cfwf/df
agfpg] .
• cgf}krfl/s lzIff s]Gb|n] cfkm\gf ;a} vfn] j}slNks ljb\ofno sfo{qmdsf] nflu ;+Zn]lift
kf7\os|d agfpg], ;+zf]wg ug]{ / cb\ofjlws ug]{ .
• OR5's z}lIfs ;+:yfnfO{ ;+Zn]lifs kf7\os|d, kf7\ok':ts lgdf{0f / k|of]u ug{ k|f]T;flxt ug]{,
• cgf}krfl/s lzIff sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{ ;+:yf Pjd\ JolStn] ;DalGwt lgsfo;Fu :jLs[lt
tyf ;xof]u lnO{ ljleGg efiffdf :yfgLo kf7\os|d, kf7\o;fdu|L / ;xfos Pjd\ k"/s
;fdu|L tof/ ug]{, 5fKg] / ljt/0f ug]{ / Ps csf{sf ;fdu|Lsf] k|of]u ug]{ sfd ug]{ .
• tL ;fdu|Lsf] l;sfO pknAwL / pko'Sttf :t/ lgwf{/0f ;DalGwt ;+:yfn] ug]{ .
• :yfgLo tyf /fli6«o kf7\os|d, kf7\oj:t' / k"/s ;fdu|Lsf] :yfgLo ahf/df pknAwtf, tL
;fdu|L z}lIfs pknlAwsf] cb\ofjlws ;"rLcg';f/ eP gePsf] / hft ljz]if, hftLo,
n}ª\lus, wfld{s, eflifs / ckfª\utfsf d'2fnfO{ Wofgdf /flvPsf] jf g/flvPsf] ;DalGwt
;+:yfn] Plsg ug]{ .
• ljkGg Pjd\ nlIft ;d"xnfO{ cgf}krfl/s lzIff sfo{qmd ;~rfnsn] kf7\o;fdu|L lgMz'Ns
pknAw u/fpg] .
gLlt %
lzIffdf kx'Fr, u'0f:t/ / ;dtf k|fKt ug{sf nflu ;fd'bflos cWoog s]Gb|nfO{ sfo{qmd ;~rfng
/ ;+of]hg cfwf/ agfOg] 5 .
o; gLlt cGtu{t lgDglnlvt sfo{gLlt ckgfOg]5 .
• ;fd'bflos cWoog s]Gb|, u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf, :yfgLo ;d"x, ljb\ofno, :yfgLo lgsfo /
;/sf/L ;+:yfsf] Psn jf ;+o'St¿kdf tf]lsP adf]lhd ;~rfng ug{ ;Sg]5g\ .
• ;d'bfosf cfjZostf cg';f/ z}lIfs nufot ljleGg sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/g]5 .
• ;d'bfosf k|f}9 tyf o'jf ;b:onfO{ cfjZos kg]{ cGo hLjgf]kof]uL l;knfO{ Wofgdf /fvL
ljljw sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/g]5 .
• ;fd'bflos ljsf;, pTkfbg j[l4 / ;f+:s[lts ;+/If0f tyf lg/Gt/ lzIffsf nflu ;fd'bflos
cWoog s]Gb|nfO{ kl/rfng ul/g] 5 .

120
/0fgLlt
dflysf gLlt Pjd\ sfo{gLltnfO{ sfof{GjognfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{ b]xfosf /0fgLlt x'g]5g\ .
• :yfgLo lgsfon] gofF If]qdf ;fd'bflos cWoog s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf ubf{ ljz]if nlIft ;d"xnfO{
Wofg lbg] .
• ;fd'bflos cWoog s]Gb|nfO{ ;a} lsl;dsf] cgf}krfl/s lzIff lj:tf/sf nflu s]Gb|ljGb'
agfpg] .
• ljleGg JolSt, ;d"xnfO{ kl/rfng u/L ;d'bfodf ;fIf/tf cleofg ;~rfng ug]{ .
• ;d"xdf cfa4 dlxnfsf] lglDt lzz':ofxf/ s]Gb|sf] k|aGw ug]{ .
• ;d'bfosf] cfjZostfg';f/ ;d"xsf] lxtsf nflu ljleGg ljsf;fTds sfo{ ;~rfng ug]{ .
gLlt ^
ljs]lGb|s[t tl/sfaf6 cgf}krfl/s lzIff sfo{qmdsf] sfof{Gjog, ;'kl/j]If0f, cg'udg / d"Nof+sg
ul/g]5 .
o; gLlt cGtu{t lgDglnlvt sfo{gLlt x'g]5g\ M
• ;/sf/L, u}/;/sf/L / :yfgLo lgsfosf] Psn / ;+o'St ¿kdf ;'kl/j]If0f, cg'udg /
d"Nof+sg ul/g]5 .
• cg'udg Pjd\ ;'kl/j]If0f ubf{ ;xeflutfTds ljlw ckgfOg] 5 .
• ;'kl/j]If0f, cg'udg / d"Nof+sgkZrft\ :yfgLo Pjd\ s]Gb|Lo txdf 5nkmn ;qsf] cfof]hgf
u/L k|ltj]bg k|:t't ul/g] 5 .
/0fgLlt
dflysf gLlt Pjd\ sfo{gLltnfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{ b]xfosf /0fgLlt x'g]5g\ .
• cgf}krfl/s lzIff s]Gb|n] cgf}krfl/s lzIff k|bfg ug]{ cGo lgsfosf] cg'udg ug{sf nflu
a]n a]nfdf tL lgsfosf] lg/LIf0f ug]{, ;d"xdf 5nkmn u/fpg] / ;–;fgf cg';GwfgfTds
sfo{ ug]{ .
• cgf}krfl/s lzIff sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{ ;+:yfn] lhNnf lzIff sfof{nosf] cgf}krfl/s
lzIff PsfOnfO{ clgjfo{ ¿kdf cf–cfkm\gf sfo{qmdsf] cg'udg / d"Nof+sg ug]{ sfo{df
;3fp k'¥ofpg] .
• k|wfgfWofksn cfkm\gf] ljb\ofnocGtu{tsf j}slNks ljb\ofno sfo{qmdsf] ;'kl/j]If0f ug]{ .
• ;fd'bflos kl/rfnsn] cfkm\gf] s]Gb|cGtu{t ;~rflnt afn÷k|f}9÷dlxnf ;fIf/tf sIffsf]
cg'udg / ;'kl/j]If0f ug]{ .
• ;a} vfn] ;'kl/j]Ifsn] cfkm"n] u/]sf] lg/LIf0fsf] k|ltj]bg ufpF÷gkf / ;DalGwt ;+:yfdf
k7fpg] .
• cGo ;+:yfn] rnfPsf] v'nf ljb\ofnosf] ;'kl/j]If0f ug]{ sfd ;DalGwt lgsfon] tf]s]sf]
JolSt÷;+:yfsf] x'g] .
• cgf}krfl/s lzIff ;~rfng ug]{ lgsfon] cf–cfkm\g} cfGtl/s ;'kl/j]Ifs egf{ ug]{ .
• ;'kl/j]Ifssf] of]Uotf tf]s]adf]lhd x'g'kg]{ .
• cgf}krfl/s lzIff ;~rfng ug]{ ;xof]uLsfo{stf{n] ;xefuLsf] z}lIfs pknlAw dfkg ug{sf
nflu JolStut k|f]kmfOn /fVg] .
• :yfgLo lhNnf:t/Lo lgsfon] :yfgLo :jfoTt zf;g P]g @)%% n] tf]s]adf]lhdsf] lhDd]jf/L
jxg ug]{ 5 .

121
gLlt &
;fwg / ;|f]t h'6fpg] tyf ;b'kof]u ug{sf nflu ljleGg lgsfo aLr ;fem]bf/L, ;~hfn / ;dGjo
sfod ul/g]5 .
o; gLlt cGtu{t lgDglnlvt sfo{gLlt x'g]5g\ .
• cgf}krfl/s lzIff s]Gb|n] cgf}krfl/s lzIff;Fu ;DaGw ;a} lgsfon] s]Gb|Lo sfo{ynf]sf
¿kdf ;fem]bf/L, ;~rfn / ;dGjosf] sfo{ ug]{5 .
• /fli6«o Pjd\ cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfn] dfgjLo, cfly{s / ef}lts ;fwg;|f]t pknAw
u/fpg]5g\ .
• cgf}krfl/s lzIff s]Gb|n] cgf}krfl/s lzIff kl/ifb\sf] ;+of]hgsTjdf cGo dGqfno;Fu
kf7\o;fdu|L tof/ ug{ / ljifoj:t'sf] bf]xf]/f]kg sd ug{ cfjZostfg';f/ ;dGjo ug]{5 .
• cgf}krfl/s lzIff kl/ifb\dfkm{t\ ;+o'St /fi6«;+3Lo ;+:yf, cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf / cGo
bft[ ;+:yf;Fu ;dGjo u/L æ;a}sf nflu lzIffÆsf] pb\b]Zo k|fKt ug{ kxn ul/g]5 .
• uflj;÷gu/kflnsfn] cgf}krfl/s lzIff sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{ /fli6«o Pjd\ cGt/f{li6«o
u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfsf] ;xof]u lng ;Sg] 5g\ .
• v'nf ljb\ofno / v'nf ljZjljb\ofnon] dfgjLo, cfly{s tyf ef}lts ;|f]tsf] cfk;L ;fem]bf/L
ug]{ gLlt cjnDag ug]{ 5g\ .
• sfo{qmd / aLr bf]xf]/f]kg x6fpg sfof{Gjog txdf sfo{ut ;dGjo / ;fem]bf/L ul/g]5 .
/0fgLlt
dflysf gLlt Pjd\ sfo{gLltnfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{ b]xfosf /0fgLlt x'g]5g\ .
• JolStut Pjd\ ;+:yfut cg'ej cfbfgk|bfg u/]/ cgf}krfl/s lzIffsf ;xsdL{ aLr dfgjLo
;|f]tsf] ;fem]bf/L ug]{ .
• bf]xf]/f]kg x6fO{ :yfgLo txdf pknAw ;|f]tsf] ;b'kof]u ug{sf nflu cgf}krfl/s lzIff tyf
cGo sfo{qmdsf ;xsdL{aLr ;fem]bf/L ug]{ .
• lhNnfdf cgf}krfl/s lzIff sfo{qmd ;+rfng ug]{ ;+3 ;+:yfsf] /f]i6/ lhNnf lzIff
sfof{nosf] cgf}krfl/s lzIff PsfOdf clgjfo{ ¿kn] /fVg] .
• cg';Gwfg nufotsf cgf}krfl/s lzIffsf ljljw kIfdf ;femf sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{ .
• cgf}krfl/s lzIff s]Gb|n] cfkm\gf ;fem]bf/ ;+:yfsf] ;xof]udf dfgjLo ;|f]tsf] :t/j[l4 u/L
cb\ofjlws ug]{ .
• cgf}krfl/s lzIffdf ljljw txdf cfly{s / ef}lts ;fwg ;|f]tsf] cfbfgk|bfg ug]{ .
• lhNnf lzIff sfof{non] lhlj; sf] ;fdflhs ;ldlt / cgf}krfl/s lzIff ;ldltn] lhNnf
lzIff sfof{nosf] cgf}krfl/s lzIff PsfO;Fu sfo{ut ;DaGw /fVg] .
• ;fdflhs ;ldltsf] ;+of]hs lhNnf cgf}krfl/s lzIff ;ldltsf] ;b:o /xg] .
• cgf}krfl/s lzIff ;ldltn] lhNnf e/sf cgf}krfl/s lzIff sfo{qmdsf] cg'udg tyf
d"Nof+sg ;d]t ug]{ .
• cgf}krfl/s lzIff ;~rfng ug]{ u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf / lhNnf dxf;+3n] cgf}krfl/s lzIff
;ldlt;Fu sfo{qmd sfof{Gjogsf ;Gbe{df lgoldt 5nkmn ug]{ .
122
 • cgf}krfl/s lzIff kl/ifb\ / lhNnf cgf}krfl/s lzIff ;ldltnfO{ ;|f]t;fwg ;DkGg
agfpg] .
• ;~rf/ If]q;Fu ;fem]bf/L u/L cgf}krfl/s lzIff s]Gb|n] ;fd'bflos cWoog s]Gb|df kq–
klqsf pknAw u/fpg] .
• ;~rf/ If]q;Fu ;fem]bf/L u/L cgf}krfl/s lzIffaf/] k|rf/k|;f/ ug]{ .
• :yfgLo / /fli6«o :t/df dfgjLo, ef}lts / cfly{s ;|f]tsf] ;fe]mbf/L ug]{ .
• cGt/f{li6«o :t/df ;fem]bf/L ug{sf] nflu lzIff tyf v]ns'b dGqfno jf ;dfh sNof0f
kl/ifbdfkm{t\ hfg] .
gLlt *
kx'Fr ;'lglZrt ug{ / u'0f:t/ tyf ;xcl:tTj sfod ug{ ;dfj]zL (Inclsusive education)
z}lIfs gLlt ckgfOg] 5 .
o; gLlt cGtu{t lgDglnlvt sfo{gLlt x'g] 5g\ .
• hftLo, hftljz]if, n}ª\lus, eflifs / ckfª\utf lje]b cGt ug{sf nflu ljz]if z}lIfs
jftfj/0f tof/ ul/g] 5 .
• ljljw vfn] ckfª\unfO{ u'0f:tl/o lzIffdf kx'Fr lbnfpg ljz]if Joj:yf ldnfOg]5 .
• ;z:q åGåaf6 kLl8t afnaflnsf tyf k|f}9nfO{ u'0f:t/Lo lzIffdf kx'Fr lbnfpg ljz]if
Joj:yf ldnfOg]5 .
• afnaflnsfnfO{ u'0f:t/Lo lzIffdf kx'Fr lbnfpg ljz]if Joj:yf ldnfOg]5 .
• tf]lsPsf] Go"gtd of]Uotf ePsf lk5l8Psf ;d'bfo, dlxnf / :yfgLo efiff af]Ng ;Sg]
JolStnfO{ cgf}krfl/s lzIff sfo{qmdsf ;xof]uLsfo{stf{, ;'kl/j]Ifs / ;|f]tJolSt agfOg]
5.
• s'g efiffdf k9\g] k9fpg] egL 5fGg] clwsf/ ;d'bfo÷;d"xnfO{ lbOg] 5 / cfjZostfg';f/
eflifs :yfgfGt/0fsf] k|lj|mof ckgfOg] 5 .
• eflifs ;xcl:tTjsf] l;4fGtcg';f/ ax';fF:s[lts l;sfO ul/g] 5 .
• dft[efiffdf ;fIf/tf ;fdu|Lsf] lgdf{0f ul/g] 5 .
• ;"rgf k|ljlw (ICT) sf] dfWodaf6 cgf}krfl/s lzIffsf] kx'Fr Jofks agfOg] 5 .
• lk5l8Psf ;d'bfosf ;+:yfnfO{ cgf}krfl/s lzIff sfo{qmd ;+rfng ug{ k|fyldstf lbOg]
5.
/0fgLlt
dflysf gLlt Pjd\ sfo{gLltnfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{ b]xfosf /0fgLlt x'g]5g\ .
• k|lzIfs÷;xof]uLstf{÷lzIfs÷;'kl/j]Ifs / kl/rfnsnfO{ ;dflxt lzIf0f ljlwaf/] tflnd
lbg] .
• hftLo / hft ljz]if blnt, hghflt, nf]kGd'vhflt n}ª\lus, eflifs, ckfª\u, afn>lds /
;z:q åGåaf6 kLl8sf] ;femf tyf ljz]if ;d:ofaf/] 5nkmn u/L
k|lzIfs÷;xof]uLsfo{stf{÷lzIfs÷ ;'kl/j]Ifs / kl/rfns tof/ kfg]{ .
• cgf}krfl/s lzIff sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{ ;+:yfn] k|lzIfs, ;xof]uLsfo{stf{, lzIfs,
;'kl/j]Ifs / kl/rfnsnfO{ ;d"x ljz]ifsf] :yfgLo efiff / ;femf d'2f Pjd\ ;d:ofaf/]
k|jf]lws/0f ug]{ .
• ;xof]uL sfo{stf{ / lzIfsnfO{ :yfgLo efiffdf k|sflzt ;fdu|L pknAw u/fpg] .
123
 • d"n / ;xfos kf7\o;fduLsf cGTodf ToxfF k|of]u ePsf zAbfjnLnfO{ ljleGg efiffdf
cly{g] u/L zAbsf] cy{ lbg] .
gLlt (
cgf}krfl/s lzIff sfo{qmd rnfpg] ;a} ;+:yfsf] ;femf tYofª\s e08f/ (Data Base) agfOg] 5 .
o; cGtu{t lgDglnlvt sfo{gLlt ckgfOg] 5g\ M
• :yfgLo lgsfo, lhNnf jf s]Gb|df pknAw tYofª\snfO{ k|of]u u/L nlIft If]q lgwf{/0f ul/g]
5.
• :yfgLo lgsfon] ;d'bfo kl/rfnsdfkm{t\ ;j]{If0fu/L uflj;÷gkf txdf cgf}krfl/s lzIff
z}lIfs ;"rgf k|0ffnL v8f ug]{ / pknAw tYofª\snfO{ k|0ffnLa4 cb\ofjlws ug]{5 .
• lhlzsf sf] cgf}krfl/s lzIff PsfOn] ;f] ;j]{If0fdf afn>lds, ljb\ofno ghfg]
afnaflnsf / lg/If0f dlxnf tyf k'?if / blnt, hghflt tyf wfld{s ;d"x;DaGwL
hfgsf/L ;dfj]z ug]{ 5 .
• cgf}krfl/s lzIff sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{ ;a} ;+:yfn] Pp6} 8f6fj]z k|of]u ug{ ;Sg] k|aGw
ldnfOg] 5 .
• cgf}krfl/s lzIff s]Gb|n] /fli6«o / lhNnf:t/Lo 8f6fj]z agfpg] sfddf ;xhstf{sf]
e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{5 .
• /fli6«o hgu0fgfdf ;fIf/tf;DaGwL ;xL tYofª\s a6'Ng cgf}krfl/s lzIff s]Gb|n] s]Gb|Lo
tYofª\s ljefu;Fu ;xsfo{ ug]{ 5 .
• lk5l8Psf ;d'bfosf ;+:yfnfO{ cgf}krfl/s lzIff ;~rfng ug{sf nflu k|fyldstf lbOg]5 .
• Database disaggregate data tof/ ul/g]5 .
/0fgLlt
dflysf gLlt Pjd\ sfo{gLltnfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{ b]xfosf /0fgLlt x'g] 5g\ .
• ufpF lzIff of]hgf÷gu/ lzIff of]hgfb\jf/f ;ª\sng u/]sf] ;fIf/tf;DaGwL tYofª\s k|of]u
ug]{ .
• pknAw lhNnf ;t/Lo tYofª\ssf] lgrf]8nfO{lhNnf lzIf sfof{nodf /fVg] .
• cgf}krfl/s lzIff sfo{qmdsf] lhNnfut tYofª\ssf] lgrf]8 cgf}krfl/s lzIff s]Gb|df
/fVg] .
• cgf}krfl/s lzIff sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{ ;+:yfn] sfo{qmd;DaGwL ;Dk"0f{ tYofª\s
8f6fj]zdf ;dfj]z ug]{ .
• cgf}krfl/s lzIff ;~rfng ug]{ ;+:yfn] cf–cfkm\gf] bIftf (Internal efficiency) / dfgjLo,
ef}lts tyf cfly{s ;|f]tsf] tYofª\s cb\ofjlws ug]{ .
• pknAw tYofª\snfO{ n}ª\lus, hftLo, hft ljz]if, eflifs, wfld{s ;d"x / ckfª\utf 5'l6\6g]
u/L Jojl:yt ug]{ .
• ;fIf/tf, j}slNks lzIff, v'nf ljb\ofno / v'nf ljZjljb\ofnosf lj1 tyf cgf}krfl/s
lzIff sfo{qmd ;~rfns, ;xof]uLsfo{stf{ . lzIfs, tflndstf{, ;|f]tJolSt, lg/LIfs, ;a}sf]
tYofª\s cb\ofjlws ug]{ .
• 8f6fj]zsf nflu tLg lsl;dsf k|fljlws Pjd\ k|zf;lgs tYofª\s ;+sng ug]{ .
cgf}krfl/s lzIff s]Gb|n] cfkm\gf] kmf/ddfkm{t\ a6'n]sf tYofª\saf6, cgf}krfl/s lzIff

124
 sfo{qmd rnfpg] ;+:yfn] k7fPsf] k|ltj]bgaf6 / d'Nof+sg k|ltj]bgaf6 . 8f6fj];nfO{ j]a
k]h, Od]n cflbsf] dfWodaf6 ;j{;fwf/0fsf] kx'Frdf k'¥ofpg] .
• ;DalGwt ;+:yfn] cgf}krfl/s lzIff sfo{qmdsf c;n cEof;sf] clen]v /fVg] / k|rf/
k|;f/ ug]{ .
gLlt !)
sfo{qmdnfO{ ;jnLs/0f ug{ / sfo{/t hgzlStsf] sfo{bIftf a9fpg tflnd, cg';Gwfg, :jfg'udg
Pjd\ k|jt{gsfo{nfO{ ;dfj]z ul/g] 5 .
o; gLlt cGtu{t lgDglnlvt sfo{gLlt x'g]5g\ M
• k|To]s vfn] cgf}krfl/s lzIff sfo{qmddf cg';Gwfg Pjd\ k|jt{gnfO{ cfa4 ul/g] 5 .
• cgf}krfl/s lzIff s]Gb|n] cfkm\gf / cGo ;+:yfn] ;~rfng u/]sf cgf}krfl/s lzIff
sfo{qmddf cg';Gwfg tyf k|jt{gnfO{ clgjfo{¿kn] cfa4 u/fOg] 5 .
/0fgLlt
• dflysf gLlt Pjd\ sfo{gLltnfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{ b]xfosf /0fgLlt x'g]5g\ .
• cg';Gwfg Pjd\ k|jt{g sfo{nfO{ cgf}krfl/s lzIff sfo{qmdsf ljleGg txdf cfa4 ug]{ .
• kl/rfns, ;xof]uLsfo{stf{÷lzIfssf] sfo{If]q leq} cg';Gwfg Pjd\ k|jt{gnfO{ ;dfj]z
ug]{ .
• k|fKt cg';Gwfg Pjd\ k|jt{gsf] glthf ljZn]if0f u/L gLlt, sfo{gLlt, sfo{qmd, kf7\os|d,
kf7\o;fdu|L, tflnd cflbdf ;dofgs"n ;+zf]wg ug]{ .
gLlt !!
;a}sf nflu lzIffsf nIo k|fKt ug{ lghL, ;/sf/L, Pjd\ u}/;/sf/L If]qnfO{ kl/rfng ul/g]5 .
o; cGtu{t lgDglnlvt sfo{gLlt x'g]5g\ .
• ;fwg / ;|f]tsf] ;fem]bf/L ul/g]5 .
• ;+o'St k|of;df ljljw sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/g] 5g\ .
/0fgLlt
dflysf gLlt Pjd\ sfo{gLltnfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{ b]xfosf /0fgLlt x'g]5g\ .
• lghL If]q;Fu pknAw ePsf dfgjLo / ef}lts ;|f]tsf] cfbfgk|bfg u/L cgf}krfl/s lzIff
sfo{qmd rnfpg] .
• 6]«8 o'lgogn] cfkm\gf sfdbf/sf nflu ;fIf/tf sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{ kxn ug]{ / ;f]sf]
tYofª\s ;+sng u/L lhNnf lzIff sfof{no / cgf}krfl/s lzIff s]Gb|df ;d]t k7fpg] .
gLlt !@
cgf}krfl/s lzIffsf] ljTtLo Joj:yf /fi6«sf] cfly{s cj:yf Pjd\ gLltcg';f/ x'g]5 .
o; gLlt cGtu{t lgDglnlvt sfo{gLlt x'g] 5 .
• cgf}krfl/s lzIff s]Gb| tyf cGo ;+3 ;+:yfn] /fi6«sf] cfly{s gLltsf] kl/lwleq /x]/ cf–
cfkm\gf] ljTtLo Joj:yf ldnfpg] 5g\ .
/0fgLlt
dflysf gLlt Pjd\ sfo{gLltnfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{ b]xfosf /0fgLlt x'g]5g\ .
• ufpF÷gu/ lzIff of]hgfcg'¿k pSt lgsfonfO{ Psd'i6 cg'bfg lbg] / ;f] /sd lk|mh gx'g]
k|aGw ug]{ .
125
 • Psd'i6 cg'bfg k|fKt lgsfon] :jljj]sdf ;|f]tsf] afF8kmfF8 ug]{ .
• j}slNks ljb\ofnosf] ;'kl/j]If0f, cg'udg / d"Nof+sg ug]{ dft[ljb\ofno tyf u}/;/sf/L
;+:yfnfO{ Joj:yfkg vr{ lbg] .
• cgf}krfl/s lzIff ;~rfng ug]{ ;+:yfn] ;fdflhs n]vfk/LIf0f u/fpg] .
• gf]s/Lbftf÷pb\of]u÷sf/vfgfn] cfkm\gf sfdbf/sf nflu nfut ;fe]mbf/L u/L clgjfo{ ¿kdf
cfwf/e"t cgf}krfl/s lzIff pknAw u/fpg] .
• tf]lsPsf] ;t{df ;xof]uLstf{ / lg/LIfsnfO{ kfl/>lds pknAw u/fpg' kg]{5 .
• cgf}krfl/s lzIff sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{ ;+:yfsf] lj|moflzntfdf hf]8fsf]if / ;fem]bf/L
sf]ifsf] k|aGw ug]{ .
gLlt !#
cgf}krfl/s lzIff sfo{qmdsf] Joj:yfkgsf nflu :yfgLo lgsfon] kl/rfnssf] e"ldsf v]Ng]5 .
cgf}krfl/s lzIff sfo{qmd ;~rfnsn] eg] ljleGg df]8flnl6 ckgfpg ;Sg]5g\ . ltgdWo] :yfgLo
lgsfo, u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf, ;fd'bflos cWoog s]Gb| / lzIffno df]8flnl6 k|d'v x'g] 5g\ .
o; gLlt cGtu{t lgDglnlvt sfo{gLlt x'g]5g\ M
• :yfg cfjZostf / kl/l:ylt x]/L s'g} klg df]8]naf6 cgf}krfl/s lzIffsf sfo{qmd
;~rfng ul/g] 5 .
• s'g} klg df]8]naf6 cgf}krfl/s lzIff sfo{qmd ;~rfng ubf{ :yfgLo :jfoTt zf;g P]gsf]
kl/lwleq /xL ;DalGwt lgsfon] ;~rfng ug]{5 .
• sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{sf nflu ljleGg ;ldlt Pjd\ pk;ldlt agfpg ;lsg]5 .
• lhNnf lzIff sfof{no / If]qLo lzIff lgb]{zgfnodf cgf}krfl/s lzIff;DaGwL sfo{qmd x]g]{
PsfO u7g ul/g] 5 .
• pSt PsfOn] z}lIfs Pjd\ u}/z}lIfs ;+:yfn] rnfPsf cgf}krfl/s lzIff sfo{qmdsf] /]vb]v
/ cg'udg ug]{ 5g\ .
/0fgLlt
dflysf gLlt Pjd\ sfo{gLltnfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{ b]xfosf /0fgLlt x'g]5g\ .
• k|To]s df]8]ndf cgf}krfl/s lzIff af/] hfgsf/, ;xhstf{sf] kl/rfng ug]{ .
• ef}lts tyf dfgjLo ;|f]tsf] Joj:yfkg, ljsf; / :t/j[l4sf sfo{qmd ;~rfng ;+:yfn] g}
ug]{ .
• sfo{qmd ;~rfns ;+:yfn] 3'dGt] jf c:yfoL a;f]af; ePsfsf lglDt 3'dGt] ;xof]uL
sfo{stf{sf] Joj:yf ug]{ .
• lg/If/tf pGd"ng ug{ k|ltof]lutfTds 9ª\uaf6 :yfgLo lgsfosf] kl/rfng ug]{ .
gLlt !$
cgf}krfl/s lzIff s]Gb|n] ljleGg ;/sf/L, u}/;/s/fL ;+:yf Pjd\ cGt/f{li6«o ;+:yf;Fu ;dGjo
u/L cfk;L ;xof]usf] jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug]{ 5 .
o; gLlt cGtu{t lgDglnlvt sfo{gLlt x'g] 5g\ M
• cgf}krfl/s lzIff;DaGwL gLlt Pjd\ /0fgLltsf] cbofjlws, kl/dfh{g Pjd\ ;+zf]wg ug]{
5.
• ;dGjo / ;xof]usf jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug{ ljs]lGb|s/0fsf] cjwf/0ff ckgfpg] 5 .

126
 • cgf}krfl/s lzIff kl/ifb\ / cgf}krfl/s lzIff sfo{qmd ;~rfngstf{aLr k'nsf] sfd
ug]{5 .
• cgf}krfl/s lzIff If]qdf ;dtf, ;dfgtf / ;fdflhs Gofo sfod ug{ cgf}krfl/s lzIff
kl/ifb\nfO{ d2t ug]{5 .
• cgf}krfl/s lzIffsf nlIft ;d"xsf nflu ag]sf of]hgf, sfo{qmd / sfo{ k|ultsf] ljj/0f
;DalGwt ;+:yf, cfof]u / k|lti7fg;Fu cfbfgk|bfg ug]{5 .
• cgf}krfl/s lzIffnfO{ ;do ;fk]If phf{ lbg o;sf lj1, cg';Gwfgstf{, cWoogstf{ /
cEof;stf{sf] ;d;dflos uf]i7L÷sfo{zfnf÷cGt/lj|mof u/L gofF ljrf/ l;h{gf Pjd\ ljt/0f
ug]{ k|aGw ldnfpg] 5 .
• ljleGg ;"rs (Indicator) / ;"rfª\s (Index) ;d]l6Psf cg'udg Pjd\ d"Nof+sg vfsf
tof/ tyf k|of]u ug]{ u/fpg] 5 .
• cgf}krfl/s lzIffdf sfd ug]{ JolSt ;+:yfnfO{ k'/:s[t ug]{ 5 .
• cgf}krfl/s lzIff s]Gb|n] sfdbf/sf nflu z}lIfs sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{ pb\of]u tyf
afl0fHo;Fu ;DalGwt ;+3 ;+:yfsf] kxndf /f]huf/bftf;Fu 5nkmn tyf ;xsfo{ ug]{ 5 /
cfjZostfcg';f/ cfrf/;+lxtf klg agfpg] 5 .
/0fgLlt
dflysf gLlt Pjd\ pkgLlt sfof{Gjog ug{ b]xfosf /0fgLlt x'g]5g\ .
• ljleGg dGqfno tyf cGo ;+3 ;+:yf;Fu kf7\o;fdu|Lsf] cfbfgk|bfg ug]{ .
• cgf}krfl/s lzIffsf sfo{qmdsf] k|efjsf/L cg'udg ug{] .
• cgf}krfl/s lzIff;Fu ;DalGwt dfgjLo ;|f]tsf] ljsf; ug]{ .
• cgf}krfl/s lzIff;Fu ;DalGwt tYofª\s cb\ofjlws ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] .
• cgf}krfl/s lzIffsf] If]qdf pbfx/0fLo sfd ug]{ ;+:YfnfO{ k/:s[t ug]{ / ;f] sf] cg's/0f
ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfpg] .
gLlt !%
lg/If/tf pGd"ng ug{ ;fIf/tf cleofgnfO{ k|d'v cfwf/ agfOg]5 . o; sfo{df :yfgLo lgsfonfO{
lhDd]jf/ agfOg] 5 .
gLlt !^
cgf}krfl/s lzIff sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{ ;+:yfn] o; gLlt, sfo{gLlt / /0fgLltcGtu{t /xL cfÇgf]
sfo{gLltsf] th'{df ug]{ 5g\ .

127
$=$ lzIfs tflnd gLlt, @)^@
lzIff tyf v]ns'b dGqfnoaf6 ldlt @)^@÷@÷@$ df :jLs[t
kl/R5]b–!
lzIfs tflnd
gLltut If]q–!M k|j]z ljGb' d} tflndsf] cfjZostf
o; If]qsf gLltsf] pb\b]Zo of]Uo, ;Ifd / lzIf0f k];fk|lt k|ltab\w d'b\bfsf] egf{ ;'lglZrt ug]{ /x]sf] 5 .
o;sfnflu of]Uotf, ;]jfk|j]z, tflnd tyf cg'dlt k|bfg ug]{ Pjd\ egf{ ug]{ k|lj|mofsf ;DaGwdf gLltsf]
th'{df ul/Psf] 5 .
!= k|fylds lzIfssf] xsdf ljBdfg cfjZos Go"gtd of]Uotfsf] tx a9fO{g] 5 .
s_ k|fylds lzIfssf] cfjZos Go"gtd z}lIfs of]Uotfsf] tx P;=Pn=;L=af6 a9fO{ sIff !@
agfOg]5 . t/ cfjZos Go"gtd of]Uotf ;DaGwL jt{dfg Joj:yf dlxnf tyf ;'ljwfljd'v
;d"xsf pDd]bjf/sf] xsdf kfFr jif{;Ddsf nflu axfn /xg]5 . To:tf pDd]bjf/sf] nflu 5'§}
lzIfs 5gf]6 k/LIff ;~rfng ul/g]5 .
@= k|fylds, lgDgdfWolds / dfWolds lzIfssf nflu tf]lsPsf] z}lIfs of]Uotfsf cltl/Qm k"j{
;]jfsfnLg tflndsf] ¿kdf !) dlxg] lzIfs tof/L sf]if{ lng'kg]{ Joj:yf clgjfo{ ul/g]5 .
s_ lzIff ljefu÷lzIff tyf v]ns'b dGqfnon] lzIff lgodfjnLdf /x]sf k|j]z laGb'df ug'{kg]{
clgjfo{ tflnd ;DaGwL Joj:yf s8fO{sf ;fy sfof{Gjog ug]{5 .
v_ lzIfs tof/L sf]if{sf] ¿kdf k"j{;]jfsfnLg tflnd sfo{j|mdsf nflu tflnd kf7\oj|md /
;fdu|Lsf] ljsf; ug{ z}lIfs hgzlSt ljsf; s]Gb|n] lq=lj=lj= lzIff zf:q ;+sfonfO{ ;xof]u
pknAw u/fpg]5 .
u_ k|fylds txsf] xsdf ljBdfg ;]jfk|j]z tflnd kf7\oj|md -bz dlxg]_nfO{ lzIfs tof/L
sf]if{sf] cfjZostf k'/f ug{ lg/Gt/tf lbOg]5 .
3_ lgDg dfWolds / dfWolds d'b\bfsf] xsdf, lq=lj=lj= lzIff zf:q ;+sfo / cGo
ljZjljb\ofno dfWolds tof/L sf]if{ ;~rfng ug{ tof/ geP;Dd j|mdzM cfO{=P8= jf pRr
dfWoflds tx k|df0fkq / aL=P8=÷lzIff ljifodf kf]i6 u|fh'P6 l8Knf]dfn] tflndsf] zt{ k'/f
u/]sf] dflgg]5 .
ª_ ;DefJo ;a} d'b\bfnfO{lzIff ;+sfo -lq=lj=lj=_ tyf pRr dfWolds ljb\ofno nufot cGo
ljZj ljb\ofnonfO{lzIff ;+sfo -lq=lj=lj=_ tyf pRr dfWolds ljb\ofno nufot cGo ljZj
ljb\ofno dfkm{t\ tflndsf] cj;/ pknAw u/fOg]5 .
r_ ;a} ;DefJo d'b\bfnfO{ tflndsf] cj;/ pknAw u/fpg z}lIfs hgzlSt ljsf; s]Gb|n] lzIff
zf:q ;+sfo, cGo ljZj ljb\ofno tyf lghL tflnd ;+:yfnfO{ k|f]T;flxt u/L k|fljlws ;xof]u
pknAw u/fpg]5 .

128
 5_ z}lIfs hgzlSt ljsf; s]Gb|n] 5gf]6 ePsf dlxnf pDd]bjf/ tyf ;'ljwfljd'v ;d"xsf
pDd]bjf/nfO{ ;]jfk|j]z tflndsf nflu 5fqj[lQ pknAw u/fpg] Joj:yf ug{]5 .
h_ ;dflxt (Inclusive) lzIfs tflnd sf]if{nfO{ eflifs, n}ª\lus tyf ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts ljz]iftf
/ ljb\ofyL{sf] zf/Ll/s cj:yfn] l;lh{t ljleGgtfaf6 pTkGg ljb\ofyL{sf leGgleGg
cfjZostfnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ lzIfsnfO{ tof/ agfpg] pb\b]Zo /x]sf] lgoldt tflnd
sfo{j|mdsf] Pp6f efusf] ¿kdf nfu" ul/g]5 .
#= ljb\ofno k|0ffnLdf lzIf0f k];fsf nflu cWofkg cg'dltkqnfO{ Ps k"j{zt{ agfOg]5 . ;fy},
cg'dltkqsf] gjLs/0f ug]{ Joj:yf klg ul/g]5 .
s_ z}lIfs hgzlSt ljsf; kl/ifb\n] kf7\oj|md sfo{;+/rgf :jLs[t u/L cg'dltkq ;DaGwL gLltut
dfu{lgb]{zg pknAw u/fpg]5 .
v_ lzIfs ;]jf cfof]un] kf7\oj|md sfo{;+/rgf ljsf; u/L tflnd lnPsf ;Dk"0f{ OR5's ;DefJo
pd]b\jf/nfO{ cWofkg cg'dltkq k|bfg ug{ cfjZos Joj:yf ldnfpg]5 .
u_ lzIfs ;]jf cfof]un] Ps dfu{ lgb]{lzsf th'{df u/L ck]lIft sfo{ ;Dkfbg÷Jojxf/df ;'wf/ ug]{
pb\b]Zo ;lxtsf] cWofkg cg'dltkq gjLs/0f of]hgf sfof{Gjog ug]{5 .
$= :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g / lzIff P]gsf] efjgf cg's"n lzIfs 5gf]6 k|s[ofnfO{ qmlds ¿kdf
:yfgLos/0f ul/g]5 .
s_ k|lt:kwf{df cfwfl/t lzIfs 5gf]6sf] sfd ug]{ clVtof/L :yfgLo ;+:yf -lgsfo_ nfO{ qmlds
¿kdf lbOg]5 .
v_ cfufdL kfFr jif{;Dd ;'ljwfljd'v ;d"xsf pDd]b\jf/sf] xsdf 5gf]6 k/LIffdf @)∞ af]g;
gDa/ lbg] Joj:yf cjnDag ul/g]5 .
gLltut If]q–@M lzIfs ljsf; sfo{j|md
o; If]q cGtu{tsf gLltsf] pb\b]Zo lzIf0fsf] u'0f:t/df ;'wf/ ug]{ k|of]hgsf nflu ljb\ofno lzIffsf
;a} txdf ;]jf/t d'2fsf] Jofj;flos÷k];fut Ifdtf ljsf; ug]{ /x]sf] 5 . ljleGg of]hgfsf]
dfWodaf6 d'b\bfsf] ljsf; u/L k];fdf pgLx¿nfO{ sfod} /fVg] s'/fdf ;d]t hf]8 lbOPsf] 5 .
oL gLltdf d"ntM k|df0fLs/0f (Certification) / k'gtf{huL (Recurrent) b'a} ;]jfsfnLg tflnd sfo{j|md
pknAw u/fpg] Joj:yf ;dfj]z 5 . o; cGtu{t tflndsf] cj;/df kx'Fr, clgjfo{ tflndsf]
Joj:yf, tflnd k|df0fLs/0f tyf lzIfssf] k];fut ljsf; / clek|]/0ff;Fu ;DalGwt s'/f ;dfj]z
ul/g]5 .
%= ljb\ofno k|0ffnLdf ;]jf/t tflnd k|fKt gu/]sf ;a} d'b\bfnfO{ oyf;So l56f] bz dlxg] tflnd
lbOg]5 .
s_ z}lIfs hgzlSt ljsf; s]Gb|n] tflnd k|fKt gu/]sf d'b\bf k|0ffnLdf /x];Dd ;DefJo tflnd
k|bfos z}lIfs tflnd s]Gb| -tTsfnLg dfWolds lzIff ljsf; OsfO{_ lghL tflnd ;+:yf,
lzIff ;+sfo SofDk; / cGo ljZj ljb\ofno cflb lar a[xt\ tflnd ;+hfn lgdf{0f u/L
ljb\ofno lzIffsf ;a} txsf :yfoL d'b\bfnfO{ !) dlxg] tflndsf] cj;/ pknAw u/fpg]5 .

129
 v_ z}lIfs hgzlSt ljsf; s]Gb|n] xfn;Dd s'g} tflnd glnPsf / $% jif{ pd]/ gf3]sf d'b\bf
tyf !% jif{eGbf a9L ;]jf cg'ej ePsf d'b\bfsf nflu tflndsf] zt{ nfu" gx'g] of]hgfsf]
¿kdf Ps j}slNks tflnd sfo{j|md sfof{Gjog ug{]5 .
u_ ;a} sfo{/t d'b\bfnfO{ k'gtf{huLsf] cfwf/df ;|f]ts]Gb| dfkmt\ cNksfnLg tflnd k|bfg ul/g]5 .
3_ ;a} c:yfoL d'b\bfnfO{ lghL ;:yfaf6 !) dlxg] ;]jfk|j]z tflnd lng k|f]T;flxt ul/g]5 . To:tf]
k|f]T;fxg a]tnaL labfsf] ¿kdf lbg ;lsg]5 . dlxnf lzIfs / ;'ljwfljd'v ;d"xsf d'b\bfn]
lzIf0f z'Ns cg'bfg jf tnaL labfsf] ¿kdf ljz]if k|f]T;fxg kfpg]5g\ .
ª_ z}lIfs hgzlSt ljsf; s]Gb|n] ;dflxt (Inclusive)lzIffdf ;+nUg ;a} d'b\bfnfO{ tflnd
pknAw u/fpg] Joj:yf ug]{5 .
r_ tflnd ;]jf ;/sf/L / lghL If]qaf6 pknAw u/fO{ ;]jfsfnLg tflnd sfo{j|mddf lghL
ljb\ofnosf d'b\bfsf] kx'Fr la:tf/ ul/g]5 . ;/sf/L If]qaf6 ;]jf pknAw u/fpFbf pko'St
nfut lx:;]bf/L k|f¿k cjnDag ul/g]5 . lghL ;+:yfn] lghL ljb\ofnosf d'b\bfsf nflu vf;
cfjZostfdf cfwfl/t (customized) tflnd sf]if ;d]t ljsf; u/L ;~rfng ug]{5g\ .
5_ gofF egf{ ul/Psf d'b\bfnfO{ ;|f]ts]Gb| jf ljb\ofno txdf a9Ldf ;ft lbg] ;]jfk|j]z (Job
induction) tflnd k|bfg ul/g]5 .

^= ljb\ofno lzIffsf ;a} txdf lzIfs ljsf; Joj:yfnfO{ ;'b[9Ls/0f ug]{ pb\b]Zon] tflnd,
cg'dltkq / k];fut ljsf; k|lj|mofnfO{ Ps csf{df cfj4 ul/g]5 .
s_ lzIfssf] egf{ / kbf]Ggltsf nflu cWofkg cg'dltkq Ps clgjfo{ zt{sf] ¿kdf /xg] Joj:yf
u/L sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 . To;}u/L, cWofkg cg'dltkqsf] nflu tflnd Ps k"j{ zt{ x'g] Joj:yf
klg ul/g]5 .
v_ /fli6«o lzIfs o"lgog;Fu ldn]/ z}lIfs hgzlSt ljsf; s]Gb|n] cWofkg cg'dltkqnfO{
cb\ofjlws agfpg dfu{lgb]{zg tof/ u/L nfu" ug]{5 . To:tf] cb\ofjlwstfnfO{ lzIfssf]
lg/Gt/ k];fut ljsf; ;'lglZrt ug]{ Ps /0fgLltsf] ¿kdf lnOg] / kbf]Ggltsf] k|lj|mof;Fu
cfj4 ul/g]5 .
u_ lzIfssf] of]Uotf, sfo{cg'ej, tflndsf] pknlAw, cg';Gwfg / gjLg sfo{, ljb\ofyL{sf]
pknlAwnfO{ lhDd]jf/L ;'lDkg], kbf]Gglt / cGo k|f]T;fxg k|bfg ug]{ cfwf/sf] ¿kdf lnOg]5 .
3_ :j–l;sfOdf lgoldt ;+nUgtf / ljb\ofno÷;|f]ts]Gb|÷lhNnf txsf d~rdf cg'ej÷lj1tfsf]
lgoldt cfbfg k|bfgsf] dfWodaf6 cfkm\gf] k];fut bIftf ljsf; ug]{ cj;/ d'b\bfnfO{ k|bfg
ul/g]5 .
ª_ z}lIfs hgzlSt ljsf; s]Gb|n] b"/ lzIffsf] dfWodaf6 :j–l;sfOsf cj;/sf] Joj:yf ug{]5 .
r_ k|rlnt lgodfjnL cGtu{t a9'jfsf nflu tflnd jfkt lbO{g] cª\sef/nfO{ a9fO @%∞ ;Dd
k'¥ofOg]5 .
&= cNksfnLg tflnd, k'gtf{huL tflnd / cfjt{s tflndnfO{ k|df0fLs/0f tflnd sfo{j|mdsf] Ps
cª\usf] ¿kdf u0fgf ul/g]5 .
s_ z}lIfs hgzlSt ljsf; s]Gb|n] tflnd dfGotf / k|df0fLs/0f dfu{lgb]{lzsf (Training
Accreditation Guidelines) th'{df ug]{ / tflnd sfo{j|mdsf] k|df0fLs/0fsf] nflu Joj:yf ug]{5 .

130
gLltut If]q–#M tflndsf] u'0f:t/ / dfkb08
o; If]qsf gLltn] tflnd sfo{j|mdsf] u'0f:t/ / dfkb08 ;'lglZrt ug]{ pb\b]Zo /fv]sf 5g\ . o;sf nflu
kf7\oj|md tyf ;fdu|L, tflnd Jofj;foL, tflnd ;'ljwfsf] pknAwtf, ;'k/Lj]If0f / d"Nofª\sgsf
;DaGwdf gLlt th'{df ul/Psf 5g\ .
*= ;]jfsfnLg / ;]jfk|j]z lzIfs tflndsf nflu k|efjsf/L tflnd kf7\oj|md / ;fdu|Lsf] ljsf;
u/L sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 .
s_ ljleGg tx / tflnd If]qsf ljleGg lsl;dsf k|lzIffyL{sf] cfjZostf k"/f ug{ z}lIfs
hgzlSt ljsf; s]Gb|n] !) dlxg] bIftfdf cfwfl/t ;]jfsfnLg tflndsf] kf7\oj|md -Kofs]h_ /
;fdu|Lsf] ljsf;, cb\ofjlws, kl/dfh{g / :t/Los/0f ug]{5 .
v_ k|fljlws / Jofjxfl/s ¿kn] ;Dej kf7\oj|md ;+/rgf u|x0f u/L lgDgdfWoflds / dfWolds
txsf] ;]jfsfnLg tflnd kf7\oj|md nfu" ul/g]5 . ;'emfj ul/Psf] Pp6f kf7\oj|md ;+/rgfdf
tLgcf]6f efu /x]sf 5g\ . ;f9] b'O{ dlxgfsf] k|yd efu tflnd s]Gb| / ljb\ofnodf cfwfl/t
t/Lsf -Ps dlxgf hf]8 8]9 dlxgf_sf] ;+o'St 9fFrfdf ljifo s]Gb|Lt x'g]5 . kfFr dlxgfsf] bf];|f]
efu Generic ;Ifdtf / ljifoj:t'sf] 1fgfwf/ffdf hf]8 lbg] b"/ lzIff x'g]5 . t];|f] efu k'gM
ljifo ljz]if x'g] / ;f9] b'O{ dlxgf -Ps dlxgf hf]8 8]9 dlxgf_ sf] tflnd s]Gb| cfwfl/t /
ljb\ofnodf cfwfl/t k|f¿ksf] ;+of]hg u/L pknAw u/fOg]5 .
u_ k|fylds txsf nflu kfFr kfFr dlxgfsf b'O{ ;]d]i6sf] bz dlxg] ;]jfk|j]z tflndsf] kf7\oj|md
nfu" ul/g]5 . lgDgdfWolds / dfWolds txsf xsdf, lzIff ;+sfo÷lq=lj=lj= / ljZj
ljb\ofnon] z}lIfs hgzlSt ljsf; s]Gb| / lzIff tyf v]ns'b dGqfnon] tf]s]sf] k];fut zt{
cg's'n x'g] u/L lzIfs tof/L sf]if{sf] ¿kdf ;]jfk|j]z sfo{j|md ljsf; u/L sfof{Gjog
ug]{5g\ .
3_ k|fylds txdf, bz dlxg] ;]jfsfnLg tflndnfO{ tLgcf]6f r/0fdf lg/Gt/tf lbOg]5 . k|yd
r/0fM cfwf/e"t tflnd, bf];|f] r/0fM :j–cWoog, / t];|f] r/0fM ljb\ofnodf cfwfl/t sfo{j|md .
bf];|f] r/0f b"/ lzIff 9fFrfdf pknAw u/fOg]5 eg] cGo r/0f ;fIffTsf/ (Face-to-face)
9fFrfdf pknAw u/fOg]5 .
ª_ lzIff ljefusf] ;xof]udf z}lIfs hgzlSt ljsf; s]Gb|n] ;|f]ts]Gb|af6 pknAw u/fOg] .
cNksfnLg tflndsf nflu k|efjsf/L sf]if{ / ;fdu|Lsf] ljsf; ug]{5 .
r_ k|lzIfssf] ufO{8, k|lzIffyL{sf] ;|f]t;fdu|Lsf] ljsf; u/L ;a} k|lzIfs, k|lzIffyL{ / tflnd
s]Gb|nfO{ pknAw u/fO{g]5 . lghL tflnd ;+:yfdf ;fdu|Lsf] cfjZostf k'/f ug{ lghL
k|sfzsnfO{ ;fdu|Lsf] pTkfbg / ljt/0f ug{ cg'dlt lbOg]5 .
(= ;'of]Uo, tflndk|fKt / k|ltab\w d'b\bf dfkm{t\ lzIfs tflnd pknAw u/fOg]5 .
s_ z}lIfs hgzlSt ljsf; s]Gb|sf] kxndf tflnd sfo{j|mdsf] Joj:yfkg / ;~rfngsf nflu
tflnd Jofj;foL tof/ ug]{, ljsf; ug]{, egf{ ug]{ / pgLx¿nfO{ clek|]l/t ug]{ Pjd\ ;]jfdf
axfn /fVg] pb\b]Zon] ljz]if pkfo cjnDag ul/g]5 .
v_ k|df0fkq k|fKt u/]sf k|lzIfs÷tflnd Jofj;foLn] dfq k|lzIfssf] tflnd / tflnd sf]if{
;~rfng ug]{5g\ .

131
 u_ ;xeflutfd"ns / cGt/lj|mofTds ljlwsf] clwstd\ pkof]u u/L tflndnfO{ lj|mofsnfkdf
cfwfl/t agfOg]5 . sIffsf]7f lzIf0fdf pkof]u ug{ cfkm\gf] jfl~5t l;k ljsf; ug{
lzIfsnfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ u/L tflnd ;qdf lgb]{lzt cEof;sf ljleGg r/0f ;dflji6 x'g]5g\ .
!)= cg's'n l;sfO jftfj/0fsf] pknAwtfsf nflu tflnd ;'ljwf ;'lglZrt ul/g] tyf To:tf ;'ljwfdf
;'wf/ u/L :t/a[l4 ul/g]5 .
s_ z}lIfs hgzlSt ljsf; s]Gb|sf] cfly{s, j:t'ut tyf k|fljlws ;xof]udf k|To]s ;]jfsfnLg
tflnd ;+:yfdf Go"gtd:t/sf] tflnd ;'ljwf /x]sf] ;'lglZrt ul/g]5 .
v_ k"j{;]jfsfnLg tflndsf] k|efjsf/L pknAwtfsf nflu pko'St ;|f]t cfwf/ sfod /fVg z}lIfs
hgzlSt ljsf; s]Gb|n] ljZj ljb\ofno / lghL tflnd ;+:yfnfO{ k|fljlws ;xof]u / tflnd
;|f]t ;fdu|L pknAw u/fpg]5 .
u_ z}lIfs hgzlSt ljsf; s]Gb|n] tflnd ;'ljwfsf] Go"gtd dfkb08 k'/f ug]{ tflnd ;+:yfnfO{
cg'dtL lbg]5 .
!!= ;a} tx / ;+:yfdf tflnd Joj:yfkgsf] bIftfdf ;'wf/ ug{ pko'St pkfo / k|oTg canDag
ul/g]5g\ . o; ;Gbe{df z}lIfs hgzlSt ljsf; s]Gb|nfO{ cfbz{ ;+:yfsf] ¿kdf ljsf; ul/g]5 .
s_ s]lGb|o txdf lgld{t tflnd u'?of]hgf tyf If]qLo tflnd of]hgf adf]lhd bIf / k|efjsf/L
¿kdf tflnd sfo{j|md ;~rfng ul/g]5 .
v_ k|efjsf/L of]hgfsf] Joj:yfsfnlu z}lIfs hgzlSt ljsf; s]Gb| / k|fylds lzIfs tflnd
s]Gb| txdf tflnd Joj:yfkg ;"rgf k|0ffnL :yflkt u/L lgoldt¿kdf ;f] k|0ffnLnfO{
cb\ofjlws agfOg]5 . ;f] tflnd Joj:yfkg ;"rgf k|0ffnLnfO{lzIff ljefusf] z}lIfs
Joj:yfkg ;"rgf k|0ffnL;Fu lgs6¿kdf ;dGjog ul/g]5 .
u_ tflnd sfo{j|mdsf nflu pko'St l;sfO jftfj/0f ;'lglZrt ug{ tflnd / cfjf; ;'ljwfdf
;'wf/ ug]{ pb\b]Zon] ljz]if ;+oGq nfu" ul/g]5 .
3_ tTsfnLg / pko'St d"Nofª\sg ug{sf nflu tflndsf] d"Nofª\sgnfO{ z}lIfs tflnd s]Gb|
tx;Dd ljs]Gb|Ls[t ul/g]5 .
ª_ ljb\ofno ;'wf/ of]hgfdf pNn]v eP adf]lhd ljb\ofnosf] tflnd cfjZostfnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{
tflnd ;+:yfnfO{ lhDd]jf/ agfOg]5 .
r_ tflnd :yndf :jfutof]Uo / d}lqk"0f{ jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug]{ pb\b]Zon] kof{Kt l;sfO ;fdu|Lsf]
pko'St¿kdf ljsf;, e08f/0f / pkof]u ul/g]5 .
5_ k|To]s k|lzIffyL{n] ;lhn};Fu cGt/lj|mof / cEof; ug{ ;s'g eGg] clek|fon] Ps sIffsf]7fdf
a9Ldf #) hgf k|lzIffyL{ dfq /flvg]5 .
!@= cg'udg / tflnd pTt/fw{ ;xof]u of]hgfnfO{ tflndsf] u'0f:t/ ;'lglZrt ug]{ pkfosf] ¿kdf
sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 .
s_ z}lIfs hgzlSt ljsf; s]Gbn] :jLs[t pknAwL / ;Ifdtfsf tx Pjd\ u'0f:t/Lotfsf] ck]Iff
cg's'n x'g] u/L tflndsf dfkb08 / u'0f:t/ ;'lglZrt of]hgf :yflkt u/L sfod /fVg]5 .
v_ :jLs[t dfkb08 cg';f/ ;]jf pknAw u/fO{Psf] ;'lglZrt ug]{ pb\b]Zon] z}lIfs hgzlSt
ljsf; s]Gb|n] k|To]s tflnd ;+:yfdf In-built cg'udg ;+oGqsf] :yfkgf ug]{5 .

132
 u_ u'0f:t/Lo tflndsf] pknAwtf ;'lglZrt ug]{ pb\b]Zon] z}lIfs hgzlSt ljsf; s]Gb|af6
ljsf; u/L lhDd]jf/L lbO{Psf cg'udgstf{sf] 6f]nLdfkm{t\ k|To]s k|bfosnfO{ ;'wf/fTds
pkfosf]¿kdf k|d'b\bfnfO{ :ynut Jofj;flos ;xof]u÷6]jf pknAw u/fOg]5 .
3_ lzIfs tflndaf6 k|fKt l;knfO{ sIffsf]7fdf k|efjsf/L 9ª\un] pkof]u ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg
tyf tflnd kZrft\ cfjZos ;xof]u pknAw u/fpg ;Ifd agfpg] pb\b]Zon] lhNnftxsf
Joj:yfks / k|wfgfWofkssf] Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ul/g]5 .
ª_ tflnd dfkb08 :yflkt ug{, cg'udg ug{ / tflnd sfo{j|mdsf nflu ;xof]u÷6]jf pknAw
u/fpg z}lIfs hgzlSt ljsf; s]Gb|, lzIff ;+sfo÷lq=lj= / cGo ljZj ljb\ofnon]
lgs6¿kdf sfo{ ug]{5g\ .
!#= tflnddf lg/Gt/ ;'wf/ ug{sf nflu z}lIfs hgzlSt ljsf; s]Gb| / o;sf ljleGg txsf ;+:yfn]
cg';Gwfg, cg'udg / d"Nofª\sg ;DaGwL sfd ug]{5g\ .
s_ z}lIfs hgzlSt ljsf; s]Gb| k|0ffnLn] cg'udg, cWoog / k|efjsfl/tfsf] cWoog h:tf
cWoog / cg';GwfgfTds sfo{ ug]{5g\ .
v_ tflnddf ;'wf/ Nofpg] pb\b]Zon] ;du| tflnd k|0ffnL;Fu ;DalGwt tYo / ;"rgfsf] clen]v,
ljZn]if0f / k'gM k|flKt ul/g]5 .
u_ tflnd k|bfos / z}lIfs hgzlSt ljsf; s]Gb|n] tflnd kl/rokqsf] Joj:yf u/L nfu" ug]{5 .
o;n] ;DaGwg / k|df0fLs/0fsf] k|lj|mofnfO{ ;xh agfpg]5 .
3_ z}lIfs hgzlSt ljsf; s]Gb|, z}lIfs tflnd s]Gb| tyf cGo tflnd ;+:yfn] tflnd sfo{j|md
;DaGwL ;kmn k|dfl0ft ePsf cEof;sf] clen]v k|To]s jif{ cb\ofjlws u/L k|sflzt ug]{5g\ .
!$= tflnd ;+:yf, ljb\ofno / d'b\bfsf] sfo{;Dkfbgsf] d"Nofª\sg ug]{ sfo{;Dkfbg ;"rssf] ljsf;
Pjd\ sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 .
s_ c;n lzIf0f / k|efjsf/L ljb\ofno Joj:yfkgsf nflu z}lIfs hgzlSt ljsf; s]Gb|n]
sfo{;Dkfbg ;"rs tof/ kfg]{5 .
v_ oL sfo{;Dkfbg ;"rs z}lIfs Joj:yfkgdf ljleGg tflnd sf]if{sf cª\u x'g]5g\ .
u_ lzIff tyf v]ns'b dGqfno÷z}lIfs hgzlSt ljsf; s]Gb| k|0ffnLn] oL ;"rsnfO{ cg'udg,
;'k/Lj]If0f / ljb\ofno d"Nofª\sg k|lj|mofsf] cª\usf] ¿kdf k|of]u ug]{5 .
!%= tflnddf k|lzIffyL{n] xfl;n u/]sf] pknlAwsf] d"Nofª\sg ug{ lg/Gt/ d"Nofª\sg k|0ffnLsf] k|of]u
ul/g]5 .
s_ z}lIfs hgzlSt ljsf; s]Gb|n] tflnd ;+:yfdf k|lzIffyL{n] xfl;n u/]sf] pknAwLsf] d"Nofª\sg
ug{ Pp6f lg/Gt/ d"Nofª\sg k|0ffnL nfu" ug]{5 . k|lzIffyL{n] tflnddf ;kmn x'gsf] nflu
ljb\ofnotxdf cEof; lzIf0fdf / clGtd k/LIffdf tf]lsPsf] txsf] ;Dkfbg k|bz{g ug'{kg]{5 .
v_ tflnd d"Nofª\sg k|0ffnLnfO{ z}lIfs tflnd s]Gb| -tTsfnLg k|fylds lzIfs tflnd s]Gb|_
tx;Dd qmlds ¿kdf ljs]Gb|Ls[t ul/g]5 . cGttM k/LIff k|0ffnLnfO{ lg/Gt/ d"Nofª\sgsf]
Joj:yfdf ;dflxt x'g] tflnd k|lj|mofsf] Ps cleGg cª\u agfOg]5 . k|of]ufTds lj|mofsnfksf]
nflu ;DalGwt ljb\ofnonfO{ lzIfssf] sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nofª\sg ug]{ clVtof/L ;d]t lbO{g]5 .
gLltut If]q–$M tflnddf ;dGofo
133
o; If]q cGtu{tsf gLltsf] pb\b]Zo ljb\ofno lzIff / lzIfs tflnd;Fu ;DalGwt ;]jfdf ;dGofo
;'lglZrt ug'{ /x]sf] 5 . pko'St sfof{Gjog ;+oGq ;lxt ljleGg gLltut Joj:yf ;d]l6Psf] 5 . oL
Joj:yfn] lzIfssf] Jojxf/ tyf tflnd Joj:yfkg sfo{ljlwsf] dfWodaf6 ;dGofo ;'lglZrt ug]{ nIo
/fv]sf 5g\ .
!^= ;a} sfo{j|mddf n}ªl\ us b[li6sf]0fn] ;+j]bgzLn / ;Gt'lnt Jojxf/ Pjd\ cEof; sfod /fVg
ulDe/ k|oTg ul/g]5g\ .
s_ ;du| tflnd k|0ffnLdf, n}ª\lus;r]tgf hufOg], n}ª\lusd}lqk"0f{ tflnd kf7\oj|md / ljifoj:t'sf]
ljsf; ul/g], e]befjd"ns Jojxf/sf] ljZn]if0f u/L To:tf Jojxf/nfO{ lg?T;flxt ul/g] /
n}ª\lus d}lqk"0f{ Jojxf/sf] cjnDag ul/g]5 .
v_ k"j{;]jfsfnLg tflnddf dlxnf tyf ;'ljwfljd'v ;d"xsf pDd]bjf/nfO{ cfslif{t ug{ k|]/0ffbfoL
Joj:yf -5fqj[lQ_ cjnDag ul/g]5 .
u_ dlxnf d'b\bfnfO{ tflnd ;+:yfdf ljz]if ;'ljwf -5fqfjf;, lzz' :ofxf/stf{, zf}rfno cflb_
pknAw u/fOg]5 .
3_ cWofkg cg'dlt tyf lzIfs 5gf]6sf nflu lnO{g] lnlvt k/LIff / cGt/jftf{ kf/ ug{
;'ljwfljd'v ;d"xsf pDd]bjf/sf nflu ljz]if ;xof]u of]hgf -lgMz'Ns sf]lrË, cled'vLs/0f
cflb_sf] cjnDag ul/g]5 . To:tf pDd]bjf/nfO{ lnlvt k/LIff / cGt/jftf{sf] nflu kyk|bz{g
ug]{ tyf tof/ agfpg] sfddf u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf, ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t ;+:yf tyf cGo lghL
tflnd ;+:yfnfO{ z}lIfs hgzlSt ljsf; s]Gb|n] kl/rfng ug]{5 .
ª_ z}lIfs hgzlSt ljsf; s]Gb| tyf ljZj ljb\ofno dfkm{t\ ;fdflhs c;dfgtf÷lje]bsf ;Dk"0f{
¿ksf] cGj]if0f u/L lnª\u, hft, hflt, wd{ tyf efiffsf ;DaGwdf ;dtf ;'lglZrt ug{ oL
ljifonfO{ tflnd kf7\oj|md / k|lj|mofdf cfj4 ul/g]5 .
kl/R5]b–@
Joj:yfkg tflnd
o; kl/R5]bn] z}lIfs ;+:yfsf ;a} txdf sfo{/t Joj:yfkssf] tflnd cfjZostf;Fu ;DalGwt
Joj:yfdf hf]8 lbPsf] 5 . sfo{cg'ej xfl;n ubf{sf avt Joj:yfkssf] lg/Gt/ ljsf;;Fu ;DalGwt
ljleGg Joj:yf ;d]t o;cGtu{t ;d]l6Psf 5g\ . o;af6 k|To]s ;+:yf dfkm{t\ pknAw eO{/x]sf ;]jfsf]
u'0f:t/ clej[b\lw x'g] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 .
!&= kb axfnL ug'{ cufl8 ;a} txsf k|wfgfWofks nufot gofF lgo'St x'g] lzIff ;]jfsf clws[t -
låtLo / t[tLo >]0fL_ sf nflu ;]jfk|j]z tflnd Ps k"j{zt{sf] ¿kdf /xg]5 .
s_ z}lIfs hgzlSt ljsf; s]Gb|n] gofF lhDd]jf/L axg ug'{ cl3 ;a} txsf gofF lgo'St
Joj:yfkssf nflu ;]jfk|j]z tflnd k|bfg ug]{5 . t/ ;f]xL k|0ffnLaf6 a9'jf ePsf
Joj:yfkssf] xsdf of] Joj:yf clgjfo{ x'g] 5}g .
v_ gofF egf{ ePsf k|wfgfWofksnfO{ lbO{g] tflndsf] ;~rfng ;|f]ts]Gb|÷z}lIfs tflnd s]Gb| …sÚ
-tTsfnLg k|fylds lzIfs tflnd s]Gb|_ tyf z}lIfs tflnd s]Gb| …vÚ -tTsfnLg dfWoflds
lzIff ljsf; OsfO{_ dfkm{t\ ul/g]5 .
u_ z}lIfs hgzlSt ljsf; s]Gb|n] lzIff tyf v]ns'b dGqfnosf ljleGg sfof{nosf k|d'v tyf
k|wfgfWofks kbsf nflu ;DefJo pDd]bjf/sf] ¿kdf 5gf]6 ePsf pDd]bjf/nfO{Job induction
tflndsf] cj;/ pknAw u/fpg] Joj:yf ug{]5 .lzIff tyf v]ns'b dGqfno;Fu lgs6 ;dGjo
134
 u/L ljsf; ul/Psf ljz]if dfkb08 cjnDag u/L ;DalGwt lgsfon] o:tf pDd]bjf/sf] 5gf]6
ug{]5 .
!*= z}lIfs Joj:yfkg tflnd ;a} txdf sfo{/t ;a} z}lIfs Joj:yfks tyf k|wfgfWofkssf nflu
clgjfo{ x'g]5 .
s_ z}lIfs hgzlSt ljsf; s]Gb|n] ;a} Joj:yfksnfO{ slDtdf tL; lbgsf] z}lIfs Joj:yfkg
tflnd pknAw u/fpg cfjZos Joj:yf ug{]5 .
v_ o; tflnd sfo{j|mdn] z}lIfs ;]jfsf] k|efjsf/L pknAwtfdf hf]8 lbg]5, kmn:j¿k, ljb\ofno
lzIffsf] u'0f:t/ clej[b\lw x'g]5 .
!(= k'gtf{huL tflnd sfo{j|md, :j–cWoog ;fdu|L tyf :ynut ;xof]u of]hgfsf] dfWodaf6 lg/Gt/
k];fut ljsf;sf nflu cj;/sf] l;h{gf ul/g]5 .
s_ z}lIfs hgzlSt ljsf; s]Gb|n] ;a}sf nflu dfudf cfwfl/t k'gtf{huL tflnd sf]if tyf :j–
cWoog ;fdu|L l8hfOg u/L qmlds¿kdf pknAw u/fpg]5 .
v_ tflnd Joj:yfksnfO{ :j–k|of; dfkm{t\ k];fut ljsf;sf nflu clek|]l/t ul/g] / ;'k/Lj]Ifs
tyf b"/ lzIff kb\wltsf] dfWodaf6 pgLx¿nfO{ cfjZos ;xof]u pknAw u/fOg]5 .
u_ z}lIfs hgzlSt ljsf; s]Gb|n] tflnd cj;/sf] ;dGoflos ljt/0f tyf ;f] cg'¿k ;d'lrt
kb:yfkgf ;'lglZrt ug]{ pb\b]Zon] tflndk|fKt ;a} Joj:yfkg sd{rf/LnfO{ tflnd kl/rokq
k|bfg ug]{ Joj:yf qmlds¿kdf nfu" ub]{ hfg]5 .
@)= Joj:yfkssf] pTk|]/0ff tyf dgf]jn k|j4{g ug]{ Pjd\ pRr sfo{;DkfbgnfO{ k|f]T;flxt ug]{ ;d]t
pb\b]Zon] ljz]if kb:yfkgf of]hgf th'{df u/L sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 .
s_ z}lIfs, hgzlSt ljsf; s]Gb|;Fu k/fdz{ u/L lzIff tyf v]ns'b dGqfnon] of]Uotf, tflnd,
pknlAw Pjd\ sfo{;Dkfbg;Fu cfab\w Pp6f ljz]if kb:yfkg of]hgfsf] ljsf; u/L sfof{Gjog
ug]{5 .
kl/R5]b–#
tflnd Jofj;foL Joj:yf ljsf;
o; kl/R5]b cGt/utsf gLltut Joj:yf dfkm{t\ tflnd sfo{, vf;u/L, ;]jfsfnLg tflnd sfo{j|md,
sfof{Gjogdf ;+nUg tflnd Jofj;foLsf nflu z}lIfs of]Uotf tyf k];fut tflndsf zt{ ;dflji6
ul/Psf] 5 . Jofj;foLsf] lg/Gt/ ljsf; tyf j[lQ ljsf;sf If]q ;d]t oL gLltdf ;d]l6Psf 5g\ .
@!= tflnd ;+:yfdf of]Uo, tflndk|fKt / k|ltab\w tflnd Jofj;foL pknAw ePsf] ;'lglZrt ug{
k|lzIfssf] tof/L, k|lzIfssf] ljsf; / clek|]/0ffsf] nflu ljz]if Kofs]h sfo{j|md l8hfO{g u/L
sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 .
s_ lzIff ;+sfo÷lqe'jg ljZj ljb\ofno tyf cGo ljZj ljb\ofnon] lzIff tyf v]ns'b dGqfnosf]
;xof]udf k|lzIfs tof/L sf]if{ ljsf; u/L sfof{Gjog ug]{ k|lj|mofsf] yfngL ug]{5g\ . of] sf]if{
d'n'sdf /x]sf ;a} tflnd ;+:yfsf cfjZostf k"/f ug]{u/L ljsf; x'g]5 .
v_ k|lzIfs tof/L sf]if{, gofF lgo'St ;a} tflnd Jofj;foLn] gofF lhDd]jf/L u|x0f ug'{ cl3 lng'kg]{
u/L clgjfo{ agfOg]5 . of] sf]if{ ;fj{hlgs jf lghL tflnd ;+:yf jf b'a}df pknAw x'g]5 .

135
u_ z}lIfs hgzlSt ljsf; kl/ifb\÷lzIff tyf v]ns'b dGqfnon] ljleGg txsf k|d'b\bfsf nflu
of]Uotf / tflnd h:tf ljz]if k|j]z zt{ tf]sL nfu" ug]{5 . z}lIfs hgzlSt ljsf; s]Gb|,
z}lIfs tflnd s]Gb| / pk–s]Gb|sf ;a} k|d'b\bfn] ;DalGwt ljifodf slDtdf Pd=P8= u/]sf]
x'g'kg]{5 . To;}u/L, ;|f]ts]Gb|sf k|d'b\bfn] slDtdf aL=P8= u/]sf] x'g'kg]{5 .
3_ gofF egf{ ePsf jf gofF v6fOPsf k|d'b\bfn] slDtdf !% lbgsf] ;]jfk|j]z tflnd lnPkl5 dfq
cfkm\gf] kbef/ u|x0f ug]{5g\ .
ª_ z}lIfs hgzlSt ljsf; s]Gb| k|0ffnLdf xfn sfo{/t ;a} k|lzIfs÷tflnd Jofj;foLn] z}lIfs
hgzlSt ljsf; s]Gb|af6 ljsf; ul/Psf] Ps b]lv tLg dlxg] k|lzIfs ljsf; sf]if{ k"/f
ug'{kg]{5 . pQm sf]if{ k|d'b\bfsf] cfjZostf k"/f ug]{u/L ljsf; ul/g]5 .
r_ z}lIfs hgzlSt ljsf; s]Gb| k|0ffnLdf clwsf/Lsf] kb:yfkg ug{sfnflu z}lIfs hgzlSt
ljsf; kl/ifb\n] ljz]if dfkb08 to ug]{ / lzIff tyf v]ns'b dGqfnon] To:tf dfkb08sf]
sfof{Gjog ug]{5 . To:tf dfkb08df n}lª\us ;Gt'ng, ;DalGwt If]qdf z}lIfs of]Uotf h:tf
;jn k];fut cfwf/, ;~rf/ l;k -g]kfnL / cª\u|]hL efiffdf /fd|f] bvn_, k|:t'lts/0f l;k,
k|ltab\wtfsf] tx / tflnd tyf lzIf0f cflbdf cle?rL ;d]t ;dflji6 x'g]5g\ .
5_ z}lIfs hgzlSt ljsf; s]Gb|n] ;a} txdf :j–cWoog of]hgfsf] dfWodaf6 tflnd Jofj;foLsf]
:j–ljsf;sf] nflu ljz]if Joj:yf nfu" ug]{5 .
h_ tflnd sfo{j|mdsf] u'0f:t/ clej[b\lw ug{ dfgj;|f]t ljsf;sf cj;/df ljz]if k|fyldstf lbO{
z}lIfs hgzlSt ljsf; s]Gb| k|0ffnLsf tflnd Jofj;foL tyf lzIff ;ª\sfo÷lqe'jg ljZj
ljb\ofno Pjd\ cGo ljZj ljb\ofnosf ;Dab\w tflnd Jofj;foLsf] k];fut ljsf;sf nflu
lzIff tyf v]ns'b dGqfno÷z}lIfs hgzlSt ljsf; s]Gb|n] ljz]if pkfo cjnDag ug]{5 .
em_ lzIff tyf v]ns'b dGqfno k|0ffnL cGt/utsf tflnd Jofj;foLnfO{ cWoog÷cg';Gwfg ljbf
lbO{g] / cfkm\gf] sfo{;Fu ;DalGwt ljifodf clu|d cWoog / cg';Gwfgsf nflu clek|]l/t
ul/g]5 .

136
 kl/R5]b–$
;+:yfut k|aGw
o; kl/R5]bdf lgoldt ;~rf/ tyf Jofj;flos hjfkmb]lxtf ljz]if of]hgf ;lxtsf] ;dGjofTds ;+:yftu
sfo{;+/rgf :yflkt ug{sf nflu gLltut Joj:yfsf] ;f/ ;ª\If]k lbOPsf] 5 . d'n'ssf tflnd tyf
cg';Gwfg lar j[xt\ tflnd ;+hfn :yflkt x'g'kg]{ s'/fdf hf]8 lbOPsf] 5 .
@@= tTsfnLg tflnd ;+:yf -z}lIfs hgzlSt ljsf; s]Gb|, b"/ lzIff s]Gb|, dfWolds lzIff ljsf;
s]Gb|_nfO{ Pp6} 5ftfdf ufeL lzIfs tflnd k|0ffnLnfO{ PsLs[t u/L ;'b[9 agfOg]5 .
s_ lzIff tyf v]ns'b dGqfnon] d'n'sdf ljBdfg tflnd ;+:yfnfO{ ufeL Ps tflnd, Joj:yfkg
tflnd ;~rfng u/L k|lzIf0f Jofj;foLsf] ljsf; ug{] lhDd]jf/L ;lxtsf] Ps PsLs[t tflnd
lgsfo -xfn z}lIfs hgzlSt ljsf; s]Gb|_ sf] lgdf{0f ug]{ ;DaGwL gLlt th'df ug]{5 .
v_ z}lIfs hgzlSt ljsf; s]Gb|n] lzIff ;+sfo÷lqe'jg ljZj ljb\ofno nufotsf d'n'sdf /x]sf
;DefJo tflnd ;+:yf;Fu ;fem]bf/L tyf ;xof]u :yflkt u/L ;]jfsfnLg / k"j{ ;]jfsfnLg
tflndsf nflu ;|f]tsf] kl/rfng ug]{5 .
u_ tflnd tyf Joj:yfkgdf ;+nUg ljleGg txsf ;+u7g÷stf{÷lgsfosf] e"ldsf / lhDd]jf/L
b]xfoadf]lhd x'g]5g\ M
– lzIff ljefuM of]hgf th'{df ug{ ;3fpg], ljb\ofno ;'wf/ of]hgfnfO{ cfly{s tyf
;+rfngut ;xof]u pknAw u/fpg] .
– z}lIfs hgzlSt ljsf; s]Gb|M ljb\ofno k|0ffnLdf lzIfs tflnd sfo{j|mdsf] ;du| ;~rfng
/ ;dGjo ug{] .
– If]qLo lzIff lgb]{zgfnoM ;xof]u pknAw u/fpg], cg'udg / ;'k/Lj]If0f ug]{ .
– lhNnf lzIff sfof{no M tflnd, cg'udg / ;'k/Lj]If0fsf nflu d'b\bfsf] 5gf]6 ug]{, tflnd
Joj:yfkg tyf ;"rgf k|0ffnL :yflkt ug]{ .
– ;|f]ts]Gb|M tflnd k|bfg ug]{ .
– z}lIfs tflnd s]Gb| / pk–s]Gb|M tflnd k|bfg ug]{ .
– ljb\ofnoM tflnd k|bfg ug]{ / tflnd l;ksf] pkof]u ug]{ .
– j}slNks tflnd k|bfos -;]jfsfnLg tflndsf df]jfOn 6f]nL ;d]t_M tflnd k|bfg ug]{ .
– lghL k|bfos -k"j{;]jfsfnLg_M tflnd k|bfg ug]{ .
@#= k|To]s ;+:yf / lgsfosf] e"ldsf / lhDd]jf/L ls6fg u/L cGt/f{li6«o tyf /fli6«o ;+:yf Pjd\
lgsfo;Fu ;+:yfut ;DaGw sfod ul/g]5 .
z}lIfs hgzlSt ljsf; s]Gb| / lzIff ljefu
Pp6f PsLs[t tflnd k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ug{sf] nflu tyf z}lIfs hgzlSt ljsf; s]Gb|n] k|j4{g
u/]sf] Jofj;flos 1fg / l;ksf] Jofjxfl/s k|of]u;Fusf] PsLs/0f ;'lglZrt ug{sf] nflu z}lIfs
hgzlSt ljsf; s]Gb| / lzIff ljefu larsf] ;dGjo Pp6f k"j{zt{ xf] .
z}lIfs hgzlSt ljsf; s]Gb| / cGo ljZj ljb\ofno÷lghL tflnd ;+:yf

137
 lzIfs tflnd tyf ljb\ofno lzIffsf] u'0f:t/df ;'wf/ Nofpg pgLx¿sf] cy{k"0f{ ;xof]u Pjd\
of]ubfg k|j4{g ug]{ pb\b]Zon] z}lIfs hgzlSt ljsf; s]Gb|n] cGo ljZj ljb\ofno tyf lghL tflnd
;+:yf;Fu lgs6 ;DaGw sfod ug]{5 . ;fy}, o; gLlt cGt/ut dfgj;|f]t ljsf; ;DaGwL ljleGg
sfo{j|mdsf] u'0f:t/Lo Pjd\ bIf sfof{Gjog ug]{ u/fpg] pb\b]Zon] z}lIfs hgzlSt ljsf; s]Gb|n]
ljZj ljb\ofno / ;+:yf;Fu ;+:yfut ;fem]bf/L lgdf{0f ug]{5 .
z}lIfs hgzlSt ljsf; s]Gb| / pRr dfWolds lzIff kl/ifb\
pRr dfWolds lzIff ;ldlt;Fu lgs6 ;xsfo{ u/L z}lIfs hgzlSt ljsf; s]Gb|n] k|fylds,
dfWolds pRr dfWolds lzIffsf nflu ;]jfk|j]z / ;]jfsfnLg lzIfs tflnd tof/ u/L ;~rfng
ug]{5 . z}lIfs hgzlSt ljsf; s]Gb|n] pRr dfWoflds ljb\ofnosf lzIfs / Joj:yfkssf nflu
;d]t cNksfnLg tflnd Kofs]h, Joj:yfkg tflnd Kofs]h tof/ u/L ;~rfng ug]{5 . z}lIfs
hgzlSt ljsf; s]Gb|n] tf]lsPsf tflnd zt{ k'/f ug]{ pRrlzIff ljb\ofnosf] æb; hf]8 b'O{Æ
of]UotfnfO{ k"j{;]jfsfnLg tflndsf] ¿kdf dfGotf lbg]5 .
z}lIfs hgzlSt ljsf; s]Gb| / lzIff ljsf; tyf cg';Gwfg s]Gb|
cg';Gwfg tyf k|jt{gaf6 tflndsf] u'0f:t/df ;'wf/ Nofpg] ;DaGwdf ljleGg Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .
z}lIfs hgzlSt ljsf; s]Gb|n] To:tf] Joj:yfsf] sfof{Gjog ug{ lzIff ljsf; tyf cg';Gwfg s]Gb|
(CERID) nfO{ Ps ;|f]t ;+:yfsf] ¿kdf lng]5 .CERID ;Fusf] ljBdfg ;xsfo{nfO{ tflnd Joj:yfkg
/ tflnd ;fdu|Lsf] ljsf;df ;sf/fTds kl/jt{g Nofpg cem ;an agfOg]5 .
z}lIfs hgzlSt ljsf; s]Gb| / kf7\oj|md ljsf; s]Gb|
lzIfs tflndnfO{ ljb\ofno kf7\oj|mdsf cfjZostfk|lt pTt/bfoL agfpg] pb\b]Zon] z}lIfs
hgzlSt ljsf; s]Gb|n] kf7\oj|md ljsf; s]Gb|;Fu lg/Gt/ ;DaGw sfod /fVg]5 .
z}lIfs hgzlSt ljsf; s]Gb| / cGt/f{li6«o ;+:yf
k];fut ;d'Gglt, ;xof]u tyf sfo{j|md / ;fdu|L ljsf;sf nflu k|fljlws ljz]if1tfsf] cfbfg k|bfg
ug{sf nflu o:t} lsl;dsf cGt/f{li6«o ;+:yf;Fu ;DaGw :yflkt ug]{5 . o:tf] ;DaGw :yflkt
cGt/f{li6«o, If]qLo / pk–If]qLo:t/sf] ;+:yf;Fu :yflkt ul/g]5 .
tflnd ;+:yf / ljb\ofno
tflnd ;+:yf dfkm{t\ z}lIfs hgzlSt ljsf; s]Gb|n] l5d]sL ljb\ofno;Fu ;fem]bf/L :yflkt u/L
cg'ejdf lx:;]bf/L ug{ / gjLg lzIf0f k|ljlw cEof; ug{ ljb\ofnosf] ljsf; ug]{5 .
@$= tflnd sfo{j|mdsf] ;+:yfut ;xsf/Ltf, ;dGjo / ;~rf/ ;'lglZrt ug{ ;fj{hlgs / lghL b'a}
tflnd ;+:yfsf k|ltlglw /x]sf] If]qLo (Zonal)lzIfs tflnd ;dGjo ;ldlt -z}lIfs tflnd s]Gb|sf
;]jf If]qleqsf] tflnd If]q ;d]6\g] ;ldlt_ u7g ul/g]5 .
s_ k|To]s z}lIfs tflnd s]Gb| -s_ txdf If]qLo lzIfs tflnd ;dGjo ;ldlt u7g ul/g]5 .
o;af6 tflndsf] u'0f:t/df ;'wf/ Nofpg tflndsf] ;dGjo, ;xsfl/tfsf] k|j{wg / ;xof]usf]
kl/rfng ;'lglZrt x'g]5 .
v_ tflnd If]qaf6 pknAw u/fOg] cNksfnLg tflnd pknAw u/fpg] k|lj|mofdf ;|f]ts]Gb| tyf cGo
tflnd ;+:yfnfO{ lgolGqt / ;xof]u ul/g]5 .
138
@%= k|fljlws ;xof]u / k|ljlw x:tfGt/0fsf nflu z}lIfs hgzlSt ljsf; s]Gb|n] cf+lzs ;do sfd
ug]{ cfwf/df cGo Jofj;flos ;+:yfsf ljz]if1nfO{ sfddf nufpg ;Sg]5 .
s_ vf;u/L tflnd ;fdu|L ljsf; ug{ / cg';GwfgfTds sfo{ ug{ cGo Jofj;flos ;+:yfsf
ljz]if1nfO{ sfddf nufpg lzIff tyf v]ns'b dGqfnon] z}lIfs hgzlSt ljsf; s]Gb|nfO{
clVtof/L lbg]5 .
@^= ;+u7gfTds k|efjsfl/tf / ;+:yfut Ifdtf clej[bl\ w ug]{ pb\b]Zon] z}lIfs hgzlSt ljsf; s]Gb|
k|0ffnLnfO{ Jofj;flos :jfoTttf k|bfg ul/g]5 .
s_ z}lIfs hgzlSt ljsf; s]Gb| / o;sf ;Dab\w ;+:yfnfO{ Jofj;flos :jfoTttf k|bfg ul/g]5 .
o:tf] Jofj;flos :jfoTttfdf d"ntM nfut lx:;]bf/L cfwf/df Jofj;flos ;]jf pknAw u/fpg
u|fxssf] dfu cg'¿k cNksfnLg gjLg tflnd sfo{j|md l8hfOg u/L ;~rfng ug]{ sfo{
;dflji6 x'g]5 . o:tf] k|:tfj lghL lzIfs, tflnd ;+:yf, lghL ljb\ofno / lghL ljb\ofnosf
k|d'v, d'b\bfsf] o'lgog / ;fj{hlgs ljb\ofno d'b\bfsf] ;ª\3af6 k|fKt x'g;S5 .

$=% pRr lzIff gLlt, @)&@

!= k[i7e"ld
lzIffdf ;dtfd"ns kx'Fr clej[b\lw ug]{, pRr lzIffnfO{ l;k;Fu cfab\w ug]{ / k|fljlws tyf j}1flgs
lzIffsf cj;/ j[b\lw ub}{ n}hfg'kg]{ ;Gbe{df pRr lzIffnfO{ Jojl:yt ub}{ n}hfg ;/sf/sf ;fy} lghL
If]q, ;xsf/L, u'7L, :yfgLo lgsfo Pjd\ ;d'bfonfO{ ;d]t pTTf/bfoL agfO{ ;du| z}lIfs k|lj|mof tyf
sfo{j|mdnfO{ k|efjsf/L, ;fGble{s / u'0f:t/Lo agfpg'kg]{ cfjZostf 5 . pTs[i6 z}lIfs u'0f:t/
;'lglZrt ug{' x/]s pRr lzIff k|bfos ;+:yfsf] Go"gtd bfloTjleq kb{5 . z}lIfs ;+:yf lglZrt
dfkb08df u'0f:t/o'St lzIff k|bfg ug]{ pTs[i6 k|fl1s ynf] x'g] :yflkt dfGotf (Assurance and
Accreditation - QAA)k|0ffnLsf] yfngL ePsf] 5 . o; k|0fnfLnfO{ ;'b[9 Pj\d ;an agfO{ ;a} pRr lzIff
k|bfos ;+:yfnfO{ ;d]6\g] u/L k|0ffnLut ljsf; ug]{ sfo{ cem} afFsL g} 5 .
pRr lzIffnfO{ u'0f:t/Lo agfO{ ;dtfd"ns kx'Fr ;'lglZrt ug{ / cfw'lgs 1fg, l;k, lj1fg, snf Pjd\
k|ljlwdf bIf, k|lt:kwL{ hgzlSt tof/ ug{ o; txsf] lzIffsf] ;do ;fk]If ¿kdf ljsf; / lj:tf/ ug{'
cfjZos 5 . g]kfn ljZj Jofkf/ ;ª\u7gsf] ;b:o ePkl5 ljb]zL pRr lzIff k|bfos ;+:yf tyf ltgsf
;DaGwgdf pRr lzIff ;+:yf v'Ng] j|md a9]sfn] o; txsf] z}lIfs Joj:yfkg yk ;'b[9 ug{'kg]{ b]lvG5 .
xfn ;~rfngdf /x]sf / eljiodf vf]lng] pRr lzIff k|bfos ;+:yfsf] ljsf;, Joj:yfkg / lgodgsf
nflu pRr lzIff gLlt @)&@ th{'df ul/Psf] 5 .
@= ljutsf k|of;
pRr lzIff Joj:yfkg / ;~rfngsf nflu PsLs[t pRr lzIff gLltsf] Joj:yf gePsf] ePtf klg
ljleGg ;dodf g]kfn ;/sf/af6 ul7t cfof]un] lbPsf ;'emfj / ;/sf/af6 hf/L ePsf gLlt tyf
sfo{j|mdsf cfwf/df pRr lzIffsf] Joj:yfkg eO{ cfPsf] 5 . xfn ;~rflnt ljZj ljb\ofno cfcfÇg}
P]g / lgodaf6 :jfoTt ¿kdf ;~rfng x'Fb} cfPsf 5g\ . g]kfn ;/sf/af6 pknAw x'g] cg'bfg lglZrt
dfkb08sf cfwf/df ljZj ljb\ofno cg'bfg cfof]uaf6 ljt/0f eO{ cfPsf] 5 .
139
ljutb]lv pRr lzIffsf] If]qdf ;fj{hlgs gLltsf ¿kdf to ul/Psf pRr lzIffsf gLlt 5l/P/ /x]sf]
cj:yfdf /fli6«o cfjZostf, pRr lzIffsf] a9\bf] dfu, pRr lzIffdf ljZjJofkL ¿kdf cfPsf] kl/jt{g
/ pTkflbt hgzlStn] cGt/f{li6«o ¿kdf ;fdgf ug{'kg]{ k|lt:kwf{nfO{ ;d]t b[li6ut u/L /fli6«o tyf
cGt/f{li6«o lj1;d]tsf] ;xeflutfdf pRr lzIff gLltsf] ;d;fdlos ljifodf /fli6«o ;Dd]ng;d]t
ul/Psf] lyof] . o; ;Dd]ngaf6 k|fKt ePsf ;'emfj / ljutsf k|of;nfO{ PsLs[t u/L ;/f]sf/jfnf;Fusf]
5nkmnaf6 pRr lzIff gLltn] ;d]6\g'kg]{ ljifout If]qsf] klxrfg ePsf] lyof] . /fli6«o cfjZostfsf
cfwf/df ;/f]sf/jfnfaf6 k|fKt /fo ;'emfj;d]tsf cfwf/df gofF kl/j]zdf 5l/P/ /x]sf gLltnfO{ k|:t't
pRr lzIff gLlt @)&@ df ;d]l6Psf] 5 .
#= jt{dfg l:ylt
@)&! ;fn;Ddsf] tYofª\scg';f/ pRr lzIff k|bfossf ¿kdf ( cf]6f ljZj ljb\ofno / $ cf]6f
:jf:Yo lj1fg k|lti7fg /x]sf 5g\ . g]kfndf pRr lzIffsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/df ;/sf/sf ;fy} ;d'bfo /
lghL If]q;d]tsf] nufgL / k|of; /x]sf] 5 . o;sf nflu nfut cfk'/0f, lghL If]qsf] nufgL, ;fd'bflos
;xeflutf, dfudf cfwfl/t sfo{j|md ;~rfng / ljZj ljb\ofnoaf6 cfo ;|f]tsf] kl/rfng h:tf gd'gf
ljsf; ug{sf nflu :yfgLo lgsfo, ;d'bfo / lghL If]qnfO{ klg pRr lzIff ljsf; ;fem]bf/sf ¿kdf
;xefuL x'g] cj;/ v'nf ul/Psf] 5 . o;sf] kl/0ffd :j¿k xfn pRr lzIff k|bfg ug]{ !@&^
SofDk;dWo] (^ cf]6f cfª\lus SofDk;sf ¿kdf / $@( cf]6f ;d'bfoaf6 ;~rflnt 5g\ eg] &%! cf]6f
lghL nufgLdf ;~rflnt 5g\ . clxn] g]kfnsf] pRr lzIffsf] s'n egf{ b/ !&=! k|ltzt k'u]sf] 5 .
;ª\VofTds ¿kdf pRr lzIff k|bfos ;+:yfsf] lj:tf/ ePsf] b]lvP tfklg pRr lzIffsf] kx'Fr / cj;/
;dtfd"ns aGg ;s]sf] 5}g .
$= ;d:of
pRr lzIff If]qdf b]vf k/]sf ;d:of b]xfocg';f/ 5g\ M
-c_ g]kfndf pRr lzIffk|ltsf] hg rfxgf b|'t ultdf a9]sf] 5 . x/]s jif{ ljb\ofyL{ egf{ b/ a9]sf] 5 .
pRr lzIff;Fu ;Dab\w gofF ;+:yf k|lt jif{ ylkFb} uPsf 5g\ . t/ of] lj:tf/ of]hgfab\w / Jojl:yt
x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .
-cf_ pRr lzIffdf cfly{s ¿kn] ljkGg / ef}uf]lns ¿kn] lk5l8Psf If]qsf gful/ssf] ;xeflutf a9\g
;s]sf] 5}g . ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s ¿kn] k5fl8 k/]sf If]qsf ljb\ofyL{sf nflu ljleGg k|sf/sf
5fqj[lTtsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] ePtf klg nlIft ;d"xsf nflu kof{Kt x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .
-O_ kf7\oj|mdnfO{ ;do ;fk]If agfpg g;Sbf pRr lzIffsf] pb\b]Zo cg's"n x'g] u/L z}lIfs lj|mofsnfk
;~rfng, k/LIff k|0ffnLsf] Joj:yf, z}lIfs Sofn]08/sf] kfngf, pko'St z}lIfs jftfj/0fsf] l;h{gf
/ pRr lzIff k|bfos ;+:yfsf] Ifdtf j[b\lw ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g .
-O{_ pRr lzIff k|bfos ;+:yfdf pko'St k|fl1s jftfj/0f sfod x'g g;Sbf z}lIfs Sofn]G8/
k|efjsf/L ¿kdf sfof{Gjog x'g g;s]sfn] ;do / ;|f]t v]/ uPsf] 5 . o;sf ;fy} k|fl1s ;ef,
uf]i7L, g]t[Tj ljsf;, cg';Gwfg, kl/of]hgf sfo{, k|jt{gfTds lj|mofsnfk h:tf cWoog cWofkgsf
dxTTjk"0f{ lj|mofsnfk cf]em]ndf k/]sf 5g\ .
-p_ d'n'ssf pRr lzIff k|bfos ;+:yfsf lar cGt/;DaGw sfod u/L g]t[Tj ljsf;, cg';Gwfg, k|jt{g
Pjd\ ljsf; sfo{df ;xsfo{ / Ps¿ktf sfod u/L cufl8 a9\g ;lsPsf] 5}g .

140
-pm_ pRr lzIff k|bfos ;+:yf /fli6«o Pjd\ cGt/f{li6«o :t/cg's"n r':t Pjd\ k|lt:kwf{Tds x'g ;s]sf
5}gg\ . jt{dfg cGt/f{li6«o k|j[lTt / k|rngcg';f/ pRr ultdf j[b\lw x'Fb} uPsf] 1fg Pjd\ To;sf]
pkof]u / cfw'lgs ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] pkof]u;Fu} v'nf lzIffsf] lj:tf/ x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .
-P_ PsLs[t pRr lzIff gLltsf] cefjdf Psflt/ pRr lzIff ljsf;sf] plrt uGtJo;lxt b"/ufdL
;f]rdf cfwfl/t of]hgf lgdf{0f x'g ;s]sf] 5}g eg] csf]{lt/ pRr lzIff k|bfos ;+:yfsf] :yfkgf,
;~rfng, ljsf; / lj:tf/df Ps¿ktf sfod x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . ljZj ljb\ofno a]Unfa]Un}
P]gcGtu{t :yfkgf eO{ ;~rfngdf /x]sf x'Fbf ;dGjosf] cefj /x]sf] 5 .
-P}_ pRr lzIffdf nufgL, pTkfbg / k|fl1s sfo{s'zntfsf lar ;x;DaGw :yflkt ug{ g;Sbf pRr
lzIff k|bfos ;+:yf vf]Ng / ;~rfngdf c:j:y k|lt:kwf{ a9]sf] 5 .
%= pRr lzIff gLltsf] cfjZostf
pRr lzIffsf kx'Fr, ;dtf, u'0f:t/ / Jo:yfkgsf If]qdf ljb\odfg ljljw ;d:of tyf r'gf}tLnfO{
;Daf]wg ug{sf nflu PsLs[t pRr lzIff gLltsf] cfjZostf k/]sf] 5 . pRr lzIff ;+:yfsf] ;ª\sfo,
ltgsf z}lIfs sfo{j|md Pjd\ ljb\ofyL{ egf{df ePsf] j[b\lwnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ cfGtl/s ;|f]tsf] kl/rfng
u/L pRr lzIffnfO{ ;/sf/L, ;fd'bflos Pjd\ lghL nufgL ;d]tnfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug{ PsLs[t pRr lzIff
gLlt th{'df ug{'k/]sf] 5 . ljZj ljb\ofno a]Unfa]Un} P]gcGtu{t :yfkgf eO{ ;~rfngdf /x]sf x'Fbf
;dGjosf] cefjnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ of] gLlt th{'df ug{'k/]sf] 5 . pRr lzIff k|bfos ;+:yfsf] Joj:yfkg /
lgodgnfO{ PsLs[t 9fFrfdf cfab\w u/L Ps ;+:yfsf] 1fg csf]{ ;+:yfdf :yfgfGt/0f ug{ / ljZj
ljb\ofno lar j|m]l86 6«fG;km/ -kf7\oef/ :yfgfGt/0f_ / ;dfof]hg ug{sf nflu ;d]t pRr lzIff gLlt
th{'df ug{'k/]sf] xf] .
b"/b[li6(Vision)
d'n'ssf] ;jfª\uL0f ljsf;sf nflu ;fGble{s cg';Gwfg tyf 1fg clej[l4 / cGt/f{li6«o ljsf;j|md;Fu
cfab\w ug{ ;Sg] pRr :t/sf] dfgj ;+;fwg ljsf; ug{ pRr lzIff k|bfos ;+:yfnfO{ g]t[TjbfoL pTs[i6
k|fl1s s]Gb|sf ¿kdf ljsf; ug]{ .
;ª\sNk(Mission)
k|fl1s pTs[i6tf tyf pGgogsf nflu cWoog tyf cg';Gwfg ug]{ ;dtfd"ns Pjd\ ;dfj]zL cj;/;lxt
k|lt:kwf{Tds, u'0f:t/o'St / pknlAwd"ns pRr lzIff k|bfos ;+:yfsf] ;~rfng / Joj:yfkg x'g] .
^= pb\b]Zo
b]zsf] ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s ljsf;sf nflu ljleGg If]qdf ;Ifd g]t[Tj k|bfg ug{ ;Sg] of]Uo, bIf,
cGt/f{li6«o :t/df k|lt:kwL{ / cg';Gwfgd'vL dfgj ;+;fwg ljsf; ug{' pRr lzIffsf] k|d'v pb\b]Zo
/x]sf] 5 .
pRr lzIffsf] k|efjsf/L Joj:yfkg / ;~rfng k|of]hgsf nflu tof/ ul/Psf] of] pRr lzIff gLltsf]
lgDg lnlvt pb\b]Zo /x]sf 5g\ M
^=! pRr lzIff k|bfos ;+:yfsf] :yfkgf, ;~rfng, lgodg / Joj:yfkgnfO{ lgoldt, Jojl:yt /
dof{lbt agfpFb} pRr lzIffdf kx'Fr clej[b\lw ug]{

141
^=@ ljb\ofno lzIffdf ePsf] If]qut lj:tf/ / ljljwLs/0f ;d]tnfO{ b[li6ut u/L pRr lzIffnfO{ df}lns
1fg / klxrfgsf] cfwf/ :tDesf ¿kdf :yflkt u/L ;du| ;fdflhs / cfly{s ljsf;sf]
pGgogsf nflu lj1fg / k|ljlwk|lt clek|]l/t k|lt:kw{L{ / pb\odzLn dfgj ;+;fwg ljsf; ug]{
^=# pRr lzIffdf cWoog tyf cg';Gwfgsf cj;/ j[b\lw u/L ;fGble{s, pkof]uL, u'0f:t/Lo Pjd\
cGt/f{li6«o kl/j]zcg's"n k|lt:kwL{ agfpg]
&= gLlt
&=! ljb\ofno lzIffsf] sIff !@ jf ;f] ;/xsf] tx k'/f u/]sf ljb\ofyL{sf] Ifdtf / of]Uotf -Aptitude
and Merit_ sf cfwf/df ;a}sf nflu pRr lzIffdf k|j]z v'Nnf x'g] 5 .
&=@ u'0f:t/ ;'lglZrttfsf nflu /fli6«o u'0f:t/ k|f¿k tof/ u/L ;f]sf] cfwf/df z}lIfs ;+:yf
;~rfng ePsf] ;'lglZrt ul/g] 5 .
&=# /fi6«sf] ;du| cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ljsf; / /fhgLlts ¿kfGt/0faf6 l;lh{t /fli6«o
k|fyldstfsf If]qnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ pRr lzIffsf sfo{j|md s]lGb|t ul/g] 5 .
&=$ pRr lzIff k|bfos ;+:yf -ljZj ljb\ofno tyf ltgsf cfª\lus Pjd\ ;DaGwg k|fKt lzIf0f ;+:yf_
sf] k|fl1s pTs[i6tf Pjd\ cGt/f{li6«o k|lt:kwf{sf nflu kf7\oj|md / z}lIfs k|0ffnL Pjd\
Joj:yfkgdf ;do ;fk]If ;'wf/ ul/g] 5 .
&=% pRr lzIffdf cg';Gwfg Pjd\ k|jt{gnfO{ pRr lzIff sfo{j|mdsf] cleGg cª\usf ¿kdf ljsf;
ul/g] 5 .
&=^ pRr lzIffnfO{ /fi6« ljsf;sf nflu cfjZos dfgj ;+;fwg ljsf; ug]{ oGqsf] ¿kdf ljsfl;t
ul/g] 5 .
&=& pRr lzIffsf] ljsf;sf nflu ;fj{hlgs, ;fd'bflos, lghL / ;fem]bf/L sfo{nfO{ k|f]T;flxt ul/g]
5.
&=* lglZrt dfGotf, dfkb08 tyf k|lj|mofut pTt/bfloTj / hjfkmb]lxtfsf cfwf/df pRr lzIffdf
nufgLsf If]q lj:tf/ u/L kl/0ffdd'vL ljTtLo Joj:yfkgsf] 9fFrf cjnDag ul/g] 5 .
&=( s]Gb|, k|b]z / :yfgLo txaf6 ljZj ljb\ofnosf] :yfkgf, ;~rfng tyf Joj:yfkg / juL{s/0f
ul/g] 5 .
&=!) pRr lzIffsf] ;dGjo tyf lgodg ;/sf/sf] bfloTjleq /xg] / ;/sf/n] lnPsf gLlt lgb]{z ug]{
sfo{ lzIff dGqfnoaf6 x'g] 5 .
*= /0fgLlt
pRr lzIff gLltsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogsf nflu cjnDag ul/g] /0fgLlt lgDgfg';f/ x'g] 5g\ M
*=! ljZj;gLotf Pjd\ k|lt:kwf{Tds Ifdtfsf] ;'lglZrt x'g] u/L v'nf Pjd\ b"/ lzIffnufotsf
Joj:yfdfkm{t pRr lzIffdf kx'Fr clej[b\lw ug]{ -&=!_
*=@ pRr lzIffdf lk5l8Psf ef}uf]lns If]q, dlxnf, cflbjf;L / hghflt, blnt, dw];L ;d'bfo,
ckfª\utf ePsf gful/s Pjd\ cfly{s ¿kn] ljkGg ;d'bfo / ju{sf] pRr lzIff cWoogdf
lg/Gt/tfsf nflu ;xof]u sfo{j|mdsf] Joj:yf ug]{ -&=!_
*=# u'0f:t/sf] ;'lglZrttf Pjd\ k|Tofogsf nflu :jfoTt u'0f:t/ ;'lglZrttf Pjd\ k|Tofog af]8{
:yfkgf ug]{ -&=@_

142
*=$ xfn ;~rfngdf /x]sf pRr lzIff k|bfos ;+:yfsf] ;'wf/ Pjd\ gofF z}lIfs ;+:yfsf] :yfkgfsf
nflu u'0f:t/sf] ;'lglZrttf tyf k|TofognfO{ Ps k|d'v cfwf/ agfpg] -&=@_
*=% pRr lzIff k|bfos ;+:yfsf] u'0f:t/ clej[b\lw u/L pRr lzIffnfO{ /fli6«o cfjZostf Pjd\
cGt/f{li6«o ljsf;j|md, dfGotf / k|rng;Fu ;fGble{s agfpg] -&=@_
*=^ b]zsf] ljz]iftf, ;Gbe{ Pjd\ ljsf;sf ;DefJotfnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL pRr lzIffnfO{ /fli6«o
ljsf;sf k|fyldstfsf If]q s[lif, phf{, ko{6g, hn;|f]t, :yfgLo k|ljlw, ;Dkbf / ;+:s[lt, v]ns'b
lj1fg (Sports Science), hnjfo' kl/jt{gnufotsf ;]jf If]qdf s]lGb|t u/L k|lt:kwf{Tds
Ifdtfsf] ljsf;df hf]8 lbO{ cGt/f{li6«o :t/df k|lt:kwf{ ug{ ;Ifd 1fg, l;k Pjd\ k|ljlwsf]
ljsf; ug]{ -&=#_
*=& k|fs[lts jftfj/0fsf] ;Gt'ng, ljkb\ Joj:yfkg Pjd\ lbuf]kgsf nflu pRr lzIff sfo{j|mdsf]
lj:tf/ ug]{ -&=#_
*=* pRr lzIff ;~rfngdf ;+:yfut :jfoTttf tyf ljs]lGb|s[t Joj:yfkg kb\wlt cjnDag ug]{ -
&=$_
*=( pRr lzIff k|bfos ljb]zL ;+:yf tyf ltgsf ;DaGwgdf ;~rflnt pRr lzIff k|bfos ;+:yf /
ltgsf z}lIfs sfo{j|mdnfO{ /fli6«o cfjZostf / lxtsf cfwf/df k|efjsf/L lgodg tyf
Joj:yfkg ug]{ / :jb]zs} ljZj ljb\ofnosf ;DaGwg k|fKt pRr lzIff k|bfos ;+:yfnfO{ klg
/fli6«o lgodg 9fFrfcGtu{t NofO{ ljb]zL ljZj ljb\ofnolar ;dGjo u/L lzIf0f l;sfO cfbfg
k|bfg ug]{ -&=$_
*=!) ljZj ljb\ofno Pjd\ pRr lzIff k|bfos ;+:yfsf] cg';Gwfg sfo{j|mdnfO{ /fli6«o cfjZostf Pjd\
cj;/;Fu cfab\w u/L z}lIfs cg';Gwfg Pjd\ gjk|jt{gsf nflu Ifdtf clej[b\lw ug]{ -&=%_
*=!! /fi6«sf] dfgj ;+;fwg of]hgfsf cfwf/df cfjZos dfgj ;|f]t ljsf;sf nflu z}lIfs sfo{j|md
sfof{Gjog ug]{ -&=^_
*=!@ ;fd'bflos, ;fj{hlgs tyf lghL If]qnfO{ pRr z}lIfs ;+:yf vf]Ng, ;~rfng ug{ tyf ljsf; ug{
k|f]T;flxt ug]{ -&=&_
*=!# ljb]zL z}lIfs ;+:yf;Fusf] ;xsfo{df jf ;DaGwg k|fKt u/L z}lIfs sfo{j|md ;~rfng ug{ pRr
lzIff k|bfos ;+:yfnfO{ k|rlnt /fli6«o gLlt, cfjZostf Pjd\ cGt//fli6«o ;Demf}tfsf cfwf/df
dfq :jLs[lt k|bfg ug]{ -&=&_
*=!$ pRr lzIffdf nufgL tyf cfly{s Joj:yfkgnfO{ kf/blz{tf / pTt/bfloTjsf cfwf/df pko'St
k|ljlw;lxtsf] k|0ffnLut ljsf; u/L ljTtLo lgodg tyf cg'udg ug]{ k|aGw ldnfO{ ;/sf/L
cg'bfgnfO{ pTkfbsTj / u'0f:t/;Fu cfab\w ug]{ -&=*_
*=!% ljZj ljb\ofno ;fj{hlgs, ;fd'bflos, lghL, lghL tyf ;fj{hlgs ;fem]bf/Lnufot
cfjZostfcg';f/ pkflw k|bfg ug]{ ;+:yf (Degree Awarding Institutions), cfjf;Lo ljZj
ljb\ofno, z}lIfs pTs[i6tfsf s]Gb|, k|lti7fg, dflgt ljZj ljb\ofno;d]t ;d]l6g] u/L pRr
z}lIfs ;+:yfsf] juL{s/0f ug]{ -&=(_
*=!^ pRr lzIff k|bfos ;+:yf Pjd\ z}lIfs sfo{j|mddf u'0f:t/ ;'lglZrttfsf] dfGotf / dfkb08sf
cfwf/df lgodg ug]{ -&=(_
*=!& pRr lzIff k|bfos ;+:yf Pjd\ z}lIfs sfo{j|mdsf] ;~rfng, Joj:yfkg / lgodg ug{ ljb\odfg
;+:yfut ;+oGqsf] k'g/fjnf]sg u/L cfjZos ;+/rgfut k|aGw ug]{ -&=!)_
143
(= sfo{gLlt
(=! pRr lzIffsf] kx'Fr k'Ug g;Sg] b'u{d :yfg / j}slNks kx'Frsf] cfjZostf kg]{nfO{ Wofgdf /fvL
v'nf ljZj ljb\ofno\nufot v'nf Pjd\ b"/ lzIff k|0ffnLsf] ;+:yfut ljsf; ul/g] 5 . -*=!_
(=@ pRr lzIffnfO{ /fli6«o k|fyldstfsf cfwf/df Joj:yfkg ug{ s[lif tyf jg, kof{j/0f, lj1fg Pjd\
k|ljlw, lrlsT;f lj1fg, cfo'j]{b, ko{6g, OlGhlgol/ª, hn ljb\o't\, gjLs/0fLo zlSt, pb\of]u tyf
Jofkf/nufotsf If]q;Fu ;Dab\w sfo{d"ns Pjd\ /f]huf/pGd'v pRr lzIffsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/nfO{
k|fyldstf lbOg] 5 . -*=!_
(=# pRr lzIffdf b]zsf] cfly{s ljsf;, pTkfbg Pjd\ /f]huf/d"ns lzIffsf nflu cfjZos z}lIfs
sfo{j|mdsf] ;+:yfut ljsf; ul/g] 5 . -*=!_
(=$ ljb\odfg pRr lzIff k|bfos ;+:yf tyf ltgsf sfo{j|mdsf] ;dfj]zL Pjd\ k|efjsf/L Joj:yfkg
ul/g] 5 . -*=@_
(=% ;fdflhs tyf ;dtfd"ns ;xeflutfsf nflu cfly{s ;xfotfsf] Joj:yf ul/g] 5 . -*=@_
(=^ cfly{s ¿kdf lk5l8Psf k|ltefjfg tyf ;LdfGts[t, blnt, ckfª\u, nf]kf]Gd'v hflt, hghflt,
dlxnf ljb\ofyL{sf nflu pRr lzIffdf ;xh kx'Frsf] cj;/ l;h{gf ug{ / /fHon] cfjZos nufgL
ug]{ jftfj/0f tof/ ug{ lgDgfg';f/sf sfo{j|md ;~rfng ul/g] 5g\ M -*=@_
-c_ 5fqj[lTt
-cf_ ;x'lnot C0f
-O_ :jcfh{gåf/f cWoog ug]{ k|fjwfg
(=& u'0f:t/ ;'lglZrttf / k|Tofog k|df0f kqsf cfwf/df dfq ljb]zL pRr lzIff k|bfos ;+:yfnfO{
;DaGwg lbOg] 5 . To:tf ;+:yfnfO{ ljb]zdf ;DaGwg lbg jf sfo{j|md ;~rfng ug{ ;DalGwt
d'n'ssf /fli6«o pRr lzIff lgsfoaf6 :jLs[lt k|fKt ePs} x'g'kg]{ k|fjwfg /flvg] 5 . -*=#_
(=* k|Tofog af]8{åf/f cg';Gwfg Pjd\ gj k|jt{gd'vL kf7\oj|md / k7g kf7g sfo{nfO{ k|f]T;flxt ul/g]
5 . -*=#_
(=( ljZj ljb\ofnon] Jofj;flos tyf k|fljlws ljifo u'0f:t/ ;'lglZrttf / k|Tofog k|df0f kq k|fKt
;+:yfnfO{ dfq ;~rfng ug{ cg'dlt lbg] Joj:yf ul/g] 5 . -*=#_
(=!) pRr lzIff k|bfos ;+:yfn] u'0f:t/ ;'lglZrttf Pjd\ k|Tofog k|lj|mofdf ;xefuL eO{ k|Tofog k|fKt
ug]{ 5g\ . u'0f:t/ ;'lglZrttf Pjd\ k|Tofogsf cfwf/df pRr lzIff k|bfos ;+:yfsf] ljsf; Pjd\
;'wf/ ul/g] 5 . u'0f:t/ ;'lglZrttf Pjd\ k|Tofog k/LIf0f k|0ffnLnfO{ cfwf/e"t cfjZostfdf
s]lGb|t u/L ;'b[9 ul/g] 5 . -*=#_
(=!! u'0f:t/sf] ;'lglZrttf Pjd\ k|Tofog Joj:yfsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogsf nflu ;DalGwt ;+:yf;Fu
;xsfo{ ul/g] 5 . -*=#_
(=!@ ljZj ljb\ofnoåf/f cfª\lus tyf ;DaGwg k|fKt SofDk;sf] glthfdf cfwfl/t lgoldt cg'udg
tyf ;'kl/j]If0f ul/g] 5 . -*=$_
(=!# lglZrt dfkb08leqsf] z}lIfs :t/ ;'lglZrt ePsf ;+:yfnfO{ /fli6«o k|fyldstf leqsf ljifo
If]qdf dfq sfo{j|md ;~rfng ug]{ u/L j}b]lzs ;DaGwgsf] :jLs[lt lbOg] 5 . -*=$_
(=!$ pRr lzIffsf sfo{j|md ;~rfng ug{ ;DaGwg dfu ug]{ ;+:yfsf] :ynut cWoog tyf cg'udg
u/L To:tf ;+:yfn] ;~rfng ug{ rfx]sf] sfo{j|md / pSt sfo{j|mdsf nflu ;+:yf 5gf]6 ubf{

144
 kf/bzL{ dfkb08sf cfwf/df lj:t[t ¿kdf ul/Psf] :ynut cWoog tyf d"Nofª\sg
k|ltj]bgcg';f/ ;DaGwg tyf gofF sfo{j|md ;~rfngsf nflu :jLs[lt lbOg] 5 . -*=$_
(=!% s'g} 7fpFdf gofF z}lIfs ;+:yfnfO{ ;DaGwg lbFbf ToxfF /x]sf cfª\lus tyf ;DaGwg k|fKt cGo
SofDk;dfly kg]{ k|efjsf af/]df cWoog u/]/ dfq lbOg] k|aGw ldnfOg] 5 . o;nfO{ k|0ffnLut
¿kdf ;'wf/ ub}{ n}hfg xfn ;~rfngdf /x]sf pRr lzIff k|bfos ;+:yfsf] lgodg ug{ /fli6«o
:yfgdfg lu|8sf] 9fFrf tof/ u/L ;f]sf cfwf/df of]hgfab\w tl/sfn] ;+:yf ufEg] tyf ;DaGwg
lbOg] 5 . -*=$_
(=!^ pRr lzIffsf kf7\oj|md tyf sfo{j|mdnfO{ /fli6«o cfjZostf;Fu cfab\w u/L logLnfO{
cg';Gwfgd"ns Pjd\ k|jt{gfTds agfpg k|f]T;flxt ul/g] 5 . -*=%_
(=!& pRr lzIffsf lj|mofsnfknfO{ /fli6«o ljsf;sf ;d;fdlos ;d:of / r'gf}tLsf] ;fdgf ug{
cfjZos 1fgsf] vf]h Pjd\ To;sf] pkof]udf cfwfl/t agfOg] 5 . -*=%_
(=!* lzIfssf] cfwf/e"t of]Uotf k/LIf0fsf nflu /fli6«o d"Nofª\sg k|0ffnLsf] yfngL ul/g] 5 . -*=%_
(=!( b]xfosf ;DefJo /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o ljifo If]q cWoog ug{ pRr lzIff cfof]uåf/f ;dGjo
ul/g] 5 M -*=^_
-c_ s[lif tyf jg ;DaGwL cWoog
-cf_ hn;|f]t tyf hn ljb\o't\ ;DaGwL cWoog
-O_ k|fs[lts k|sf]k Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL cWoog
-O{_ hnjfo' tyf k|fs[lts jftfj/0f ;Gt'ng ;DaGwL cWoog
-p_ h}ljs ljljwtf ;DaGwL cWoog
-pm_ ko{6g Pjd\ kj{tf/f]x0f ;DaGwL cWoog
-P_ /fli6«o ;Dkbf, ;+:s[lt Pjd\ k/Dk/fut ljifo ;DaGwL cWoog
(=@) 1fg tyf l;k ;DaGwL cWoog /fli6«o ;Dkbf tyf k/Dk/fut :yfgLo 1fg, l;k Pjd\ k|ljlwsf]
hu]gf{ Pjd\ ljsf; ug{ s[lif, jg, h}ljs ljljwtf, ko{6g, hn tyf hn ljb\o't\, gjLs/0fLo pmhf{,
v]ns'b lj1fg -Sports Science_, ;fgf Pjd\ demf}nf pb\of]usf] ljsf;sf] cfjZostf;Fu z}lIfs
sfo{j|md cfab\w u/L ;d'bfo;Fu pRr lzIffsf] cGt/;DaGw :yflkt ul/g] 5 . -*=^_
(=@! /fHosf] cfly{s ;|f]t ;fwg tyf ;Dkbfsf] lbuf] ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ffcGtu{t clwstd\ pkof]u u/L
/fi6«nfO{ ;d[b\w t'Nofpg pRr lzIffnfO{ cg';Gwfgdf cfwfl/t agfOg] 5 . -*=&_
(=@@ pRr lzIff k|bfos ;+:yfsf] ;~rfng Pjd\ k|efjsf/L Joj:yfkgsf nflu lgDgfg';f/ ;+/rgfut
;'wf/ ul/g] 5 M -*=*_
-c_ ljZj ljb\ofno, ;ª\sfo cfª\lus Pjd\ ;DaGwg k|fKt SofDk;nfO{ k|fl1s :jfoTttf tyf
ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf cfwf/df Joj:yfkg ug{ k|f]T;flxt ug]{
-cf_ ef}uf]lns ¿kn] pko'St :yfgLo SofDk;nfO{ ;d"x -Cluster_ df cfab\w u/L ;3g
-Comprehensive_ pRr lzIff PsfOsf] ¿kdf ljsl;t ug]{
(=@# gofF ljZj ljb\ofno / pRr lzIff k|bfos ;+:yfsf] :yfkgf / xfn ;~rfngdf /x]sf ;+:yf /fli6«o
:yfgdfg lu|8sf] cfwf/e"t 9fFrfcg';f/ hg;ªV\of, ;x/Ls/0f, If]qLo tyf ef}uf]lns ;dtf, /fli6«o
cfjZostf Pjd\ k|fyldstfsf cfwf/df :yfkgf / lgodg ul/g] 5 . -*=*_
(=@$ pRr lzIff k|bfos ;+:yfdf pko'St z}lIfs Pjd\ k|fl1s jftfj/0fsf] lgdf{0f / ljsf;df hf]8
lbOg] 5 . -*=*_

145
(=@% g]kfn ;/sf/n] ljb]zL ljZj ljb\ofnosf] ;DaGwgdf ;~rfng ug]{ gofF SofDk;nfO{ ;DaGwg
:jLs[lt lbFbf / k'/fgfnfO{ gjLs/0f ubf{ :ynut ;DefJotf cWoognfO{ / ;DaGwg lbg] ljZj
ljb\ofnon] /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o ¿kdf k|fKt u/]sf] VoftLnfO{ k|d'v cfwf/ agfOg] 5 .
;DefJotf cWoogsf nflu clgjfo{ ¿kdf of]Uotf k'u]sf k"0f{sfnLg lzIfs / lglZrt
dfkb08cg';f/ ef}lts k"jf{wf/ k'u]sf] x'g'kg]{ Joj:yf ul/g] 5 . -*=(_
(=@^ ljb]zL ;DaGwgdf ;~rfngdf /x]sf z}lIfs ;+:yfdf k"0f{sfnLg Joj:yfks, sd{rf/L / lzIfssf]
clgjfo{ Joj:yf ul/g] 5 . lglZrt cg'kftdf ljb]zL ljz]if1 k|fWofkssf] pkl:ylt Pjd\ ;+nUgtf
jf :jb]zL k|fWofkssf] Ifdtf clej[b\lw / k];fut ljz]if1tf ;'lglZrt ul/g] 5 . -*=(_
(=@& ljb]zL z}lIfs ;+:yfsf] ;DaGwgdf :yfkgf tyf ;~rfng x'g] z}lIfs ;+:yfnfO{ /fli6«o cfjZostf
/ lxtnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL sfo{j|md ;~rfng ug]{ cg'dlt lbOg] 5 . -*=(_
(=@* ljZj ljb\ofnon] ;DaGwg lbg] sfo{sf] ;dGjo ljZj ljb\ofno ;dGjo ;ldltn] ug]{ / pRr lzIff
cfof]usf] lg0f{o clGtd x'g] Joj:yf ul/g] 5 . -*=(_
(=@( :jb]zL Pjd\ ljb]zL ljZj ljb\ofnosf pkflw, z}lIfs sfo{j|md tyf kf7\oj|mdsf] ;dsIftf Pjd\
ltgLx¿lar j|m]l86 6«fG;km/ ug]{ k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ul/g] 5 . -*=(_
(=#) pRr lzIff k|bfos ;+:yfnfO{ cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGw a9fpg tyf pRr :t/sf ljb]zL z}lIfs ;+:yf;Fu
z}lIfs Pjd\ k|fl1s ;xsfo{ / ;xof]u ug{ u/fpg k|f]T;flxt ul/g] 5 . -*=(_
(=#! cGj]if0ffTds tyf lh1f;fd"ns z}lIfs Pjd\ k|fl1s ;+:s[ltsf] k|lt:yfkg / ljsf;nfO{ k|f]T;flxt
ug]{ u/L lzIfssf] j[lTt ljsf; ug{ k];fut ;xof]u k|0ffnL ljsf; ul/g] 5 . -*=!)_
(=#@ k|fWofkssf] k];fut Ifdtf clej[b\lwsf nflu uf]i7L, cg';Gwfg Pjd\ pRr :t/Lo cWoogsf nflu
k|f]T;flxt ul/g] 5 . -*=!)_
(=## pRr z}lIfs ;+:yfdf cg';Gwfg ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf;df hf]8 lbFb} cg';Gwfg Pjd\ df}lns /
l;h{gfTds lj|mofsnfknfO{ kf7\oj|mdsf] cfwf/ agfO{ pRr lzIffsf] u'0f:t/ tyf ;fGble{stfdf
;'wf/ ul/g] 5 . cg';Gwfgd"ns s[lt, k|ltj]bg Pjd\ hg{n k|sfzgnfO{ k|f]T;flxt ul/g] 5 . -
*=!)_
(=#$ l;sfO ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfgsf nflu cGj]if0ffTds k/LIf0f ug]{ / Ifdtf k|df0fLs/0fsf nflu
dfkb08;lxtsf] k/LIff k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ul/g] 5 . -*=!)_
(=#% xfn ;~rfngdf /x]sf z}lIfs ;+:yf Pjd\ sfo{j|mdnfO{ k|fljlws Pjd\ Jofj;flos lzIff;Fu
Program_ sf] Joj:yf u/L ;fdfGh:o -*=s!!_ ug{ k'n sfo{j|md (Bridging) ul/g]5 .
(=#^ cfly{s k5f}6]kg tyf a]/f]huf/L ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg ug{ k|fljlws tyf Jofj;flos pRr lzIffnfO{
k|fyldstf lbOg] 5 . -*=!!_
(=#& /fi6« ljsf;sf sfo{j|mdsf] sfof{Gjog ug{ Ifdtf clej[b\lwsf nflu lj1fg tyf k|ljlwnfO{
k|fyldstf lbO{ pRr lzIffsf] ljsf; ul/g] 5 . -*=!!_
(=#* ;fd'bflos tyf lghL If]qnfO{ /fli6«o k|fyldstf Pjd\ ;+:yfut ljsf; ;DaGwL lu|8sf cfwf/df
pRr lzIff k|bfos ;+:yf vf]Ng tyf ljsf; ug{ k|f]T;flxt ul/g] 5 . -*=!@_
(=#( ljZj ljb\ofnoåf/f cfª\lus tyf ;DaGwg k|fKt SofDk;sf] glthfdf cfwfl/t lgoldt cg'udg
tyf ;'kl/j]If0f ul/g] 5 . -*=!@_
(=$) ljb]zL z}lIfs ;+:yfsf] ;DaGwgdf :yfkgf tyf ;~rfng x'g] z}lIfs ;+:yfnfO{ /fli6«o cfjZostf
/ lxtnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL sfo{j|md ;~rfng ug]{ cg'dlt lbOg] 5 . -*=!#_
146
(=$! :jb]zL pRr lzIff k|bfos ;+:yfn] ;~rfng ug{ g;Sg] z}lIfs sfo{j|md dfq lglZrt u'0f:t/ tyf
dfkb08 k"/f u/]sf z}lIfs ;+:yfnfO{ ;~rfng ug{ :jLs[lt lbOg] 5 . -*=!#_
(=$@ /fli6«o k|fyldstf, u'0f:t/ / sfo{ ;Dkfbgsf cfwf/df ;/sf/sf] nufgL tyf cg'bfg pknAw
u/fOg] 5 . -*=!$_
(=$# /fli6«o k|fyldstf / u'0f:t/sf cfwf/df pRr lzIffdf cfwf/e"t cg'bfg, sfo{ ;Dkfbgdf
cfwfl/t cg'bfg / ;"qdf cfwfl/t cg'bfgsf] Joj:yf u/L lglZrt dfGotf / dfkb08sf cfwf/df
Joj:yfkg Pjd\ lgodg ul/g] 5 . -*=!$_
(=$$ u'0f:t/sf] ;'lglZrttf Pjd\ k|Tofog Joj:yfsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogsf nflu dfkb08sf
cfwf/df ljZj ljb\ofnosf] juL{s/0f u/L ;+:yflar ;xsfo{ ug{ k|f]T;flxt ul/g] 5 . -*=!%_
(=$% :jb]zL Pjd\ ljb]zL ljZj ljb\ofnosf pkflw, z}lIfs sfo{j|md tyf kf7\oj|mdsf] ;dsIftf Pjd\
ltgLx¿lar j|m]l86 6«fG;km/ k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ul/g] 5 . -*=!%_
(=$^ pRr lzIff k|bfos ;+:yfnfO{ cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGw a9fpg tyf pRr :t/sf ljb]zL z}lIfs ;+:yf;Fu
z}lIfs Pjd\ k|fl1s ;xsfo{ / ;xof]u ug{ u/fpg k|f]T;flxt ul/g] 5 . -*=!%_
(=$& ljZj ljb\ofno :yfkgfsf nflu cfjZos sfg'g th{'df ug{, /fli6«o :t/sf] pRr lzIff ;'wf/
sfo{j|mdsf] of]hgf agfpg tyf sfof{Gjog ug{sf nflu /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u, lzIff dGqfno, cy{
dGqfno / pRr lzIff cfof]u ;lDdlnt ;+oGqsf] Joj:yf ul/g] 5 . -*=!^_
(=$* PsLs[t pRr lzIff P]gsf cfwf/df ljZj ljb\ofnosf] ;~rfng, Joj:yfkg / lgodg ul/g] 5 .
-*=!^_
(=$( ljZj ljb\ofnonufot pRr lzIff ;Dab\w lgsfosf g]t[TjbfoL kbdf lglZrt dfkb08 /
k|lt:kwf{sf cfwf/df 5gf]6 ul/g] 5 . -*=!^_
(=%) pRr lzIffsf] k|jw{g / ljsf;sf /fli6«o d'b\bf, k|fyldstfnfO{ ;fGble{s / k|efjsf/L t'Nofpg
lzIff dGqfnoåf/f ;dGjo, cg'udg / lgodg ul/g] 5 . -*=!^_
(=%! pRr lzIff cfof]uåf/f pRr lzIffsf] ljsf;, ;dGjo, cg'udg / lgodg sfo{ ul/g] 5 . -*=!&_
(=%@ cfof]usf] Ifdtf clej[b\lw, ;'b[9Ls/0f / ;]jf k|jfxsf] u'0f:t/ ;'lglZrt ug{ lgDgfg';f/sf
;+/rgfut ;'wf/sf sfo{ ul/g] 5 M -*=!&_
-c_ b]zsf] ;du| pRr lzIff ljsf;sf of]hgf agfpg, sfof{Gjog ug{, cg'udg, ;dGjo tyf
lgodg sfo{nfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ ljZj ljb\ofno ;dGjo ;ldlt u7g ug]{
-cf_ pRr lzIffsf] ;du| cfly{s gLlt lgwf{/0f Pjd\ Joj:yfkg ug{, pRr lzIffdf ;/sf/L
cfly{s ;xof]u / nufgL tyf ;fd'bflos / lghL nufgL Pjd\ cfly{s Joj:yfkg ;d]tsf]
lgodg / cg'udg ug{sf nflu pRr lzIff ljTtLo Joj:yfkg af]8{sf] u7g ug]{
-O_ ljb\ofyL{ ljTtLo ;xfotf sf]ifsf] lbuf] Joj:yfkg ug{ xfn ;~rfngdf /x]sf] ljb\ofyL{ ljTtLo
sf]ifsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f u/L lgoldt ;~rfngsf] Joj:yf ug]{ .
-O{ kf7\oj|md k|f¿k lgwf{/0f, ;dsIftf lgwf{/0f, pkflwsf] k/:k/ dfGotf Pjd\ j|m]l86
:yfgfGt/0f (Course equivalence, mutual recognition of degrees and credit transfer) sf]
;+:yfut Joj:yfkgsf nflu /fli6«o kf7\oj|md k|f¿k af]8{sf] :yfkgf ug]{
(=%# pRr lzIff cfof]un] ;dGjo ug]{ u/L lgDgfg';f/sf sfo{ ul/g] 5 M -*=!&_
-c_ u'0f:t/ ;'lglZrttf Pjd\ k|Tofog k|0ffnLsf] k|jw{g / sfof{Gjogsf nflu Ps :jfoTt /fli6«o
u'0f:t/ ;'lglZrttf Pjd\ k|Tofog af]8{ u7g ug]{

147
 -cf_ /fli6«o d'b\bf, k|fyldstf Pjd\ ;|f]tnfO{ pRr lzIffsf cg';GwfgfTds Pjd\ gjk|jt{gfTds
lj|mofsnfk;Fu cfab\w ug{ pRr lzIff cg';Gwfg kl/ifb\sf] :yfkgf ug]{ ;fy} kl/ifb\n]
cg';Gwfgsf /fli6«o cfjZostfsf ;fy} dfgj ;+;fwg of]hgfsf cfwf/df cfly{s tyf dfgj
;|f]t;Fu ljZj ljb\ofnonfO{ cfab\w ug]{
-O_ k|lt:kwf{sf cfwf/df lzIfs egf{, a9'jf, lzIfs cfrf/ ;+lxtf, ;]jf Joj:yfkg Pjd\
Jofj;flos Ifdtf clej[b\lw ;DaGwL ;dGjo Pjd\ lgodg ug{sf nflu Ps /fli6«o pRr
lzIff ;]jf cfof]usf] :yfkgf ug]{
-O{_ b]zsf] ljsf;sf cfjZostf Pjd\ s'n ufx{:y pTkfbgsf cfwf/df pRr lzIff ah]6sf]
of]hgf agfpg] tyf ljTtLo Joj:yf ldnfpg] k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ug]{
-p_ pRr lzIffdf ljTtLo gLlt lgb]{zg Pjd\ sfof{Gjog ;DaGwL lg0f{o ug{sf nflu lzIff
dGqfno, cy{ dGqfno / pRr lzIff cfof]u ;lDdlnt ljTtLo lgb]{z k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ug]{
!)= ;+:yfut ;+/rgf
pRr lzIff gLlt sfof{Gjogsf nflu xfnsf] ;+/rgfdf kl/jt{g u/L b]xfoadf]lhdsf] ;+:yfut ;+/rgfsf]
Joj:yf ug{'kg]{ b]lvG5 M
-c_ ;/sf/n] lnPsf gLlt lgb]{z ug]{ sfo{ lzIff dGqfnoaf6 x'g] ePsfn] pRr lzIffsf] ;dGjo /
;xhLs/0fsf nflu lzIff dGqfnodf pRr lzIff dxfzfvf :yfkgf x'g] 5 .
-cf_ ljZj ljb\ofno cg'bfg cfof]unfO{ pRr lzIff cfof]udf kl/0ft ug]{ / ;f] cfof]ucGtu{t /xg] u/L
lgDgfg';f/sf ;+oGqsf] Joj:yf x'g] 5 M
-s_ pRr lzIff / ljZj ljb\ofno ;dGjo ;ldlt
-v_ pRr lzIff ljTtLo Joj:yfkg ;ldlt
-u_ ljb\ofyL{ ljTtLo ;xfotf sf]if
-3_ /fli6«o kf7\oj|md k|f¿k af]8{
-O_ pRr lzIff cfof]usf] ;dGjodf b]xfosf :jfoTt lgsfo :yfkgf x'g] 5g\ M
-s_ u'0f:t/ ;'lglZrttf Pjd\ k|Tofog af]8{ (Quality Assurance and Accreditation Board-QAAB)
-v_ pRr lzIff cg';Gwfg kl/ifb\
-u_ /fli6«o pRr lzIff ;]jf cfof]u
!!= cfly{s kIf
pRr lzIff gLltsf] ;kmn sfof{Gjogaf6 tTsfn / bL3{sfn u/L d'n'ssf] cfly{s If]q k|efljt x'g k'Ug]
5 .tTsfndf o;df ;/sf/L nufgL a9\g'kg]{ x'bfF ;/sf/sf k|fyldstfsf If]qdf k'glj{rf/ ug{'kg]{ x'G5 .
rfn'k'FhLdf j[b\lw x'g ;S5 . o;sf tTsfnLg k|efj b]xfoadf]lhd /x]sf 5g\ M
-c_ lzIff dGqfnodf cnUu} :yfkgf x'g] pRr lzIff dxfzfvfsf nflu g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ yk cfly{s
bfloTj kg]{
-cf_ pRr lzIff cfof]ucGtu{t :yfkgf x'g] af]8{ / ;ldltsf] xsdf g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ yk cfly{s
bfloTj kg]{
-O_ pRr lzIff ;DaGwL :jfoTt lgsfo :yfkgf x'Fbf g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ yk cfly{s bfloTj kg]{ t/
ljleGg ljZj ljb\ofnodf /x]sf lzIfs ;]jf cfof]usf] ;dfof]hg ubf{ g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ kg{

148
 uPsf] cfly{s bfloTj 36\g] plNnlvt tTsfnLg cfly{s kIfsf] ljZn]if0fsf cfwf/df o; gLltsf]
sfof{Gjogaf6 b]xfoadf]lhdsf bL3{sfnLg ;sf/fTds k|efj kg{ ;Sg] b]lvG5 M
-c_ pRr lzIff gLltsf] ;kmn sfof{Gjogaf6 pRr lzIffsf] ;du| Joj:yfkgdf ;'wf/ cfO{ bIf
dfgj ;+;fwg ljsf; ug{df hf]8 k'Ug] 5 . o;af6 d'n'ssf] ljsf;df k|ToIf ¿kaf6 ;sf/fTds
k|efj l;h{gf x'g] 5 . d'n'ssf] ljb\ofno lzIff / cGo If]qdf ;d]t ;sf/fTds k|efj kg]{
b]lvG5 .
-cf_ d'n'ssf] cfly{s j[b\lwdf ;sf/fTds k|efj kg{ hfg] 5 . /f]huf/L, :j/f]huf/L / :jfjnDagsf
If]q ;sf/fTds ¿kaf6 k|efljt x'g] 5g\ .
-O_ tTsfndf gLlt sfof{Gjogsf] j|mddf g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ yk cfly{s bfloTj Jooef/ kg{ hfg] eP
tfklg bL3{sfnLg ¿kdf hjfkmb]xL ;+oGqsf] ljsf; eO{ nufgLsf] k"0f{ ;b'kof]u x'g] 5 .
-O{_ pRr lzIffsf] ;dtfd"ns ljsf;af6 d'n'ssf k5fl8 k/]sf ;d"x / ju{sf] kx'Frdf ;'wf/ cfO{
d'n'ssf] ;Gt'lnt ljsf;df ;xof]u k'Ug] 5 .
-p_ xfnsf] nufgLsf] 9fFrfdf ljZj ljb\ofno :yfkgf ubf{ ;/sf/L nufgLdf dfq lge{/ /xg]
kb\wltdf ;'wf/ cfO{ ;du| pRr lzIffsf ;/f]sf/jfnfsf] ;xeflutfdf j[b\lw x'g] / d'n'sn]
cfjZos 7fg]sf If]qdf nufgL ug]{ jftf/0f l;h{gf x'g uO{ o;af6 nufgLsf] ;b'kof]udf yk an
k'Ug] 5 .
-pm_ cfGtl/s ;|f]t kl/rfngdf an k'Ug uO{ bL3{sfnLg ¿kdf pRr lzIffsf sfo{j|md lbuf] ¿kdf
;~rfng x'g ;Sg] 5 .
!@= sfg'gL Joj:yf
k|:t't gLlt sfof{Gjog ug{ PsLs[t pRr lzIff P]g th{'df ul/g] 5 . o;af6 ljb\odfg ljZj ljb\ofno
cg'bfg cfof]u P]g, ljZj ljb\ofno P]gsf ;fy} pRr lzIffsf] If]qdf xfn sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf ljleGg P]g
k|efljt x'g] 5g\ .

149
!#= cg'udg / d"Nofª\sg
pRr lzIff gLltsf] cg'udg ug]{ j|mddf b]xfosf cg'udg of]hgf k|efjsf/L x'g] b]lvG5 M
j|m=;+= lj|mofsnfk ljlw lhDd]jf/ lgsfo cg'udg ;"rs hf]lvd
! /f]huf/ / Joj;fo pRr lzIffsf] ljZj ljb\ofno /f]huf/Lsf] vr{sf] cefj /
/ ahf/;Fu d]n sfo{j|mddf ;'wf/ cj;/ k|ltef knfog
vfg] pRr z}lIfs u/]/
sfo{j|md
sfof{Gjog ug]{
@ pRr lzIffsf] kx'Fr pRr lzIff k|bfos pRr lzIff cfof]u / pRr lzIffsf] If]qLo ;Gt'ng
lj:tf/ ug]{ ;+:yfsf] ;anLs/0f ljZj ljb\ofno s'n egf{ b/ sfod ug{ nfUg]
/ ;do
lj:tf/ u/]/
# ;a} ljZj z}lIfs sfo{j|md / pRr lzIff cfof]u / z}lIfs lj|mofzLn ;dGjo
ljb\ofnosf] z}lIfs Sofn]G8/ to ljZj Sofn]G8/sf]
z}lIfs sfo{j|mddf u/]/ kf7\oj|md k|f¿k ljb\ofno k|of]u / kf7\oj|md
Ps¿ktf sfod ug]{ tof/ u/]/ k|f¿ksf] pkof]u
$ pRr lzIffsf] cWoog cWofkg pRr lzIff cfof]u / pTtL0f{ k|ltzt ck]lIft lzIf0f
pTtL0f{ b/ a9fpg] Pjd\ k/LIff ljZj l;sfO dfkb08 k'/f
k|0ffnLdf ;'wf/ u/]/ ljb\ofno ug{ nfUg] ;do
% pRr lzIffsf] u'0f:t/ ;'lglZrttf g]kfn ;/sf/, lzIff af]8{ u7g sfg'g lgdf{0fdf
u'0f:t/sf] Pjd\ k|Tofog af]8{ dGqfno, pRr lzIff nfUg] ;do
;'lglZrttf Pjd\ u7g u/]/ cfof]u
k|Tofog k|0ffnLsf]
k"0f{ sfof{Gjog ug]{
^ pRr lzIffsf] Jojl:yt /fli6«o :yfgdfg lu|8 /fli6«o :yfgdfg ;dfof]hg / k'gM
ljsf; / tof/ u/]/ lu|8 sfof{Gjog ljt/0fdf nfUg]
k|jw{g ug]{ ;do
& j}b]lzs ;DaGwgdf Joj:yfkg / pRr lzIff cfof]u dfkb08sf dfkb08sf] k"0f{
;~rfng x'g] pRr cg'udg ;DaGwL cfwf/df sfof{Gjogdf
lzIff k|bfos dfkb08 tof/ u/]/ ;~rfngdf nfUg] ;do
;+:yfsf] lgodg cfPsf pRr
ug]{ lzIff k|bfos
;+:yf
* ljZj ljb\ofnonfO{ cg'bfg ;DaGwL pRr lzIff cfof]u ;"rssf] ljsf; ;j{dfGo ;"rs
;"rssf cfwf/df dfkb08 tof/ u/]/ / sfof{Gjog lgdf{0fdf nfUg]
cfly{s cg'bfg ;do
pknAw u/fpg]
( pRr lzIffdf ;fem]bf/L sfo{j|md lzIff dGqfno / ;fem]bf/Ltfdf sfg'gL k|fjwfg
;/sf/, ;/f]sf/jfnf Pjd\ ;~rfng u/]/ pRr lzIff ;~rflnt pRr lgdf{0fdf nfUg]
:yfgLo lgsfosf] cfof]u lzIff k|bfos ;do
;xeflutf j[b\lw ug]{ ;+:yf
!) PsLs[t pRr lzIff PsLs[t pRr lzIff g]kfn ;/sf/, PsLs[t pRr PsLs[t pRr lzIff
gLlt sfof{Gjog P]g th{'df u/]/ Joj:yflksf ;+;b\ / lzIff P]g P]g lgdf{0fdf nfUg]
ug]{ lzIff dGqfno sfof{Gjog ;do

150
 j|m=;+= lj|mofsnfk ljlw lhDd]jf/ lgsfo cg'udg ;"rs hf]lvd
!! ljZj ljb\ofno P]g ;+zf]wg u/]/ g]kfn ;/sf/, ;+;b pRr lzIff sfg'g lgdf{0fdf
cg'bfg cfof]unfO{ / lzIff dGqfno cfof]usf] :yfkgf nfUg] ;do
pRr lzIff cfof]udf
kl/0ft ug]{
!@ u'0f:t/ ;'lglZrttf P]g th{d' f u/]/ g]kfn ;/sf/, u'0f:t/ sfg'gL k|fjwfg
Pjd\ k|Tofog af]8{ Joj:yflksf ;'lglZrttf Pjd\ lgdf{0fdf nfUg]
pRr lzIff ;+;b\, lzIff dGqfno k|Tofog af]8{, ;do
cg';Gwfg kl/ifb\ / / pRr lzIff
/fli6«o pRr lzIff pRr lzIff cfof]u cg';Gwfg kl/ifb\
;]jf cfof]u :yfkgf / /fli6«o pRr
ug]{ lzIff ;]jf cfof]u
:yfkgf
!$= hf]lvd
pRr lzIff gLlt sfof{Gjogsf] j|mddf b]xfosf hf]lvd cfpg ;Sg] b]lvPsfn] hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf nflu
b]xfosf sfo{ pkof]uL x'g ;S5g\ M
qm=;+= hf]lvd ;Daf]wg ug]{ pkfo lhDd]jf/ lgsfo
! PsLs[t pRr lzIff P]g kfl/t x'g ;do ;a} ;/f]sf/jfnfsf] ;xdlt sfod g]kfn ;/sf/, dGqL kl/ifb\ /
nfUg ;Sg] u/L ljw]os k]; ug]{ lzIff dGqfno
@ ;a} ljZj ljb\ofnosf] z}lIfs sfo{j|mddf ljZj ljb\ofno ;dGjo ;ldltnfO{ g]kfn ;/sf/, dGqL kl/ifb\ /
Ps¿ktf sfod ug{ ;do nfUg ;Sg] lj|mofzLn agfpg] lzIff dGqfno

lzIfssf] k];fut ljsf; k|f¿k @)&@

@)&# c;f/ b]lv lzIfssf] k];fut ljsf; k|f¿k sfof{Gjogdf cfPsf] 5 .
•
lzIfssf] k];fut ljsf;sf] k|f¿ksf] :jLs[lt z}lIfs hgzlSt ljsf; kl/ifbaf6 @)&@ ;fn r}q
•
# ut] ePsf] xf] .
tflndsf] ;+/rgf
!= k|df0fLs/0f tflnd #) lbgsf] x'g] / !%÷ !% lbg u/]/ b'O{ r/0fdf ;~rfng x'g] .
@= b'j} r/0fsf tflndnfO{ !) lbgsf] klxnf] v08 / kfFr lbgsf] bf];|f] v08 u/]/ b'O{ v08df
ljeSt ul/Psf] 5 .
#= b; lbgsf] klxnf] v08sf] tflnd tflnd k|bfos ;+:yfdf ;~rfng ul/g]5 .
$= b; lbgsf] tflnd kl5 ;xefuL lzIfsn] cfÇg} ljb\ofnodf uP/ cEof; lzIf0f jf cEof;
sfo{ u/L k|ltj]bg tof/ ug'{kg]{ 5 . o; sfo{sfnfO{ bf];|f] v08sf] kfFr sfo{ lbg a/fa/sf]
l;sfO cg'ej dflgg] 5 .
klxnf] r/0f -!) ± % ˜ !%_ bf];|f] r/0f -!) ± % ˜ !%_

tflnd s]Gb|df cfwfl/t ljb\ofnodf cfwfl/t tflnd s]Gb|df cfwfl/t ljb\ofnodf cfwfl/t
!) lbg % lbg !) lbg % lbg

lrq M #) lbg] tflndsf] r/0fut ljt/0f

151
 %= ;xefuL lzIfsn] ljb\ofno kms]{sf] $% lbg leq ;DalGwt z}lIfs tflnd s]Gb|df lglb{i6
9fFrfdf bf];|f] v08sf] cEof; sfo{sf] k|ltj]bg k]; ug'{kg]{ 5 .
^= tflnd sfo{df ;xeflutf, !) lbgsf] tflndsf] lnlvt k/LIff / ljb\ofnodf ul/g] cEof;
sfo{sf] k|ltj]bgsf cfwf/df ;xefuL lzIfssf] d"Nofª\sg x'g]5 / tflndsf] cª\s lbOg] 5 .
&= klxnf] r/0fsf b'j} v08df ;kmn ;xefuL lzIfsnfO{ bf];|f] r/0fsf] tflnddf ;xefuL u/fOg]
5.
tflnddf ljifo 5gf}6sf] Joj:yf
!= klxnf] r/0fsf] tflnd ljifout ¿kdf ;~rfng ul/g] 5 / lzIfsn] k9fpg] d'Vo ljifodf
cfwfl/t x'g]5 .
@= bf];|f] r/0fsf] tflnddf pknJw sf];{ dWo]af6 cfjZostfcg';f/sf ljifo 5gf}6 ug{ ;lsg]
5 . o; ;Gbe{df dfWolds tyf cfwf/e"t txdf 5gf}6sf km/s km/s ljsNk x'g]5g\ / 5f]6f
df]8\o'n/ sf];{ ;d]taf6 5gf}6sf] Joj:yf klg x'g]5 .
#= bf];|f] r/0fsf] tflnddf dfWolds txsf lzIfsn] cfkm"n] lzIf0f ug]{ ljifodf g} jf k];fut
cGo ljifo j:t'df cfwfl/t tflnd 5gf}6 ug{ ;Sg] 5g\ .
$= cfwf/e"t txsf lzIfsn] PseGbf a9L ljifo cWofkg ug'{kg]{ ePsfn] bf];|f] r/0fsf] tflnddf
csf]{ s'g} ljifo jf k];fut cGo ljifo j:t'df cfwfl/t tflnd 5gf}6 ug{ ;Sg] 5g\ .
% bf];|f] r/0fsf] klxnf] v08sf] tflnd lzIfsn] 5gf}6 u/]cg';f/ !) lbgsf] l;ª\uf] Kofs]h jf
b'O{, b'O{ lbgsf kfFr cf]6f df]8\o'nsf] PsLs[t Kofs]hdf cfwfl/t x'g] 5 .

152
 kl/R5]b M kfFr

lzIffsf gjLgtd\ lrGtg

klxn] klxn] lzIff lbg' eg]sf] ;fdflhs ;]jf k|bfg ug'{ xf] eGg] 7fGby] / ;a} s'/fsf] Joj:yf eO;s]kl5
;fwg / ;|f]tn] EofPdf P]lR5s ¿kdf dfq lzIff lbg] ub{y] . /fHon] lzIffnfO{ ;a}eGbf k5fl8 cyjf
k|fyldstfsf] cGtdf /fVg] ub{y] .t/ ;do kl/jt{g eO;s]sf] 5 . k|To]s JolStn] lzIff k|fKt ug{ kfpg'
p;sf] hGdl;b\w clwsf/ jf g};lu{s clwsf/sf ¿kdf lng] ul/G5 . sfg'gtM k|To]s JolStn] lzIff
k|fKt ug{ kfpg] clwsf/nfO{ /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o lgod sfg'gdf g} Joj:yf eO;s]sf] cj:yf
5 .o;nfO{ g} clwsf/df cfwfl/t lzIff elgG5 . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn] lzIffnfO{ df}lns xssf] ¿kdf
lnPsf] 5 . ;fy} :ki6 ¿kdf k|To]s gful/snfO{ lzIff k|fKt ug]{ clwsf/ x'g]5 egL ls6fgL u/]sf] 5 .
ctM lzIff pknAw u/fpg] bfloTj /fHosf] xf] eg] lzIff k|fKt ug]{ x/]s gful/ssf] clwsf/ xf] .
lzIffsf] gjLgtd\ lrGtgsf] ¿kdf ;fdflhs Gofo, clwsf/df cfwfl/t lzIff, afn d}qL ljb\ofno, ;"rgf
tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlwsf] k|of]u, n}ª\lus ;dtf / ;dfgtf, ;dfj]zLs/0f h:tf ljifoIf]q kb{5g\ .
%=! ;fdflhs Gofo / lzIff
Justice zAbsf] g]kfnL¿kfGt/ …GofoÚ xf] . Gofo eg]sf] h'g s'/f ;xL, ;To, ;fFrf] 5, To;sf] /Iff ug'{
xf] . csf]{ zAbdf eGg'kbf{ kIfkft/lxt 9ª\un] ;a}nfO{ ;dfg lsl;dn] Jojxf/ ug'{ g} Gofo xf] .s;}dfly
ljgf e]befj ;dfg Jojxf/ ug'{ g} …GofoÚ xf] .
Black's Law Dictionary df GofonfO{ o;/L pNn]v ul/Psf] 5–æ;fdflhs Gofosf] ;DaGw JolStsf]
;d'bfok|ltsf] g}lts lhDd]jf/L xf], h;sf] clGtd nIo ;j{;fwf/0fsf] sNof0f ug'{ xf] .Æ
x/]s JolStn] cfkm\gf] k|s[ltk|bQ÷hGdl;b\w clwsf/sf] :jtGqtfk"j{s pkef]u ug{ kfpg] / cfkm\gf]
bfloTj / st{Jok|lt k|ltab\w x'g' g} ;fdflhs Gofo xf] . ;TotYo s'/fsf] /Iff ug'{, To;sf] jsfnt ug'{,
To;nfO{ Jojxf/df nfu' ug'{, s;}dfly lyrf]ldrf] / bdg gug'{, lgikIf ¿kdf ;xL unt s] xf] 5'6o\ fpg',
s;}nfO{ klg s'g} klg axfgfdf e]befj gug'{ / ;dfg Jojxf/ ug'{ g} ;fdflhs Gofo (Social justice) xf] .
lzIffdf ;fdflhs Gofo eGgfn] ;dfhdf /x]sf ;Dk"0f{ dflg;nfO{ ljgf e]befj, kIfkft/lxt 9ª\un]
;a}nfO{ lzIffsf] ;dfg cj;/ k|bfg ug'{ eGg] a'emfpF5 . pr–lgr, ;DkGg–ljkGg, wgL–ul/a, ;fª\u–
ckfª\u, sfnf–uf]/f, ljleGg efiffefifL, wd{, lnª\u, hfthflt, If]q ljz]if u/]/ lk5l8Psf hghflt, b'u{d
If]qdf a;f]af; ug]{, lk5l8Psf ju{, lnª\u, ;d'bfo cflb ;Dk"0f{nfO{ ;dfg b[li6n] dfgjclwsf/sf ¿kdf
lzIff kfpg] cj;/ lbg'nfO{ g} lzIffdf ;fdflhs Gofo (Social Justice in Education) elgG5 .

153
%=!=! clwsf/df cfwfl/t lzIffsf] cjwf/0ff
g]kfnn] klg clwsf/df cfwfl/t lzIffsf] ;'lglZrttfsf nflu cfkm\gf] ;+ljwfgsf] df}lns xsdf lzIff
;DaGwL xssf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 eg] cGo P]g sfg"gn] lzIff k|fKt ug]{ clwsf/nfO{ :yflkt ug]{
k|of;u/]sf] 5 . ;+o'St /fi6««;+3sf] j8fkq tyf cGo cGt/fli6«o ;GwL ;Demf}tf, dxf;GwLdf ;d]t
x:tfIf/ ePsf 5g\ . o;af6 lzIff k|fKt ug]{ gful/ssf] g};lu{s clwsf/ xf] eGg] s'/fnfO{ :yflkt u/sf]
5 eg] /fHo cj gful/ssf] lzIff lbg] sfo{af6 r'Sg' x'b}Fg . of] p;sf] bfloTj xf] eGg] s'/fnfO{ :jLsf/]/
To;} cg'¿ksf gLlt of]hgf / sfo{s|d sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf 5g .
h;/L k|s[ltn] s;}nfO{ e]befj ub]{g, ToxfF pr, gLr, wgL, u/Lj, If]q ju{ s]xL gegL s;}nfO{ glhsf jf
6f9f g/fvL Jojxf/ u5{ cyf{t kIfkft ub}{g .;a} dflg;nfO{ k|s[ltn] ljz]if k|sf/sf] s]xL gs]xL u'0f klg
k|bfg u/]sf] x'G5 . t/ klg ljZjdf cem} klg Ps ltxfO dflg; ul/jL,/f]usf] cflbsf] sxfnL nfUbf]
cj:yfaf6 u'lh|/x]sf 5g . cem}klg Ps rf}yfO eGbf a9L hg;+Vof lg/If/ /x]sf 5g\ .
clt ;LdfGts[t hLjg lgjf{x ug]{ JolSt, blnt, eflifs cNk;+Vos, ckf+u, dlxnf, b'u{d e]udf a;f]af;
u/]sf gful/ssf] cem} klg 7"nf] ;d"x /x]sf] 5 . pknAw cfly{s, ;fdflhs, z}lIfs, ;Ff:s[lts cj;/sf]
kIfkftk"0f{ ljt/0fn] ubf{ s]xL ;Lldt JolStnfO{ dfq ljz]if nfe k'Ug hfg] / ;a gful/ssf] k"0f{
ljsl;tx'g] / ;Eo gful/s eP/ cfTd;Ddfgsf ;fy afFRg kfpg] clwsf/af6 jl~rt x'g ;Sg] cfj:yf
5.
JolStn] hGd]kl5 :jtM l;4 k|fKt ug]{ clwsf/sf] k"0f{ pkof]u / c¿sf] ;xcl:tTj :jLsf/L cfkm\gf]
st{Jo k|lt ;r]t / k|lta4 x'g' ;xL cy{df ;fdflhs Gofo xf] . v/fj s] xf] < c;n s] xf] tYo s'/f
kTtf nufpg', s;}nfO{ lyrf]ldrf] gug'{, s;}nfO{ klg e]befj gug'{ ;xcl:tTj :jLsfg'{, ;defj Jojxf/
ug'{ ;fdflhs Gofo xf] .
lzIffdf ;fdflhs Gofo
o;n] gful/sn] s'g} klg axfgfdf lzIff k|fKt ug]{ sfo{af6 jl~rt gul/g] / /fHon] lzIffsf] cj;/
;anfO{ k|bfg ug]{ eGg] a'emfpF5 . u/Lj wgL, ;DkGg ljkGg, hft hftL , /ª\u, ckf+u, efiff wd{, dlxnf
k'?if cflb s'g} klg cj:yfnfO{ cfwf/ dfg]/ lje]b gu/L ;dfg b[li6n] ;a}nfO{ lzIff k|fKt ug]{ cj;/sf]
;'lglZt ug'{ ;fdflhs Gofo xf] .
dfgj clwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ffkq ;g\ !($*, ;g\ !(^( df cfPsf] dlxnf clwsf/n] ;a}k|sf/sf]
e]befjsf] pGd"ng, ;g\ !(*( sf] ;+o'St /fi6«;+3sf] dxf;efaf6 afn clwsf/ dxf;GwL kfl/t, g]kfnsf]
;+ljwfgsf] efu # df pNn]v ePsf] df}lnsxsdf lzIff ;DaGwL xs, dlxnf / afnaflnsf ;DaGwL xs
/ cGo xs, /fHosf lgb]{zs l;4fGt / gLlt, oL ;an] z}lIfs Gofosf ;fy} ;fdflhs, cfly{s, Pjd\
/fhg}lts hLjgsf] x/]s If]qdf Gofok"0f{ Joj:yf sfod ug{] kIfdf k|Tofe"lt u/]sf 5g .
o;}u/L !(() sf] hf]dl6g tyf ;g @))) sf] 8sf/ ljZj lzIff d~r af6 ePsf] ;a}sf] nflu lzIff
xfd|f] k|lta4tf / ^ j6f lzIffsf nIon] ul/a, blnt, lakGg, dlxnf / ;'ljwf ljxLgnfO{ ;dfg¿kdf
u'0f:t/Lo lzIff k|bfg ug]{ ;'lglZrttf u/]sf] 5 .
plNnlvt sfg"gL tyf cGt/f{li6«o k|lta4tfs} cfwf/df ljZjsf k|To]s k|hftflGqs /fi6«|n] k|To]s
gful/snfO{ ;fdflhs, ;fF:s[lts, cfly{s tyf z}lIfs If]qdf ;dfg cj;/ dfq xf]Og Gofok"0f{ Pjd\
154
;dtfd"ns cj;/ k|bfg ug{ ;fwg / ;|f]tsf] k"0f{ pkof]u ug'{ k5{ elg clwsf/df cfwfl/t lzIffsf]
cjwf/0ffnfO{ hf]8 lbPsf] 5 .

%=@ afnclwsf/sf] cjwf/0ff

k|yd ljZjo'4n] u/]sf] wghgsf] Ifltkl5 afnaflnsfsf] larNnL ePsf] b]v]kl5 afn clwsf/sf]
cjwf/0ffsf] ;'?jft ePsf] xf] . jfnjrfp cjwf/0ffsL ;+:yfks PUnfOg6fOg h]jn] -j]nfot_, h;n]
afnaflnsfsf] ljrNnL b]Vg g;sL afn clwsf/sf nflu cfjfh p7fPsL lyOg .
• afn clwsf/ ;DaGwL dxf;lGw df g]kfnn] !$ ;]K6]Da/ !(() df cg'df]bg u/]sf]
• @) gf]e]D]Dj/ !(*( df dxf;ef4f/f kfl/t k|:|:tfj $%÷@% adf]lhd u|x0f u/L
x:tfIf/,cg'df]bg tyf ;lDdngsf nflu v'nf ul/Psf] xf] . afn clwsf/ dxf;GwL @ ;]KK6]Da/
!(()b]lv nfu" ePsf] xf] .
cjwf/0ff
;+o'Qm /fi6«« ;+3n] dfgj clwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ffkqdf afNoj:yfdf ljz]if :ofxf/ tyf;xof]u kfpg'
kg]{ 3f]if0ff ubf{ b]xfosf s'/fx?sf] ;+:d/0f ul/Psf] 5 M
• ;dfhsf] d"ne't ;d"xsf] / o;sf ;a} ;b:o tyf vf;u/L afnaflnsfsf] ljsf; tyf sNof0fsf]
nflu k|fs[lts jftfj/0fsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] kl/jf/nfO{ cfjZos ;+/If0f tyf ;xof]u k|bfg ul/g'
k5{ tfls o;n] ;d'bfoleq cfÇgf] lhDd]jf/L k"0f{ ¿kn] jxg ug{ ;sf];\, eGg] s'/fdf ljZj:t
eP/, cfÇgf] JolStTjsf] k"0f{ tyf ;fdGh:ok"0f{ ljsf;sf nflu afnaflnsf Pp6f kfl/jfl/s
jftfj/0f, k|;Ggtf, dfof, ddtf / ;dembf/Lsf] kl/j]zdf x's{g' k5{ eGg] s'/fnfO{ :jLsf/ ub}{,
• ;dfhdf JolStut hLjg lgjf{x ug{ afnaflnsf k"0f{ ¿kn] tof/ x'g'kg]{ / pgLx¿nfO{ ;+o'Qm
/fi6«« ;+3sf] j8fkqdf 3f]lift cfbz{sf] efjgfdf / vf;u/L zflGt, k|lti7f, :jtGqtf, ;dfgtf /
;xa4tfsf] efjgfdf kfngkf]if0f ug{'kg]{ s'/f ljrf/ ub}{,
• afnaflnsfnfO{ ljz]if :ofxf/ k'¥ofpg' kg]{ cfjZostf afn clwsf/sf] ;g\ !(@$ sf] h]g]ef
3f]if0ffkq tyf ;+o'Qm /fi6«« ;+3n] @) gf]e]Dj/ !(%( df u|x0f u/]sf] afn clwsf/sf]
3f]if0ffkqdf pNn]v ul/Psf] / ;f] cfjZostfnfO{ dfgj clwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ffkqdf,
gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/ ;DjGwL cGt/f{li6«o k|lt1fkq -vf;u/L wf/f @# / @$_ df,
cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts clwsf/ ;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o k|lt1fkq -vf;u/L wf/f !)_ df/
afnaflnsfsf] sNof0f;Fu ;DalGwt ljlzli6s[t lgsfo tyf cGt/f{li6«o ;+u7gsf ljwfg tyf
;Da4 lnvtdf :jLsf/ ul/Psf] s'/fnfO{ x[bo+ud ub}{,
• afn clwsf/sf] 3f]if0ffkqdf pNn]v ePadf]lhd afnsnfO{ lghsf] zf/Ll/s tyf dfgl;s
ckl/kSjtfsf] sf/0fn] hGdg' cl3 / hGd]kl5 ;d"lrt sfg"gL ;+/If0f nufot ljz]if ;+/If0f /
:ofxf/sf] cfjZostf kg]{ s'/fnfO{ x[bo+ud ub}{,
• afnaflnsfsf] ;+/If0f tyf sNof0f;Fu ;DalGwt ;fdflhs tyf sfg"gL l;4fGt, vf;u/L /fli6«o
tyf cGt/f{li6«o ¿kdf afnaflnsfsf] x]/rfx :yfkgf tyf wd{k'q ;DjGwL 3f]if0ffkqsf], afn
Gofo k|zf;gsf] nflu ;+o'Qm /fi6«« ;+3Lo :t/Lo Go"gtd lgod -æj]OlhË lgodÆ_ tyf ;+s6sfn
/ ;z:q åGådf gf/L tyf afnaflnsfsf] ;+/If0f ;DaGwL 3f]if0ffkqsf] Joj:yfnfO{ ;+:d/0f ub}{,
• ljZjsf ;a} b]zdf afnaflnsf ckjfbhgs ¿kdf sl7g cj:yfdf /x]sf / To:tf
afnaflnsfnfO{ ljz]if Wofg lbg'kg]{ cfjZostf ePsf] s'/f :jLsf/ ub}{,
155
 • afnaflnsfsf] ;+/If0f tyf ;fdGh:ok"0f{ ljsf;sf nflu k|To]s hgtfsf] k/Dk/f tyf ;fF:s[lts
d"Nosf] dxTjk|lt plrt Wofg lbFb},
• k|To]s b]zdf, vf;u/L ljsf;zLn b]zdf afnaflnsfsf] hLjg:t/ ;'wf/sfnflu cGt/f{li6«o
;xof]usf] cfjZostf :jLsf/ ug]{ s'/f pNn]v ul/Psf 5 .
afnclwsf/sf nflu ePsf /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o k|of;
!_cGt/f{li6«o k|of;
• !(!(df PUn]G6fOg h]asf] k|of;af6 a]nfotdf ;]e b lrN8«]gsf] :yfkgf ePsf] xf] .
• !(@# df afnarfp cGt/{fli6«o o'lgogn] afn clwsf/nfO{ dfGotf k|bfg
• !(@# sf] afn clwsf/ ;DaGwL cjwf/0fsf] ljsf; / !(*( ;DdcfOk'Ubf dxf;GwLdf kl/0ft
eof] .
• !(@$ df lnu ckm g];gaf6 % a'Fb] afnclwsf/ 3f]if0ffkq kfl/t u¥of], Tof]g} klxnf] cGt/f{li6«o
k|of; xf] h;nfO{ h]g]ef 3f]if0ff kq klg elgG5 .
• !($* ;+o'St /fi6««;+3af6 dfgjclwsf/ 3f]if0ffkq kfl/t,
• !(%( ;+o'St /fi6««;+3af6 afnclwsf/ ;DaGwL !) a'Fb] 3f]if0ffkq kfl/t
• !(&(cGt/f{li6«oafn jif{ 3f]if0ff / kf]Nof08 ;/sf/af6 afnclwsf/ dxf;GwLsf] k|:tfj
• kf]Nof08sf lkmlhl;og Janusz KorczaknfO{ afn clwsf/sf lktfsf ¿kdf klg lnOG5
• !(*(, gf]e]Da/ @) df ;+o'St /fi6««;+3sf] dxf;efaf6 afnclwsf/ dxf;GwL kfl/t
• !((), ;]K6]Da/ @df afnclwsf/ dxf;GwL nfu" -x:tfIf/ ug{ v'nf ul/Psf]_
• !(() , !$ ;]K6]Da/df g]kfnn] dxf;GwL cg'df]bg
• ;g @))) ;Dddf ljZjsf ;a/fi6««af6 afnclwsf/ / dxf;GwLnfO cg'df]bg u/fO ljZjAofkL
b:tfj]h agfpg k|of; ePsf] .
• afn clwsf/ dxf;GwLsf] wf/f ! o; dxf;lGwsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu afns;DaGwL sfg'gcGtu{t
jo:stfsf] pd]/ of]eGbf sd /xg] u/L tf]lsPsf] l:yltdf afx]s afnaflnsf eGgfn] !*
jif{d'lgsf k|To]s dfgjnfO{ ;D´g k5{ .
• gf]e]Da/ @) nfO{ cGt/f{li6«o afnlbj; dgfOG5 .
• afnclwsf/sf cfwf/e"t If]qafFRg kfpg] clwsf/, ;+/lIft x'g kfpg] clwsf/,ljsf; ug{ kfpg]
clwsf/ / ;xefuL x'g kfpg] clwsf/ x'g .
@= afn clwsf/ ;DaGwdf ePsf /fli6«o k|of;
s=!(() df g]kfnn] afn clwsf/ dxf;GwLdf x:tfIf/ kl5 u/]sf k|of;
• /fli6«o afn lbj; ebf} @( ut] dgfpg] Joj:yf
• lhNnf afnsNof0f ;ldlt u7g
• s]Gb|Lo afnsNof0f ;ldlt u7g
• afnaflnsf ;DaGwL P]g, @)$* / lgodfjnL, @)%! lgdf{0f
• @) gf]e]Da/nfO{ cGt/f{li6«o afn clwsf/ lbj; dgfpg] 3f]if0ff
• afnaflnsfsf nflu sfd ug]{ ;+:yfsf] ;+VofTds a[l4

156
 • dlxnf, afnaflnsf tyf h]i7 gful/s dGqfnosf] :yfkgf
• afn>d dxf;GwL !*@df x:tfIf/
• afn>d lgif]w / lgoldt ug]{ P]g @)%^ lgdf{0f !^ jif{ pd]/ gk'u]sf] afnaflnsfnfO{nfO{ afns
egL kl/efiff u/]sf], !$ jif{ pd]/ k"/f gu/]sf afnaflnsfnfO{>ldsdf sfddf nufpg gkfOg]
Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 .
v=afnaflnsf ;DaGwL P]g, @)$* / lgodfjnL, @)%! / logdf ePsf k|d'v Joj:yfM
• !^ jif{ pd]/ gk'u]sf] afnaflnsfnfO{ afns egL kl/efiff u/]sf]
• x/]]s afnsn] hGd] kl5 afa'cfdfsf] y/ /fVg] / hGd ldlt sfod ug{ kfpg] clwsf/ x'g]
• k|To]s afnsn] p;sf cfdfafj'af6 kl/jf/sf] cfly{s cj:yfcg';f/ kfng kf]if0f ug'{sf
cltl/St lzIff, :jfYof]krf/, v]ns'b tyf dgf]/~hgsf] ;'ljwfsf] Joj:yf ug]{
• afnssf] kfngkf]if0f, lzIffdf 5f]/f 5f]/L lar s'g} e]befj gug]{
• wd{k'q jf wd{k'qLn] cfkm\gf] hGd lbg] afa'cfdf;Fu e]63f6 kqfrf/ ug{ kfpg]
• afnsnfO dfUg] sfddf nufpg / b]jL b]jtfsf gfddf afnsnfO{ r9fpg kfOg] 5}g,
• cg}lts sfddf nufpg gkfOg]
• Psf3/sf sf]xL gePsf afnssf] x]/rfx / lghsf] ;Dkltsf] lhDdf k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/L /
afnsNof0f clwsf/Ln] afnssf] kfng kf]if0fsf] Joj:yf ldnfpg' k5{
• afnssf] sNof0fsf/L Joj:yfsf nflu g]kfn ;/sf/n] tf]s]sf] cWoIf / ;b:o /xg] u/L @!
hgf ;b:oLo s]Gb|Lo afnsNof0f ;ldlt u7g ug]{ Joj:yf 5 eg] o;}u/L k|d'v lhNnf
clwsf/Lsf] cWoIftfdf & ;b:oLo lhNnf afnsNof0f ;ldlt u7g x'g] Joj:yf ul/Psf] / b'j}
;ldltsf] kbfjlw $ jif{sf] x'g] Joj:yf 5 .
u=g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f #! df lzIff ;DaGwL xs / wf/f #(df afnaflnsfsf]xssf] Joj:yf
ul/Psf] 5 . h;df elgPsf] 5 M
wf/f#! M lzIff ;DaGwL xs
-!_ k|To]s gful/snfO{ cfwf/e"t lzIffdf kx'Frsf] xs x'g]5 .
-@_ k|To]s gful/snfO{ /fHoaf6 cfwf/e"t tx;Ddsf] lzIff clgjfo{ / lgMz'Ns tyf dfWolds
tx;Ddsf] lzIff lgMz'Ns kfpg] xs x'g]5 .
-#_ ckfª\utf ePsf / cfly{s ¿kn] ljkGg gful/snfO{ sfg"g adf]lhd lgMz'Ns pRr lzIff kfpg] xs
x'g]5 .
-$_ b[li6ljxLg gful/snfO{ a|]nlnlk tyf alx/f / :j/ jf af]nfO ;DaGwL ckfª\utf ePsf gful/snfO{
;f+s]lts efiffsf] dfWodaf6 sfg"g adf]lhd lgMz'Ns lzIff kfpg] xs x'g]5 .
-%_ g]kfndf a;f]af; ug{] k|To]s g]kfnL ;d'bfonfO{ sfg"g adf]lhd cfÇgf] dft[efiffdf lzIff kfpg] /
To;sf nflu ljb\ofno tyfz}lIfs ;+:yf vf]Ng] / ;~rfng ug{] xs x'g]5 .
wf/f #( M afnaflnsfsf] xs
-!_ k|To]s afnaflnsfnfO{cfÇgf] klxrfg ;lxt gfds/0f / hGdbtf{sf] xs x'g]5 .

157
-@_ k|To]s afnaflnsfnfO{ kl/jf/ tyf /fHoaf6 lzIff, :jf:Yo, kfng kf]if0f, plrt :ofxf/, v]ns"b,
dgf]/~hg tyf ;jf{ª\uL0f JolStTj ljsf;sf] xs x'g]5 .
-#_ k|To]s afnaflnsfnfO{ k|f/lDes afn ljsf; tyf afn ;xeflutfsf] xs x'g]5 .
-$_ s'g} klg afnaflnsfnfO{ snsf/vfgf, vfgL jf o:t} cGo hf]lvdk"0f{ sfddf nufpg kfOg] 5}g .
-%_ s'g} klg afnaflnsfnfO{ afn ljjfx, u}/sfg"gL cf];f/k;f/ / ckx/0f ug{ jf aGws /fVg kfOg]
5}g .
-^_ s'g} klg afnaflnsfnfO{ ;]gf, k|x/L jf ;z:q ;d"xdf egf{ jf k|of]u ug{ jf ;f+:s[lts jf wfld{s
k|rngsf gfddf s'g} klg dfWod jf k|sf/n] b'Jo{jxf/, pk]Iff jf zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s, of}ghGo jf
cGo s'g} k|sf/sf] zf]if0f ug{ jf cg'lrt k|of]u ug{ kfOg] 5}g .
-&_ s'g} klg afnaflnsfnfO{ 3/, ljb\ofno jf cGo h'g;'s} :yfg / cj:yfdf zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s jf
cGo s'g} lsl;dsf] oftgf lbg kfOg] 5}g .
-*_ k|To]s afnaflnsfnfO{ afn cg's"n Gofosf] xs x'g]5 .
-(_ c;xfo, cgfy, ckfª\utf ePsf, åGåkLl8t, lj:yflkt Pj+ hf]lvddf /x]sf afnaflnsfnfO{ /fHoaf6
ljz]if ;+/If0f / ;'ljwf kfpg] xs x'g]5 .
-!)_ pkwf/f -$_, -%_, -^_ / -&_ ljk/Ltsf sfo{ sfg"g adf]lhd b08gLo x'g]5g\ / To:tf] sfo{af6
kLl8t afnaflnsfnfO{ kL8saf6 sfg"g adf]lhd Ifltk"lt{ kfpg] xs x'g]5 .
afnclwsf/sf] juL{s/0f
;g\ !(*( df kfl/t cGt/f{li6«o dxf;lGwdf plNnlvt clwsf/nfO{ a'em\g afn clwsf/nfO{ rf/ ;d"xdf
afF8]/ ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5 M
!_ ;'—hLjg, ;'—:jf:Yo, vf]k, dft[ :tgkfg / k|sf]ksf] lj?4 afFRg] clwsf/ kfpg'kb{5 .
@_ ;'—jftfj/0fM s'g} s'/fsf] ;]jf k|fKt ug{ kfpg] hGd l;b\w / cflh{t clwsf/, h:t} gfd, /fli6«otf,
:jf:Yo / :ofxf/, lzIff, cf/fd, dgf]/~hg / v]n, ckfª\utf cflb .
#_ ;+/Ifs M hf]lvdk"0f{ sfd / Jojxf/af6 ;'/lIft x'g] clwsf/ M h:t} afa'cfdfaf6 b'Jo{jxf/,
Jofkfl/s tyf of}g;DaGwL zf]if0f, zf/Ll/s tyf dfgl;s b'Jo{jxf/, o'4df ;+nUgtf, afn dhb'/L
aFw'jf dhb'/L zf]if0faf6 ;+/If0f cflb .
$_ ;xeflutfM afnaflnsfsf] hLjgdf k|efj kfg]{ lg0f{odf cfkm\gf] s'/f ;'g'jfO{ ug]{ clwsf/,
;fdYo{cg';f/ lhDd]jf/Lk"0f{ o'jf cj:yfsf] tof/Lsf ¿kdf afnaflnsfn] cfkm\gf] ;fdflhs
lj|mofsnfkdf efu lng cj;/ kfpg'kb{5 .
afn clwsf/sf] ;}b\wflGts kIf
afnaflnsfsf xs / clwsf/ tyf lxt;DaGwL jf pgLx¿;Fu ;DalGwt h'g;'s} lj|mofsnfkdf klg
pgLx¿sf] ;xeflutfsf] sfo{j|md Jofjxfl/s / nfek|b, pknlAwd"ns x'G5 eGg] cjwf/0ff 5 tfklg Go"g
dfqfdf pgLx¿sf] ;+nUgtf x'g] u/]sf] 5 .afnclwsf/;DaGwL l;4fGt, kIf tyf ;"rs lgDgfg';f/ 5g\M
!_ e]befjljgfsf] l;b\wfGtMhft, pd]/ ;d'bfo cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ju{, lnª\u, If]q wd{ cflbsf cfwf/df
x'g] e]befj .
@ afnaflnsfsf] OR5f M afn s]lGb|t / afnd}qL jftfj/0f .

158
#_ ;'/Iff / afFRg] clwsf/ M a]rlavg, of}g zf]if0f, dhb'/L, afwf /fVg], czflGtsf] a]nf ;'/Iff
nufot .
$_ afnljsf; Mzf/Ll/s, dfgl;s, ;fdflhs / ;+j]ufTdsdfgjclwsf/sf cGo ljljw kIf tyf ;"rs
5g\ . h'g afnaflnsfsf] clwsf/sf ;DaGwdf Tolts} ;fy{s / cy{k"0f{ x'G5g\ .
%=# jfnd}qL ljb\ofno M cjwf/0ff, dfkb08 / ;"rs
%=#=! cjwf/0ff
cfhsf] xfd|f] cfjZostf afnaflnsfnfO{ljb\ofnodf k'¥ofpg' dfq xf]Og, ;aljb\ofnonfO{ afnaflnsfsf]
OR5fcg';f/ pko'Qm lzIffsf] Joj:yfkg ug{ ;Sg] agfpg' klg xf] .o;}sf/0f afn clwsf/;DaGwL
dxf;lGwn] klg afnaflnsfsf] lzIff kfpg] clwsf/nfO{ ;'lglZrt u/]sf] 5 . ;f]xL dxf;lGwn] ;a}
afnaflnsfsf] ;jf{ËL0f ljsf;sf nflu lagf s'g} e]befj u'0f:t/Lo lzIff kfpg' kg]{ cfjZostf klg
:jLsf/]sf] 5 . o;} clwsf/nfO{ ;'lglZrt ug{ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg tyf lzIff;DaGwL ljljw
b:tfj]hn] ;d]t dfu{lgb]{z u/]sf 5g\ .
• g]kfndf lzIffsf] kx'Fr a9fpg / lzIffnfO{ u'0f:t/ agfpg ljleGg k|of; x'b} cfO/x]sf 5g\ .oL
dWo] afnd}qL ljb\ofnosf] cjwf/0ff klg Ps xf] .
• o; cjwf/0ffn] ljb\ofnosf] Go"gtd / ck]lIft dfkb08 s] s] x'g\ / ljb\ofno ljsf;df s–
s;n] s:tf] e"ldsf v]Ng] eGg] s'/f lbPsf] 5 . o:tf sfo{af6 cleefjs afnaflnsfsf] k9fOk|lt
rf;f] /fVg], ;d'bfon] ljb\ofno ljsf;df dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Ng] / ljb\ofnon] lbgfg'lbg cfkm\gf]
:t/ a9fpb} nfg] s'/f cfzf ul/Psf] 5 .
afnd}qL ljb\ofnos] xf] <
• afnaflnsfn] cfkm\gf] ult / Ifdtf cg';f/ /dfOnf];Fu l;Sg] jftfj/0f ePsf] ljb\ofno afnd}qL
ljb\ofno xf] .o:tf ljb\ofnodf afnaflnsf cg's"nsf] l;sfO jftfj/0f tof/ ul/G5,
afnaflnsfsf] cGt/lglxt Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ul/G5 .
• afnaflnsfn] zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s Pj+ ;Dj]ufTds ¿kn] ;'/lIft tyf :j:y jftfj/0f kfpFb5g\ .
• afnaflnsfsf] ?lr, Ifdtf / :t/sf] sb/ x'G5 / ;f]xLcg';f/ pgLx¿sf] l;sfOsf nflu
cfjZos jftfj/0f Pj+ kf7\oqmdsf] Joj:yf x'G5 .
• ;a afnaflnsfsf] ;xeflutf ;'lglZrt ug]{ ljb\ofno
• afnaflnsfsf] l;sfO pknlAwsf] d"Nof+sg ug]{ k"0f{ lhDd]jf/L lzIfssf] x'G5 .
• afnaflnsfnfO{ pgLx¿sf] hft, lnË, wd{, efiff, cfly{s:t/, zf/Ll/s Pj+ dfgl;s b'j{ntfsf
cfwf/df lagf e]befj ljb\ofnodf egf{ ul/G5 .
• afnaflnsfsf] vf]hL ug]{ ljb\ofno
• o;afx]s ljb\ofno leq / aflx/ /x]sf afnaflnsfnfO{ e]befj/lxt Jojxf/ ul/G5 .
• k9fO–n]vfOsf cltl/Qm afnaflnsfsf] :jf:Yo Pj+ ;''/Iffdf ljz]if Wofg lbOG5 .
• ljb\ofnosf] gLlt lgdf{0f, of]hgf th'{df, sfof{Gjog / d"Nof+sgdf afnaflnsf, cleefjs /
;d'bfonfO{ k|ToIf ;xefuL u/fOG5 .
• s'g} klg k|sf/sf ef}lts, zf/Ll/s Pj+ dfgl;s b08, ;hfo alh{t x'G5 / afnaflnsfnfO{
b'Jo{jxf/ / gf]S;fgLaf6 arfpg] sfd lg/Gt/ ¿kdf eO/x]sf] x'G5 .
lzIff If]qdf ul/g] kl/jt{g / ;'wf/sf] s]Gb|ljGb' eg]sf afnaflnsf / ljb\ofno g} x'g\ . afnaflnsfsf]
;jf{ª\uL0f lxt ug{ g} ljb\ofno :yfkgf ul/Psf x'G5g\ . ljb\ofnosf] k|f0f g} afnaflnsf x'g\ . afnd}qL

159
ljb\ofnon] afnaflnsfsf] ;jf]{RrtfnfO{ cfTd;ft\ u/]sf x'G5g\ . afnaflnsfn] cfkm\gf] l;sfO ult /
Ifdtf cg';f/ /dfOnf];Fu l;Sg] jftfj/0f ePsf] ljb\ofno afnd}qL ljb\ofno xf] .
afnd}qL ljb\ofno eGgfn] æljb\ofno v'Nbf gfgLn] a]n}df k9\g] k':ts kfpmg\, ljb\ofnodf 3fdkfgLaf6
aRg] sf]7f, a:g] a]~r, kLpg] kfgL, ef]s d]6fpg] vfhf, lb;flk;fa ug{] rkL{, v]Ng] rp/ xf]cf];,\ u'?–
u'?cfdfn] k"/f ;do k9fO lbpg\, afa'–cfdfn] cfkm\gf gfgLnfO{ ;w}+el/ :s"n k7fOlbpg\, k9\g sf]xL
g5'6"g\, sf]xL gbf]xf]l/pg, :s"ndf sf]xL s;}åf/f ckx]lnt / bldt x'g gk/f];\, :s"n ;a}sf] ;femf km"naf/L
xf]cf];\, km'Ng] kmqmg] cj;/ ;a}NffO{ ldnf];\Æ eGg] a'lemG5 .
WHO/UNO sf] cg';f/ afnd}qL ljb\ofnosf gf} cf]6f k|d'v tTTj÷;"rs b]xfoadf]lhd /x]sf 5g\ M
!= ef}lts jftfj/0f
@= ejg / ;'ljwf
#= l;sfOsf -;fwg_ ;fdu|L
$= dgf];fdflhs jftfj/0f
%= ljb\ofyL{ ;xeflutf
^= ;lj|mo ;xeflutfd"ns l;sfO
&= 3/ / ljb\ofnosf] ;DaGw
*= ljb\ofno ;d'bfo ;DaGw
(= ljb\ofno :jf:Yo k|jw{g
afnd}qL ljb\ofnosf s]xL l;4fGt b]xfo adf]lhd /x]sf 5g\M
• afn s]lGb|t
• ;dfj]zL
• k|hftflGqs ;xeflutf
• clwsf/df cfwfl/t ljlwsf] k|of]u
• afn cfslif{t ljb\ofno
• afn :jf:Yo / ;'/If0f k|ljlwo'St ljb\ofno
• kl/jf/, ;d'bfo / ljb\ofno aLrsf] ;xsfo{
afnd}qL ljb\ofnosf lzIfs;Fu lgDglnlvt 1fg x'g'kb{5M
• ;fdfGo ;'ema'em ;DaGwL 1fg M lzIfs / ljb\ofyL{sf] cfrf/;+lxtfsf] hfgsf/L
• nf]s;Ddt M nf]s ;+:s[lt, ;+:sf/, :yfgLo 1fg tyf k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t 1fg Pjd\ ljb\ofyL{sf]
b}lgs hLjgdf kl/cfpg] 36gf, ljz]if pT;j, cf}ifwf]krf/ ;DaGwL 1fg
• l;k ;DaGwL 1fg M ljb\ofyL{nfO{ s;/L l;sfpg] eGg] l;k
• ;fGble{s 1fg M sIffsf]7f, ;d'bfo, ljb\ofyL{sf] kfl/jfl/s k[i7e"ld ;DaGwL 1fg
• k];fut 1fg M kf7\oj|md / lzIf0f /0fgLlt÷ljlwsf] af/]df / To;sf] k|of]u ug{] 1fg
• z}lIfs l;b\wfGt ;DaGwL 1fg M afnljsf;, ;dfhdf lzIffsf] e"ldsf h:tf cjwf/0ffsf] 1fg
• ;fdflhs tyf g}lts d"NodfGotf / bfz{lgs kIfsf] af/]df 1fg M dfgjLo kIf, ;fdflhs Gofo
tyf g}lts d"NodfGotf, afnclwsf/ ;DaGwL b[li6 k'Ug] 1fg
afnd}qL ljb\ofnosf cfjZos ;t{
• ljb\ofnonfO{ zflGt If]qsf ¿kdf ljsl;t ug{], afnaflnsfnfO{ klxnf] k|fyldstfsf] /0fgLlt
nfu" ug{] .
• ljb\ofnodf Go"gtd ;Ifdtfsf] cj:yf l;h{gf ug{] .
• afnaflnsfsf] ljsf;nfO{ s]Gb|df /fVg] .
160
 • afnclwsf/sf] k|Tofe"lt x'g] jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug{] .
• e]befj/lxt, b08/lxt, qf; lagfsf] l;sfO k|lj|mofsf] ;'lglZrttf ug{] .
• lzIfssf] e"ldsf M;xhstf{, pTk|]/s, ljb\ofyL{ ;Fu;Fu} l;Sg] .
• ljb\ofno Joj:yfkg, lzIfs, ljb\ofyL{, cleefjs / ;d'bfoaLr af/Daf/ cGt/lj|mof ug{] .
afnd}qL ljb\ofnodf ljleGg ;/f]sf/jfnfsf] e"ldsf b]xfoadf]lhd /x]sf] 5 M
s= ljb\ofyL{
• ;xof]uL / Jojxfl/s x'g] .
• x/]s lj|mofsnfkdf ;xefuL x'g] .
• cfk;L 5nkmn ;xof]u / cGtlj|mofaf6 ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ ;lj|mo x'g] .
• zf/Ll/s, af}b\lws tyf ;+j]ufTds ljsf; ;dfg'kflts 9ª\uaf6 ug{] .
• cfTd;Ddfg / cfTdljZjf;sf ;fy sfo{ ug{] .
v= lzIfs
• ljb\ofyL{nfO{ x]/rfx, dfof / cfb/ ug{],
• ljb\ofyL{nfO{ Ifdtf / rfxgfcg';f/ l;sfpg] / l;sfpg pT;'s / k|ltab\w x'g],
• ljb\ofyL{nfO{ x/]s lj|mofsnfkdf ;xefuL x'g xf};nf k|bfg ug]{ / pgLx¿sf] ljrf/sf] sb/ ug]{,
• k"/f tof/Lsf ;fy of]hgfab\w 9ª\uaf6 sIffsf]7fdf k|j]z ug{],
• ljb\ofyL{sf] cfTdjn a9\g] vfnsf lzIf0f ljlw k|of]u ug{], cfkm\gf] k];fk|lt uf}/j ub{} cfTd
ljZjf;L x'G5g\ / sIffsf]7fnfO{ sd{ynf]sf ¿kdf lnG5g\ eGg] efjgf sfod /fVg],
• ;a} ljb\ofyL{nfO{ ;dfg Jojxf/ ug{],
• ljb\ofyL{nfO{ s'g} klg lsl;dsf] ;hfo glbg],
• ljb\ofyL{sf] cufl8 pbfx/0fLo eP/ k|:t't x'g] .
u= cleefjs
• ljb\ofnosf] j}7sdf lgoldt ¿kdf efu lng],
• ljb\ofnosf] gLlt,of]hgf, sfo{j|md tyf sfof{Gjog cEof;af/] /fd|f] hfgsf/L /fVg],
• cfkm\gf] Ifdtf / ;fdYo{cg';f/ ljb\ofnosf] ljsf;;Fu ;DalGwt lj|mofsnfkdf ;xefuL e}
;xof]u ug]{,
• cfkm\gf afnaflnsfsf] l;sfO k|ult tyf sdhf]/Laf/] lzIfs / k|wfgfWofks;Fu ;/;Nnfx u/L
cfjZos ;xof]u ug]{,
• ljb\ofyL{sf] l;sfOdf cfkm\gf] klg lhDd]jf/L /xG5 eGg] efjgfsf ;fy sfd ug{],
• ljb\ofnok|lt ;sf/fTds efjgf /fVg] .
• afnd}qL ljb\ofno /fli6«o k|f¿ksf] lgdf{0f @)^& ;fn d+l;/ ( ut]sf] -gf]e]Da/ @%,@)!)_
ut]sf] lg0f{oaf6 ePsf] lyof] .

161
afnd}qL ljb\ofno k|f¿ksf pb\b]Zo
afnd}qL lzIf0f l;sfOsf] jftfj/0f tof/ ug'{ xf] . o; cnfjf afnaflnsfsf] ;jf{ËL0f k|ltef phfu/ ub}{
z}lIfs kx'Fr / u'0f:t/df a9f]Q/L Nofpg' xf] . o;afx]s o; k|f¿ksf pb\b]ZoM
• afnclwsf/, ;a}sf] nflu lzIff, ;x;|fAbL ljsf;sf nIoh:tf g]kfnsf] tkm{jf6 ePsf
cGt/f{li6«o k|ltj4tfnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{,
• afnd}qL ljb\ofnosf] cfjZostf / dxTjsf af/]df ;/f]sf/jfnfnfO{ cjut u/fpg],
• afnd}qL ljb\ofnosf nflu /fli6«o dfkb08 / o;sf ;"rs lgwf{/0f ug]{, /
• g]kfndf ;~rflnt ;a}vfn] ljb\ofnonfO{ afnd}qL ljb\ofno agfpg lgDgfg';f/ sfo{ ug]{M
– lbOPsf ;"rssf] cfwf/df ljb\ofnosf] :t/ klxrfg ug]{,
– ljb\ofnon] :jd"Nof+sg u/L afnd}qL ljb\ofnosf] l:ylt kQf nufpg],
– ljb\ofnonfO{ afnd}qL ljb\ofnodf ¿kfGt/0f ug{ ;Ifdtf ljsf; ug]{,
– afnd}qLljb\ofno agfpg cfjZos :yfgLo ;|f]t ;fwg h'6fpg dfu{lgb]{z ug]{,
– clwsf/df cfwfl/t u'0f:t/Lo lzIffsf] k|a4{g ug]{ .
– afnd}qL ljb\ofnosf hDdf ;"rs ($ / Go'gtd dfkb08!$( cf]6f /x]sf 5g\ .
%=#=@ dfkb08 / ;"rs
j|m=;+= afnd}qL ljb\ofnosf kIf If]q ;"rs Go'gtd dfkb08 ;"rs ck]lIft
! k|efjsfl/tf ^ !% !% !%
@ ;dfj]zLs/0f % ( ( (
# lzIffdf n}+lus kIf # !! !! !!
$ afnaflnsf,kl/jf/ / ;d'bfo ! # !$ !$
;xeflutf
% :jf:Yo, ;'/Iff / arfj6 # # !# !^
^ ljb\ofnosf] ef}lts cj:yf ! @) $% $&
& lzIf0f l;sfO k|ls|of & !# !% !$
* dft[efiffdf lzIf0f l;sfO % & & *
( ljb\ofnoJoj:yfkg !) !# @) !*
hDdf ($ !$( !%@

%=$ afnclwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGw, !(*( -lzIff ;DaGwL_

@) gf]e]Da/ !(*( df dxf;efåf/f k|:tfj kfl/t
nfu' ePsf]– ldlt @ ;]K6]Da/ !(() tbg'¿k @) efb| lj=;+= @)$&
g]kfnn] cg'df]bg u/]sf] ldlt–!$ ;]K6]Da/ !(() tbg';f/ @( efb| @)$&
o;df # efu / %$ j6f wf/f 5g\

162
;+o'Qm /fi6«« ;ª\3n] kfl/t u/]sf] jfnclwsf/;DaGwLsf wf/f lgDg lnlvt 5g\M
wf/f ! M afnssf] kl/efiff
wf/f @ M e]befj ug{ gx'g]
wf/f # M afn aflnsfsf] pRrtd lxt
wf/f $ M afn clwsf/sf] sfof{Gjog
wf/f % M afa'cfdfsf] dfu{bz{g afnaflnsfsf] pbof]Gd'v Ifdtf
wf/f ^ M /fHokIfn] afnaflnsfsf] kl/rosf] ;+/If0f ug'{kg]{
wf/f & M gfd / /fli6«otf k|fKt ug]{ afnaflnsfsf] clwsf/
wf/f * M /fHon] afnaflnsfsf] kl/ro ;+/If0f ug'{kg]{
wf/f ( M afnaflnsfsf] ;jf]{Qd lxtljk/Lt x'g] cj:yfdf afx]s cfkm\gf] cfdfafa';Fu
a;f]af; ug]{ clwsf/ . cfdfafa'af6 lj5f]8 ePdf ;Dks{ /fVg kfpg] clwsf/
wf/f !) M kfl/jfl/s k'gld{ngsf] clwsf/
wf/f !! M afa'cfdf jf cGo t];|f] kIfn] u/]sf] afnalfnsfsf] ckx/0f jf lgb]{zg /f]Sg] sfd
lgjf/0f ug]{ / tL ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg ug]{ /fHosf] bfloTj
wf/f !@ M ljrf/ k|s6 ug{ kfpg] / ljrf/sf] dfGotf kfpg'kg]{ clwsf/
wf/f !# M cleJolSt :jtGqtfsf] clwsf/
wf/f !$ M ljrf/, ljj]s / wfld{s :jtGqtfsf] clwsf/
wf/f !% M ;ª\u7g vf]Ng] / zflGtk"0f{ e]nf x'g kfpg] clwsf/
wf/f !^ M uf]kgLotfsf] ;+/If0f
wf/f !& M plrt hfgsf/L k|fKt ug{ kfpg] clwsf/
wf/f !* M cfkm\gf afnaflnsfsf] nfngkfngdf afa'cfdf b'a}sf] ;+o'Qm bfloTj /xg]
wf/f !( M b'Jo{jxf/ / pk]Iffaf6 ;+/If0f
wf/f @) M kl/jf/ljxLg afnaflnsfsf] ;+/If0f ul/g'kg]{
wf/f @! M afnaflnsfsf] ;DaGwdf cfjZos ;a} arfp /flvPsf / of]Uo clwsf/Ln] dfq}
:jLs[lt lbg kfpg] u/L afnaflnsfsf] pRrtd\ lxtnfO{ Wofgdf /fv]/ dfq cg'dlt
lbg] Joj:yf
wf/f @@ M z/0ffyL{ jf z/0ffyL{ x'g vf]hL /x]sf afnaflnsfsf] ;+/If0f;DaGwL ljz]if Joj:yf
wf/f @# M ckfª\u afnaflnsfsf] ljz]if :ofxf/, lzIff / k|lzIf0fsf] clwsf/
wf/f @$ M afnaflnsfsf] :jf:Yo / :jf:Yo ;]jf k|fKt ug]{ clwsf/
wf/f @% M :ofxf/ ;+/If0f tyf pkrf/sf nflu /flvPsf afnaflnsfsf] /fHosf] tkm{af6
lgoldt ta/n] d"Nofª\sg x'g'kg]{
wf/f @^ M ;fdflhs ;'/Iffaf6 ;'ljwf kfpg] afnaflnsfsf] clwsf/
wf/f @& M kof{Kt hLjg:t/af6 nfeflGjt x'g kfpg] clwsf/
163
wf/f @* M lzIff k|fKt ug]{ afnaflnsfsf] clwsf/ / sDtLdf k|fylds lzIff clgjfo{ /
lgMz'Ns u/fpg'kg]{ /fHosf] bfloTj .
wf/f @( M lzIff afnaflnsfsf] JolStTj / jf}lb\ws Ifdtfsf] ljsf;tkm{ lgb]{lzt x'g'kg]{ .
wf/f #) M cNk;ª\Vos tyf cflbjf;L ;d'bfosf afnaflnsfsf] cfkm\gf] ;+:s[ltdf /Dg kfpg]
/ cfkm\g} wd{ / efiff k|of]u ug{ kfpg] clwsf/
wf/f #! M cf/fd ug]{, v]Ng] tyf ;fF:s[lts / snfTds ultljlwdf efu lng kfpg] clwsf/
wf/f #@ M :jf:Yo, lzIff / ljsf;df xfgL k'Ug] k|sf/n] sfddf nufP/ afn>dsf] zf]if0f ug{
gx'g]
wf/f ## M nfu" kbfy{sf] k|of]u tyf ljt/0fsf] sfddf ;+nUgtfaf6 afnaflnsfnfO{ ;+/If0f
ug'{kg]{
wf/f #$ M afnaflnsfnfO{ j]Zofj[lQ jf cZnLn lrq0fdf ;+nUgtf nufotsf] of}g zf]if0f /
b'Jo{jxf/af6 ;+/If0f ug'{kg]{
wf/f #% M afnaflnsfsf] a]rljvg, cf];f/k;f/ / ckx/0fnfO{ /f]syfd ug'{kg]{
wf/f #^ M cGo k|sf/sf zf]if0faf6 ;'/lIft x'g] afnaflnsfsf] clwsf/
wf/f #& M oftgf, qm'/ Jojxf/ jf ;hfo, d[To'b08, cfhLjg sf/fjf;, u}/sfg'gL lu/km\tf/L
cyjf :jtGqsf] ckx/0fdf k|ltaGw
wf/f #* M ;z:q ;ª\3if{sf ;Gbe{df afnaflnsfsf] ;'/Iff x'g'kg]{
wf/f #( M ;z:q ;ª\3if{, oftgf, x]nfF, b'Jo{jxf/ / zf]if0faf6 pTkLl8t afnaflnsfsf] :ofxf/
/ ;fdflhs k'gM:yfkgf x'g'kg]{
wf/f $) M afn Gofo sfof{Gjogdf dof{bf / dxTTjsf] efjgfnfO{ ;Djb\w{g ug]{
wf/f $! M o;eGbf pRr:t/sf sfg'g 5g\ eg] To;sf] Joj:yfnfO{ g} Jojxf/df sfof{Gjog ug]{
wf/f $@ M /fHo kIfsf] pko'Qm / ;qmLo dfWodåf/f dxf;lGwsf l;b\wfGt / k|fjwfg k|rf/
k|;f/ ug'{kg]{
wf/f $# M sfof{Gjog tyf nfu" eP gePsf] k|ult d"Nof+sg tyf cg'udgsf nflu afnclwsf/
;ldlt :yfkgf ul/g]
wf/f $$ M /fHo kIfn] cfkm\gf k|ltj]bg afnclwsf/ ;ldltdf k|:t't u/L hg;fwf/0fdf Jofks
¿kdf pknAw u/fpg]
wf/f $% M dxf;lGwsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{GjognfO{ cl3 a9fpgsf nflu tyf dxf;lGwn] ;d]6]sf]
If]qdf cGt/f{li6«o ;xof]unfO{ pT;flxt ug]{
wf/f $^ M of] dxf;lGw ;Dk"0f{ /fi6««af6 x:tfIf/ x'gsf nflu v'nf x'g]5
wf/f $& M o; dxf;lGwdf cg'df]bg k|lj|mof ckgfpg'kg]{ -cg'df]bgsf nflu lnvt ;+o'Qm
/fi6««;ª\3sf dxf;lrj ;dIf btf{ u/fpg ;Sg] 5g\_
wf/f $* M of] dxf;lGwdf s'g} klg /fHoaf6 ;+nUg x'gsf nflu v'nf /xg]
wf/f $( M cg'df]bg jf ;+nUgtfsf] b[li6n] ;+o'Qm /fi6««;ª\3sf dxf;lrj sxfF bflvnf ePsf]
ldltn] lt;f}+ lbgdf of] dxf;lGw nfu" x'g]

164
 wf/f %) M o; dxf;lGwdf s'g} klg /fHo kIfn] ;+zf]wgsf] k|:tfj /fVg / o;nfO{ ;+o'Qm
/fi6««;ª\3sf dxf;lrj ;dIf btf{ u/fpg ;Sg] 5g\ .
wf/f %! M cg'df]bg jf ;+nUgtfsf] ;dodf /fHoåf/f ;'/If0f ul/Psf ;t{ ;+o'Qm /fi6««;ª\3sf
dxf;lrjn] k|fKt ug]{5g\ / ;Dk"0f{ /fHonfO{ ;f]sf] hfgsf/L k7fpg] 5g\
wf/f %@ M ;+o'Qm /fi6««;ª\3sf dxf;lrjsf] gfddf lnlvt ;"rgf lbP/ s'g} klg /fHo kIfn] of]
dxf;lGwnfO{ kl/Tofu ug{ ;Sg]5
wf/f %# M ;+o'Qm /fi6««;ª\3sf dxf;lrj o; dxf;lGwsf] lhDd]jf/ JolSt /xg] 5g\ .
wf/f %$ M dxf;lGwsf cflwsfl/s kl/efiff .

%=% ljb\ofno zflGt If]q

zflGtn] dfof, ;b\efj, af}lb\wstf tyf Gofosf] ljhf/f]k0f ub{5 / o;sf] ;DaGw tyf ;/f]sf/ JolSt,
kl/jf/, ;d'bfo tyf cGt/f{li6«o :t/;Dd /xG5 . zq'tf, n8fO{+ emu8f, ljgf;, lx+;f tyf e]befjsf]
l:ylt gePsf] jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug'{ zflGt cleofgsf] nIo xf] . JolSt, kl/jf/, ljb\ofno, ;d'bfo tyf
;j{q If]qdf zflGt ePdf ;sf/fTds ;f]+rsf 9f]sf v'Ng] ub{5g\ . ljb\ofno afnaflnsfsf] ;jf{ª\uL0f
ljsf; ug{] :yfg xf] . ljb\ofnosf] ;du| jftfj/0f / ToxfFsf ;Dk"0f{ lj|mofsnfkn] afnaflnsfsf] eljio
lgwf{/0f x'g] ub{5 . afnaflnsfsf] ;jf]{kl/ ljsf;sf lglDt ljb\ofnosf] jftfj/0f zfGt, ;'/lIft /
/dfO{nf] x'g' ckl/xfo{ 5 . ljb\ofno zflGtIf]qsf ¿kdf :yfkgf geP;Dd g]kfnn] ljZj ;d'bfo;dIf
k|ltab\wtf JoSt u/]sf] ;a}sf nflu lzIff / ;x>fJbL dfgj ljsf; nIo k"/f ug{ sl7g 5 . g]kfnsf]
/fli6«o of]hgfdf plNnlvt ;g\ @)!% ;Dddf æ;a}sf nflu lzIffÆ sfo{j|md, ælzIffsf nflu ljZjJofkL
cleofg,Æ lq–jifL{o cGtl/d of]hgf -@)^$÷^%–@)^^÷^&_ n] cufl8 ;f/]sf] æljb\ofno If]qnfO{
zflGtIf]q agfpg kxn ug{]Æ eGg] Joj:yf, ljb\ofno If]q ;'wf/ of]hgf -@)^^–@)&@_ n] cl3;f/]sf]
æPs z}lIfs jif{el/df ljb\ofnodf s'g} klg /fhg}lts afwf gkg]{u/L ljb\ofno zflGtIf]q 3f]lift x'g]5g\Æ
eGg] k|fjwfg 5g\ .To;}u/L /fhg}lts bnn] afnaflnsfsf ;DaGwdf laleGg ;dodf lnlvt k|ltab\wtf
klg JoSt u/]sf 5g\ . ;fy} afnaflnsf;Fu ;DalGwt cGo /fli6«o sfg'g tyf cGt/f{li6«o ;lGw
;Demf}tfdf klg afnaflnsfsf lzIff;DaGwL clwsf/nfO{ ;'lglZrt ug{sf nflu k|ltab\wtf JoSt ul/Psf
5g\ .
ljb\ofyL{{sf] k7gkf7gsf] clwsf/nfO{ ;'lglZrttf tyf ;'netf k|bfg ub}{ lagf Jojwfg ;'Jojl:yt /
zfGt jftfj/0fdf ljb\ofnosf] lg/Gt/ ;~rfngsf] ;'lglZrttfsf] nflu ldlt @)^* h]i7 !! ut] a;]sf]
g]kfn ;/sf/ dGqLkl/ifbsf] a}7sn] ljb\ofnonfO{ zflGtIf]q 3f]if0ff ug]{ lg0f{o u/]sf] 5 . ;f]xL 3f]if0ffsf]
sfof{Gjogsf] lgldQ æljb\ofno zflGtIf]q /fli6«o 9fF+rf / sfof{Gjog lgb]{lzsf @)^*Æ tof/ ul/Psf]
5 . ljb\ofno zflGt If]q /fli6«o 9fFrf / sfof{Gjog lgb]{lzsf lzIff dGqfnoaf6 @)^* c;f/ @^ ut]
hf/L u/]sf] xf] . o; lgb]{lzsfdf plNnlvt s'/f k'/f ug{ ljb\ofyL{{, lzIfs, cleefjs, gful/s;dfh,
/fhgLlts If]q, ;/sf/L lgsfo tyf cGo ;/f]sf/ /fVg] kIfsf] ;xof]u clgjfo{ x'g]5 .of] lgb]{lzsf,
;fd'bflos tyf ;+:yfut ljb\ofnodf nfu" x'g]5 . g]kfndf ;z:q åGåsf] ;dodf ljb\ofnodf ePsf
gsf/fTds k|efj tyf ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts, /fhgLlts / cGo :yfgLo tyf /fli6«o ultljlwsf sf/0f
afnaflnsfsf] k7gkf7gdf k|lts"n k|efj kl//x]sf] cj:yfdf To;sf] cGTo ug{sf nflu
165
ljb\ofnonfO{zflGtIf]q agfpg] / zflGtIf]qsf] lglZrt 9fFrfsf] cfjZostf eO/x]sf] s'/fnfO{ dWogh/
ub}{ …afnaflnsf zflGtIf]q tyf afn;+/If0f /fli6«o cleofgÚsf] kxndf zflGtIf]q :yfkgfsf nflu lj=;=
@)^% ;fnb]lv g]kfn ;/sf/, lzIff dGqfnonufotsf ljleGg lgsfo sfo{/t /x]sf 5g\ .

%=^ ;dflxt lzIff / lzIffdf ;dfj]zLs/0f

s= ;dflxt lzIff
;dfj]zL lzIff cfhsf] dfu / cfjZostf b'j} xf] .;dfhdf ljljw cfjZostf zf/Ll/s tyf dfgl;s
bIftf, eflifs tyf cGo sl7gfOdf afFRg ljjz afnaflnsf x'G5g\ . lzIff k|fKt ug]{ ;a} gful/ssf]
;dfg clwsf/ xf] . t/ klg zf/Ll/s / dflg;s cj:yf, ;fdflhs ;+/rgf, d"NodfGotf clfbsf sf/0f
sof}+ afnaflnsf lzIffsf] cj;/af6 jl~rt hLjg lafO/x]sf cj:yf 5 . o;} kl/k|Ifdf ;a}sf] lzIff
kfpg] / ;a}n] l;Sg ;S5g\ eGg] dfGotfsf ;fy ;dfj]zL lzIffsf] cjwf/0ff cufl8 cfPsf] xf] .
ljb\ofno txsf] cf}krfl/s lzIffn] dfq ;a}df lzIffsf] kxF'r gk'Ug] ePsf] x'Fbf lzIffdf gjLgtd
lrGtgsf] ;'?cft ePsf] xf] .;dflxt lzIff sfo{j|md Pp6f gofF cjwf/0ff xf] . of] cjwf/0ff :k]gsf]
;fnfdfÍfdf ;g\ !(($ df ;DkGg ePsf] ljz]if lzIff;DaGwL ljZj ;Dd]ngb]lv Jofjxf/df Nofpg
yflnPsf] xf] . o; cjwf/0ff cg';f/ lgoldt ¿kdf ;~rfng eO/x]sf xfd|f ljb\ofnodf ljgf e]befj
;d'bfosf ;a} lsl;dsf afnaflnsfnfO{ lzIff xfl;n ug{ cfÅjg ug'{ xf] . lzIffsf] cj;/af6 jl~rt
/x]sf ul/j, lk5l8Psf hghflt, blnt Pjd\ plTkl8t, afn >lds, ;8s afnaflnsf, ckfª\u, eflifs
sl7gfO{ ePsf, ef}uf]lns, ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts ¿kn] lk5l8Psf afnaflnsfnfO{ lzIffsf] d"n
k|jfxdf NofO{ pgLsf] cfjZostf, ?rL rfxgf / Ifdtf cg's"n l;sfO pknlAw xfl;n ug]{ jftfj/0fsf]
ljsf; ug]{ lzIff ;dflxt lzIff xf] . of] cjwf/0ffnfO{ ljleGg b]zn] ev{/} dfq Jojxf/df ptfg{ yfn]sf
5g\ .
;dflxt lzIffsf] Joj:yfkg ug]{ k|d'v lhDd]jf/L lzIfssf] g} x'G5 . lzIfs ;fdflhs ljsf;sf] ;+jfxs
ePsf] x'Fbf p;n] ;fdflhs kl/j]znfO{ :ki6 ¿kdf a'‰g h?/L x'G5 / k|To]s afnaflnsfsf] Ifdtf :t/
klxrfg u/L ;f] cg's'n lzIff k|bfg ug{sf nflu ;Ifd x'g' kb{5 . ;dflxt lzIff sfo{j|mdsf] Joj:yfkg
ubf{ lzIfsn] d"ntM lgDglnlvt s'/fnfO{ Wofg lbg'kb{5 M
!= ;a} afnaflnsfsf] lzIff cfh{g ug]{ g}{;lu{s clwsf/ 5,
@= ;a} afnaflnsf km/s 5g\ / km/s ;fdflhs kl/j]zaf6 cfPsf 5g\,
#= ;a} afnaflnsf l;Sg ;Sb5g\,
$= lzIfs, cleefjs / ;d'bfo;Fusf] kf/:kfl/s ;xof]uaf6 l;sfO pknlAw xfl;n ug{ ;lsG5 .
;dflxt lzIffnfO{ Joj:yfkg u/L nlIft pb\b]Zo Pjd\ l;sfO pknlAw k"/f ug{sf nflu lzIfsn] ;b}j
cy{k"0f{ / pkof]uL l;sfOtkm{ ljleGg lj|mofsnfk ;~rfng ug'{ kb{5 . cy{k"0f{ / pkof]uL l;sfO
agfpgsf nflu lzIfsn] b]xfocg';f/sf s'/fnfO{ hf]8 lbg' kb{5M
!= lzIf0f l;sfO lj|mofsnfk ljb\ofyL{{ s]lGb|t x'g'kb{5,
@= lzIfssf] sfd l;sfO jftfj/0f ldnfpg] x'g'kb{5,
#= ;a} ljb\ofyL{{nfO{ ;dfg cj;/ k|bfg ug'{kb{5,
$= ;a} ljb\ofyL{{k|lt ;dfg b[li6sf]0f x'g'kb{5,
%= ;a} ljb\ofyL{{nfO{ ;dfg ¿kdf ;xof]u, :g]x, dfof, ddtf lbg] vfnsf] jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug'{kb{5,
^= ljb\ofyL{{df pTkGg x'g] g}/fZotf, 3[0ff, lxgtfaf]w cflb h:tf gsf/fTds wf/0ffnfO{ abNg' kb{5,
&= ;w}+ ljb\ofyL{{df pT;'stf, pTk]|/0ff hufO{ /fVg' kb{5,
*= lzIfs ;Fw} k|f]T;fxL Pjd\ xl;nf] ¿kdf sIff sf]7fdf k|:t't x'g'kb{5,
166
 (= gofFgofF z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|L lgdf{0f / k|of]u u/L lzIf0f sfo{nfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg'kb{5,
!)= afnaflnsfsf] cg's"n x'g] u/L sIffsf]7fsf] Joj:yfkg ug'{kb{5 .
;dli6ut ¿kdf eGg'kbf{ sIff sf]7fsf] jftfj/0fn] s'g} JolStnfO{ c;Ifd eGg] jf d df l;sfOdf
c;Ifdtf 5 eGg] efjgf k}bf ug]{ x'Fbf ;a} k|sf/sf ckfª\utf / ;fª\u ljb\ofyL{{ cg's"nsf] jftfj/0f
tof/ u/L cWoog cWofkg ul/g] lzIffsf] Joj:yf g} ;dflxt lzIffsf] Joj:yfkg xf] .
v= lzIffdf ;dfj]zLs/0f
;dfh tyf /fi6««sf] ;jf{ª\uL0f ljsf;sf nflu ;d'bfo leqsf k|To]s hfthflt efiffefifL, ;+:s[lt lnª\u
cflb ;a}sf] ;dfg ljsf; x'g' h?/L x'G5 . oxL dfGotfcg'¿k ;g\ !($* df dfgjclwsf/sf]
ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ff ePkZrft lje]b/lxt ;dflxt ;dfhsf] ljsf;sf nflu ljleGg cEof; k|of]u x'Fb}
cfP . ljleGg ;}b\wflGts cjwf/0ffsf] ljsf; klg eof] . ljleGg d'n'sn] cfcfkm\g} kl/j]zsf] ;fdflhs
ljsf;sf nflu ljleGg of]hgf / sfo{j|mdsf] th'{df ul/b} cfPsf] kfOG5 . @! cf}+ ztfAbL;Fu} d'n'sdf
/x]sf ljleGg lje]bnfO{ lg/fs/0f u/L Pp6f ;dflxt ;dfhsf] lgdf{0f ug{ dfgj hLjgsf cfly{s,
;fdflhs, /fhg}lts, ;f+:s[lts tyf z}lIfs cj;/sf] ;d'lrt Ifdtfd"ns / Gofok"0f{ ljt/0f k|lj|mofsf]
yfngL x'Fb} cfPsf] kfOG5 . ;dfhsf lje]bsf kIf s] s] x'g < o:tf lje]b ;dfhlkR5] lsg 36a9
cj:yfdf 5g\ < s'g s'g kIf ;fdflhs ;dfxLs/0fsf nflu afws 5g\ < To:tf afws tTj;Fu hf]l8Psf
;fdflhs ;f++:s[lts Joj:yf leqsf s'g s'g kIf a9L lhDd]jf/ 5g\ < eGg] ofjt tYotkm{ Wofg k'¥ofpg'
cfhsf] cfjZostf xf] .
;dfj]zL bz{g d"nt, ltgcf]6f d"n l;b\wfGtaf6 lgb]{lzt 5M
• ;dtfd"ns kx'Fr
• k"0f{ ;xeflutf
• ljljwtfsf] :jLs[lt / ;Ddfg
;dfj]zL lzIffn] ;a} gful/sdf lzIffsf] kx'Fr k'¥ofpg] / ;dfj]zL ;fdflhs, /fhgLlts/0f ;+/rgf
cg's"n Jojxf/ ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtfsf] ljsf; u/fpg] k|oTg u/fpFb5 .lzIffsf] clwsf/nfO{ cfwf/e"t jfn
tyf dfgj clwsf/sf] ¿kdf lnOPsf] 5 . of] Gofok"0f{ / sNof0fsf/L ;dfhsf] lgdf{0f lbuf] ljsf;,
zflGt / :yfloTjsf] dxTTjk"0f{ cfwf/ xf] . ;a}sf] nflu lzIffsf] ;g\ !(() / ;g @))) sf] 8sf/
sfo{of]hgfn] ;dfj]zL lzIffnfO{ ;LdfGts[t / ;dfhsf] d"nk|jfxeGbf aflx/ /x]sf ;d"xsf /0fgLltsf
¿kdf lnPsf] 5 . ;g\ !(($ df :k]gsf] ;fnfdfª\sfdf ePsf] ljz]if lzIff;DaGwL ljZj ;Dd]ngaf6
;a} afnaflnsf, ljz]if cfjZostf ePsf afnaflnsfnfO{ ;]jf k'¥ofpg kfl/t ljz]if lzIffsf]
sfo{of]hgfn] ;dfj]zL lzIffsf] cjwf/0ff cufl8 ;f/]sf] lyof] . o; sfo{of]hgfn] ;dfj]zL z}lIfs k4ltsf]
ljsf; ug{ ljb\ofnon] lgjf{x ug'{kg]{ e"ldsfnfO{ o;/L pNn]v u/]sf] 5 . æljb\ofnon] zf/Ll/s, af}lb\ws,
;fdflhs, ;+j]ufTds, eflifs / cGo cj:yf lg/k]If ¿kdf ;a} afnaflnsf ;d]6\g' kb{5 . o;df
zf/Ll/s czSttf ePsf, ljz]if k|ltefzfnL, ;8s afnaflnsf, jfndhb'/, b'u{d If]qdf a;f]af; ug]{,
lkm/Gt] hLjg ljtfpg], ;d"xsf eflifs hftLo / ;f+:s[lts ¿kdf cNk;ª\Vos ;d'bfosf kl5 k/]sf ju{
/ ;LdfGt If]q jf ju{af6 cfPsf afnaflnsf;d]t kb{5g\ .Æ hlt w]/} r]x/fsf afnaflnsf plt w]/} ;f]r
ljrf/ eg] h:t} k|To]s afnaflnsfsf cf–cfÇg} ?rL, Ifdtf, ljz]iftf, ;d:of Pjd\ cfjZostfsf]
ljljwtfk|lt plrt Wofg k'¥ofpg' kb{5 eGg] dfGotf g} ;dfj]zL lzIffsf] dxTTjk"0f{ l;b\wfGt
xf] .;dfj]zL zAbnfO{ a'Fbfut ¿kdf lgDgfg';f/ a'em\g ;lsG5 M
• s'g} klg cj:yfsf] k|To]s JolStnfO{ x/]s If]qaf6 ;Daf]wg ul/g'kb{5 .
• ;a}nfO{ ;dfg hgzlStsf ¿kdf :jLsf/ ul/g'kb{5 .
• s'g} klg JolStnfO{, ;d'bfo lgdf{0f ug]{ k|lj|mofdf ;xeflutf u/fpg'kb{5 .
• ul/jL / ;fdflhs k5f}6]kgnfO{ gx]/L To;sf sf/0fnfO{ x]l/g'kb{5 .

167
 • ;+o'Qm / ljljw kIfnfO{ lr/kmf/ ug]{ lg/Gt/ k|lj|mofsf] ¿kdf x]l/g'kb{5 .
;dfj]zL lzIffsf] kl/efiff / k|lj|mof
;dfj]zL lzIff lzIfsn] ljljwtfo'Qm sIffsf ljb\ofyL{{sf ljleGg rfxgf OR5f / nIo k"/f ug{ k|of]u ug{
ax'cfoflds k|lj|mof xf] . ;dfj]zL lzIffsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ a'Fbfut ¿kdf lgDgfg';f/ pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5M
• ;dfj]zL lzIff z}lIfs nIo / k|lj|mof b'j} xf] .
• of] l;sfO / ;xeflutfsf] k"0f{ ;t{ xf] .
• lzIf0f l;sfOsf nflu z}lIfs cj;/ v'nf /fVg] k|lj|mof xf] .
• ;dfj]zL lzIff d];g/L kmd]{6df cfwfl/t l;sfO kb\wlteGbf km/s / v'nf l;sfO kb\wltdf
cfwfl/t 5 .
• of] ;xeflutfdf cfwfl/t k|lj|mof xf] .
• of] Jofkfl/s / pBf]u df]8]n geO{ ;]jfd"ns df]8]n xf] .
• of] ljleGg OR5f, rfxgf / nIo kl/k"lt{sf] /0fgLlt xf] .

g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df ;dflxt -;dfj]zL_ lzIff

;dflxt lzIffnfO{ g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df gofF cjwf/0ffsf ¿kdf lnOG5 . o;nfO{ ;g !(($ df :k]gsf]
;fnfdfÍsf df ePsf] ljz]if cfjZosStf lzIff ;Dd]ngdf 3f]lift æ;a}sfnflu lzIffÆ eGg] nIo
k|fKtLsf nflu -;dflxt lzIff_ dxTjk"0f{ /0fgLltsf ¿kdf cuf8L NofOPsf] 5 . xfn ;~rfngdf /x]sf
;a sfo{s|dn] ;dflxt lzIffnfO{ ;du| sfo{s|d ;~rfng kb\wltsf ¿kdf JofVof u/]sf] kfOG5 .;dflxt
lzIffnfO{ xfd|f] kl/j]zdfg} kl/eflift ug'{ k5{ eGg] dfGotf cg'¿k @)^) ;fn kmfNu'0fdf
lzIffljefuaf6 o;/L kl/efiff ul/Psf] 5 M
• ;dflxt lzIff eGgn] ;a afnaflnsfsf nflu lje]b /lxt jftfj/0fdf ax';fF:s[lts leGgtfnfO{
;Ddfg ug]{, cfkm\g} ;d'bfodf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff k|fKt ug]{ clwsf/nfO{ ;'lglZrt ug]{ z}lIfs
kb\wltsf] ljsf; k|ls|of a'em\g' kb{5 . o;n] ljb\ofnodf ;d'bfosf] :jfldTjnfO{ dxTj lbb}+
afnaflnssf cfjZoStf cg"s"n pko'St jftfj/0f / ;xof]u kfPdf ;an] l;Sg ;S5g\ eGg]
dfGotfdf ljZjf; ub{5 .
• ;dflxt lzIff kb\wltn] /fli6«o Pjd\ :yfgLo txdf s'g} klg kl/l:ylthGo sf/0fn] z}lIfs
cj;/af6 jl~rt /x]sf Pjd\ ljb\ofnodf /x]/ klg cfjZostf cg's"n pko'St jftfj/0f /
;xof]usf] cefjdf ljb\ofno 5f8\g] vt/fdf k/]sf afnaflnsfsf] klxrfg ug'{sf ;fy} ;Dk"0f{
afnaflnsf ;fdflhs,;fF:s[lts / z}lIfs cfjZostfnfO{ k"/f ug]{ afns]lGb|t lzIf0fl;sfO
k|ls|of cjnDag ug{ k|f]T;fxg ub{5 .
;dflxt lzIffsf nflu /fli6«o:t/df klxrfg ul/Psf k|d'v nlIft ;d"xM hDdf !# j6f ;d"nfO klxrfg
ul/Psf]
• ckfË afnaflnsf
• blnt afnaflnsf
• hghftL afnaflnsf
• ;8s afnaflnsf
• åGå lkl8t afnaflnsf
• a]r ljvg tyf of}g zf]if0faf6 lkl8t afnaflnsf
168
 • ul/jLn] ;d:ofu|:t afnaflnsf
• sd}of tyf aFw'jf dhb"/ afnaflnsf
• h]ndf /x]sf afnaflnsf
• c;xfo cgfy afnaflnsf
• /f]uu|:t afnaflnsf h:t} M HIV/ AIDS, s'i7/f]u, Ifo/f]u
• u'Daf db/;fdf kl9/x]sf / eflifs cNk;+Vos afnaflnsf
• >lds afnaflnsf
o;/L plNnlvt kl/efiffn] /fli6«o:t/df ;d]6]sf yk ;xof]u pknAw u/fpg' kg]{ ju{ afx]s klg :yfgLo
kl/j]zdf c¿ yk ju{ klxrfg x'g;Sb5 eGg] ;+s]t ub{5 .lsgsL cfjZostf cg';f/ of] kl/dfh{g
xF'b}hfG5 . cfh Pp6f ;d"xn] jl~rtLs/0fsf] ;d:of ef]lu/x]sf] 5 eg] ef]ln ;f] ju{ jf ;d"x kl/jt{g
x'g ;S5 . gofF ju{ jf ;d"xnfO{ yk ;xof]usf] cfjZostf kg{ ;S5 .
Inclusion in Education Involves

– ;a} afnaflnsf ;dfg 9+uaf6 d"No lbg]

– ljBfyL{sf] ;xeflutf j[l4 ug]{ / pgLx¿sf] ;+:s[lt, kf7\oqmd tyf kf7\ok':ts / ljb\ofno
;d'bfoaf6 alxis[t x'g] cj:yfnfO{ sd ug]{
– :yfgLo txd} ;fdflhs, ;fF:s[lts k4lt, ljb\ofnosf] gLlt lgoddf k'g;+/lrt ug]{ sfo{ . h;n]
afn afnaflnsfsf] ljljwtfnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ ;sf];\
– ;a} k|sf/sf afnaflnsfsf] l;sfO cj/f]w x6fO{ ;dfg ;xeflutfsf] jftfj/0f ;'lglZrt ug]{
– afnaflnsfdf ePsf] ljljwtfnfO{ l;sfOsf nflu ;xof]uL ;|f]tsf ¿kdf u|x0f ug]{ gls
;d:ofsf ¿kdf
– afnaflnsfsf] lzIff k|fKt ug]{ clwsf/nfO{ ;Ddfg ug]{
– afnalfnsfsf] lxt x'g] u/L ljb\ofno jftfj/0fdf ;'wf/ Nofpg]
– ljb\ofno–;d'bfo ;DaG3/ ;'w/f ug]{
;dfj]zL lzIffn] hf]8 lbg] ;d"x
– ;fdlfhs ¿kdf alx:s[t ;d"x
– ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg afFrg afWo afnalfnsf
– hghflt tyf eflifs ¿kdf cNk;+Vofdf /x]sf ;d"x
– u|fdL0f If]qdf a;f]af; ug]{ afnaflnsf
– 5fqf
– ckfª\utf ePsf afnaflnsf
– ;LdfGtLs[t ;d"x
– ;8s afnaflnsf
– PrcfOeL / P8\;kLl8t afnalfnsf
– åGåkLl8t afnaflnsf
;dfj]zL lzIff k|j4{g ug'{kg]{ sf/0f
– afnaflnsfdf ePsf] JolStut ljljwtfcg';f/ lzIff k|bfg ug{
169
 – lje]b/lxt ;dfh l;h{gf ug{
– zflGtk"0f{ jftfj/0fdf a:g
– lzIffnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfp
– ;a} afnaflnsfsf] lzIff k|fKt ug]{ cj;/÷clwsf/sf] ;'lglZrttf ug{
– ;a] afnaflnsfn] l;Sg ;S5g\ eGg] oyfy{nfO{ Jojxf/df ptfg{
– ;fdflhs alx:s/0fsf] cj:yf Go"gLs/0f ug{
;dfj]zL lzIffsf s]xL l;4fGt
– ;a} vfnsf afnaflnsfnfO{ ;dfj]z ug]{ u/L ljb\ofnon] sfo{;+:s[lt, sfo{k|lj|mof / gLltut
Joj:yf ug'{kg]{
– pko'Qm tflndsf] Joj:yfdfk{mt ljz]if cfjZostf ePsf afnalfnsfsf] z}lIfs d"n k|jfxLs/0f
ug]{
– ljb\ofnosf z}lIfs lj|mofsnfkdf ljBfyL{ tyf cleefjssf] ljrf/nfO{ ;dfj]z ug]{
– ;a} afnaflnsfsf] ?rLnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{, ;'/lIft ug]{
– l;sf?sf afwf, ;xeflutfsf afwf x6fpg]
– ;a} afnaflnsfnO{ pko'Qm / u'0f:t/Lo lzIffsf] cj;/ ;'lglZrt ug]{ .
;dfj]zL ljb\ofno
– ;a} afnaflnsf Ps} ;fy k9\5g\÷l;S5g\
– ljljw cfjZostfsf] klxrfg x'G5, ;dfg x'G5 / tbg'¿kdf l;sfOx'G5
– ljljw lzIf0fljlw, tls/fsf] k|of]u x'G5
– pko'Qm kf7\oqmdsf] Joj:yfaf6 ;a}nfO{ u'0f:t/Lo lzIff lbOG5
– ljb\ofno jftfj/0fnfO{ ;dfj]zL agfOG5
– ;d'bfo;Fu c;n ;fe]mbf/L ljsf; u/L ljb\ofno ljsf; sfo{ ;~rfng ul/G5
– ;xof]u k4ltsf] ljsf; x'G5
;dfjzL lzIffdf ;/sf/n] Wofg lbg] kIf
– gLltut tyf cfly{s Joj:yf
– P]g, sfg'gdf ;+zf]wg / inclusive education sf l;4fGtsf] ;dfj]z
– Inclusive sfo{qmd lgdf{0f / sfof{Gjog
– ljs]Gb|Ls[t ;xeflutfd"ns sfo{ k4lts] Joj:yf
– cGt/ ljb\ofno, cGt/b]zLo cg'ej cfbfgk|bfg
– :t/Lo cg'udg, k[i7kf]if0f k4ltsf] ljsf; / k|of]u
– ;/f]sf/jfnfsf] ljb\ofnodf ;lj|mo ;xeflutf
– Inclusiveljb\ofno jftfj/0f lgdf{0f
– Systemic change in curriculum and teacher training program.
– ;fe]mbf/L -;fj{hlgs lghL_, public private partnership.

;dfj]zL lzIffsf] pb\b]Zo

• lzIffsf] d"n wf/faf6 jl~rt ju{sf] klxrfg ug'{
• lzIffsf] d"n wf/af6 jl~rtsf] jf:tljs cj:yf klxrfg u/L pgLx¿nfO{ lzIff lbg] pkfo
lgsfn]/ lzIffsf] cj;/ l;h{gf ug'{
170
 • lzIffaf6 jl~rtsf] cj:yf cg's"n kf7\oqmd, kf7\ok':ts tyf cGo z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|L pknAw
u/fpg,
• lzIffsf] dfWoddf ;dfj]zL tl/sf ckgfpg'
• lzIf0fl;sfO k|lj|mofnfO{ ;dfj]zL agfpg'
• l;sf?sf] ?lr, cfjZostfcg';f/ ;dfj]zL d"Nof+sg k|lj|mof ckgfpg'
• lzIffnfO{ cfjZostfd'vL hLjgf]kof]uL agfO sfof{Gjog ug'{
• z}lIfs of]hgf lgdf{0fb]lv sfof{Gjog k|lj|mofdf ;dfj]zL cjwf/0ffcg';f/ ;/f]sf/jfnfnfO{
;xdfuL u/fpg'
• ljb\ofyL{ l;sf?s]lGb|t lzif0f k|lj|mof cjnDag ug'{
• lzIfsnfO{ ;dfj]zL cjwf/0ffsf af/]df cfjZos 1fgl;k k|bfg ug'{
• sIffsf]7fnfO{ ;dflxt cjwf/0fcg'¿k Joj:yfkg u/L ;dfj]zL agfpg] pkfo cjnDag ug'{
• dft[efiffsf dfWodaf6 lzIf0f ug]{ Joj:yf ug'{
• afnalfnsfsf] pkl:ylt, ;lj|mo ;xeflutf a9fpFb} cflh{t pknlAwnfO{ lbuf]kg k|bfg ug'{
• ljkGg tyf lzIffsf] d"nwf/af6 aflx/ /x]sf ;d"x;Fu ;xefo{ ug'{
• ljb\ofno tyf 3/kl/jf/df e]befj/lxt z}lIfs jftfj/0fsf] l;h{gf ug'{
• ljb\ofnoleq ljleGgtfsf] :jfut / cfb/ ug'{
• l;sfOdf pTk|]l/t ug]{ hLjg pkof]uL lzIff k|bfg ug'{
• kl/jt/sf] Ifdtf a9fpg kl/jf/sf] cfocfh{g / r]tgf ljsf; ug'{
• hghflt, ckfª\utf, lnª\u, kfl/jfl/s:t/ tyf afnaflnsfdf ePsf ljleGg l;sfO tyf
kl/l:ylthGo ljleGgtfnfO{ cfb/ ug'{
• l;s]sf s;'/fn] hLjg ;xh agfpg] / To;nfO{ b}lgs hLjgdf nfu" ug{ ;lsg] vfnsf
ljifoj:t'df a9L hf]8 lbO{ l;sfpg] jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug'{
• k|To]s afnaflnsfn] JolStut ¿kdf dfof, ddtf / cfb/ k|fKt ug'{ .
;dfj]zL lzIffsf] dxTTj / cfjZostf
• lzIffsf] cj;/af6 jl~rt ;a} ju{, ;Dk|bfo / If]qsf dflg;sf] klxrfg ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg]
• lzIffsf] d"n wf/af6 al~rt x'gfsf] sf/0f kQf nufO[ lzIffsf] cj;/ k|bfg ug{ ;xof]u
k'¥ofpg]
• lzIffnfO{ cfjZostfd'vL / hLjgf]kof]uL agfpg ;xof]u k'¥ofpg]
• z}lIfs of]hgf lgdf{0fb]lv sfof{Gjog;Ddsf x/]s r/0fdf ;a}sf] ;xeflutf clej[l4 ug{
;3fpg]
• l;sf?÷afnalfnsfsf Jf:tljs ;d:of klxrfg u/L ltgsf] lg/fs/0fsf pkfo ;'emfpg]
• ljkGg / lzIffsf] d"n wf/af6 aflx/ /xsf ;d"x;Fu;xsfo{ ug{ ;3fpg]
• ljBfoleq / aflx/ e]befj/lxt z}lIfs jftfj/0fsf] l;h{gf ug]{
• kl/jf/sf] Ifdtf a9fpg kl/jf/sf] cfocfh{g / r]tgfsf] ljsf; ug{ ;3fpg]
• l;sfOdf pTk|]l/t ug]{ hLjgf]kof]ul k|bfg ug]{
• afnaflnsfsf] pkl:ylt, ;lj|mo ;xeflutf a9fpFb} cflh[t pknlAwnfO{ lbuf]kg k|bfg ug{
;3fpg]
• kf7\oqmd, kf7\ok':ts / cGo z}Ifl0ft ;fdu|L ;dfj]zL cjwf/0ffcg';f/ ljsf; ug{ ;3fpg]
• sIffsf]7f Joj:yfkgnfO[ ;dfj]zL cjwf/0ffcg';f/ Joj:yfkg ug{ ;3fpg]
• dft[efiffsf dfWodaf6 lzIf0f ug]{ Joj:yf ug{ ;3fpg]

171
 • l;sf?sf] ?lr / cfjZostfcg';f/ lzIf0f k|lqof ;~rfng u/L ljBfyL{ d"Nof+sg k|lj|mof
;dfj]zL agfp ;3fpg] cflb .
;dfj]zL lzIffsf l;4fGt
• ;a} vfnsf afnaflnsfnfO{ ;dfj]z ug]{ u/L ljb\ofnon] sfo{;+:s[lt, sfo{k|lj|mof / gLltut
Joj:yf ug'{kg]{
• pko'Qm tflndsf] Joj:yfdfk{mt ljz]if cfjZostf ePsf afnalfnsfsf] z}lIfs d"n k|jfxLs/0f
ug]{ .
• ljb\ofnosf z}lIfs lj|mofsnfkdf ljBfyL{ tyf cleefjssf] ljrf/nfO{ ;dfj]z ug]{
• ;a} afnaflnsfsf] ?rLnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{, ;'/lIft ug]{
• l;sf?sf afwf, ;xeflutfsf afwf x6fpg]
• ;a} afnaflnsfnO{ pko'Qm / u'0f:t/Lo lzIffsf] cj;/ ;'lglZrt ug]{ .
;dfj]zL ljb\ofnosf cfwf/
• ;a} afnaflnsf Ps} ;fy k9\5g\÷l;S5g\
• ljljw cfjZostfsf] klxrfg x'G5, ;dfg x'G5 / tbg'¿kdf l;sfOx'G5
• ljljw lzIf0f ljlw, tl/sfsf] k|of]u x'G5
• pko'Qm kf7\oqmdsf] Joj:yfaf6 ;a}nfO{ u'0f:t/Lo lzIff lbOG5
• ljb\ofno jftfj/0fnfO{ ;dfj]zL agfOG5
• ;d'bfo;Fu c;n ;fe]mbf/L ljsf; u/L ljb\ofno ljsf; sfo{ ;~rfng ul/G5
• ;xof]u k4ltsf] ljsf; x'G5
;dfj]zL lzIffsf] k|of]u
• lzIf0f l;sfOsf x/]s k|ls|ofdf lzIfsn] of]hgf lgdf{0fdf,lzIf0f ljlwsf] 5gf]6 / k|of]udf,
ljb\ofyL{ d"Nof+sg k|ls|ofdf ;asf] ;xeflutf ;'lglZrt x'g] u/L ug'{ k5{ .
• /fli6«o lzIff gLlt lgdf{0fdf, of]hgfdf, sfo{s|d lgdf{0fdf ;dflxt lzIffsf nflu /fli6«o:t/df
klxrfg ul/Psf ;d"sf] k|ToIf ;xeflutf u/fP/
• kf7\os|d jf kf7\o ;fdu|L lzIff k|fKt ug]{ AolStsf] k|ltlglwTj x'g] u/L lgdf{0f / k|of]u x'g'
kb{5 .
• lzIffaf6 al~rt ;d"xs} cfjZostf, Ifdtf, rfxgf / ?rLcg';f/sf] lzIff lbg] cj;/k|bfg ug'{
k5{ .
• ;DkGg / ljkGg ju{sf ljr b]lvPsf] a9\bf] b"/Lsf] cGTo u/L ;dfg cj;/ k|bfg ug'{ kb{5 .
• kx'Frsf b[li6n] sdhf]/ ju{nfO cf/If0fsf] Joj:yf x'g] u/L ;dfj]zL lzIff sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg'
k5{
Pp6f ;dfj]zL lzIfssf] Jojxf/
• ;xhstf{sf ¿kdf sfd ug]{,Team teachingnfO{promote ug]{,Effective collaboration sf]
jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug]{,;d:of ;dfwfg ljlwdfk{mt lzIf0f l;sfO ;d:of xn ug]{
• kf7\oqmdn] to u/]] cg';f/ ljleGg lzIf0f Ifdtf ePsf afnaflnsfnfO{ klxrfg u/]/ lzIf0f
l;sfO ls|ofsnfk ;+rfng ug{{ ;Sg]
• afnalfnsfsf] ljljwtfsf] ;Ddfg u/L Individual program design u/L sfof{Gjog ug]{
• ljBfyL{sf] k|ultsf] lgoldt cg'udg ug]{

172
;dfj]zL lzIffcGtu{t ug'{kg]{ sfo{
• kf7\oqmd ;'wf/
• lzIfs tflnddf ;'wf/
• sIff sf]7fdf cfwfl/t lzIf0f
• afnd}qL lzIf0f
• ;Dk"0f{ ljb\ofno ;'wf/
• ax'cfoflds of]hgf
• cleefjs ;xeflutf
• ljb\ofnodf cfwfl/t ;xof]u k4lt
• ;Ifdtf ljsf;
• hjfkmb]xL ;+oGqsf] ljsf; / k|of]u
• d"Nof+sg k4lt / To;sf] clen]vLs/0f
• ;"rgf Joj:yfkg k4ltsf] Joj:yf
• gLltut ;dfj]lztf

g]kfndf ;dfj]zL tyf ljz]if lzIffsf nflu ul/Psf k|of;

lzIff P]g, @)@* -cf7f}+ ;+;f]wg_ df o; ;DaGwL k|fjwfg
• ljz]if lzIff eGgfn] M b[li6ljlxg, alx/f, cl6Hd, af}b\lws ckfª\utf, ;':t >j0f jf clt czSt
zf/Ll/s ckfª\utf ePsf afnaflnsfnfO{ 5'6\6} ;d"xdf /fvL ljz]if k|sf/ / lglZrt dfWodaf6
lbOg] lzIff ;Demg'k5{ .
• ;dfj]zL lzIff eGgfn] M
-!_b[li6ljlxg, Go'g b[li6o'St alx/f, ;':t >j0f, cl6Hd, af}b\lws, zf/Ll/s jf cGo ckfª\utf
ePsf afnaflnsfnfO{ lgoldt z}lIfs kb\wltsf] clwgdf /xL lbOg] lzIff,
-@_ ;fdflhs, cfly{s, jf ef}uf]lns sf/0fn] k5fl8 kfl/Psf JolStnfO{ lje]b/lxt jftfj/0fdf
lbOg] lzIff .
• bkmf ^-s_ ljz]if lzIff, ;dfj]zL lzIff, cgf}krfl/s lzIff, lg/Gt/ lzIff, b"/ lzIff tyf v'nf
lzIff ;+rfng ;DaGwL Joj:yf -!_ dGqfnon] cfjZos k"jf{wf/sf] Joj:yf u/L s'g} ;fd'bflos
ljb\ofnodf ljz]if lzIff, ;dfj]zL lzIff, cgf}krfl/s lzIff, lg/Gt/ lzIff, b"/ lzIff jf v'nf
lzIff ;+rfngsf] Joj:yf ug{ ;Sg]5 .
-@_ s'g} ljb\ofnon] ljz]if lzIff, ;dfj]zL lzIff, cgf}krfl/s lzIff, lg/Gt/ lzIff, b"/ lzIff
;+rfng ug{ rfx]df dGqfnon] ;f] ;DaGwdf cfjZos hfFra'em u/L ;f] ljb\ofnonfO{
To:tf] lzIff ;+rfng ug{ tf]lsP adf]lhd :jLs[lt lbg ;Sg]5 .
-#_ b"/ lzIff, ljz]if lzIff / ;dfj]zL lzIffsf] ;+rfng ;fwf/0f lzIff ;/x x'g]5 .
-$_ pkbkmf # df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] ePtfklg b[li6ljlxg, Go'g b[li6o'St, k"0f{ b[li6ljlxg,
alx/f, ;':t >j0f, cl6Hd, af}b\lws ckfª\utf tyf >j0f b[li6ljlxg ePsf afnaflnsfsf]
nflu kf7\oj|md, kf7\ok':ts / lzIf0f l;sfO / d"Nof+sg k|0ffnLdf km/s Joj:yf ug{
;lsg]5 .
• bkmf !^-3_!-u_ b[li6ljlxg afnaflnsfnfO{ a|]nlnlk tyf alx/f / :j/ jf af]nfO{ ;DaGwL
ckfª\utf ePsf afnaflnsfnfO{ ;f+s]lts efiffsf] dfWodaf6 lgMz'Ns lzIff k|bfg ug]{ Joj:yf
ul/g]5 .

173
 • bkmf !^`-!_ ;+:yfut ljb\ofnon] ljb\ofnodf egf{ ePsf s'n ljb\ofyL{ ;+Vofsf] slDtdf !)
k|ltztdf g36\g] u/L tf]lsPadf]lhd ljkGg, ckf+u, dlxnf, blnt jf hghflt ljb\ofyL{nfO{
lgMz'Ns 5fqj[lTt pknAw u/fpg' kg]{5 .
• ljz]if lzIff gLlt, @)%# df cfPsf] xfn vf/]h e};s]sf] .
• ;dflxt lzIff k/LIf0fsf ¿kdf lj=;+= @)%^ b]lv $ cf]6f lhNnf sfe|]knf~rf]s, l;Gw'kfNrf]s,
afFs] / pbok'/df ;~rfng .
• ljz]if lzIff ;~rfng lgb]{lzsf, @)^)
• ^@ lhNnfdf n]vfhf]vf s]Gb| ;~rfngdf /x]sf] .n]vfhf]vf s]Gb| Joj:yfkg ;ldlt -!! ;b:oLo_
/x]sf] .
• lj=;+= @)@! ;fndf b[li6ljxLg afnaflnsfsf nflu PsLs[t ljb\ofnosf] :yfkgf .
• lj=;+= @)@# df alx/f afnaflnsfsf] nflu gS;fndf ljz]if ljb\ofnosf] :yfkgf .
• lj=;+= @)@^ ;fndf / zf/Ll/s ckfËtf ePsf afnaflnsfsf] nflu ljz]if ljb\ofno -vu]Gb|
gjhLjg s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf_ .
• lj=;+= @)#& ;fndf af}l4s ckfËtf ePsf afnaflnsfsf] nflu lgd{n afnljsf; s]Gb|sf]
:yfkgf .
• lj=;+= @)#) ;fndf ljz]if lzIff kl/ifbsf] :yfkgf
• b]ze/Ldf ljz]if lzIffsf nflu #*) ;|f]t sIff / * hgf ;b:o /xg] u/L ;|f]tsIff Joj:yfkg
;ldlt /x]sf] 5 .
• ljz]if ljb\ofno M#@ cf]6f ljz]if ljb\ofno-alx/f !&, af}l4s ckfË !$ /b[li6ljxLg !_ / @@
PsLs[t-b[li6ljxLg !^,zf/Ll/s ckfË ! / alx/f %_ ljb\ofno ;~rfngdf /x]sf 5g\ .
• ;g\ @))^ l8;]Da/ !# df ckfËtf ePsf JolStsf] clwsf/ ;DaGwL cg'aGw ;+o'St /fi6««;+3sf]
dxf;efaf6 kfl/t ul/Psf] / of] cg'aGwsf] g]kfnn] lj=;+= @)^^ d+l;/ ^ ut] kfl/t u/]sf]
lyof] .
• ckfËtf ePsf JolStsf]nflu ;dfj]zL lzIff gLlt, @)&#
• ckfË afnaflnsfnfO{ s b]lv 3 >]0fLdf afFl8Psf] 5 / ;f]xL cfwf/df 5fqa[lTt k|bfg ul/G5 .
• k/LIff lbg] ;dodf %) k|ltzt ;do yk ul/g] Joj:yf 5 .

%=& n}ªl\ us ;dtf / ;dfgtf

dlxnf ju{ h}ljs b[li6n] k'?ifeGbf leGg cj:yfdf /x] klg pgLx¿n] cj;/ kfPdf k'?ifhlQs} cfÇgf]
JolStTj ljsf; ug{ / ;dfhnfO{ of]ubfg k'¥ofpg ;S5g\ . h}ljs / k|fs[lts sf/0fnfO{ cfwf/ agfP/
pgLx¿dfly lje]b ug{ ldNb}gÆ eGg] n8{ 8]lgªsf] egfO{ glhs /x]/Florynce R. Kennedy
eGb5g\"There are few jobs that actually require a penis or Vagina. All other jobs should be open
everybody". oL egfOnfO{ lgofNbf k|s[ltn] dflg;nfO{ dlxnf / k'?ifsf ¿kdf hGd lbPsf] x'G5 . of]
dflg;sf] lnª\ue]b(Sex Difference)xf] . o;af6 ;dfhsf k|To]s JolStdf ltgdf /x]sf] h}ljsLo
ljz]iftf(Biological Characteristics)sf cfwf/df pm dlxnf xf] jf k'?if xf] eGg] s'/f ;fj{ef}d ¿kdf
5'6o\ fpg ;lsG5 k|s[ltn] dflg;nfO{ cnu–cnu cª\u lbO{ hGd lbPsf] dfq xf], pgLx¿nfO{ ;fdflhs /
;f+:s[lts ¿kdf 5'§f5'§} e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{ u/L, ;|f]t / ;fwgdf leGgleGg kx'Fr / clwsf/ lbg] u/L
l;h{gf u/]sf] xf]Og . ;dfhn] g} dlxnf / k'?ifnfO{ s] ug]{ / s] gug]{ eGg] ;DaGwdf x}l;ot, :t/ /
e"ldsfsf] lgwf{/0f ul/lbPsf] x'G5 eGg] s'/f b]lvG5 .
174
;dfhn] dlxnf / k'?if ePs} cfwf/df pgLx¿af6 cnu–cnu e"ldsfsf] ck]Iff u/]sf] x'G5 . ;dfhn]
;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts Joj:yfnfO{ cfwf/ agfP/ dlxnf / k'?ifsf] e"ldsf lgwf{/0f u/]sf] x'G5, clwsf/
lbPsf] x'G5, aGb]h nufPsf] x'G5, o;}nfO{ h]G8/eGg ;lsG5 . dlxnf / k'?ifsf] e"ldsfsf] lgwf{/0f
;dfhn] ug]{ x'gfn] of] e"ldsf ;dfh}lkR5] cnu–cnu x'g ;S5 . h]G8/ :yfg, ;do, ju{, ;+:s[lt, hflt,
wd{cg';f/ km/s–km/s x'G5 . ljz]iftM pTkfbg Joj:yfsf] k|s[lt(Nature of mode of
production);;fdflhs Joj:yf (Social system);;f+:s[lts Joj:yf (Cultural system);dgf]j}1flgs
kIf(Psychological factor);;|f]t / ;fwgsf] cjl:ylt, k|s[lt / pkof]u–k|lj|mof(Avaibality of
resource);h}ljsLo kIf(Biological factor)cflbaf6 h]G8/ k|efljt x'G5 . t;y{ h]G8/ c:yfoL /
kl/jt{gzLn x'G5 . of] lgof]lht e"ldsf xf], h;nfO{ ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts cEof;åf/f tf]lsG5 .
pbfx/0fsf] ¿kdf dlxnfn] 3/fo;L sfo{ ug'{kg]{, k'?ifn] cfocfh{g ug]{, aflx/L sfo{ ug]{, dlxnf :jtGq
¿kdf lxF88'n ug{ gx'g], k'?if :jtGq x'g], ljjfxkZrft\ dlxnf k'?ifs} clwgdf /xg'kg]{ eGg]h:tf s'/f
s'g} ;f:jt\ lgod xf]Ogg\ .of]Socially constructed rulesxf] . o;nfO{ kl/jt{g ug{ ;lsG5 .
n}ª\lus ;jfnsf ljljw kIfnfO{ lgofNbf n}ª\lus vf8n, zlSt ;DaGw, n}ª\lus ;dfgtf, n}ª\lus ;dtf
/ n}ª\lus lje]bh:tf zAbfjnL af/] k|:6 x'g' cfjZos x'G5 . dflg;sf] zf/Ll/s cj:yfsf] cfwf/df
lnª\u dlxnf / k'?if x'G5 . o;n] k|fs[lts ¿kdf lgld{t, h}ljs / ljZjJofkL ¿kdf Pp6} ¿k /
dfGotfnfO{ a'emfpF5 eg] ;fdflhs e"ldsfsf] cfwf/n] n}ª\lus cj:yfnfO{ hgfpF5 . ljsf;sf ljljw
cfofd / /fhgLlts, cfly{s, ;fdflhs, z}lIfs, ;fF:s[ltsh:tf If]q tyf Jojxf/ cflbdf dlxnf /
k'?ifaLr /x]sf] c;dfg cj:yf g} n}ª\lus vf8n xf] . ;dfhn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] e"ldsf / lhDd]jf/Lsf]
cfwf/df ;dfhdf dlxnf / k'?ifsf] zlSt;Fusf] ;DaGw lgwf{l/t x'G5 . clwsf/, pTt/bfloTj,
k|ltkmn;Fusf] ;DaGwn] g} zlStnfO{ hgfpF5 / ;|f]t ;fwg dflysf] kx'Fr / lgoGq0f, lg0f{o k|s[ofdf
;xeflutfsf ;fy} nfe jf k'/:sf/df lx:;]bf/L h:tf s'/fsf] ;DaGw g} zlSt ;DaGwxf] .
;dfhdf dlxnf / k'?ifsf] ;dfg cl:tTj, ;dfg klxrfg, k|ltlglwTj x'g'sf ;fy} gLlt, sfg'g /
Jojxf/df ;d]t ;dfgtf x'g', To;} u/L ;|f]t ;fwgdfly ;dfg kx'Fr / lgoGq0f, clwsf/, cj;/,
lhDd]jf/L / lg0f{o k|ls|ofdf ;d]t ;dfgtf ePsf] cj:yf g} n}ªl\ us ;dfgtf xf] . cyjf dlxnf / k'?ifdf
sfg'gL / Jofjxfl/s s'g} k|sf/n] lje]b gePsf] cj:yfnfO{ g} n}ª\lus ;dfgtf eGg ;lsG5 .n}ª\lus
;dfgtfsf] nflu ul/g] ;sf/fTds lje]b g} n}ªl\ us ;dtf xf] . ;du|df ;fdflhs d"No / dfGotf, wd{ /
;+:s[ltsf cfwf/df ;dfhdf dlxnf / k'?ifn] 5'§f5§} 9ª\uaf6 lgjf{x ug]{ e"ldsfnfO{h]G8/ eGg ;lsG5 .
ljZjsf k|foM ;a} ;dfhdf o; k|sf/sf] lglb{i6 ul/Psf] n}ª\lus e"ldsf lje]b vfnsf] x'G5 cyjf
;dfhn] lglb{i6 u/]sf o; k|sf/sf e"ldsf ;dfh lkt[k|wfg ePsf sf/0f k'?if pGd'v 5g\ . h;sf]
kl/0ffd:j¿k ;du| ;dfhsf] ljsf;df gsf/fTds k|efj k/]sfn] g} ;dfh / ;+:s[ltsf] cWoogdf
n}ª\lus cWoogsf dfWodaf6 To:tf lje]bo'St cGt;{DaGwsf] vf]hL u/L ;dtfdf cfwfl/t ;dfhsf]
ljsf; ug{ vf]lhPsf] 5 . o;sf nflu ljleGg /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o ;+3;+:yf lj|mofzLn eO{
nflukl//x]sf 5g\ . jt{dfg\ ;dodf n}ª\lus d'2fnfO{ /fli6«o ;/f]sf/s} ¿kdf x]/L ax; eO/x]sf]
kfOG5 . jf:tjdf /fi6««sf] ;du| ljsf;sf nflu h]G8/nfO{ pk]lIft ug{ ;lsb+}g .
!= cGt/fli6«o k|of;
dlxnf / k'?ifjLr /fhgLlts, cfly{s, ;fdflhs / z}lIfs h:tf clwsf/df s'g}klg b[li6sf]0faf6 slxNo}
km/s x'g'x'Fb}g eGg] ljZjJofkL cjwf/0ffsf] ljsf; k|;ª\u x]bf{ ;g\ !(!) df cd]l/sf, a|flhn tyf rLg
nufotsf b]zsf dlxnfn] p7fPsf] cfjfhn] ;g\ !($% df ;+o'St /fi6«« ;+3sf] 3f]if0ffkq / dlxnfsf
d'2fnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ ;+o'St /fli6«o ;ª\3Lo ;ldltsf] u7gkl5 sfg'gL dfGotfdf k|j]z u/]sf] kfOG5 .
To; kZrft\ ;g\ !($* sf] dfgj clwsf/;DaGwL ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ffn] dlxnf / k'?ifnfO{ ;dfg
175
clwsf/sf] k|Tofe"t u/]sf] 5 . ;g\ !(%) sf] bzsdf sNof0fsf/L cjwf/0ffsf] ¿kdf Women in
Development (WID) Approach, ;g\ !(&) b]lv !(() ;Ddsf] bzsdf Women and Development
Approach (WAD),;g\ !(() b]lv Gender and Development(GAD) df hf]8 b]lvPsf] b]lvG5 . jt{dfg
kl/k|]Ifdf n}ª\lus ljsf;sf s'/f ubf{ clwsf/d'vL cjwf/0ff (Right Based Approach), cufl8 ;fl/Psf]
5 -h:t} Right to health, Right to Education, Right to Employment, Right as Citizen etc) .
;g\ !(&% df d]lS;sf]df k|yd cGt/f{li6«o dlxnf ;Dd]ng ePkl5 ;dfgtf, ljsf; / zflGtsf]
pb\b]Zo;lxt ;g\ !(&%–!(*% nfO{ cGt/fli6«o bzssf] ¿kdf dgfOof] . ;g\ !(&( df dlxnf lj?b\wsf
;a} e]befj pGd'ng ug]{ CEDAW (Convention on the Elimination of All form of Discrimination Against
Women) dxf;GwLn] dfgj clwsf/sf] ;'lglZrtfsf af/]df #) j6f Article tof/ u/]sf] lyof] eg] bf];|f]
cGt/fli6«o dlxnf ;Dd]ng ;g\ !(*) df sf]kgx]ugdf ePsf] lyof] h;n] k|yd dlxnf ;Dd]ngsf]
cg'udg;d]t u/]sf] lyof] . t];|f] cGt/fli6«o ;Dd]ng ;g\ !((% df s]Gofdf ePsf] lyof] h;n] cGt/fli6«o
gf/L bzssf] ljZn]if0f / n]vfhf]vf u/]sf] lyof] . To; kZrft\ a]Olhªdf ;g\ !((% df dlxnf ;Dd]ng
ePsf] lyof] . o; ;Dd]ngn] tof/ u/]sf] Beijing Platform for Actiondf dlxnf / lzIff, dlxnf / :jf:Yo,
dlxnf lj?b\wsf] lx+;f, dlxnf / z;:q ljb|f]x, dlxnfsf] nflu ;+:yfut ljsf;, dlxnfsf] dfgjclwsf/,
aflnsf, dlxnf, dlxnf / jftfj/0f, dlxnf / ul/jL, gLltgdf{0f lg0f{o / dlxnf / jftfj/0f ;+rf/h:tf
!@ j6f If]q to ul/Psf] lyof] .
ljsf;Gd'v d'n'ssf] cfly{s / ;fdflhs ljsf;sf] nflu /fli6«o tyf cGt/fli6«o hutaf6 e}/x]sf
ljleGg k|of;jLr ljsf;sf ljleGg * j6f nIo lgwf{/0f u/L ;g\ @)!% ;Dddf oL nIo xfl;n ug{]
pb\b]Zon] ;d]t ;g\ @))) df ul/Psf] ;+o'St /fli6«o ;+3Lo ;x;|fAbL ;Dd]ngsf * nIodWo] nIo g+= #
n}ª\lus ;dfgtf tyf dlxnf ;zStLs/0f / nIo g+= % dft[ :jf:Yodf ;'wf/ h:tf ljifo n}ª\lus
ljsf;F+u k|ToIf ;/f]sf/ /fv]sf 5g\ . To;} u/L ;+o'St /fli6«o ;+3Lo ;'/Iff kl/ifb\sf] cS6f]a/ #!, ;g\
@))) df kfl/t Resolution g+= !#@% n] klg åGå ;dfwffg / zflGt k|ls|ofsf nflu gLlt lgdf{0fsf
x/]s txdf dlxnf ;xeflutf clea[lb\w ug]{, zflGt lgdf{0f cleofgdf ;+nUg ;a}nfO{ lbOg] k|lzIf0fdf
n}ª\lus d"nk|jfxLs/0f ug]{, ;z:q åGbsf] ;Gbe{df dlxnfsf] ;'/Iff, dfgj clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f / ljlzi6
cfjZostfnfO{ Wofg lbg] / k|ltj]bg tyf sfo{s|d sfof{Gjogdf n}ª\lus d"nk|jfxLs/0f ug]{ nufotsf
ljifodf hf]8 lbPsf] 5 . To;} u/L h'g !(, @))) sf] Resolutiong+= !*@) df dfgj a]rlavg
lj?b\wsf] k|:tfj, dlxnf / afnaflnsfsf] lx+;f, anfTsf/ ;DaGwL ljifodf z"Go ;lxi0f'tf (Zero
tolerance) sf] gLlt lng'kg]{ ljifodf hf]8 lbPsf] 5 .

cGo cGt/fli6«o k|of;df a]Zofj[lQsf] nflu nfu" x'g] dlxnf, afnaflnsfsf] a]rljvg lgoGq0f;DaGwL
;fs{ dxf;GwL, @))@, ILOsf] ;dfg Hofnf;DaGwL dxf;GwL, !(%@, ljZj dfgj clwsf/;DaGwL
;Dd]ng, !(^^, dlxnf lj?b\w x'g] lx+;fsf] cGTo ug]{ ;+o'St /fi6«« ;+3Lo 3f]if0ff, !((# nufot cGo w]/}
k|of; eP tfklg dlxnf lj?b\w x'g] lx+;fnfO{ /f]Sg / dfgjclwsf/ :yflkt u/fpg k"0f{¿kn] ;Dej eg]
ePsf] 5}g .
@= g]kfnL k|of;
lj=;+= @)$^ ;fnkl5 k|hftGqsf] cEo'bo ePkl5 dlxnf ljsf; / ;zStLs/0fsf] ljifodf Jofks ax;
/ 5nkmn ePsf] b]lvG5 . ;g\ !(&( sf] dlxnf lj?b\wsf ;a} e]befj pGd'ng ug]{ dxf;GwL (CEWAD)
sf] ;g\ !((! df cg'df]bg kZrft\ /fli6«o sfo{ of]hgf tof/ u/L To;cg'¿k sfo{ ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . ;g\
!((% df a]Olhªdf ePsf] rf}yf] dlxnf ;Dd]ngn] kfl/t u/]sf] Beijing Platform for Actiondf g]kfnn]
k|ltab\wtf hgfO ;s]sf] 5 . dlxnf ljsf; / ;zStLs/0fnfO{ Wofg lbg'kg]{ ;/f]sf/sf ljifo egL !@
j6f If]qdf ePsf] k|ult ;d]t k]; ub}{ ;DkGg Beijing+5 / Beijing+10 df ;d]t g]kfnn] ;xeflutf
176
hgfpFb} cfPsf] 5 .
n}lª\us ;dfgtfsf cfjZos tTj
n}ª\lus ;dfgtf sfod ug{ lgDglnlvt kIfnfO{ Wofg lbg' cfjZos x'G5 M
• k5fl8 k/]sf ju{nfO{ ;zStLs/0fsf dfWodaf6 ;Ifd agfpg],
• n}ª\lus r]tgfsf] clej[b\lw ul/g'kg]{
• lzIffdf ;a}sf] kx'Fr k'¥ofO{ lzlIft ;dfhsf] lgdf{0f ul/g'kg]{,
• /f]huf/Ldf ;dfg cj;/ l;h{gf x'g'kg]{,
• ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] 1fg lbg'kg]{,
• n}ª\lus k/LIf0f(Gender Audit)nfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg'kg]{,
• dlxnfn] ug]{ 3/]n' sfdsf]GDPu0fgf ul/g'kg]{,
• dlxnf ;DaGwL tYof+s k|efjsf/L ¿kdf ;+sng ul/g'kg]{,
• dlxnf lj?b\wsf e]befjk"0f{ sfg'gsf] ;+zf]wg Pj+ k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogsf] Joj:yf x'g'kg]{,
• ;sf/fTds lje]bnfO{ kof{Kt cWoogsf cfwf/df nfu" ug'{kg]{ .
;x;|fAbL ljsf;sf nIo, ;a}sf] nflu lzIff sfo{j|md, dfWolds lzIff ;xof]u sfo{j|md tyf xfn
;~rfndf cfO/x]sf] ljb\ofno If]q ljsf; sfo{j|md tyf ;"Id txsf ;fgf ;fgf z}lIfs sfo{j|mdnfO{ klg
o; kIfaf6 ljZn]if0f ul/G5 . ;a}sf] nflu lzIff sfo{j|mdcGtu{t k|f}9 ;fIf/tfdf dlxnfsf] ;fIf/tfdf
a9L hf]8 lbOg] s'/f pNn]v . ;g\ @)!% ;Dd k|f}9 ;fIf/tf %) k|ltzt 36fpg] Pjd\ n}ª\lus ljsf;
;'rsfª\s ! k'¥ofpg] . @)!% ;Dd ljb\ofno txaf6 n}ª\lus ljljlws/0fsf] cj:yf cGTo ug]{ nIo
/flvPsf] lyof] . k|f}9 ;fIf/tf sfo{j|mdcGtu{t dlxnf ;fIf/tf, ljb\ofno aflx/sf afnaflnsfsf] lglDt
OSP (Outreach / Flexible School) sf] Joj:yf / ;fd'bflos cWoog s]Gb| (Community Learning
Center) (CLC) sf] :yfkgf ul/Psf] .
g]kfnsf jt{dfg lzIff Joj:yfdf n}ª\lus kIfdf lje]bsf] cj:yf /x]sf] tYofª\sn] b]vfpF5 . ljz]ifu/L
;xeflutfsf] kIfdf of] cj:yf 5 . ljb\ofnodf s]6Lsf] kx'Fr t'ngfTds ¿kdf Go"g 5 . n}ª\lus kIfdf
;dfgtf Nofpg] ;Gbe{df ;/sf/L jf u}/;/sf/L, :yfgLo jf If]qLo, lhNnf / /fli6«o txdf k|z:t k|of;
eO/x]sf 5g\ . ;dfgtfsf] k|lj|mof / k|of;af6 ;dtfsf] cj:yfdf k'Ug cem ;lsPsf] 5}g . cf}krfl/s /
cgf}krfl/s If]qaf6 k|of; eO/x]sf 5g\ . 5fqfsf] egf{ k|ltzt a9fpg / ljb\ofnodf egf{ ePsfnfO{
wfGg tyf ljb\ofno 5f8]sfnfO{ lzIffsf] ;'lgZrt ug{ ljljw k|of; eO/x]sf 5g\ .
lzIff If]qdfn}ª\lusd"nk|jfxLs/0f ug{ Gender Audit Report (2002) n] lgDgfg';f/ !) sfo{sf]
cfjZostf cf}NofPsf] 5 .oL kIfcGt/ut k"0f{ ;Daf]wg eO g;s]sfdf lgDglnlvt a'Fbfdf ljz]if Wofg
lbg] s'/f cf}NofPsf] 5 M
!_ n}ª\lus gLltsf] ljsf; / k|jf]wLs/0f ug]{ .
@_ lzIff ljefusf] xfnsf] dlxnf zfvfsf] gfd kl/jt{g u/L n}ª\lus zfvf jf To:t} cGo s'g} gfd
/fVg] .
#_ lzIff ljefuaf6 ;~rflnt ;a} sfo{j|mdsf] PsLs[tug]{ .
$_ ljlzi6 pb\b]Zoagfpg] -cg'udg / d"Nofª\sgsf] lglDt ljlzi6Ls[t pb\b]Zo, of]hgf, dfkb08
tyf ;"rssf] ljsf; ug]{ .
%_ dlxnf lzIfs lgo'lSt;DaGwL gLltsf] k"0f{ sfof{Gjog ug]{
^_ ;a} vfnsf tYofª\ssf] ;ª\sngubf{ n}ª\lus kIf g5'6fpg] .
&_ Joj:yfkgsf kIfdf #) k|ltzt dlxnfsf] ;ª\Vof k'¥ofpg] .
*_ lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnL -sfg'g_ nfO{dlxnf cg's"n x'g] u/L kl/dfh{g ug]{ .
(_ lzIf0f l;sfO ;fdfu|LnfO{ n}ª\lus kIfsf ¿kdf klg ljsf; ug]{ .
177
 !)_ tflnddf a9L dlxnfnfO{ dxTTj lbg] .
æ;a}sf] nflu lzIffÆ sfo{j|mdnfO{ pb\b]Zod"ns agfpg g]kfndf 5fqj[lQ sfo{j|mdnfO{ ;zSt pkfosf]
¿kdf x]l/Psf] 5 . Jofks ¿kdf 5fqj[lTtsf] /sd klg k|jfx ul/Psf] 5 . t/ b'¿kof]u ePsf] eGg]
u'gf;f] klg ;'lgG5 . t;y{ 5fqj[lQ sfo{j|mdnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg lgDgfg';f/ ug]{M
!_ of] k|f]T;fxg sfo{j|md xf], o;n] kl/j]z agfpg'k5{, cfkm} k"0f{ xf]Og eGg] s'/f hfgsf/L ;a}nfO{
u/fpg]
@_ h] / h'g sfdsf] nflu lbOG5 To;nfO{ k'Ug] /sd lbg]
#_ aRrf jf Pp6f cleefjs dfq xf]Og kl/jf/nfO{ klg j[lTt lbg]
$_ /fHon] j[lTt lbPkl5 /fHonfO{ p;n] s] lbg] eGg] hfgsf/L lng] lbg] ug]{
%_ lbuf] / ljZjfl;nf] ;+oGq ljsf; ug]{
^_ lg/Gt/tfsf] nflu :yfgLo sfo{ nufpg]
&_ 5nkmnsf] cfwf/df nIo -sf]6f_ lgwf{/0f ug]{
*_ hftnfO{ xf]Og cfjZostfnfO{ x]g]{
(_ xfdL;Fu Ifdtf 5 To;nfO{ phfu/ ug'{k/]sf] 5 eGg] dfGotfsf cfwf/df j[lQ lbg] ;f] ;Gb]z klg
k|jfx ug]{

%=* lg/Gt/, a}slNks / v'nf tyf b"/ lzIff

g]kfndf cgf}krfl/s lzIffsf] cf}krfl/s yfngL /f0ffsfndf uf]/vf etL{df l;kfxL x'g hfg rfxg]
JolStnfO{ cª\u|]hL k9\g / n]Vg l;sfpg yfn]kl5 ePsf] dflgG5 . o;sf ;fy} s[lif pTkfbg, :jf:Yo tyf
;/;kmfO, cfocfh{g h:tf ljifodf u|fdL0f hgtfnfO{ r]tgf hufpg] pb\b]Zon] cgf}krfl/s lzIff sfo{qmd
;~rfng k|f/De ul/Psf] lyof] . kl/0ffd:j¿k lj=;+= @))$ ;fnb]lv cfwf/ lzIfs s]Gb| :yfkgf u/L
k|f}9 ;fIf/tf sfo{qmd ;~rfng x'g yfn]kl5 cgf}krfl/s lzIffsf] ;+:yfut k|f/De ePsf] dfGg
;lsG5 .lj=;+= @)!! sf] g]kfndf lzIff gfds k|ltj]bgn] k|f}9 ;fIf/tf sfo{qmdnfO{ hf]8 lbPkl5 lj=;+=
@)!# ;fnb]lv of]hgfa4 ¿kdf k|f}9 ;fIf/tfsf ¿kdf cgf}krfl/s lzIff ;~rfng x'g yfn]sf] b]lvG5 .
k|f/Dedf k9fO, n]vfO / cfwf/e"t ul0ftLo l;k l;sfpg] pb\b]Zon] ;~rflnt ;fIf/tf sfo{qmddf
:jf:Yo, ;/;kmfO, s[lif, jg ;+/If0f, ;xsf/L, cfocfh{g h:tf ljifodf 1fg tyf l;k ;d]t ;dfj]z u/L
lj=;+= @)@@ ;fnb]lv sfo{d"ns agfpg] k|of; ePsf] b]lvG5 .
;fIf/tf lzIff sfo{qmdsf] lj:tf/;“u lj=;+= @)#& ;fndf lzIff dGqfnodf k|f}9 lzIff zfvf :yfkgf
ePkl5 o;sf kf7\o;fdu|L, k9fpg] lzIfssf] tof/L nufot cGo ;fdu|Lsf] ljsf; x'g yfNof] . oxL
qmddf u|fdL0f ljsf;sf lglDt ;]tL lzIff kl/of]hgfn] lj=;+= @)#* ;fn k5fl8b]lv ;fljssf] k|f}9
;fIf/tfsf cltl/Qm lszf]/L tyf dlxnfnfO{ nlIft u/L r]nLa]6L lzIff sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog x'g yfNof]
h;sf] ljsl;t ¿k cfhef]ln ;~rflnt dlxnf lzIff k|yd / låtLonfO{ dfGg ;lsG5 . o;} u/L k|fylds
pd]/ ;d"xsf afnaflnsfnfO{ sIff !–# ;/xsf] lzIff lbg] pb\b]Zon] lzIff ;bg k|yd / låtLo ;~rfng
ug{ yfn]kl5 k|f}9sf cltl/Qm afnaflnsfnfO{ ;d]t cgf}krfl/s lzIffn] cfk\mgf nlIft ;d"xleq ;d]6\g
k'u]sf] b]lvG5 . cgf}krfl/s lzIffsf] cjwf/0ff cfPsf] Jofkstf, sfo{qmdsf :j¿kdf b]vfk/]sf
ljljwtf / lj:tf/;“u} ;fljssf] ;ª\u7gfTds ;+/rgf kl/jt{g u/L lj=;+= @)%^ ;fnb]lv cgf}krfl/s
lzIff s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf eof] h;n] cf}krfl/s lzIffsf] ljsf;, lj:tf/ / sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog ub}{ cfPsf] 5
eg] kf7\oqmd, kf7\ok':ts / ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L ljsf;, hgzlSt ljsf;sf nflu tflnd klg ;~rfng ub}{
cfPsf] 5 .

178
%=*=$=* lg/Gt/ lzIff
• lzIff hGdb]lv hLjgko{Gt /xG5 o;sf] cGTo JolStsf] d'To'z}of kZrft dfq x'g] ub{5 .
ctM of] lg/Gt/ rln/xg] k|lj|mof xf] lzIffsf] If]qdf klg Jofks 5 .
• lzIff cf}krfl/s, cgf}krfl/s, cfsl:ds ¿kaf6 l;lsG5 .
lg/Gt/ lzIffnfO{ @ lsl;daf6 x]g{] ;lsG5M
cf}krfl/s lzIff leqsf] lg/Gt/tf
• lzIffsf ljljw tx x'G5g\ . k"j{ k|fylds tx, k|fylds tx, lg=df=lj=, df=lj=,
pRrdfWolds, pRr lzIff -:gfts, :gftsf]Q/, cg';Gwfg cflb_
• s'g} ljBfyL{ plNnlvt txdf cWoog ub{} hfg] k|lj|mofnfO{ klg lg/Gt/ lzIffsf ¿kdf
lnG5 .
• lglb{i6 nIo xfl;n ug{ j|mdzM lgwf{l/t txsf] lzIff xfl;n ub{} hfg] lzIffsf] k|lj|mof
cf}krfl/s lzIff xf] .
cgf}krfl/s lzIff leqsf] lg/Gt/tf
• cf}krfl/s -ljb\ofno_ lzIffaf6 al~rt k9\g, n]Vg gkfPsf afnaflnsf tyf k|f}9sf] nflu
;d]t cfwf/e"t lzIff k|bfg ug{], l;kd"ns sfo{j|md ;~rfng ug{] / cfwf/e"t lzIff k"/f
u/]sfnfO{ cf}krfl/s lzIffdf k|j]z u/fpg] / lg/Gt/ cWoogk|lt clek|]l/t ug{] k|lj|mofnfO{
lzIffsf ¿kdf lng] ul/G5 . gj;fIf/tfnfO{ sfo{j|mdsf] lg/Gt/tf k|bfg u/L lzIff k|bfg
ug{] z}nL xf] .
csf{] cy{df lg/Gt/ lzIffnfO{Life Long Learningsf ¿kdf klg lnOG5 . o; cGtu{t
h'g;'s}Modeaf6 lzIff k|fKt u/]sf] ePtfklg JolSt cfkm\gf] hLjgdf ;Ifd x'gsf nflu k9\g,
hfGg, l;Sg tlNng x'g] s]xL sfd ug{ ;Ifd x'g], s]xL x'g, aGg / Ps cfk;L ;x–;DaGw :yflkt
u/L afRg ;Sg] x'g'k5{ . o;sf nflu klg p;n] lzIff xfl;n ug{' k5{ .
lg/Gt/ lzIffsf] d"n pb\b]Zo eg]sf] ;fIf/ g]kfn cleofgdf ;xefuL eP/ cfwf/e"t ;fIf/tf l;k
xfl;n u/]sf gj;fIf/sf] l;sfO cfjZostfnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbgsf nflu ;f]eGbf pRr txsf]
cgf}krfl/s lzIff k|bfg ug{ lg/Gt/ lzIffsf] sfo{s|d ;~rfng ul/Psf] xf] eg] ljutdf ;fIf/tf
cleofgdf ljljw sf/0faf6 ;xefuL x'g g;s]sf lg/If/ JolStnfO{ ;fIf/tf l;k xfl;n u/fpg'
klg o; sfo{s|dsf] pb\b]Zo xf] .
cgf}krfl/s k|fylds lzIff sfo{j|md
o;sf] nlIft ;d"x eg]sf >d u/]/ hLljsf rnfpg], kl/jf/sf ;b:onfO{ 3/df ;3fpg' kg]{, 3/fo;L
lhDd]jf/L axg ug'{ kg]{, cfly{s ;fdflhs ljz]if sf/0fn] tf]lsPsf] ;dodf ljb\ofnodf egf{ x'g g;s]sf
/ ljb\ofno guPsf ;fdfGotM ;x/L, cw{zx/L / cf}Bf]]lus If]qsf k|fylds lzIffaf6 jl~rt jf k|fylds
ljb\ofno lzIff k"/f gu/L aLr}df k9fO 5f]8]sf *–!$ jif{ pd]/ ;d"xsf afnaflnsfnfO{ k|fylds sIff
!–%;Ddsf] lzIff lbg] pb\b]Zon] of] sfo{j|md ;~rfng x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 . sIff !–% sf] kfFrjif{sf]
cf}krfl/s k|fylds lzIff kf7\oj|mdnfO{ # jif{df k"/f x'g] u/L ;3g kf7\oj|md / To;sf cfwf/df lgld{t
kf7\o;fdu|L k|of]u u/L sIff ;~rfng ul/G5 / # jif{ k"/f ePkl5 pgLx¿ sIff % sf] cGTodf lnOg]
jflif{s k/LIffdf ;xefuL x'g of]Uo dflgG5g\ .
kf7\os|d ljsf; s]Gb|af6 :jLs[t k|fylds txsf] kf7\os|dnfO{ g} cgf}krfl/s k|fylds lzIff sfo{s|dsf]
kf7\os|dsf] ?kdf ;d]t k|of]u x'G5 h'g kf7\os|dnfO{ # txdf ;+Zn]lift u/L -Condence_ tof/ kfl/Psf]
5.

179
 o; sfo{s|ddf k9fOg] ljifo
s|=;+ ljifo kf7\oef/ k"0ff{ª\s
klxnf] tx bf];|f] tx t];|f] tx
! g]kfnL & & ^ !))
@ ul0ft & & ^ !))
# ;fdflhs $ $ ^ !))
$ cª\u|]hL & & ^ !))
% lj1fg % % ^ !))
hDdf #) #) #) %))
lgDgdfWolds txsf] v'nf ljb\ofno sfo{j|md
sIff % ;Ddsf] lzIff xfl;n u/]sf t/ ljleGg sf/0fn] lgDgdfWolds txsf] k9fOnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg
g;s]sf !$jif{eGbf dfly pd]/ ;d"xsf lszf]/ lszf]/LnfO{ sIff ^–* ;Ddsf] lzIff lbg] pb\b]Zon] of]
sfo{j|md ;~rfng x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 . sIff ^–* sf] tLgjif{sf] kf7\oj|mdnfO{ b'O{ jif{df k"/f ug]{ u/L tof/
kfl/Psf] kf7\oj|md / To;sf cfwf/df tof/ ul/Psf kf7\o;fdu|L k|of]u u/L lgDgdfWolds txsf sIff
;~rflnt ljb\ofnodf g} k7gkf7g x'G5 / sIff * sf] cGTodf ;~rflnt lhNnf:t/Lo k/LIffdf cGo
ljBfyL{ ;/x ;xefuL x'g'kg]{ x'G5 .
cgf}krfl/s k|f}9 ljb\ofno
lg/If/ k|f}9b]lv s]xL sIff;Ddsf] ljb\ofnodf lzIff xfl;n u/L dfWolds tx;Ddsf] lzIff k"/f gu/L
ljb\ofno lzIffaf6 aflxl/Psf] ;d"xnfO{ nlIft u/L cfwf/e"t txb]lv dfWolds tx sIff !) ;Ddsf]
lzIff lbg] pb\b]Zon] o:tf] ljb\ofno ;d]t ;~rflnt x'Fb} cfPsf 5g\ .cfwf/e"t txb]lv sIff !) ;Ddsf]
lzIff ^ jif{df k"/f ug{ ;lsg] u/L ;3g kf7\oj|md / To;sf cfwf/df ljsl;t kf7\o;fdu|L k|of]u u/L
cfwf/df o:tf] ljb\ofno lzIff sfo{j|md j}slNks ljb\ofno lzIffsf ¿kdf ;~rflnt 5 .
o; sfo{s|dsf k|d'v ljz]iftf
• cgf}krfl/s k|f}9 ljb\ofno xfn !—* / cgf}krfl/s k|f}9 dfWolds ljb\ofno !—!)
;~rfng x'Fb} cfPsf 5g\ .
• !% jif{ eGbf dfly pd]/ ;d"xsf JolSt ;xefuL eO{ cWoog ug{ ;S5g\ .
• ;asf nflu lzIffsf ^ cf]6f nIodWo] @ j6f nIo ;g @)!% ;Dd ;a k|f}9nfO{ cfwf/e"t
tyf lg/Gt/ lzIffsf] cfjZostf k"lt{sf] ;lglZrttf k|bfg ug{ eGg] pNn]v ePcg';f/ of]
sfo{s|dsf] yfngL ePsf] xf] .
• cgf}krfl/s k|fylds -!—*_ / cgf}krfl/s k|f}9 dfWoldsljb\ofno - !—!)_ txsf]
ljb\ofno lzIffsf] cjlw s|dzM % jif{ / @ jif{sf] x'g]
• cfwf/e"t tx ;Ddsf] cgf}krfl/s k|f}9 ljb\ofnosf] :jLs[lt lhNnf lzIff clwsf/Ln] lbg]
Joj:yf 5 .
• dfWolds txsf] cgf}krfl/s k|f}9 ljb\ofnosf] :jLs[lt lhNnf lzIff ;lddltsf] /fo;lxtsf]
lzkmfl/zdf If]qLo lzIff lgb]{zsn] lbg] Joj:yf 5 .

180
• cgf}krfl/s k|f}9 ljb\ofno ;~rfng ;fd'bflos ljb\ofno, ;fd'bflos cWoog s]Gb| jf
;fj{hlgs ejg jf cGo sIffsf]7f Joj:yf u/]/ ug{ ;lsG5 . sfxfF ;~rfng u/]sf] xf]
;f]sf] hfgsf/L z}lIfs ;q ;'? ePsf] ! dlxgf leq lhNnf lzIff sfof{nodf u/fpg'k5{ .
• k7gkf7gsf] ;do lgwf{/0f ubf{ ;Dks{ ;q / u[xsfo{af6 ;d]t tf]lsPsf] kf7\oef/ k"/f
x'g]u/L ;dfof]hg u/fpg' kg]{ 5 .
• ;fdfGotof M ;Dks{ ;q b}lgs @ 306fsf b/n] xKtfdf ^ lbg jf ;fKtflxs !@ 306f
eGbf sd ug{ kfOg] 5}g
• ;fd'bflos ljb\ofnodf ;~rfng x'g] ljb\ofnosf] Joj:yfkg ;ldlt ;f]xL ljb\ofnosf]
Joj:yfkg ;ldlt x'g] /
• ;fd'bflos cWoog s]gb|af6 ;~rfng ePsfdf ;fd'bflos cWoog s]Gb|s} Joj:yfkg
;ldltn] ;~rfng ug]{
• cgf}krfl/s ljb\ofnosf] cfwf/e"t tx -!—%_ sf] ljb\ofnosf] ;xhstf{sf] of]Uotf sDtLdf
cfO=P8, -!—*_ sf nflu aL=P8 / cgf}krfl/s dfWolds lzIff -(—!)_sf nflu Pd=P8
/x]sf] 5 .
• sIff ^ df egf{x'g sIff % ptL0f{ k|df0fkq, sIff ( df egf{ x'g sIff *sf] lhNnf:t/Lo
k/LIff pTtL0f{ u/]sf] k|df0fkq clgjfo{¿kdf k]z ug'{kg]{
• !% jif{ pd]/ k'u]sf / sIff * jf ;f];/xsf] k/LIff ptL0f{ eO{ sDtLdf @ jif{ k"/fu/]sf
;xefuLn] P;=Pn=;L -sIff !) sf] cGtdf lnOg] k/LIff_ lbg kfpg]
• cgf}krfl/s k|f}9 ljb\ofnoaf6 sIff !—!) ptL0f{ k|df0fkq cf}krfl/ssf] !—!) ptL0f{
;/x dfgotf x'g]
• cgf}krfl/s k|f}9 ljb\ofnodf k|of]u x'g] kf7\os|dg} nfu" x'g] t/ k|fylds sIff !—% sf] %
jif]{ kf7\os|dnfO{ #jif{, sIff ^—* sf] # jif]{ kf7\os|dnfO{ @jif]{ / dfWolds tx sIff
(—!) sf] @ jif]{ kf7\os|dnfO{ ! jif{df ;+Zn]if0f u/L nfu" ul/G5 .
• sIff !—% sf] nflu a}slNks k|fylds lzIffsf nflu ;+Zn]lift kf7\os|d / kf7\ok':ts
nfu"
• sIff ^—* sf] nflu lgdflj v'nf ljb\ofnosf] nflu ;+Zn]lift kf7\os|d / kf7\ok':ts nfu"
• sIff (—!) sf] - dfWolds tx_ v'nf dfWolds ljb\ofnosf nflu kf7\os|d ljsf; s]Gb|n]
:jLs[t u/]sf] z}lIfs hgzlSt ljsf; s]Gb|n] ;+Zn]lift u/]sf] kf7\os|d tyf kf7\ok':tsnfO{
g} ;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lsf ¿kdf k|of]u ul/Psf]

181
 cgf}krfl/s k|f}9 k|fylds txsf] kf7\os|dsf] 9fFrf
s|=;+ ljifo kf7\oef/ jflif{s kf7\o
klxnf] tx bf];|f] tx t];|f] tx 306f
! g]kfnL !)) !)) !)) &@
@ cª\u|]hL !)) !)) !)) *)
# ul0ft !)) !)) !)) ()
$ ;fdflhs cWoog tyf !)) !)) !)) &@
l;h{gfTds snf
% lj1fg tyf :jf:Yo !)) !)) !)) &@
^ :yfgLo ljifo÷dft[efiff !)) !)) !))
hDdf k"0ff{ª\s ^)) ^)) ^)) #*^
cgf}krfl/s k|f}9 cfwf/e"t tx sIff -^—*_sf] kf7\os|dsf] 9fFrf
s|=;+ ljifo kf7\oef/ k"0ff{ª\s
klxnf] tx bf];|f] tx hDdf 306f
-jflif{s 306f_ -jflif{s 306f_
! g]kfnL ^) ^) !@) !))
@ cª\u|]hL $% $% () !))
# ul0ft ^) ^) !@) !))
$ lj1fg %% %% !!) !))
% ;fdflhs $% $% () %)
^ :jf:Yo tyf zf/Ll/s @% @% %) %)
& hg;ª\Vof tyf jftfj/0f @) @) $) %)
* k"j{ Jofj;flos lzIff @) @) $) %)
( gful/s tyf g}lts lzIff @) @) $) %)
/ ;+:s[t
hDdf k"0ff{ª\s #%) #%) &)) ^%)

cgf}krfl/s k|f}9 dfWolds txsf] sIffsf] kf7\os|dsf] 9fFrf

s|=;+ ljifo kf7\oef/ k"0ff{ª\s ;Dks{ sIf ;q >Jo kf7
;ª\Vof
! g]kfnL % !)) !* !$ @)
@ c+u|]hL % !)) #@ @^ #)
# ul0ft % !)) #@ @^ !)
$ lj1fg % !)) #! @% #)
182
 % ;fdflhs % !)) !* !$ @$
^ :jf:Yo tyf hg;ª\Vof % !)) !^ !# @)
tyf jftfj/0f
& cy{zf:q % !)) !$ !$ !^
* lzIff % !)) !$ !$ !^
hDdf k"0ff{ª\s $) *)) !&% !$) !^^
;fd'bflos cWoog s]Gb|
• cgf}krfl/s lzIff gLlt lj= ;+= @)^#÷!)÷@% df :jLs[t
• lj= ;+= @)&@÷!)÷@$ df lgb{]lzsf hf/L
• klxnf] CLC k/LIf0f a}t8Lsf] >Lsf]6, / sf7df8f}+sf] j8f g+= !* -;g\ !((*–!(((_
• hDdf @!%! ;fd'bflos cWoog s]Gb| ;+rfngdf /x]sf 5g\ .

kl/ro
;fd'bflos cWoog s]Gb| ;d'bfon] :yfkgf u/L ;~rfng ug{] z}lIfs ;+:yf xf] . of] :jfoQ, cljlR5Gg,
pTt/flwsf/jfnf, ;fd'bflos ;+:yf xf] .of] cfÇg} ljwfgåf/f lgb{]lzt x'G5 . o;n] cfkm\gf];]jfIf]q leqsf]
;d'bfosf] lj:t[t ;e{]If0f u/L ;d'bfosf] cfjZostf klxrfg u/L cfjZostfnfO{ kl/k"lt{ ug{ of]hgf
sfo{j|md lgdf{0f u/L sfof{Gjog ub{5 .
o;sf] d'Vo sfo{ lg/If/ ju{nfO{ ;fIf/tf lzIff, ;fIf/f]Tt/ lzIff, k':tsfno ;~rfng, l;kd"ns
Jofj;flos tflnd sfo{j|md ;~rfng u/L lzIff / r]tgfsf] ljsf;sf] ;fy} ;d'bfosf JolStsf] cfly{s
pGglt tkm{ 6]jf k'¥ofpF5 . o;n] ;/sf/L, u}/;/sf/L ;+3 ;+:yfaf6 cfly{s cg'bfg ;xof]u, ;d'bfosf]
:yfgLo ;|f]t / ;fwg, rGbf cflb af6 ;|f]t ;+sng u/L of]hgf lgdf{0f Pjd\ sfo{j|md ;~rfng ug{]
;d'bfodf cfwfl/t z}lIfs ;+:yfsf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ub{5 . ;fd'bflos cWoog s]Gb|n] cfod"ns, :jf:Yo
;DjGwL r]tgfd"ns sfo{j|md ;~rfng ug{] s]Gb| ;fd'bflos cWoog s]Gb| xf] .
• ;g\ !((* b]lv UNESCO cGtu{tsf] Asia pasific Programms of Education for all
(APPEAL) af6 ;fd'bfloscWoog s]Gb| ;fdu|L of]hgf a9\of]
• xfn g]kfndf @!%! cf]6f ;fd'bflos cWoog s]Gb| 5g\
• SetiProject n]u|fdL0f ljsf;sf nflu lzIff cGtu{t u|fdL0f cWoog s]Gb|sf] cjwf/0ff
Nofof] .
• ;fd'bflos cWoog s]Gb|-@)% vf]Ng]_ nfO{ bzf}+ of]hgfb]lv sfof{Gjogdf Nofof]
• lqaifL{o cGtl/d of]hgfn] -@)^^–@)&@_ n] !)%) cf]6f ;fd'bflos l;sfO s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf
x'g] eg]sf] lyof] .
• ;fy} SSRPn] g} &,)),))) nfO{ hLljsf]kfh{g l;k l;sfpg] nIo /fv]sf]
• cf=j= @)^&÷)^* df g]kfndf CLCsf] ;ª\Vof !*#! ;/sf/af6 cfly{s ;xof]u k|fKt
ug{ k'u]sf]
• lj=;+= @)%#÷$÷@@df /fli6«o cgf}krfl/s lzIff kl/ifb\sf] a}7sn] cgf}krfl/s lzIffsf]
/fli6«o kf7\oj|mdnfO{ :jLs[lt k|bfg .

183
;fd'bflos cWoog s]Gb| ;dGjo ;ldlt
g]kfn leq ;~rfng x'g] ;fd'bflos cWoog s]Gb| ;DaGwL ljifodf gLlt lgdf{0f, /]vb]v, Joj:yfg,
;dGjo / lg/LIf0f ug{sf] nflu b]xfosf ( ;b:oLo Ps /fli6«o ;fd'bflos cWoog s]Gb| ;dGjo ;ldlt
/xg]5M
• cgf}krfl/s lzIff s]Gb|sf lgb{]zs – cWoIf
• k|d'v, o'g]:sf] sf7df8f}+ – ;b:o
• k|d'v, cgf}krfl/s lzIff >f]t s]Gb| – ;b:o
• cgf}krfl/s lzIff Pj+ ;fd'bflos cWoog s]Gb| ;DjGwL lj1 -;ldltaf6 dgf]lgt_
– ;b:o
• lzIff dGqfno, of]hgf dxfzfvfsf] k|ltgLlw – ;b:o
• lzIff ljefu, of]hgf tyf sfo{j|md zfvfsf] k|ltgLlw – ;b:o
• lhNnf lzIff clwsf/L, sf7df8f}+ – ;b:o
• ;fd'bflos cWoog s]Gb|sf cWoIf dWo]af6 ;ldltaf6 dgf]gLt – ;b:o
• ;fd'bflos cWoog s]Gb| ;DaGwL sfo{j|md x]g{] pk–lgb{]zs cgf}krfl/s lzIff s]Gb| – ;b:o
;lrj
• dgf]gLt ;b:osf] kbfjlw % jif{sf] x'g]5 .
• ;fd'bflos cWoog s]Gb|sf] ;dGjo ;ldltsf] ;lrjfno cgf}krfl/s lzIff s]Gb|df /xg]5 .
• CLC sf] cg'dlt :jLs[lt cgf}krfl/s lzIff s]Gb|n] lbG5 .
• uf=lj=;=÷ g=kf=df Pp6f dfq CLC vf]Ng kfpg] .

;fd'bflos cWoog s]Gb| Joj:yfkg ;ldltM !! ;b:oLo /xg] Joj:yf 5 .

• CLCsf] Joj:yfkg ;ldltdf ;fwf/0f ;efaf6 lgjf{lrt jf dgf]gLt Pshgf — cWoIf,
• uf=lj=;= cWoIf jf gkfsf] j8fcWoIf – ;b:o,
• ;dfh ;]jL lzIffk|]dL dlxnfaf6 ;fwf/0f ;efjf6 lgjflrt jf dgf]lgt @ hgf , — ;b:o
• :yfgLo glhssf] lzIfs÷lzlIfsf dWo]af6 Joj:yfkg ;ldltaf6 dgf]lgt ! hgf —;b:o
• :yfgLo lzIff k]|dL ;dfh;]jL dWo]af6 lgjf{lrt jf dgf]lgt @ hgf — ;b:o
• ;]jf If]q leq /x]sf] pRrtd ;fj{hlgs ljb\ofnosf] k|=c ! hgf — ;b:o
• ;DalGwt ljb\ofno lg/LIfs ÷;|f]t lzIfs ÷JolSt ! hgf — ;b:o
• lhNnf l:yt u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfaf6 Joj:yfkg ;ldltn] dgf]lgt u/]sf] ! hgf — ;b:o
• ;d'bfo kl/rfl/sf !hgf – ;b:o;lrj
• ;d'bfo kl/rfl/sfnfO{ ;f=c= Joj:yfkg ;ldltn] lgo'lSt ug{] 5 .
• ;d'bfo kl/rflnsf k|df0fkq pQL0f{, :yfgLo ljjflxt dlxnf x'g'kg{] 5 . lgo'lSt ug{' cl3 !%
lbg cl3 ;fj{hlgs ;"rgf ug{' kg{] 5 .
• ;fd'bflos cWoog s]Gb|sf] n]vfk/LIf0f ;f=c= Joj:yfkg ;ldltaf6 lgo'St n]vfk/LIfsaf6
cf=j= ;dfKt ePsf] Ps dlxgf leq ug{' kg{]5 .
• CLCsf] a}+s vftf ;~rfng Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf cWoIf / ;d'bfo kl/rflnsfsf] ;+o'St
b:tvtaf6 x'G5
• CLCcfÇgf] gfddf xfNg] JolStn] ! nfv %) xhf/sf] cIfo sf]if v8f ug{' kg{] x'G5 .

184
%=(lzIf0f l;sfOdf ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlw
;fdfGotof ;~rf/nfO{ ;Gb]z cfbfgk|bfg ug]{ ;fwg cyjf ;"rgf cfbfgk|bfg ug]{ / pTt/ k|fKt ug]{
Pp6f k|lj|mofsf ¿kdf lng ;lsG5 . ;~rf/ lj|mof k"/f x'gsf nflu ;Gb]z k|]ifs, ;Gb]z / ;Gb]z k|fks
x'g'kb{5 . ;~rf/sf dfWod zflAbs, >Jo, b[io jf ;fª\s]lts klg x'g ;Sb5g\ . o:tf ;~rf/ lbg] / lng]
sfo{dfq ePdf To:tf] ;~rf/ cy{k"0f{ gx'g ;Sb5 . t;y{ ;"rgf, ;Gb]z lng] lbg] sfo{sf] cltl/St
;"rgfsf] k|To'Tt/ lbg] sfo{ klg x'g'kb{5 . o:tf] ;~rf/ ePdf dfq ;"rgf tyf ;Gb]z, cy{k"0f{ x'g
;Sb5g\ .
;du|df s] eGg ;lsG5 eg] ;Dk"0f{ z}lIfs k|lj|mof g} Ps ;"rgf / ;~rf/sf ;dli6 ¿k xf] .lzIf0f
l;sfO k|To]s ljifo / ljifocGtu{tsf PsfO tyf kf7 g} ;"rgf x'g . lo ;"rgf Tolts} ljb\ofyL{{ ;fd'
k'Ug ;Sb}gg\ . h;sf nflu ;"rgf k|]ifssf ¿kdf kf7\ok':ts, lzIfs tyf ;xfos ;fdfu|L k|of]udf
cfpFb5g\ . To:t} g} ;"rgf k|fkssf] ¿kdf ljb\ofyL{{ ;lj|mo /xG5g\ . l;sfOnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg oL
;"rgf k|]ifs / ;"rgf k|fkssf aLrdf ljleGg lzIf0f lj|mofsnfk k|of]udf Nofpg] ul/G5 . o;/L lzIf0f
qmddf ljleGg ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/sf] dfWodaf6 k|fKt ug]{ k|lj|mofnfO{ ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ lzIff eGg
;lsG5 .
jt{dfg kl/jlt{t ;Gbe{df ljZjsf k|To]s d'n'sn] cfkm"nfO{ ;"rgf / ;~rf/sf] If]qdf cem kl/:s[t
agfpg] rfxgf /fVg' :jefljs} xf] . ljZj ahf/sf] dfu tyf hg rfxgfcg';f/ hfgsf nflu ;"rgf tyf
;~rf/sf] ;~hfndf k|j]z u/L ;f] qmddf cfpg] ljljw r'gf}tLnfO{ ;fdgf ug'{ g} kg]{ x'G5 . @! cf}+
ztfAbLsf] hLjgofqf / hLjg kb\wlt;Fu ;dfof]hg x'g k|To]s d'n'sn] cfkm\gf] lzIff If]qdf ;"rgf tyf
;~rf/ k|ljlwnfO{ leq\ofPsf] 5 . dfgjsf x/]s lj|mofsnfk pb\of]u wGbf, Jofkf/, Joj;fo /f]huf/L,
lzIff cflbdf ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/sf] kx'Fr cToflws ePsf] kfOG5 . lzIffsf] If]qdf ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/
lzIffsf nflu ljleGg On]S6«f]lgS; ;fwg k|of]u ug]{ ul/G5 . o;dWo] sDKo'6/ Ps k|efjsf/L ;fwg xf] .
;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlwn] /]l8of], 6]lnlehg, k':ts, kqklqsf 6]lnkmf]g sDKo'6/ Od]n OG6/g]6 cflb
>Jo b[Zo ;fdfu|LnfO{ a9L dxTTj lbg] ub{5 ;"rgfsf] ;ª\sng, ljZn]if0f, ;~ro, k|zf/0f, k|of]u, /
o;sf nflu k|of]u x'g ljleGg ljb\w'tLo pks/0fsf] k|of]u;DaGwL cWoognfO{ ;"rgf k|ljlw eGg] ul/G5 .
;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlw sDKo'6/ k|ljlw / ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/sf cGo k|ljlwsf] ;of]hg ¿k xf] .
sDKo'6/sf] ;xfotfaf6 g} ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlwsf ;"rgfsf] kx'Fr, ;ª\sng, ;ª\u7g tyf
cfbfgk|bfg ug]{ k|lj|mof ;dfj]z ePsf x'G5g\ . sDKo'6/ tyf OG6/g]6sf] k|of]uaf6 ljZje/sf s'g} klg
7fpFdf ljleGg ;Gb]z k|;f/0f x'g] ub{5g\ . lzIf0f l;sfOsf k|lj|mofdf ;d]t cfhsn On]S6«f]lgS; ;fwgn]
k|of]u Jofks x'g yfn]sf] 5 . o:tf ;fwgsf] k|of]u ljgf lzIf0f k|lj|mof cw'/f] g} /xg] ePsf] 5 . o;y{
;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ z}lIfs hutsf] ckl/xfo{ PsfO aGg k'u]sf] 5 .

z}Ifl0fs sfo{df ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|lj|mof

;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ Ps l;Ssfsf b'O{ kf6f h:t} ljifo x'g . h:tf] ;~rf/nfO{ ;Gb]z cfbfgk|bfg ug]{
;fwg cyjf ;"rgf k|bfg ug]{ / pTt/ k|fKt ug]{ Pp6f k"0f{ lj|mofsf ¿kdf kl/eflift ug{ ;lsG5 . o;y{
;~rf/ lj|mof k"/f x'g ;~rf/ k7fpg] / ;~rf/ k|fKt ug]{ b'O{ cj:yf x'g'kb{5 . h;sf nflu Pp6f
dfWod x'g'kb{5 . h'g ;Gb]z k|zf/0fsf] dfWodsf ¿kdf /x]sf] x'G5 . ;~rf/sf dfWod zflAbs,
>Aob[Zo jf xfpefpo'Qm x'g] ub{5g\ . Pp6f ;~rf/ k"0f{ x'gsf nflu ;Gb]z afxs, ;Gb]z / ;Gb]z
k|fks x'g'kb{5 . h;sf ;fydf pTt/ jf k|ltlj|mof klg x'g'kb{5 . ;Gb]z k7fpg] ;Gb]z hfg] t/ ;Gb]z
185
lngn] s'g} k|ltlj|mof ghfPdf k"0f{ ;~rf/ ePsf] dfGg ;lsb}g . o;y{ k"0f{ ;~rf/ x'gsf nflu tnsf]
rqmLo cj:yf x'g'kb{5 .
;Gb]z

;Gb]z k|]ifs ;Gb]z k|fks

pQ/ jf k|ltlqmof

z}Ifl0fs sfo{df lzIff lbg lzIfs / lzIff lng] ljb\ofyL{{ x'G5g\ . o; cj:yfdf lzIfsn] ljb\ofyL{{df s'g}
hfgsf/L, ;"rgf, ;/;Nnfx jf ljifoj:t' lbO/x]sf] cj:yf x'G5, h;nfO{ g} ;Gb]z elgG5 . o:tf] ;Gb]z
lbg ;~rf/sf] dfWodsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . o;/L lzIfs / ljb\ofyL{{ aLr ;~rf/ jf ;"rgf k|jfx ug]{
dfWod rf/ k|sf/sf x'G5g\ . lo dfWod lgDgfg';f/ 5g\M
• b[io dfWod -lrq zAb, gS;f ;ª\s]t cflb_
• >Jo dfWod -/]l8of], df}lvs zAb, 6]lnkmf]g cflb_
• >Jo b[Zo -lel8of], l;g]df, l6le cflb_
• d'b|f jf xfpefp -O;f/f, d':sfg, cflb_
lzIffdf ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/sf] dxTTj / cfjZostf
PSsfO;f} ztfAbLsf] cfudg;Fu} dfgj ;Eotf ;~rf/ tyf ;"rgf k|jfxsf] o'udf k|j]z ul/;s]sf] 5 .
;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlwn] j[xt ¿kdf cfd ;~rf/sf If]q cf]u6L ;s]sf] 5 . ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/
k|ljlw÷k|ljlw cfbfg k|bfg ug]{, hDdf / ;~ro ug]{, pTkfbg tyf k|of]u ug]{ / 1fg tyf ;"rgfsf] k|jfx
ug]{ Pp6f dxTTjk"0f{ / ckl/xfo{ tŒj xf] . ljZje/ lzIff If]qdf ;"rgf / ;~rf/ If]q lzIffsf] lj:tf/
ug]{, kl/dfh{g ug]{, gofFkg lbg], k|lt:kwf{ agfpg ;xof]u ug]{ ;fwgsf ¿kdf k|dfl0ft eO;s]sf] 5 .
;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ If]qnfO{ ljb\ofnodf ltg k|sf/n] ;dfj]z u/]sf] kfOG5 .
• ljb\ofnosf] k|zf;lgs sfo{df ;"rgf k|jfx ug]{ ;fdu|Lsf ¿kdf
• cGo ljifo k9fpg] ;fdu|Lsf ¿kdf
• kf7\oj|mddf ;dflji6 5'6\6} ljifosf ¿kdf, h;n] ljb\ofyL{{sf] bIftfnfO{ hLjg pkof]uL agfpg
d2t u/f]; .
o;/L ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/sf] k|of]u ul/g] cj:yf eP tfklg g]kfndf ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/sf] Jojl:yt k|of]u
/ o;sf] pRrtd k|ltkmn lng g;lsPsf] cj:yf ljb\odfg 5 .;Lldt dfqfdf ljb\ofno lzIff / pRr
lzIffdf o;;Fu ;DalGwt kf7\oj|md sfof{Gjog x'Fb} cfPsf 5g\ . ljZjJofkLs/0f, lj1fg / k|ljlwaf6
pTkGg r'gf}tLsf] ;fdgf ug]{ ;Ifd gful/s tof/ kfg]{ o;sf] w]/} 7"nf] dxTTj x'g] oyfy{nfO{ g]kfnsf]
cfjlws of]hgfdf ;d]t ljz]if dxTTj lbOPsf] 5 . o;f] eP tfklg o;sf] Jofkstfsf kIfaf6
lgDglnlvt sdL sdhf]/L eg] ljb\odfg 5g\M
• kf7\oj|mdn] ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlwnfO{ dxTTjsf ;fy ;Daf]wg ug{ g;Sg' .
186
 • ;"rgf tyf k|ljlwnfO{ ljifo jf dfWod s] sf ¿kdf k|of]udf Nofpg] eGg] s'/f c:ki6 /xg' .
• sDKo'6/ lzIffnufotsf k|ljlw ;DaGwL ljifosf] Jofkstf tNnf] txsf] lzIffaf6 pRr tx;Dd
x'g g;Sg' .
• ef}lts k"jf{wf/, pko'Qm jftfj/0f, hghgzlSt cflbsf] plrt k|aGw x'g g;Sg' .
ljb\ofno lzIffdf ;"rgf / ;~rf/ k|ljlwnfO{ ljifo / dfWodsf ¿kdf Jojl:yt ug]{ / o;sf] k|of]u ug]{
pko'Qm jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug]{ ef}lts kIf eg] r'gf}tLs} ¿kdf /x]sf 5g\ .
;"rgf / ;~rf/ lzIffsf]M pb\b]Zo
• ljZj;gLo / e/kbf]{ ;"rgfnfO{ lzIf0f l;sfOdf k|of]u ug'{,
• z}lIfs ;"rgfsf] PsLs/0f u/L cTofw'lgs cjwf/0ff k|bfg ug'{,
• ;xL / e/kbf]{ ;"rgfsf] k|of]u ug]{ l;k ljsf; ug'{ .
• lg0f{o k|lj|mof, sfo{j|md lgdf{0f, sfof{Gjog k|lj|mofdf ;"rgfsf] k|of]unfO{ :yflkt ug'{ .
• u'0f:t/Lo lzIffsf cfjZostfnfO{ kl/k"lt{ ug]{ dfWodsf ¿kdf ;"rgf ;~rf/nfO{ k|of]u ug'{ .
• ljZjJofkLs/0f, cGt/f{li6«o k|lt:kwf{df ;zSt ¿kdf plqg ;xof]u k'¥ofpg' .
• lzIf0f l;sfO k|lj|mofdf ;/ntf Nofpg' .
• cTofw'lgs 1fg, l;k tyf k|ljlw k|of]udf ;Ifd hgzlSt pTkfbg ug'{ .
• lzIff If]qdf cfpg ;Sg] kl/jt{g, hf]lvd tyf r'gf}tLsf] k"jf{g'dfg ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg' .
• z}lIfs kl/kf6Lleq /x]sf] cj}1flgs lzIf0f kb\wltnfO{ cfw'lgsLs/0f u/L gofFgofF k|ljlw;Fu
kl/lrt x'g, yk cWoog tyf cEof; ug{ l;k ljsf; cflbsf nflu dgf}j}1flgs bafa k|bfg
ug'{' .
lzIf0f l;sfOdf ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/sf] k|of]u
lzIf0f l;sfOsf If]qdf lbgfg'lbg cTofw'lgs cjwf/0ff / l;b\wfGt k|of]udf cfO/x]sf 5g\ . ljZj
kl/j]zdf lbgfg'lbg gofF vf]h / cg';Gwfgn] ljb\ofyL{{df s;/L ;/n / ;xh t/Lsfn] cTofw'lgs 1fg
k|bfg u/L abln+bf] ljZj / ;"rgf / ;~rf/sf] ljZjdf k|lt:kwL{ agfpg ;lsG5 eGg] ljifodf 7"n}
pknlAw k|fKt u/L ;s]sf] 5 . lzIf0f l;sfO k|lj|mofnfO{ k'/fgf] 9ª\u / df]8]naf6 kl/dflh{t u/L
cTofw'lgs df]8]ndf 9fNg g;s] xfd|f pTkfbg a]sDdf x'g] cj:yf l;h{gf x'G5 . ljZj ahf/df b]vf
k/]sf cj;/nfO{ cfTd;fy ug{ g;Sg] z}lIfs pTkfbg z}lIfs a]/f]huf/df kl/0ft x'G5 . To;}n] lzIf0f
l;sfOsf] If]qdf ;"rgf / k|ljlwnfO{ cfTd;fy u/L o;sf] k|of]udf hf]8 lbg' h?/L ePsf] 5 . jt{dfg
g]kfnsf] lzIf0f l;sfOsf] If]qdf ljb\ofno txb]lv pRr tx;Dd ;"rgf / ;~rf/sf] k|of]u a9L /x]sf]
5 .s]xL k|of]u lgDgfg';f/ 5g\M
• ;dofg's'n kf7\oj|mddf kl/dfh{g u/L ;"rgf / ;~rf/sf cfw'lgs cjwf/0ff / k|of]unfO{
leœofpg] k|of; ePsf] .
• ljb\ofno txb]lvComputer lzIffnfO{ k|of]u ul/Psf] .
• ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ If]qnfO{ 5'§} ljifosf] ¿kdf tyf dfWodsf ¿kdf k|of]u ul/g] ul/Psf] .
• ;fd'bflos ljb\ofnodf Internet ;]jfnfO{ lj:tf/ ub}{ ljb\ofyL{{sf] kx'Fr;Dd k'¥ofpg] k|of;
ul/Psf] .
• ljleGg z}lIfs ;+:yfsf] 5'§f5'§} Website :yfkgf u/L Information lbOg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] .
• lzIf0f l;sfOdfOHP tyf LCD projector sf] k|of]u a9]sf] .

187
 • lzIf0f l;sfOsf cTofw'lgs cjwf/0ffsf] vf]hL ub}{ b}lgs lzIf0f l;sfOdf k|of]usf] yfngL
ul/Psf] .
• ljb\ofyL{{df vf]hLk"0f{ sfo{, Project work cflbsf dfWodaf6 lzIf0f ;'? ul/Psf] .
• cWoog, cg';Gwfg sfo{nfO{ yk dxTTjsf ;fy p7fOPsf] .
• ljb\ofno txdf s]xL lhNnfsf ljb\ofnodf OLPC (One laptop per child) sfo{j|md nfu" ul/Psf] .
• ljb\ofnodf Computer lab :yfkgf ug{ ljb\ofyL{{nfO{ v'nf l;sfOsf nflu cj;/ k|bfg ul/Psf] .
• ljb\ofnodf leQ] klqsf, Information board cflbsf] k|of]uaf6 gofF cjwf/0ff lbg] k|of; ul/Psf]
cflb .

%=!);fwf/0f / k|fljlws l;k (Soft and Hard Skill)

JolStn] p;sf] hLjgdf / ljb\ofnodf w]/} lsl;dsf 1fg ;"rgf xfl;n ul//x]sf] x'G5 . tyflk tL 1fg /
;"rgfnfO{ plrt 9+uaf6 k|of]u ug{ ;lsPg eg] l;s]sf] s'g} cf}lrTo /xFb}g . t;y{ l;s]sf s'/fnfO{ s;/L
k|efjsf/L ¿kdf k|of]u ug]{ eGg] s'/f hfGgsf nflu JolStdf Jojxf/ s'zn l;k cfjZos kb{5g\ .
Jojxf/s'zn l;knfO{ æJolStut ljsf;, ;fdflhs ;xeflutf / sfo{If]qdf ;kmn x'gsf nflu cfjZos
j}olSts tyf cGtj}{olSts -;fdflhs, ;+j]ufTds cflb_ l;kÆsf ¿kdf x]l/G5 . To:tf l;kdf M
– ;~rf/
– ax'ljwfut ;d"xdf sfd ug]{ Ifdtf
– cg's"ngzLntf cflb h:tf l;k ;dflji6 x'G5g\ .
Jojxf/s"zn l;ksf nflu ljZje/ ljleGg zAbfjnL k|of]u ul/G5g\ . st} o;nfO{ x:tfGt/0f ug{ ;lsg]
l;k jf k|ltR5]lbt l;kelgPsf] kfOG5 eg] st} d'Vo ;Ifdtfjf /f]huf/d"ns l;k, st} st} PSsfO;fF}
ztfAbLsf l;k klg eg]sf] kfOG5 -UNESCO, 2013_ . jf:tjdf ljleGg l;knfO{kl/eflift ug]{ /
auL{s/0f ug]{ Pp6} l;b\wfGt 5}g / l;ksf] juL{s/0fsf ;DaGwdf klg Pp6} wf/0ff kfOb}+g - Europian
commission 2011_ . o;sf cltl/St ;+:s[lt / Oltxf;n] klg l;ksf] a'emfO{nfO{ k|efj kfb{5 .
g]kfndfTEVT Soft skill project kl/of]hgfsf] k|fljlws ;xof]udf Jojxf/ s'zn l;ksf] lzIf0f l;sfOsf]
k/LIf0f lgDglnlvt !) lhNnfdf ul/Psf] lyof] M
!= emfkf , @ df]/ª, #= wg'iff, $= sfe|] %= afUn'ª, ^= ¿kGb]xL&= c3f{vFrL *= ;'v]{t, ( s}nfnL !)=
88]nw'/f
;f] kl/of]hgfn] ;fwf/0f wf/sf sIff ( / !) sf kf7\os|ddf Jojxf/ s'zn l;k ;dfj]z ug{ lzIff
dGqfno cGtu{tsf lgsfo M lzIff ljefu, kf7\os|d ljsf; s]Gb| / z}lIfs hgzlSt ljsf; s]Gb|nfO{
;xof]u u/]sf] 5 . kf7\os|d ljsf; s]Gb|n] JolStnfO{ cfTd ljsf;,;fdflhs ;xeflutf / Jofj;flos
hLjgdf ;kmn x'gsf nflu cfjZos kg]{j}olSts, ;xof]u, ;f]rfO, gjk|jt{g tyf Jofj;flos l;k
Jojxf/ s'zn l;k x'g egL kl/efiff u/]sf] 5 .

Jojxf/ s'zn l;k lsg dxTjk"0f{ 5g <

Jojxf/s'zn l;kn] JolStnfO{ k|efjsf/L ¿kdf 1fg / ;"rgfsf] k|of]uug{ ;Ifd / hLjg ko{Gt l;sf?sf
¿kdf ljsf; u5{ .Jojxf/ s'zn l;ksf] cEof; ljsf; ug]{ JolStx¿ cfkm\gf] JolStut Pjd\ k];fut
hLjgdf t ;kmn x'G5g\ g} o;sf] ;fy} ;d'bfo / d'n'ss} hLjg:t/ / cy{tGq ;'wf/df ;d]t of]ubfg ug{
;Ifd x'G5g\ .
188
o:tf k|sf/sf l;k -j}}olSts, ;xof]u, ;f]rfO{, gjkj{t{g, Jofj;flos_ nfO{ h] gfd lbPtfklg logLx¿sf]
7"nf] dxTTj 5 . tL l;k cfw'lgs hLjgsf d'Vo ;Ifdtf x'g\ .
Jojxf/ s'zn l;k nfO{ æl;kÆ sf ?kdf juL{s/0f ul/g'sf] klg sf/0f 5 . l;k o:tf] lrh xf] h'g
lgoldt cEof;af6 l;Sg / ljsf; ug{ ;lsG5 . l;k ljsf;sf] lhDd]jf/L lzIff k|0ffnLsf] x'G5 . l;k
ljsf;sf] nflu ;aeGbf pko'St tl/sf eg]sf] kf7\os|ddf Jojxf/s'zn l;k ;dfj]z ug'{ xf] . of]
tl/sfjf6 To:tf l;knfO{l;sfO pknlAw xfl;n ug{sf nflu k|fljlws l;k;Fu klg ;dfof]hg ug{
;lsG5 . o;y{ To:tf l;knfO{ cGo ljifoaf6 cnUofpg' xF'b}g, ljifout kf7\os|ddf / lzIf0fdf ;dfj]z
ug'{ kb{5 .
kf7\os|d ljsf; s]Gb|n] d'Vo $ j6f ;d"xdf ;d'xLs[t u/]sf] 5 . k|To]s Jojxf/ s'zn l;k ;d"xnfO{
ltgsf tTj;Fu ;DalGwt ltg jf rf/j6f d'Vo Jojxf/ s'zn l;kdf ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 .Jojxf/ s'zn
l;ksf tTjnfO{ ;Dej eP;Dd l;sfO pknlAw;Fu ;DalGwt u/fOPsf] 5 . To:tf tTjn] ljb\ofyL{df
ljsf; x'g] l;ksf] ;DaGwdf :ki6 kfb}{ yk JofVof ul/Psf 5g / ltgn] Jojxf/ s'zn l;k xfl;n
u/]sf] s'/fsf] Olªu\t ub{5g .
Jojxf/ s'zn l;ksf] ;d"x
!= ;xof]uL l;k -# cf]6f ;xfos l;k_
cGt/j}olSts l;k km/s km/s nIo / pb\b]Zosf ljljw ;Gbe{df c¿;Fu sfo{ ug]{
km/s ;fd"lxs nIo klxrfg ug]{, d"Nof+sg ug]{ / k|fKt ug]{
;d"xdf lhDd]jf/L klxrfg ug]{ / e"ldsfafF8fkmfF8 ug]{
;d"xdf /fd|f] ;DaGw ljsf; ug]{, ;d"xsf] k|ultsf] n]vfhf]vf ug]{,
;d"xsf] sfo{sf] ;dLIff ug]{ / JolStut ¿kdf cfkm\gf] of]ubfgsf]
k|ltljDjg ug]{
cGt/;fF:s[lts l;k JolStut ljleGgtf :jLsf/ ug]{, jftf{ ug]{ / åGå ;dfwfg ug]{
;fF:s[lts tyf g}lts hftLut / ;fF:s[lts km/skgf ljZjJofkL d'2f
l;k÷cfr/0f k|hftflGqs ;dfh lgdf{0fdf ;+nUg u/fpg af}lbs Ifdtf ljsf; ug]{

@= j}olSts l;k -# cf]6f ;xfos l;k_

lhDd]jf/L / k|oTg ug]{, nrs x'g], ljZj;gLo x'g] / ;d:of cfPdf k|ltjb\w
k|ltjb\wtf ljsf; tl/sfn] sfd ug]{ h:tf gofF / cK7\of/f] kl/l:yltdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg]
ug]{ JolStut u'0fsf] ljsf; ug]{ ;Gbe{df c¿;Fu sfo{ ug]{
cfTd;Ddfg ljsf; cfkm"nfO{ JolStsf] ¿kdf ljZjf; ug]{ / yk ljZj:t x'g]
ug]{
ljgozLntf cfkm"n] cfkm}nfO{ d"Nof+sg ug]{, cfkm\gf] sfo{ ;Dkfbgsf] cfkm}
÷OdfGbfl/tf d"Nof+sg ug]{ / k[i7kf]if0f k|fKt ug]{ / k|ltls|of lbg]
cfTdJoj:yfkg sfo{of]hgfsf] ljsf; / d"Nof+sg ub}{ JolStut nIo klxrfg ug]{,
d"Nof+sg ug]{ / k|fKt ug]{

189
#=;f]rfO l;k -# cf]6f ;xfos l;k_
;"rgf Joj:yfkg ;"rgfsf ljljw ;|f]tdf kx'Fr k'¥ofpg]
l;k pb\b]Zo;Fu ldNbf] / e/kbf]{ cfwf/df ;|f]tsf] 5gf]6 ug]{
;"rgfsf] clen]v /fVg], ;F+u7g ug]{, ;f/fFz tof/ kfg]{ / Pss[t ug]{
k|ljlwsf] k|of]u u/L ;"rgf k|:t't ug]{
l;sfO l;k l;sfOdf lg/Gt/ nflu /xg]
cfkm\gf] l;sfOsf] ;+u7g ug]{
l;h{gfTds ;f]rfO ;"rgfsf] juL{s/0f / s|d lgwf{/0f u/L ltgsf 9fFrf / ;DaGwsf]
l;k hfFr ug]{
/fd|f] ax; / r'gf}tLk"0f{ cjwf/0ff lgdf{0f ug]{ / ljZn]if0f ug]{
kl/sNkgf ug]{, cg'dfg ug]{, k|df0f hffr ug]{ / lgisif{df k'Ug]
;d:of / lg0f{osf] klxrfg / ljZn]if0f ug]{, ljsNksf] vf]hL ug]{,
;d:of ;dfwfg ug]{ / pknlAwsf] d"Nof+sg ug]{
sfnklgs tj/n] ;f]Rg], gofF wf/0ff, ;d:of / ;dfwfgsf]
;ls|o¿kn] vf]hLug]{, gjkj{tgfTds x'g] / hf]lvd p7fpg]

$=gjk|j{tg / Jofj;flos l;k -$cf]6f ;xfos l;k_

gjk|j{tg l;k l;h{gfTds ;f]rfO
c¿;Fu l;h{gfTds tj/n] sfd ug]{
gjk|j{tsf] sfof{Gjog ug]{
cfwf/e"t ljB'tLo 3/, k"jf{wf/ / sfo{:yndf cfwf/e"t ;~rf/ k|ljlwsf] k|of]u
;~rf/ l;k
;dfnf]rgfTds k|efjsf/L ts{ ug]{
;f]rfO / ;d:of kb\wlt lrGtgsf] k|of]u ug]{
;dfwfg n]vfhf]vf ug]{ / lg0f{o ug]{
;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg ug]{
ljljwfTds ;~rf/ k|i6¿kn] ;~rf/ ug]{
/ ;xsfo{
c¿;Fu ;xsfo{ ug]{
Jojxf/s'zn l;ksf] ljsf; s;/L ug]{<
Jojxf/ s'zn l;ksf] ljsf; ug]{ Pp6f dfq tl/sf cEof; xf] . o;y{ lzIfsn] Jojxf/ s'znl;ksf]
clea[b\lw ug]{ l;sfO ls|ofsnfk lgdf{0f / k|jfx ug'{ kb{5 . k|To]s kf7nfO{ Ps jf Ps eGbf j9L
Jojxf/ s'zn l;k;Fu hf]8\g ;lsG5 . tyflk;a} l;ksf] cEof; eg] ljb\ofnodf ug'{ dxTTjk"0f{ 5 .
o;y{ tL l;k kf7\os|d, kf7\ok':ts / sIffsf]7fsf kf7df ;dflji6 ug'{ cfjZos 5 . ljb\ofyL{n] To:tf
l;k lbglbg} cEof; ug'{ kb{5 .
Jojxf/ s'znl;kclea[b\lw ug]{ lzIf0f ls|ofsnfk To:tf x'g h:df ljb\ofyL{nfO{ ;xof]u, ;f]rfO,
l;h{gfTds / ;d:of ;dfwfg h:tf l;ksf] cEof; ug]{ cj;/ kfpF5g . o:tf ls|ofsnfk hf]l8 jf
;d"xdf ug{ ;lsG5 . o:sf] Pp6f /fd|f] pbfx/0f ;d"x sfo{ xf] . h;n] ;xof]u / ;~rf/ l;ksf]

190
clea[b\lw ub{5 . kl/of]hgf, ;d:of ;dfwfg ls|ofsnfk, lgjGw, k|:t'tLs/0f cflb klg sfdsf ¿kdf
lbg ;lsG5 .
b}lgs lzIf0fdf Jojxf/ s'znl;ksf] cEof;af6 x'g] Pp6f kmfObf s] xf] eg] o;n] ljb\ofyL{sf] pknlAw
clea[b\lw ub{5 . kf7df Jojxf/ s'zn l;ksf] clea[blw ug]{ ls|ofsnfksf] ;dflji6tfaf6 ljb\ofyL{sf]
pTk|]/0ff / ;+nUgtf a9\g] s'/f lzIfsn] kTtf] kfFp5g . o;n] ljb\ofyL{x/sf] ltgn] l;ls/x]sf ljifoj:t'
a'em\g] / k|of]u ug]{ Ifdtfdf ;'wf/ dfq gu/L ljb\ofyL{sf] 1fgsf] k|ltwf/0f / o;sf] k|of]usf ;DaGwdf
pgLx¿sf] ljZjf;df ;d]t ;'wf/ ub{5 .
ofxfF of] hfGg dxTTjk"0f{ 5ls Jojxf/ s'znl;kx?sf] ljsf; ljifoj:t'sf] 1fg h:t} u/L dfkg ug{
;lsb}g . of] kl/df0fTds ¿kdf JoSt ug{ jf ;lhn};Fu dfkg ug{ ;lsb}g .ljb\ofyL{n] ljleGg l;kddf
ljlzi6tf k|bz{g ug{ ;S5g / ljleGg l;kdf ltgLx¿sf] sdhf]/L /xg ;S5 . tyfkL Jojxf/ s'znl;k
;dfj]; ePsf ls|ofsnfksf] cjnf]sgaf6 lzIfsn] ljb\ofyL{df s'znl;ksf ljleGg kIf sltsf] /fd|/L
ljsf; eO/x]sf 5g eGg] s'/fsf] d"Nof+sg ug{ ;lsG5 .
ljb\ofno k7\os|ddf Jojxf/s'zn l;k
sIf ( / !) sf d'Vo ljifosf kf7\os|ddf g]kfnL, c+u]|hL, ul0ft, ;fdflhs cWoog, lj1fg / :jf:Yo,
hg;+Vof tyf jftfj/0f lzIffdf Jojxf/s'zn l;k ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . kl/dflh{t kf7\os|d cg';f/
sIff ( sf kf7\ok':ts ljsf; ul/Psf 5g . kf7\os|ddf l;sfO pknlAwsf] ¿kdf Jojxf/ s'zn
l;ksf] k|of]uaf6 l;sfO clea[b\lwsf nflu ljb\ofyL{nfO{ ljljw l;sfO cg'ej / cj;/ k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
o;n] ltgLsf jt{dfg / eljio b'j}df l;sfOsf] kx'Frdf /;fdflhs cGt/ls|of, l;h{gfTdstf / ;f]rfOsf
Ifdtfdf ;'wf/ ub{5 . o;n] ltgsf k|ltwf/0f ug]{, ;~rf/ ug]{ / c¿;Fu ;xsfo{ ug]{ Ifdtfsf] ;d]t
ljsf; ub{5 .Jojxf/s'zn l;ksf nflu 5'6\6} kf7 x'Fb}gg\ . logLx¿sf] lzIf0f cGo d'Vo ljifosf
kf7;Fu;Fu} x'G5 . ljb\ofyL{n] k7\os|dsf ljleGg If]qdf PsLs[t tj/n] Jojxf/s'zn l;ksf] jf/Djf/
cEof; ub{5g\ .Jojxf/s'zn l;ksf] ljsf; ljb\ofyL{sf] l;sfO k|lj|mofsf] Ps dxTjk"0f{ efu x'g hfG5 .
Jojxf/ s'zn l;kkl/of]hgfsf] emns
kl/of]hgfsf] gfd M k|fljlws lzIff tyf Jofj;flos tflnd Jojxf/ s'zn l;k kl/of]hgf (TEVT soft
skill project )

;xof]u M lkmgNof8 ;/sf/

;~rfng ug]{ ;+:yf M lzIff dGqfno
sfof{Gjog ug]{ ;+:yf M lzIff dGqfno / cGt/utsf s]Gb|Lo lgsfo, lzIff ljsf; tyf ;dGjo PsfO
cu'jf÷ ;|f]ts]Gb| / ljb\ofno .
kl/of]hgf cjlw M ;]K6]Dj/ @)!@ b]lv l8;]Dj/ @)!%
kl/of]hgf x:tfIf/ ldlt M cui6 @)!@
dWojtL{ k'g/fjnf]sg M gf]e]Dj/ @)!$ b]lv hgj/L @)!%
kl/of]hgf ah]6 M !=^ ldlnog o"/f]
-;|f]tM z}lIfs ;"rgf, @)&@ tyf @)&#_
• k|fljlws lzIff tyf Jofj;flos tflnd Jojxf/ s'zn l;k kl/of]hgf (TEVT soft skill project)
ljb\ofno If]q ;'wf/ of]hgf -SSRP_ cGtu{t Pp6f k/LIf0f kl/of]hgf xf] .

191
 • o;sf] d'Vo nIo dfWolds txsf] ;fwf/0f wf/tkm{sf] sIff ( / !) sf] kf7\oj|md kl/dfh{g
tyf ;]jfsfnLg lzIfs tflndsf dfWodaf6 ljb\ofno lzIff kb\wltdf Jojxf/ s'zn l;k
PsLs[t ug{sf nflu lzIff dGqfnonfO{ k|fljlws ;xfotf k|bfg ug'{ xf] .

o; kl/of]hgf g]kfn ljb\ofno lzIff k|0ffnLsf] d"ntM # txdf nlIft 5 .

!=/fli6«o tx M lZfIff dGqfno, lzIff ljefu, kf7\oj|md ljsf; s]Gb|, z}lIfs hgzlSt ljsf; s]Gb| /
k|fljlws tyf Jofj;flos lzIff kl/ifb\ .
@=lhNnf tx M lhNnf lzIff sfof{no, z}lIfs tflnd s]Gb|, cu'jf÷;|f]ts]Gb| .
#=ljb\ofno tx M k|wfgfWofks, lzIfs, ljb\ofno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt / :yfgLo ;d'bfo .
kl/of]hgfsf] pb\b]Zo M lzIf0f l;sfOdf Jojxf/ s'zn l;k ;dfj]z u/L ;fwf/0f lzIffsf] u'0f:t/ /
;fGble{stf clej[lb\w ub}{ ljb\ofyL{sf] /f]huf/d"ns eljio ;'lglZrt ug'{ .
pknlAw
!= dfWolds lzIffsf ;fwf/0f wf/tkm{sf ^ cf]6f clgjfo{ ljifosf kf7\oj|md Jojxf/ s'zn l;k ;d]t
;dfj]z u/L kl/dfh{g .
@= kl/dflh{t kf7\oj|mdcg'¿k kf7\o k':ts n]vgsf nflu kf7\ok':ts n]vssf nflu ;|f]t ;fdu|L
ljsf; tyf cled'vLs/0f
#= z}lIfs hgzlSt ljsf; s]Gb|;Fusf] ;xsfo{df z}lIfs hgzlSt ljsf; s]Gb|,z}lIfs tflnd s]Gb| tyf
cu'jf ;|f]t s]Gb|sf k|lzIfssf nflu kl/dflh{t kf7\oj|md sfof{Gjog ;DaGwL k|lzIfs k|lzIf0f
;~rfng .
$ ;3g k/LIf0fdf /x]sf !) cf]6f lhNnf -emfkf, df]/ª, wg'iff, sfe|], ¿kGb]xL, afUn'ª, c3f{vfFrL,
;'v]{t, s}nfnL, 88]Nw'/f_ sf k/LIf0f ljb\ofno -hDdf *) cf]6f_ df sfo{d"ns l;sfO ;d"x
(Action Learning Group: ALG) u7g .

192
%=!! hLjg ko{Gt l;sfO / hLjgf]kof]uL l;k
lzIffsf] pb\b]Zo dflg;nfO{ hLjgofkg ug{sf nflu cfjZos 1fg, l;k / bIftf k|bfg u/L ;Ddflgt
hLjg hLpg / ;dfh ljsf;df ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] x'g' kb{5 .hLjg ko{Gt l;sfOn] klg afnsb]lv o'jf tyf
k|f}9sf nflu ;d[4 hLjg ofkg ug{sf nflu cfwf/ k|bfg ug{' kb{5 .o;n] l;sf?sf b}glGbg hLjgdf cfO
kg]{ ljleGg ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ cfjZos kg]{ 1fg / l;k k|bfg u/L hLjg:t/df ;'wf/ ug{ / s'zn
gful/ssf] ¿kdf ljsf; ug{ ;xof]u ug{' kb{5 .o;sf nflu hLjg ko{Gt l;sfOn] JolStnfO{
hLljsf]kfh{gsf nflu cfjZos l;k / bIftf k|bfg u/L hLjg / hutnfO{a'‰gsf nflu cfjZos 1fg -
Learning to know_, u/L vfgsf nflu l;k -Learning to do_, ;dfhsf] s'zn ;b:o x'g -Learning to be_
/ ;dfhdf ldn]/ a:g -Learning to live together_ ;Ifd agfpFgsf ;fy} JolStnfO{¿kfGt/0f ug{ -to be
transformed_ ;xof]u k'¥ofpF5 .hLjg ko{Gt l;sfOsf] g]kfnsf] df}lns kl/efiff geP tfklg ;a}sf]
j'emfO Ps} k|sf/sf] x'g' kb{5 .
thLjg ko{Gt l;sfO JolStsf] hGdb]lv k|f}9 hLjg;Dd lg/Gt/ l;sfO k|lj|mof xf], o;n] JolStnfO{ hLjg
/ hut j'‰g, ;dfhsf] Ps lhDd]jf/ ;b:osf] ¿kdf e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{ / ;Da[b\w hLjg ofkg ug{sf
nflu cfjZo 1fg, l;k / clej[lTt k|bfg u/L ;Ifd agfO{ ¿kfGt/0fsf nflu ;xof]u ub{5 .
lhjgko{Gt l;sfO tyf lg/Gt/ lzIffsf ljifodf ljb\ofno If]q ljsf; of]hgfn] to u/]sf] Joj:yf
b]xfoadf]lhd 5 M
pb\b]Zo
• gful/snfO{ ;Ddfghgs hLjg ofkgsf nflu rflxg] ;Ifdtf tyf cfwf/e"t hLjgf]kof]uL
l;k;lxt ;fIf/ u/fpg' .
• j}slNks tyf nlrnf 9fFrfsf z}lIfs sfo{j|mdnfO{ ;a}sf nflu lzIffsf /fli6«o pb\b]Zo k|flKtdf
k"/s agfpg' .
• k9\g] / l;Sg] afgLsf] ljsf;sf] k|jw{g ug'{ .

gLlt lgb]{z
• ;a}sf nflu ;fIf/tf sfo{j|mdsf] k|fjwfg ug]{ .
• ljljw l;sfO cfjZostf ePsf nlIft ;d'bfosf nflu hLjgko{Gt l;sfOsf cj;/ l;h{gf ug]{ .
• lzIff / k];flarsf vf8n d]6\g j[lTt ljsf;df cfwfl/t ;fIf/tf sfo{j|mdsf] ljsf; ug]{ .
;dtf
• k':tsfno tyf ;fd'bflos jfrgfnosf] lj:tf/dfkm{t lg/Gt/ lzIff sfo{j|mdsf] :t/ j[b\lw ug]{ .
• nlIft ;d'bfosf nflu l;k ljsf; tyf cfo cfh{g;Fu cfab\w u/L ljz]if sfo{j|md sfof{Gjog
ug]{ .
• a9L pd]/ ePsf tyf ljb\ofno aflx/ /x]sf ;d"xsf nflu nlIft z}lIfs sfo{j|md ;~rfng ug]{ .

193
u'0f:t/
• dfusf cfwf/df cf}krfl/s, v'nf tyf j}slNks 9fFrfsf z}lIfs sfo{j|md ljsf; u/L
sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg] .
• k];fut ljsf; tyf sfd ;DaGwL l;ksf] ljsf;df s]lGb|t j[lTt ljsf;df cfwfl/t sfo{j|mdsf]
ljsf; / sfof{Gjog ug]{ .
;Ifdtf
• :yfgLo ;/sf/nfO{ ;fIf/tf tyf ;fIf/f]Tt/ sfo{j|mdsf] ;dGjofTds ¿kn] ljsf;, of]hgf tyf
;~rfngsf nflu ;zStLs/0f ug]{ .
• ;ª\ul7t gful/s ;dfh h:tf lzIffsf k|fylds ;/f]sf/jfnf;Fu ;xsfo{ u/L /fli6«o :jod\ ;]jf
cleofg ;~rfng ug]{ .
• cg'udg tyf ;'kl/j]If0f ;xof]usf nflu :yfgLo ;+oGqsf] ljsf; ug]{ .

%=!@ lzIfs ;Ifdtf

s= lzIfs ;Ifdtf
bIf, s'zn, ;Ifd / nugzLn lzIfsn] dfq k|efjsf/L lzIf0f ug{ ;S5 h;sf nflu lzIfsdf ljz]if
lsl;dsf ;Ifdtf x'g'k5{ . ;Ifdtfn] el/k"0f{ lzIfsn] dfq ;Ifd hgzlSt pTkfbgdf bl/nf] e"ldsf
lgjf{x ug{ ;S5 . ;Ifd lzIfs g} ;dfh kl/jt{gsf jfxsdfq geO /fi6«« ljsf;sf ;+afxs ;d]t x'g .
o;}n] lzIfs s:tf x'g'k5{ eGg] ;Gbe{df z}lIfs hgzlSt ljsf; s]Gb|n] tof/ u/]sf ;Ifdtf hfgsf/Lsf
nflu tn k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 M
;Ifdtf ! M ljifo j:t'sf] 1fg(Content Knowledge)
• ljb\ofyL{sf] l;sfO cfjZostfnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ cfk"mn] cWofkg ug]{ ljifodf uxg 1fg
• ;DalGwt ljifo j:t'df uxg tyf cb\ofjlws 1fg
• ;DalGwt ljifosf] cjwf/0ff, l;b\wfGt tyf cfk;L ;DaGwaf/] hfgsf/
• cWofkg ug]{ ljifosf] kf7\oj|mdsf] agf]6nufot ;du| kIfsf] 1fg tyf cGo ljifo;Fusf]
cGt/;DaGwsf] hfgsf/
• ljifo j:t'sf] :yfgLo kl/j]z;Fusf] ;fGble{stf ;DaGwL 1fg
;Ifdtf @ M lzIf0f l;sfO ljlw ;DaGwL 1fg(Pedagogical Knowledge)
• lzIf0f l;sfO k|lj|mof ;DaGwL uxg 1fg ePsf] / ;f] 1fgnfO{ lzIf0f l;sfOdf pko'St tj/n]
k|of]u ug{ ;Ifd
• lzIf0f l;sfOsf ljleGg tf}/ tl/sf tyf gjLgtd\ lzIf0f k|ljlwdf cb\ofjlws 1fg
• kf7\oj|mdsf pb\b]Zo tyf ;Ifdtf xfl;n u/fpg] u/L z}Ifl0fs of]hgf / /0fgLlt to ug{ ;Ifd
• ljifo j:t'sf] k|s[lt, ljb\ofyL{sf] :t/ tyf j}olSts leGgtfnfO{ Vofn u/L pko'St lzIf0f ljlwsf]
5gf]6 ug{ ;Ifd
• ;lj|mo l;sfOsf] nflu pko'St lzIf0f ljlw tyf ;fdu|Lsf] k|of]u u/L l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ug{ ;Ifd
194
 • pko'St ;fwgsf] k|of]u u/L l;sfOsf ljljw kIfsf d"Nofª\sg ug{, glthfsf] ljZn]if0f ug{ tyf
;f]sf] pkof]u
• l;sfO ;'lglZrttfsf nflu lg/Gt/ ljb\ofyL{{ d"Nofª\sg u/L cfjZostfcg';f/ pkrf/fTds
lzIf0f ug{ ;Ifd
;Ifdtf # M afn aflnsf÷l;sf? ;DaGwL 1fg(Knowledge about children/ Learners)
• Affn aflnsfsf] ljljw l;sfO cfjZostf klxrfg u/L ;f]cg'¿k lzIf0f ug{ ;Ifd
• afn aflnsfsf] zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s, ;fdflhs / ;+j]ufTds ljsf;sf] cj:yfsf] 1fg tyf To;sf]
lzIf0f;Fusf] ;DaGwaf/]df hfgsf/L /fvL pkof]u
• afn aflnsfdf ePsf] k"j{ 1fgsf] plrt cf+sng u/L gofF l;sfO;Fu ;DaGw :yflkt
• l;sf?sf] eflifs tyf ;fdflhs ;fF:s[lts d"No dfGotf / ljljwtfsf] klxrfg u/L ;f]sf] ;Ddfg
• k|To]s afn aflnsfn] l;Sg] clwsf/ /fV5g\ / l;Sg ;S5g\ eGg] s'/fsf] cfTd;ft
• afn aflnsfdf /x]sf] ljz]if l;sfO cfjZostf tyf ljlzi6 Ifdtfaf/] hfgsf/L /fvL pko'St
lsl;dn] ;Daf]wg
;Ifdtf $ M l;sfO jftfj/0f tyf sIff Joj:yfkg(Learning Environment and Classroom
Management)
• afnd}qL l;sfO jftfj/0fsf] l;h{gf ub}{ k|efjsf/L lzIf0f l;sfOsf nflu sIff Joj:yfkg ug{
;Ifd
• l;sfOsf lgldTt ;'/lIft, ;xof]ufTds / r'gf}tLk"0f{ jftfj/0f l;h{gf u/L ;lj|mo ;xefuL
• ljb\ofnosf] ;du| ljsf;nfO{ Wofg lbFb} ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] pko'St Joj:yfkg u/L afnd}qL l;sfO
jftfj/0fsf] l;h{gf
• ;a} l;sf?n] /rgfTds l;sfO cj;/ kfpg] u/L cfjZostfcg';f/ ;d"x kl/rfng
• ;sf/fTds cg'zf;gdfkm{t\ l;sf? lar ;xof]u tyf cfk;L ;dembf/L sfod ug]{ / cfbz{
Jojxf/nfO{ k|f]T;fxg
• l;sf?nfO{ vf]h tyf l;h{gf pGd'v u/fpgsf nflu k':tsfno / ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] k|of]unufot
cGo pko'St ;fwg / cj;/ k|bfg
• ljifd kl/l:yltdf ;d]t s'zntfk"j{s pko'St jftfj/0f l;h{gf u/L l;sfOnfO{ lg/Gt/tf
;Ifdtf % M ;~rf/ tyf ;xsfo{( Communication And Collaboration)
• ljb\ofyL{, cleefjs tyf lzIfs lar k|efjsf/L ;~rf/ / ;xsfo{ ug{ ;Ifd
• vf]h, ;xsfo{ tyf cGtls{ofsf lgldTt k|efjsf/L ;~rf/
• l;sf?nfO{ l;sfOk|lt pT;flxt agfpg, ljifo j:t' :ki6 kfg{, lgb]{zgcg'¿ksf] sfo{df ;xefuL
u/fpg tyf z}Ifl0fs k/fdz{ lbg k|efjsf/L ¿kdf ;~rf/
• k];fut ljsf; / ljb\ofyL{ l;sfO k|jw{gsf nflu ;xsdL{lar cg'ej, k[i7kf]if0fsf] cfbfg k|bfg,
cfk;L ;xof]u / ;xsfo{
• l;sf?sf] lzIf0f l;sfOdf ;xeflutf / z}lIfs pknlAwnufotsf ljifosf] clen]vg tyf
;xof]usf nflu cleefjs;Fu 5nkmn k/fdz{

195
;Ifdtf ^ M lg/Gt/ l;sfO / k];fut ljsf;(Continuous Learning and Professional Development)
• cfk"mdf ePsf] 1fg, l;k Pjd\ cg'ejsf] ljZn]if0f u/L lg/Gt/ l;sfO / k];fut ljsf;sf] nflu
k|ltab\w
• k];fut ljsf;sf cj;/sf] vf]hL u/L lg/Gt/ l;sfOdf ;+nUg
• cfk"mn] ;DkGg u/]sf sfdsf] :jk|ltlaDag (Reflection) u/L lg/Gt/ ;'wf/sf] k|lj|mofdf ;+nUg
• cfkm\gf] ljifo If]qdf ePsf cWoog cg';Gwfgaf/] hfgsf/L /fVg] tyf lzIf0f l;sfO ;'wf/sf
lgldTt sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfg ug{ ;Ifd
• cfk;L ;xof]u / ;xsfo{dfkm{t cfkm\gf cEof; / Jojxf/df gjk|jt{g tyf l;h{gzLntfsf] ljsf;
ub}{ k];fut pGgogdf of]ubfg
;Ifdtf& M sfg'gL cfwf/ tyf k];fut cfrf/ ;+lxtf( Legal Bases and Professional Conduct)
• k|rlnt P]g lgod tyf ;fdflhs d"No dfGotfcg's"n cfbz{ k];fut cfr/0f k|bz{g ub}{ cfk\mgf]
lhDd]jf/L tyf pTt/bfloTj jxg ug{ ;Ifd
• cfÇgf] k];fk|lt ;Ddfg / lgi7fefj /fVg] tyf pRrtd g}lts Jojxf/ k|bz{g ub}{ ;fj{hlgs
ljZjf; cfh{g
• k|rlnt P]g, lgodfjnL, lgb]{lzsf cg'¿ksf] cfbz{ cfr/0f k|bz{g ub}{ cfÇgf sfo{ tyf Jojxf/sf]
lhDd]jf/L af]w
• k];fut cfrf/;+lxtf / kbLo dof{bfcg's"n ;a} afn aflnsfk|lt t6:y / ;Ddfghgs Jojxf/
k|bz{g ug]{ tyf pxfFx¿sf] ;jf]{Ttd lxtsf nflu k|ltab\w
• ;fdflhs d"No dfGotf / :yfgLo ;+:s[ltk|lt ;Ddfg tyf leGg ljrf/ / cf:yfk|lt ;xgzLntf
k|bz{g
• lzIff ;DaGwL ljZjJofkL dfGotf -dfgj clwsf/, afn clwsf/, df}lns xssf ¿kdf lzIff,
;a}sf nflu lzIff cflb_ k|lt ;r]t /xFb} ;f]cg's"n Jojxf/ k|bz{g
;Ifdtf *M ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlw(Information and Communication Technology)
• k|efjsf/L lzIf0f l;sfOsf nflu ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlwsf] k|of]u ug{ ;Ifd
• l;sfOnfO{ ;xhLs/0f ug{ ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlwsf] PsLs[t l;sfO /0fgLltsf] 5gf]6 tyf
pkof]u
• l;sf?sf cfjZostfcg's"n l8lh6n ;fdu|L ljsf; ug]{ tyf pknAw ;fdu|Lsf] cg's"ng u/L
pkof]u ug]{
• ;"rgf k|ljlwsf ;fwgdfkm{t l;sf?sf] :jl;sfO k|jw{g ug{ cfk;L ;~rf/ / ;xsfo{sf]
k|efjsf/L k|of]u
• l;sfOsf] d"Nofª\sg / k[i7kf]if0f k|bfg ug{ ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlwsf] pkof]u
• lzIffdf ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlw ;DaGwL gLlt / l8lh6n ;+:s[ltdf ePsf] ljsf;af/] kl/lrt
x'Fb} ;f]cg's"n k];fut Jojxf/ k|b{zg

196
%=!# cleefjs lzIff
cleefjs lzIffsf] cfjZostf
ljb\ofno ;d'bfodf /x]sf] x'G5 .ToxL ;d'bfosf ;b:osf] ¿kdf cleefjs /x]sf x'G5g\ . h;sf] ;s[o
;xeflutf tyf ;xof]u ljgf ljb\ofno ;~rfng ug]{ kl/sNkgf ;d]t ug{ ;lsGg . ctM cleefjs
lzIffsf] cfjZostfnfO{ b]xfocg';f/ k|:t't ul/Psf] 5M
— ljb\ofnok|lt ;sf/fTds ;f]r agfpg,
— ljb\ofnodf egf{ b/ a9fpg, / ljb\ofyL{{sf] lgoldttf a9fpg,
— ljb\ofnonfO{ ;b}j ;xof]u ug]{ jftfj/0f agfpg,
—— ljb\ofno ;]jf If]q leqsf ;Dk"0f{ afnaflnsfnfO{ ljb\ofnodf Nofpg,
— ljb\ofnodf cfOkg]{ ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{,
— cfly{s ;|f]t tyf ;fwgsf] ;+sng, kl/rfng tyf Joj:yfkg ug{,
— b}lgs k7gkf7gdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg,
— ljb\ofnok|ltsf] gsf/fTds efjgf x6fpg,
— ;d'bfo tyf ljb\ofno / lzIfs tyf cleefs larsf] ;DaGw ;'dw'/ agfpg,
— ljb\ofnok|lt ckgTjsf] efjgf ljsf; u/fpg,
— ljb\ofnosf] ;d'Ggltsf] nflu ;'emfj ;Nnfx k|bfg ug{,
— :yfgLo kf7\oj|md lgdf{0f / sfof{Gjog ug{,
— ljb\ofno ;'wf/ of]hgf lgdf{0f / sfof{Gjog ug{,
— kf7\oj|mdn] tf]s]sf pb\b]Zo Pjd\ l;sfO pknlAw k'/f u/fpg nufot .
cleefjssf] ;xof]u ljgf ljb\ofno :yfkgf tyf ;~rfng ug{ ;Dej 5}g . cleefjssf] ;xof]u ljgf
ljb\ofnosf] ;du| ljsf; x'g} ;St}g .To;}n] lzIff P]g tyf lgodfjnLn] lzIfs cleefjs ;ª\3sf]
Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . ljb\ofnon] ljleGg j}7s, sfof{zfnf, ;r]tgf uf]i7L tyf ljb\ofnosf] jflif{s pT;j,
3/b}nf] sfo{j|md cflbsf dfWodaf6 cleefjs lzIff k|bfg ug'{ h?/L 5 / ub}{ cfPsf] klg 5 .

197
 kl/R5]b M 5

ljb\ofno txsf] kf7\oj|md / d"Nofª\sg

^=! kf7\oj|mdsf] cjwf/0ff, lgdf{0f k|lj|mof, kf7\oj|md lgdf{0fdf k|efj kfg]{ tTTj
kf7\oj|mdsf] cWoog
lzIf0f l;sfOnfO{ of]hgfa4 9ª\uaf6 cufl8 a9fO{ ljb\ofyL{af6 ck]lIft k|ltkmn k|fKt ug{ kf7\oj|md
cfjZos kb{5 . kf7\oj|md s] xf] < eGg] ;Gbe{df s]nfpFbf s]nfO{ 1fg dfGg] < s:tf k|sf/sf 1fg
cfjZos x'G5g\ < 1fgsf] 5gf]6 / ljt/0fsf] lgoGq0f s;n] ug'{kb{5 < kf7\oj|mdnfO{ s'g /fhgLlts /
;fdflhs zlStn] k|efj kfb{5 < kf7\oj|mdnfO{ s;/L pko'St 9ª\un] ;ª\ul7t ul/Psf] 5 < kf7\oj|mddf
kl/jt{g lsg x'G5 < ljb\ofnon] kf7\oj|mdsf pb\b]Zo k|fKt ePgePsf] n]vfhf]vf s;/L ug{ ;lsG5 <
d"Nofª\sgsf nflu sf] lhDd]jf/ x'g'kb{5 < cflb h:tf k|Zgsf] pTt/ k|fKt ug{sf nflu kf7\oj|mdsf] 9fFrf
tof/ ug'{ tyf kf7\oj|mdsf] cWoog ug'{ cfjZos x'G5 .
kf7\oj|mdsf] cjwf/0ff, dxTTj, c;n kf7\oj|mdsf tTj
Nofl6g efiffsf] Currer zAbaf6 cª\u]|hL efiffdf cfPsf] Curriculum sf] zflAbs cy{ Race course
x'G5 .Curriculum zAbsf] g]kfnL cg'jfb kf7Øj|md x'G5 .kf7Øj|md Tof] dfu{ xf] h;sf] dfWodaf6
ljb\ofyL{ cfÇgf] nIodf k'Ug ;Ifd x'G5g\ .
ljleGg ;dodf ljleGg ljåfgn] kf7Øj|mdnfO{ leGg leGg 9ª\un] kl/eflift u/]sf] kfO{G5 . h;dWo] s]xL
;fGble{s kl/efiff M
– kf7Øj|md eGgfn] pb\b]Zo, nIo ljifo;"rL, k|lj|mof, >f]t, d"NofÍgsf ;fwg cflbsf] af]w eGg]
a'lemG5 . h;nfO{ ljb\ofno leq / aflx/, sIffsf]7fsf] lzIf0f tyf ;DalGwt sfo{qmdåf/f k"/f ug{
of]hgfa4 ¿kn] nfu"" ul/Psf] x'G5 – C.V Good
– lzIffsf] nIo xfl;n ug{sf nflu agfOPsf] z}lIfs sfo{qmdnfO{ kf7Øj|md eGb5g\
–/f=lz=k=of]= @)@*
– lzIffsf pb\b]Zo k|flKtsf nflu ljb\ofno tyf lzIfsåf/f ljb\ofyL{{sf nflu tof/ u/]sf] of]hgf /
lgb]{zgcg';f/sf] ;Dk"0f{ cg'ejnfO{ kf7Øj|md eGb5g\ – UNESCO
– ljb\ofnoleq / aflx/ ljb\ofyL{{df P]lR5s pknlAw k|fKt u/fpg ljb\ofyL{{åf/f ul/g] ;Dk"0f{
k|of;nfO{ kf7Øj|md eGb5g\ -Hilda Taba

198
 – Pp6f :6'l8of] -ljb\ofno_ df Pp6f snfsf/ -lzIfs_ n] cfÇgf ;fdu|L -ljb\ofyL{{_ nfO{cfÇgf] cfbz{ -
pb\b]Zo_ cg'¿k tof/ ug{sf] nflu k|of]u ul/g] Hofjn g} kf7Øj|md xf] –Cunningham
– ljb\ofnosf] leqL cyjf aflx/L cj:yfdf ck]lIft pknlAw k|fKt ug{ ul/g] ;Dk"0f{ k|of;nfO{ g}
kf7Øj|md elgG5 –Saylor and Alexander
– kf7Øj|md eg]sf] kf7Ø;"rLsf] Pp6f ;ªul7t of]hgf / lj|mofsnfksf] k|flKtdf k|of]u ul/g] pb\b]Zo
/ l;sfO cg'ej x'g\ –Arvinda chandra
– lzIffsf pb\b]Zo k|flKtsf nflu ljb\ofnoåf/f ;~rfng ul/g] ;Dk"0f{ lj|mofsnfk kf7Øj|mddf
;dflji6 x'G5g\ – Mouror
kf7Øj|md ljsf;sf l;b\wfGt
kf7Øj|mdn] g} afnssf] Jojxf/ lglb{i6 ug{ dfu{ k|bz{g ug]{ ePsf]n] kf7Øqmsf] lgdf{0f ubf{ j}1flgs
kb\wltnfO{ Wofg lbg cfjZos kb{5 . ljb\ofnon] s:tf] pb\b]Zo k|fKt ug]{, lgwf{l/t pb\b]Zo k|flKtsf] nflu
s:tf cg'ej ;dfj]z ug]{, ;dfj]z ePsf cg'ejsf] ;+u7g s;/L ug]{ / pb\b]Zo k|fKt eP gePsf] s;/L
d"NofÍg ug]{ h:tf cfwf/e"t s'/f g} kf7Øj|md ljsf;sf l;b\wfGt cGtu{t kb{5g\ . kf7Øj|md lgdf{0fsf
j|mddf lgDgfg';f/sf kf7\oj|md ljsf;sf l;b\wfGtnfO{ cjnDag ug'{kb{5 M
-s_ pb\b]Zosf] lgdf{0f
;dfhsf] /fhgLlts, ;f+:s[lts cj:yf, d"No, dfGotf, jt{dfg :j¿k, 1fgsf] k|s[lt, afnssf] :t/,
Ifdtf / ¿rLnfO{ ljrf/ u/L /fli6«o cfjZostfcg';f/ pb\b]Zosf] 5gf]6 ug'{kb{5 . afnssf] s'g
s'g l;ksf] ljsf; ug]{ xf] ;f] s'/f pb\b]Zodf :ki6 x'g'kb{5 . pb\b]Zo ;dflji6 u/L kf7Øj|mdsf]
lgdf{0f ul/G5 . k|To]s z}lIfs txsf] cf–cfÇg} kf7Øj|md x'G5 .
pb\b]Zo oyfy{df cfwfl/t x'g'kb{5 / k|To]s pb\b]Zon] ljb\ofyL{{df s:tf] 1fg, l;k, tyf wf/0ffsf]
ljsf; ug]{ xf] ;f] s'/f :ki6 ¿kdf pNn]v u/]sf] x'g'kb{5 . pb\b]Zo g} kf7Øj|md lgdf{0fsf] k|yd
r/0f ePsfn] kf7Øj|mddf pNn]v ul/g' kg]{ cGo r/0fnfO{ ;d]t o;n] kyk|bz{g ug{ ;Sg'kb{5 .
-v_ l;sfO cg'ejsf] 5gf]6
kf7Øj|md lgdf{0f ubf{ ljb\ofyL{{nfO{ s:tf–s:tf l;sfO cg'ej k|bfg ug]{ eGg] s'/f lglZrt ul/g'
kb{5 . pb\b]Zosf] lgdf{0f eO;s]kl5 tL pb\b]Zo k|fKt ug{ s:tf ljifoj:t' 5gf]6 ug]{ xf] lgwf{/0f
ul/G5 . o;/L ljifoj:t' jf l;sfO cg'ejsf] 5gf]6 ubf{ ljb\ofyL{{n] l;Sg] s'/fsf] k|;:t cEof; ug]{
df}sf, l;Sg] lj|mofsnfk k|;:t ;Gt'li6 lbg] tyf cg'ej jf:tljstf;Fu ;DalGwt x'g'kb{5 .
-u_ lzIf0f l;sfO lj|mofsnfk
kf7Øj|mddf ljifo j:t'nfO{ ljb\ofyL{{ ;dIf k'¥ofpg ckgfO{g] lzIf0f l;sfO lj|mofsnfk / lzIf0f ljlw
o;cGtu{t kb{5g\ . kf7Øj|mddf 5gf]6 ul/Psf cg'ej afnaflnsfnfO{ k|bfg ug{ lzIfsn] ljleGg
z}lIfs lj|mofsnfk ub{5 eg] ljb\ofyL{{n] klg kf7Øj|mddf lgwf{/0f ul/Psf 1fg, lzIfs tyf
ljb\ofyL{{sf] lj|mofsnfk / lzIf0f ljlwn] kf7Øj|mdsf] pb\b]Zocg'¿k ljb\ofyL{{nfO{ cg'ej k|bfg ug]{
x'gfn] o;nfO{ klg kf7Øj|mds} tTjsf ¿kdf /flvPsf]5 .
199
-3_ d"Nofª\sg
d"Nofª\sg eg]sf] ljb\ofyL{{sf] pknlAwsf] n]vfhf]vf ug]{ dfWod xf], o;af6 pb\b]Zo s'g xb;Dd k|fKt
eP eGg] s'/f yfxkfpg ;lsG5 . x'g t d"NofÍgåf/f ljb\ofyL{{sf] pknlAw k/LIf0f dfq ul/b}g a¿
;d:t z}lIfs k|lj|mof, sfo{qmd / k|0ffnLs} n]vfhf]vf klg ul/G5 . d"NofÍgn] l;sfOsf] :t/,
lzIf0fsf] :t/, pb\b]Zosf] :ki6tf, kf7Øj|mdsf] :t/ / pko'Sttf, sfo{qmd ;~rfngsf] k|efjsfl/tf,
pb\b]Zon] ls6fg u/]sf Jojxf/ ljb\ofyL{{df ljsf; x'g;Sof] jf ;s]g cflb s'/fsf] klg d"NofÍg
ub{5 . oL ;a} s'/f kf7Øj|mdsf] d"NofÍg If]qleq kb{5g\ .
kf7Øj|md lgdf{0fdf k|efj kfg]{ tTj
kf7Øj|mdsf] lgdf{0f ubf{ ljleGg s'/fnfO{ cfwf/ dflgG5 . s'g} Pp6f s'/fnfO{ dfq cfwf/ dflgof] eg]
Tof] kf7Øj|md k"0f{ / pkof]uL aGg ;Sb}g . kf7Øj|md hlxn] klg ;dfh ;fk]If x'g'kb{5 . afnssf] ljsf;
x'g'kg]{ ;f]r tyf wf/0ff ;dfhsf] d"No, dfGotf, b]zsf] cfly{s cj:yf, lj1fg, k|ljlwdf ePsf ljsf;
cflbnfO{ cfwf/ gdfgL kf7Øj|md lgdf{0f ug{ ;ls+b}g . vf;u/L kf7Øj|mdsf] lgdf{0f of ljsf;df k|efj
kfg]{ a'FbfnfO{ lgDgcg';f/ rf/ aF'bfdf ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 M
-s_ ;dsfnLg ;dfh
-v_ afnssf] cWoog
-u_ l;sfO k|lj|mof
-3_ cWoogsf] k|s[lt
kf7\oj|mdsf] dxTTj
kf7\oj|mdsf] dxTTjnfO{ a'Fbfut ¿kdf lgDgfg';f/ k|:t't ul/Psf] 5M
-s_ lzIffsf] /fli6«o pb\b]Zo, txut pb\b]Zo / ljifout pb\b]Zo cg';f/ kf7\oj|mdn] ;Dk"0f{ ;dfhsf]
cWoog ug{ ;xof]u ub{5 .
-v_ afnaflnsfsf] ?rL, Ifdtf / :t/cg';f/ lzIf0f l;sfO k|lj|mofsf] lgwf{/0f ug{ lzIfs Pjd\
cWofksnfO{ ;xof]u ub{5 .
-u_ kf7\o k':ts nufot ljleGg ;Gbe{;fdu|Lsf] lgdf{0f / kf7\o k':ts nufot ljleGg
;Gbe{;fdu|Lsf] lgdf{0f / k|of]u s] s;/L ug]{ egL lb;fjf]w u/fpF5 .
-3_ /fli6«o Pjd\ cGt/f{li6«o kl/j]zcg';f/ ljleGg kIfsf] cWoog, cg';Gwfg u/L gofF gofF 1fgsf]
vf]hL ug{ kf7\oj|mdn] ;xof]u k'¥ofp5 .
-ª_ kf7\oj|mdn] ljb\ofnodf ;+rfng x'g] ;Dk"0f{ lj|mofsnfknfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ ;xof]u ub{5 .
-r_ d"NofÍg k|lj|mofnfO{ k|efjsf/L ¿kdf sfof{Gjog ug{ ;xof]u u5{ .
-5_ ;dosf] k|jfx ;Fu} ljsf; ePsf ;d;fdlos k|lj|mofdf Pj+ kb\wltnfO{ kf7\oj|mdn] lzIf0f l;sfO
k|lj|mofdf ;dflxt ug{ dfu{bz{g u/]sf] x'G5 .
kf7\oj|mdsf] k|of]u
s'zn ;+uLtsf/sf] xftdf lju|]sf] jfB oGq klg /fd|f] ;Fu aHb5 t/ /fd|f] afB oGq eP klg To;nfO{
/fd|/L ahfpg ghfGbf To;sf] s'g} klg kIfaf6 cf}lrTo ;fljt ug{ sl7gfO{ k5{ . cyf{t\ ægfRg ghfGg]
cfFug 6]9f]Æ eGg] g]kfnL pvfg ;DemfpF5 . kf7\oj|md klg To:tf] oGq xf] h;nfO{ s'zn ;+rfngsf]
cfjZostf kb{5 . kf7\oj|md;Fu d'n'ssf] eljio ufFl;Psf] x'G5 . kf7\oj|mdsf] ;kmn sfo{Gjogaf6}
afnaflnsfsf] rf}tkmL{ ljsf; ug{ ;xof]u k'U5 .
200
kf7\oj|mdsf] k|of]un] ?rL, OR5f zf/Ll/s Pj+ dfgl;s Ifdtf cg';f/ afnaflnsfsf] JolStTjsf] ljsf;
ug{ ;xof]u ub{5 . kf7\oj|mdn] kf7\o k':tssf] dfq k|of]u ug]{ jfgL x6fP/ ljifo j:t'sf] bfo/fnfO{
km/flsnf] agfpF5 . Pp6} ljifoj:t'nfO{ ljleGg cfofdaf6 cWoog ug{ ;xof]u ub{5 . o;sf] ;fy} ljleGg
ljifo dWo] ;jf]{Ts[i6 ljifosf] 5gf]6 u/L ;f] sf] Jojxf/ -cWoog / cWofkg_ df nfu"" ug{ ;xof]u ub{5 .
kf7\oj|mdsf] k|of]un] s'g txsf afnaflnsfnfO{ s'g tx ;Ddsf] 1fg lbg' pko'St x'G5 / ljifosf]
uxgtf cg';f/ slt ;do s'g ljifo nfO{ lbg' k5{ < s'g d"NofÍg k|lj|mof a9L k|efjsf/L x'G5 < cflb
ljljw k|Zgsf] lg/fs/0f kf7\oj|mdsf] k|of]u kl5 x'G5 . csf]{ zAbdf eGbf s] k9fpg] < lsg k9fpg] <
s;/L k9fpg] < slt ;do leq k9fpg] < d"NofÍg s;/L ug]{ h:tf k|Zgsf] ;xh ;dfwfgsf nflu
kf7\oj|mdsf] k|of]u ckl/xfo{ x'G5 .
c;n kf7\oj|mdsf tTj
kf7\oj|md tof/ ubf{ ;+nUg x'g'kg]{ ;Dk"0f{ kIf ;d]l6Psf] kf7\oj|md g} c;n kf7\oj|mdsf] ¿kdf lrlgG5 .
kf7\oj|mddf ;dfj]z x'g'kg]{ kIfnfO{ g} kf7\oj|mdsf tTj elgG5 . kf7\oj|md tof/ ubf{ o:tf tTj ;dfj]z
5}g eg] To;nfO{ k"0f{ kf7\oj|md dfGg ;lsFb}g . kf7\oj|mdnfO{ k"0f{ ¿kdf ;kmn agfpg kf7\oj|mdsf tTjn]
dxTTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x ub{5 . tL tTjsf] af/]df lgDgfg';f/ pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 M
s_ pb\b]Zo(Objective)
c;n kf7\oj|mdsf] klxnf] cfjZos tTjsf] ¿kdf lnOG5 . kf7\oj|md s;sf] nflu / s:tf] vfnsf]
dfgj ;+;fwgsf] ljsf; ug{sf] nflu tof/ ul/Psf] xf] Tof] ls6fg ug'{nfO{ kf7\oj|mdsf] pb\b]Zo
elgG5 . kf7\oj|mdn] ljb\ofyL{df s:tf] lsl;dsf] 1fg k|bfg ub{5 egL :ki6 kfg'{ g} kf7\oj|mdsf]
pb\b]Zo xf] . o;y{ kf7\oj|md ;a} tx / sIffsf] nflu Ps} k|sf/sf] x'Fb}g . x/]s ljifo tx / pd]/sf
nflu kf7\oj|mdn] cnu cnu pb\b]Zo /fv]sf] x'G5 . k|To]s txsf] kf7\oj|md lgdf{0f ubf{
afnaflnsfsf] Ifdtf ?rL dfgl;s cj:yfnfO{ Wofg lbOPsf] x'G5 . ;dli6df x]bf{ JolStsf] OR5f,
;dfhsf] rfxgf / /fli6«o cfjZostfnfO{ k"/f ug]{ pb\b]Zo kf7\oj|mdn] /fv]sf] x'G5 .
v_ ljifoj:t' (Content /subjectmatter)

kf7\oj|mddf s'g} vf; ljifodf s]lGb|t eP/ l;sfOg] ljifoj:t'nfO{ jf ljifo;"rL (Topic/content) nfO{
oxfF ljifo j:t' elgG5 . ljifoj:t'sf] 5gf]6 ubf{ If]q / qmdnfO{ Wofg lbg' kb{5 . ljifo j:t'sf]
th'{df ubf{ ljb\ofyL{sf] tx, pd]/ / z}lIfs pb\b]Zocg';f/ to ul/Psf] ljifoj:t'nfO{ If]qsf] ¿kdf
lnOG5 eg] ;a} ljifo j:t'nfO{ Pskl5 csf]{ qmda4 ¿kdf ldnfP/ /flvg] sfo{nfO{ qmdsf] ¿kdf
lnOG5 . csf]{ zAbdf eGg'kbf{ kf7\oj|mddf ljifoj:t'nfO{ slt Jofks kfl/G5 Tof] If]q xf] eg] qmd
eGgfn] lzIf0f l;sfOsf nflu 5flgPsf] ljifo j:t'sf] ;+u7gfTds ulx/fO xf] . ctM If]q / qmdn]
ljb\ofyL{sf] pd]/cg';f/ slt 1fg / l;k lbg] eGg] s'/fsf] lgwf] ug]{ ePsfn] ljifoj:t'nfO{
kf7\oj|mdsf] tTjsf] ¿kdf lnOG5 .
u_ ;|f]t÷;fdu|L (Resource/Material)
;|f]t÷;fdu|LnfO{ kf7\oj|mdsf] csf]{ dxTTjk"0f{ tTj dlgG5 . kf7\oj|mdnfO{ ;do ;fk]If agfO{
k|efjsf/L ¿kdf sfof{Gjog ug{ ljleGg ;|f]t÷;fdu|Lsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . kf7\oj|mdsf] pb\b]Zo,
ljifoj:t' cg';f/ k|of]u x'g] ;Dk"0f{ ;fdfgnfO{ ;|f]t÷;fdu|L elgG5 .

201
 ;fdu|Ldf kg]{ s'/f
• kf7\o k':ts
• kf7\oj|md lgb]{zg k'l:tsf
• lzIfs lgb]{lzsf
• z}lIfs ;fdu|L
• ef}lts ;'ljwf
• ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L

3_ lzIf0f l;sfO lj|mofsnfk (Teaching Learning Activity)

kf7\oj|mdsf] csf]{ dxTTjk"0f{ tTjsf] ¿kdf lzIf0f l;sfO lj|mofsnfknfO{ lnOG5 . kf7\oj|mdn]
tf]s]sf nIo / pb\b]Zo k"/f ug{sf] nflu lzIfs / ljb\ofyL{n] ljb\ofno leq jf aflx/ ul/g] ;Dk"0f{
lj|mofsnfknfO{ lzIf0f l;sfO sfo{snfk elgG5 . csf]{ zAbdf o;nfO{ kf7\oj|mddf tf]lsPsf 1fg /
l;k Jojxfl/s ¿kdf k|fKt ug{ ljb\ofyL{n] ljleGg vfnsf lj|mofsnfk ug'{kb{5 eg] lzIfsn] klg
afnaflnsfnfO{ l;sfpg ljleGg lj|mofsnfk ug'{ u/fpg' kb{5 . lzIfs / ljb\ofyL{sf ljleGg
lj|mofsnfkaf6 kf7\oj|mdsf] pb\b]Zo k"/f x'G5 .
ª_ d"Nofª\sg (Evaluation)

kf7\oj|mdsf] clGtd / dxTTjk"0f{ tTj d"Nofª\sg xf] . kf7\oj|mdn] /fv]sf] pb\b]Zo k"/f eof] ePg
egL n]vfhf]vf ug]{ sfo{nfO{ d"Nofª\sg elgG5 . ha;Dd kf7\oj|mdsf] pb\b]Zo k"/f x'Fb}g ta;Dd
kf7\oj|mdsf] cy{ g/xg] ePsfn] d"Nofª\sg kf7\oj|mdsf] dxTTjk"0f{ tTjsf] ¿kdf dflgG5 . csf]{
zAbdf eGbf kf7\oj|mddf /flvPsf z}lIfs pb\b]Zo k"/f eP ePgg\ < lzIf0f l;sfO lj|mofsnfk
s:tf] eof] < ljb\ofyL{sf] pknlAw s:tf] eof] < pb\b]Zo adf]lhd pknlAw eof] sL ePg < kf7\oj|md
lgdf{0f / sfof{Gjogdf s] s] sdhf]/L eP < cflb h:tf k|Zgsf] pTt/sf ljifodf kf7\oj|md
lgdf{0fsf qmddf ljrf/ k'¥ofpg' kb{5 .

^=@ ljb\ofno txsf] kf7\oj|md 9fFrf

lj=;+= @)^) ;fndf kl/dfh{g tyf kl/jt{g eO{ @)^# j}zfv ! ut]af6 nfu"" ePsf] k|fylds tx -sIff !–%_ sf]
kf7\oj|md / o;;Fu ;DalGwt hfgsf/L
• k|fylds lzIff kf7\oj|md, @)$( nfO{ kl/dfh{g u/L z}lIfs ;q @)^!÷)^@ df !) lhNnfdf
k/LIf0f u/L k|fKt ;'emfjnfO{ ;dfj]z u/L k|fylds txsf] sIff ! df z}=;= @)^# af6 gofF kf7\o
k':ts nfu"" ul/Psf]
• z}=;= @)^$ af6 qmdzM sIff @ x'Fb} gofF kf7\o k':ts @)&) df sIff ^, &, * df nfu"" x'g]
• rf/ jif{ pd]/ k"/f gePsf jfnjflnsfnfO{ lzz' ljsf; s]Gb|af6 zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s jf jf}b\lws
lzIff lbg]
• rf/ jif{ pd]/ k"/f eO;s]sf afnaflnsfnfO{ Ps jif{sf] k"j{ k|fylds lzIff lbg]
• k|fylds tx ;Ddsf] lzIff dft[efiffdf lbg ;lsg]
• ljb\ofno lzIff sIff !–!@ sf] x'g]5

202
 • lzIffsf] dfWod g]kfnL, cª\u|]hL efiff jf b'j} efiff x'g] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . t/ ;DalGwt efiff
ljifosf] dfWod rfFlx ;f]xL efiff x'g]
• lj=;+= @)^# j}zfv ! ut] b]lv nfu"" x'g] u/L sIff ! sf] kf7\o k':ts /ª\lug / cfsf/ kl/jt{g
ul/Psf] xf]
• lj=;+= @)^) ;fnaf6 sIff ! b]lv qmdzM cª\u|]hL ljifo clgjfo{ ul/Psf] 5 .
ljb\odfg kf7\oj|md -k|fylds tx sIff !–%_
sIff !–# sIff $–%
ljifo
kf=df= k"0ff{ª\s kf=df= k"0ff{ª\s
g]kfnL * !)) * !))
ul0ft ^ !)) ^ !))
cª\u|]hL % !)) % !))
;fdflhs cWoog tyf l;= s= ^ !)) – –
lj1fg, :jf:Yo / zf/Ll/s lzIff % !)) $ %)
l;h{gfTds snf – – # @%
lj1fg tyf jftfj/0f – – $ %)
;fdflhs lzIff – – % &%
:yfgLo ljifo -dft[efiff_ $ !)) $ !))
hDdf #$ ^)) #( ^))
• o; txdf afnaflnsfn] cfkm\gf] dft[efiffdf l;Sg] cj;/ k|fKt ug]{
• ;fdflhs cWoog, l;h{gfTds snf tyf zf/Ll/s lzIff ljifosf] @) k|ltzt kf7\oj|md :yfgLo
txdf lgdf{0f ug]{ gLlt to .
!= lgDg dfWolds tx -sIff ^, & / *_ sf] kf7\oj|md 9fFrf
• lzIff lgodfjnLsf] rf}yf] ;+zf]wg -@)^^÷)%÷!&_ n] sIff !–* nfO{ cfwf/e"t tx dfg]sf]
• ljb\ofno If]q ;'wf/ sfo{qmd (SSRP) n] sIff !–* nfO{ cfwf/e"t txsf ¿kdf ljsl;t ug{
gLltut Joj:yf u/]sf]
• /fli6«o kf7\oj|md k|f¿k, @)^# n] cfwf/e"t txsf] z}lIfs ;+/rgf Pjd\ kf7\oj|mddf ;dfj]z ug]{
Joj:yf u/]sf]
• @)^&÷)#÷@) sf] /fli6«o kf7\oj|md ;+/rgf k/LIf0fsf nflu :jLs[t, @)^* j}zfv b]lv
k/LIf0fsf ¿kdf b]zsf !* lhNnfsf !)) ljb\ofnodf k/LIf0f u/L k/LIf0fsf] k[i7kf]if0f ;d]t
;d]6L z}lIfs zq @)&) b]lv sIff ^ af6 qmdzM b]ze/sf ljb\ofnodf nfu" ePsf],
• gofF kf7\oj|md cg';f/ sIff ^,& / * df gofF ljifosf] ¿kdf k];f, Joj;fo / k|ljlw lzIff ljifo
;dfj]z ul/Psf]
• k];f, Joj;fo / k|ljlw lzIff ljifosf] kf7\oef/ % / k"0ff{ª\s !)) /x]sf]
• sIff -^,& / *_ df k9fpg] ljifo ( cf]6f
203
 • kf7\oef/ $) / k"0ff{ª\s *)) /x]sf]
• %) k"0ff{ª\s ePsf g}lts lzIff / :jf:Yo tyf zf/Ll/s lzIff ljifosf] kf7\oef/ qmdzM @ / #
5'6o\ fOPsf]
• g]kfnL ;fdflhs / lj1fg ljifosf] kf7\oef/ %÷% / k"0ff{ª\s !)) /x]sf]
• %) k"0ff{ª\s ePsf hg;ª\Vof tyf jftfj/0f, :jf:Yo / zf/Ll/s lzIff, k"j{Joj;flos ljifosf
nflu kf7\oef/ #÷# 5'6o\ fOPsf]
• k"j{ Joj;flos lzIffsf] ;§f snf ljifo /flvPdf ;ª\uLt tyf g[To cyjf lrqsnf tyf x:tsnf
dWo] Ps ljifo /fVg ;Sg] Joj:yf 5 .
• lgDg dfWolds tx cGtu{t ;fwf/0f ;+:s[t tyf ;+:s[t a]b ljb\of>d u/L # k|sf/sf 5g\ .

jt{dfg lzIff gLlt cg';f/ cfwf/e"t lzIffsf] ¿kdf sIff !–* nfO{ lnOPsfn] sIff ^–* sf]
kf7\oj|mdnfO{ cfwf/e"t lzIffsf ¿kdf ¿kfGt/0f / kf7\oj|mdnfO{ kl/dfh{g ug]{ Stddf cfwf/e"t
lzIffsf] kf7\oj|md 9fFrfdf kl/jt{g u/L lgDgfg';f/sf] kf7\oj|md 9fFrf lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] 5 .
s= k/LIf0f of]hgf
jif{ @)^* ÷ ^( @)^( ÷ &) @)&) ÷ &!
sIff ^ & *
v= sfof{Gjog of]hgf
jif{ @)&) @)&! @)&@
sIff ^ & *
kf7\oef/ / cª\s ljefhg
s= ;fwf/0f lzIff –sIff ^–*_
qm=;+= ljifo ;fKtflxs kf7\oef/ k"0ff{ª\s
! g]kfnL % !))
@ cª\u|]hL % !))
# ul0ft % !))
$ ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff % !))
% lj1fg tyf jftfj/0f % !))
^ :jf:Yo tyf zf/Ll/s lzIff # %)
& g}lts lzIff @ %)
* k];f, Joj;fo / k|ljlw lzIff % !))
( dft[efiff jf :yfgLo ljifo jf ;+:s[t jf cGo % !))
ljifo
hDdf $) *))

204
v= ;+:s[t lzIff -sIff ^–*_
qm=;+= ljifo ;fKtflxs kf7\oef/ k"0ff{ª\s
! g]kfnL % !))
@ cª\u|]hL % !))
# ul0ft % !))
$ ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff % !))
% lj1fg, :jf:Yo / zf/Ll/s lzIff % !))
^ ;+:s[t Jofs/0f % !))
& k];f, Joj;fo / k|ljlw lzIff* % !))
* ;+:s[t efiff % !))
hDdf $) *))
u= u'?s'n lzIff -sIff ^–*_
qm=;+= ljifo ;fKtflxs kf7\oef/ k"0ff{ª\s
! g]kfnL % !))
@ cª\u|]hL jf ;+:s[t efiff % !))
# ul0ft % !))
$ ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff % !))
% ;+:s[t Jofs/0f % !))
^ j]b jf gLlt zf:q % !))
& k];f, Joj;fo / k|ljlw lzIff* jf lj1fg, :jf:Yo / % !))
zf/Ll/s lzIff
* ;+:s[t /rgf % !))
hDdf $) *))
3= uf]Gkf tyf ljxf/ lzIff -sIff ^–*_
qm=;+= ljifo ;fKtflxs kf7\oef/ k"0ff{ª\s
! g]kfnL % !))
@ cª\u|]hL % !))
# ul0ft % !))
$ ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff % !))
% lj1fg tyf jftfj/0f % !))
^ ef]6efiff jf g]kfnL efiff jf ;+:s[t jf cGo efiff % %)
& k];f, Joj;fo / k|ljlw lzIff* % %)
* :yfgLo ljifo jf jf}b\w lzIff jf ;Def]6f Jofs/0f jf % !))
cGo**
hDdf $) *))

205
ª= db/;f lzIff -sIff ^–*_
qm=;+= ljifo ;fKtflxs kf7\oef/ k"0ff{ª\s
! g]kfnL % !))
@ cª\u|]hL % !))
# ul0ft % !))
$ ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff % !))
% lj1fg tyf jftfj/0f % !))
^ cfrf/ lzIff -lblgoft_ % !))
& s'cf{g -c/las_ % !))
* pb'{ efiff % !))
hDdf $) *))
• ;fdflhs cWoog -hg;ª\Vof lzIff;d]t_ ljifo pb"{ efiffdf cWoog cWofkg ug{ ;lsg]5 .
• kf7\oj|md nfu"" x'g] ldltM @)&) b]lv qmdzM -sIff ^, &, *_ df
• k7gkf7gsf] ;dofjlw M Ps z}lIfs jif{df sDtLdf @!) lbg k7g kf7g ;+rfng x'g] . !)%)
306f sDtLdf k7g kf7g ug{' kg{] 5 . $% ldg]6sf] ;donfO{ ! 306L dfGg] .
dfWolds tx -sIff (–!)_ sf] kf7\oj|md 9fFrf
• dfWolds txdf hDdf * ljifodf k9fO{ x'G5 eg] kf7\oef/ $) / k"0ff{ª\s *)) /x]sf]
• o; txdf clgjfo{ ljifo ^ cf]6f / P]lR5s b'O{ cf]6f ljifo /x]sf 5g\
• lj=;+= @)%% ;fn b]lv dfWolds lzIffsf] k'gM ;+/rgf u/L dfWolds lzIffnfO{ ;fwf/0f, ;+:s[t
/ j]bljb\of>d u/L ltg efudf ljefhg ul/Psf]
• ;+:s[t dfWolds ljb\ofnotkm{ klg ;fwf/0f ;+:s[t dfWolds ljb\ofno / j]b ljb\of>d dfWolds
ljb\ofno u/L b'O{ lsl;dsf 5g\
• b'j} vfn] ;+:s[t ljb\ofnodf :jf:Yo, hg;ª\Vof tyf jftfj/0f lzIff ljifo /flvPsf] 5}g eg] j]b
ljb\of>d tkm{ ;fwf/0f df=lj=df /flvPsf cª\u|]hL, lj1fg ;d]t ljifo /flvPsf 5}gg\
• @)^# ;fn b]lv P;=Pn=;L= k/LIffdf sIff !) sf] kf7\oj|mdaf6 dfq k|Zg ;f]Wg] Joj:yf
ul/Psf]
• xfnsf] ;+/rgf cg';f/ ;fwf/0f ljb\ofnodf ^ j6f ljifo -g]kfnL, cª\u|]hL, ul0ft, lj1fg,
;fdflhs cWoog / :jf:Yo hg;ª\Vof tyf jftfj/0f_ clgjfo{ ljifosf ¿kdf /x]sf 5g\ eg]
b'O{ ;o k"0ff{ª\ssf] P]lR5s ljifo /x]sf 5g\ .
• ;+:s[t ljb\ofnodf ;fwf/0f ljb\ofnosf kfFr j6f d'Vo ljifo -:jf:Yo, hg;ª\Vof tyf
jftfj/0fLo afx]s_ / !)) k"0ff{ª\ssf] ;+:s[tnfO{ d'Vo ¿kdf /flvPsf] 5 eg] P]lR5s b'O
ljifodf ;+:s[t ljifo lng'kg]{ ul/Psf] 5
• j]b ljb\of>d ;+:s[t dfWolds ljb\ofnodf g]kfnL, ul0ft / ;fdflhs lzIff clgjfo{ ljifo /
cGo ;a} ;+:s[t ljifo lng'kg]{ Joj:yf 5
• dfWolds txdf ;fKtflxs #( 306L -@(=@% 306f_ / jflif{s #@ xKtf -(%=& 306f_ k7g
kf7g x'g] Joj:yf 5
• df=lj= txsf nflu $% ldg]6sf] Ps 306L / jflif{s @@) lbg ljb\ofno v'Ng] k|fjwfg 5 .
206
 • o; kf7\oj|mddf k7gkf7gsf nflu jflif{s (%@ 306f / d"Nofª\sgsf nflu !)$ 306f u/L
hDdf !)%& 306f kf7\oef/ lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] 5 .k|lt ljifo alif{s !&) 306f / !)$ 306f
d"Nofª\sg ;Dab\w lj|mofsnfk ;fwf/0f tyf ;+:s[t lzIff ;+rfng ul/g] 5 .
s'g} ljifosf] k7gkf7g ;+rfngsf nflu vr{ ePsf] sDtLdf #@ 306fsf] ;do cjlwnfO{ Ps kf7\o
306f dflgg] 5 .
s= ljb\ofno tx sIff ( – !)
qm=;+= ljifo kf=ef= k"0ff{ª\s
! g]kfnL % !))
@ cª\u|]hL % !))
# lj1fg % !))
$ ul0ft % !))
% ;fdflhs cWoog % !))
^ :jf:Yo, hg;ª\Vof / jftfj/0f lzIff % !))
& P]lR5s klxnf] % !))
* P]lR5s låtLo bf];|f] % !))
hDdf $) *))

^=# g]kfndf ljb\ofno txsf] kf7\oj|md ljsf; j|md / jt{dfg cEof;

g]kfndf kf7\oj|md ljsf; (Curriculum Development in Nepal)
kf7\oj|md ljsf;sf] ;Gbe{df rrf{ ubf{ :jtM z}lIfs ljsf;sf] Oltxf; klg hf]l8P/ cfpF5 . g]kfnsf]
z}lIfs Oltxf;nfO{ sfnut / ;fdflhs Joj:yf / /fHo Joj:yf;Fu klg hf]l8P/ cfpFb5 . ct, o;
b[li6sf]0faf6 x]bf{ g]kfnsf] z}lIfs :j¿k lgDglnlvt k|lj|mofaf6 ljsf; x'Fb} cfPsf] kfOG5 M
!_ ;+:s[t lzIff @_ af}4 lzIff #_ d'l:nd lzIff
$_ >]:tf lzIff %_ cª\u|]hL lzIff ^_ cfwf/ lzIff
g]kfndf kf7\oj|md ljsf; k|lj|mof
lj=;+= !(#$ df g]kfndf ;j{k|yd lzIff lgb]{zgfnosf] :yfkgf u/L ljb\ofnosf] Joj:yfkgcGtu{t
ljb\ofno lg/LIf0fsf] Joj:yf ePsf] lyof] .lj=;+= !(^@ lt/ lzIff lg/LIf0ffnosf] Joj:yf eof] . lj=;+=
!(() df ul7t P;=Pn=;L= af]8{n] sIff ( / !) sf] nflu l;n]a; k|sflzt u/]sf] lyof] . lj=;+= !((%
df klxnf]kN6 g]kfndf z}lIfs ;ª\u7gsf] :j¿k #+$+# sf] Joj:yf eof] . o;} :j¿knfO{ ;g\ !(%$
cyf{t\ @)!) lj=;+= df %+#+@ df ;ª\ul7t ul/of] . lj=;+= @)@* df #+$+# sf] ;ª\u7gdf k'gu{7g
eof] . u7g k'gu{7gsf] qmd hf/L g} /x\of] / lj=;+= @)#* df km]l/ %+@+# sf] ;ª\u7g NofOof] . o;/L
g]kfndf ljb\ofno z}lIfs ;ª\u7g k|lj|mof c6"6 kl/jt{gsf] :j¿kdf /x\of] . o;} l;nl;nfdf kf7\oj|md
;fdu|L / cg'ejdf klg kl/jt{g cfO{ g} /x\of] . of] ;a} a]xf]/f / Jojwfgsf] /]vb]v ug{ cfw'lgs
tl/sfsf] kf7\oj|md Joj:yf ug{ ;j{k|yd @)!& ;fndf lzIff dGqfnodf kf7\oj|md / kf7\o k':ts
zfvfsf] Joj:yf eof] . oxL zfvfsf] ljsf; :j¿k lj=;+= @)@*÷%÷% df kf7\o\ qmd ljsf; s]Gb|
;ª\u7g u/L kf7\oj|md ljsf;df Jofkstf Pjd\ hfu?stf Nofof] . kf7\oj|md ljsf;nfO{ kf7\o k':ts
n]vg / kl/dfh{g u/fpg] sfd / ljb\ofno lg/LIf0f / ;'kl/j]If0f;d]t k|efjsf/L agfpg @)#^ df
207
kf7\oj|md ljsf; s]Gb|nfO{ kf7\oj|md, kf7\o k':ts tyf lgl/If0f ljsf; s]Gb| (Curriculum, Text Book &
Supervision Development Centre) (CTSDC) egL gfdfs/0f ul/of] . xfn pQm s]Gb|n] kf7\oj|md tyf
kf7\o k':ts ljsf; tyf kl/dfh{g ug]{ ub}{ cfPsf] 5 .
kf7\oj|md ljsf; s]Gb|n] kf7\oj|md ljsf; tyf kl/dfh{g ug]{ k|lj|mof lgDgfg';f/ 5M
s_ sfo{qmd k|:tfj / :jLs[lt
v_ d:of}bf n]vg sfo{bn u7gM jflif{s :jLs[t sfo{qmdcg';f/ ;DalGwt tx tyf sIffsf] kf7\oj|md÷
kf7\o k':ts ljsf;sf kl/dfh{g ug{sf nflu kf7\oj|md ljsf; s]Gb|n] cfGtl/s k|lj|mofåf/f sfo{bn
u7g ub{5 .
• ;DalGwt ljifosf] k|fWofks÷ljz]if1
• ;DalGwt ljifo lzIfs
• kf7\oj|md ljsf; s]Gb|sf] ljz]if1,
u_ d:of}bf n]vgM d:of}bf n]vg sfo{bnn] lgDglnlvt cfwf/df k|f/lDes n]vg sfo{u/L d:of}bf tof/
ub{5M
• lzIff;DaGwL s'g} cfof]u, ;ldlt cflbaf6 k|fKt ;'emfj l;kmfl/;,
• g]kfn ;/sf/sf] gLlt tyf sfo{qmd
• k|of]ustf{ tyf ;/f]sf/jfnfaf6 k|fKt /fo k|ltlj|mof
• sfo{zfnf, uf]i7L, ;]ldgf/sf ;'emfj
• ;~rf/ dfWodaf6 JoQm, k|ltlj|mof,
• k/LIf0f tyf cg'udgaf6 k|fKt k|ltj]bg÷k[i7kf]if0f
• cfGtl/s 5nkmnaf6 lg:s]sf lgisif{,
3_ lzIfs sfo{zfnf
r_ kf7\oj|md kf7\o k':ts ;dGjo ;ldlt
5_ clGtd d'b|0fLok|lt tof/L (PRC)
h_ clGtd :jLs[ltsf nflu k]z

^=$ b"/ tyf v'nf l;sfO / cgf}krfl/s lzIffsf] kf7\oj|md

cfwf/e"t tx sIff ^–* sf] kf7\oj|md
!= kl/ro
kf7\oj|mdsf] ljsf;, kl/dfh{g tyf ;dfof]hg ug{] sfo{ lg/Gt/ rln/xg] k|lj|mof xf] . lgDg dfWolds
txsf] kf7\oj|md @)%) sf] ;fdfGo kl/dfh{g @)%* df eO{ sfof{Gjogdf cfPsf] / To;sf
cfwf/df v'nf l;sfO lzIffsf nflu lgDg dfWolds txsf] kf7\oj|md, @)^% klg sfof{Gjogdf
nluPsf] lyof] . g]kfn ;/sf/, lzIff dGqfnoåf/f cfwf/e"t lzIff kf7\oj|md -sIff ^–*_ sf]
kf7\oj|md :jLs[t u/L sfof{Gjogdf nluPsfn] To;}sf cfwf/df v'nf l;sfO lzIff, cfwf/e"t txsf]
kf7\oj|md, @)&! -;dfof]lht_ ljsf; u/L sfof{Gjogdf nluPsf] xf] .

208
$= txut ;Ifdtf
cgf}krfl/s lzIffsf] dfWodaf6 ;~rfng x'g] cfwf/e"t txsf] v'nf l;sfOsf txut ;Ifdtf
lgDgfg';f/ x'g] 5g\ M
!= eflifs, tfls{s tyf Jofjxfl/s ult0fLo l;k ljsf; / k|of]u
@= ;"rgf / ljrf/sf] cfbfgk|bfg, ljZn]if0f tyf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] k|of]u
#= hg;ª\Vof, jftfj/0f / lbuf] ljsf;sf] Joj:yfkgdf ;xof]u
$= j}1flgs cjwf/0ff, tYo, l;k, l;b\wfGt, lgod / vf]h tyf cg';Gwfgsf] pkof]u Pjd\ k|s[lt /
hLjlarsf] cGt/;DaGw af]w
%= :j:y, g}lts / c;n ;fdflhs Jojxf/sf] ljsf;
^= :yfgLo / cfw'lgs k];f, Joj;fo / k|ljlwk|lt ;Ddfg tyf ;fdfGo Jofj;flos l;ksf k|of]u
&= snf / ;+:s[ltsf] ;+/If0f tyf ;+aw{g
*= Jofjxfl/s hLjgdf cfOkg]{ ;d:ofsf] klxrfg, ljZn]if0f tyf ;dfwfg
%= ;+/rgf
;dfof]lht kf7\oj|md ljsf; ug]{ qmddf cfwf/e"t txsf] ltg aif]{ kf7\oj|mdnfO{ ;+Zn]if0f u/L b'O{
txdf ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 . cf}krfl/s lzIffsf] kf7\oj|mdnfO{ d'Vo / uf}0f l;sfO pknlAwsf ¿kdf
;dfj]z x'g] u/L klxnf] / bf];|f] txsf] kf7\oj|md tof/ ul/Psf] 5 .cfwf/e"t txsf] v'nf l;sfOsf]
kf7\oj|md 9fFrf o; k|sf/ /x]sf] 5M
qm=;+= ljifo kf7\oef/ -jflif{s_ k"0ff{ª\s
tx Ps tx b'O{ hDdf
!= g]kfnL ^) 306f ^) 306f !@) 306f !))
@ cª\h|]hL ^) 306f ^) 306f !@) 306f !))
# ul0ft ^) 306f ^) 306f !@) 306f !))
$ ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;+Vof lzIff ^) 306f ^) 306f !@) 306f !))
% lj1fg tyf jftfj/0f ^) 306f ^) 306f !@) 306f !))
^ :jf:Yo tyf zf/Ll/s lzIff #) 306f #) 306f ^) 306f %)
& g}lts lzIff #) 306f #) 306f ^) 306f %)
* k];f, Joj;fo / k|ljlw lzIff ^) 306f ^) 306f !@) 306f !))
( dft[efiff jf :yfgLo ljifo jf cGo Non core Non core Non core !))
ljifo
^= d"Nofª\sg
!= o; txdf lgdf{0ffTds÷;'wf/fTds d"Nofª\sg kb\wltsf cfwf/df l;sf?sf] l;sfOnfO{
;'lglZrt ug'{kg]{ 5 . lgdf{0ffTds d"Nofª\sg] d'Vo pb\b]Zo l;sfOsf] l;sfO :t/df ;'wf/ ug'{
xf] . o;sf nflu k|lzIfsn] l;sf?sf] JolStut l;sfO pknlAwsf cfwf/df k6s k6s l;sfO
cj;/ k|bfg ug'{kg]{ 5 .
@= d"Nofª\sg k|lj|mofnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ l;sf?sf] JolStut k|ult ljj/0f kmfOn /fVg'kg]{ 5 .
o;nfO{ l;sf?sf] sIffsfo{, kl/of]hgf sfo{, l;h{gfTds sfo{, u[xsfo{, pknlAw k/LIff,
209
 cg'zf;g cflb kIfsf] cjnf]sg cflbsf dfWodn] cb\ofjlws ug'{kg]{ 5 . l;sf?sf] pknlAwsf
af/]df cfjlws ¿kdf 5nkmn ug]{ Joj:yf ug'{kg]{ 5 .JolStut k|ult ljj/0f kmfondf To;sf]
clen]v /fVg] Joj:yf klg ug'{kg]{ 5 .
#= d"Nofª\sg] d'Vo pb\b]Zo lglb{i6 ;Ifdtfsf cfwf/df l;sf? pknlAwsf] lgoldt d"Nofª\sg u/L
;f]sf] clen]vsf cfwf/df :t/f]Gglt ug'{ xf] .l;sf? d"Nofª\sg qmddf l;sf?sf] l;sfO
pknlAwsf] jf:tljs cj:yf klxrfg u/L ;'wf/fTds lzIf0f ug'{kg]{ 5 .
$= klxnf] txdf ^) k|ltzt ef/sf] cfjlws d"Nofª\sg / $) k|ltzt ef/sf] lg/Gt/ d"Nofª\sg
dfWodn] l;sf? pknlAwsf] n]vfhf]vf ug'{kg]{ 5 . lg/Gt/ d"Nofª\sgcGtu{t k|of]ufTds sfo{,
l;sf?sf] sIff ;xeflutf, l;sfO Jojxf/df cfPsf] kl/jt{g, l;sfO ;Dab\w l;h{gfTds sfo{
cflb kg]{ 5g\ . o;nfO{ k|lzIfsn] lg/Gt/ d"Nofª\sg ¿kdf ;DkGg ug'{kg]{ 5 . o:tf] d"Nofª\sg
ubf{ l;sf?n] u/]sf] k|ultsf cfwf/df pgLx¿x¿nfO{ s, v / u >]0fLdf juL{s/0f ug'{kg]{ 5 .
bf];|f] txdf cf}krfl/s lzIff ;/xsf] ztk|ltzt cfjlws d"Nofª\sg ul/g] 5 .
%= tx pTtL0f{ x'g k|of]ufTds sfo{ tyf ;Ifdtf k|flKtsf] cj:yf cfFsngtkm{ Go"gtd u >]0fL
k|fKt ug'{kg]{ 5 . o;/L l;sf?sf] d"Nofª\sg ubf{ k|of]ufTds sfo{ jf kl/of]hgf sfo{, sIff
;xeflutf, l;sfO Jojxf/df cfPsf] kl/jt{g, l;sfO ;Dab\w l;h{gfTds sfo{, sIffsfo{,
pknlAwk/LIff -;fKtflxs k/LIff, PsfO k/LIff, dfl;s k/LIff_ nufot k|lzIfsn] d"Nofª\sg
ug{ rfx]sf cGo kIf ;d]tsf] d"Nofª\sg ug'{kg]{ 5 . kf7\oj|mdn] tf]s]sf ;Ifdtf / l;sfO
pknlAwdf u >]0fLeGbf sd pknlAw xfl;n ug]{ l;sf?sf nflu ;'wf/fTds lzIf0fsf] Joj:yf
ug{'kg]{ 5 .
dfWolds txsf] v'Nnf ljb\ofno ;DaGwL Joj:yf
-s_ sIff * jf ;f] ;/xsf] k/LIff pTtL0f{ u/L b'O{ jif{ k'u]sf / !^ jif{ pd]/ k'u]sf JolSt sIff( /
!) sf] z}lIfs sfo{qmddf egf{ eO{ P;Pn;Ldf ;xefuL x'g ;Sg]5g\ .
-v_ t/ cgf}krfl/s lzIff s]Gb|af6 ;~rflnt v'nf ljb\ofno jf ;f] ;/xsf] ljb\ofnoaf6 sIff
*pTtL0f{ u/]sf ljb\ofyL{sf] xsdf v08 -s_ adf]lhdsf] b'O{ jif{ cjlwsf] aGb]h nfu" x'g] 5}g .
cyf{t\ cgf}krfl/s lzIff s]Gb|af6 ;+rflnt v'nf ljb\ofnodf pTtL0f{ ljb\ofyL{ l;w} dfWolds txsf]
v'nf ljb\ofnodf egf{ x'g kfp5g\ / @ jif{ s'g'{ kb}{g .
-u_ of] sfo{qmdsf] k9fO Ps jif{sf] x'g]5 . b"/ lzIff ;ldltn] tf]ssf] dfWolds lzIff k/LIffdfv'nf
ljb\ofnosf ljb\ofyL{sf] ¿kdf ;dfj]z x'g'kg]{5 .cGo Joj:yf M
@ jif{sf] dfWolds lzIffnfO ! jif{sf] dflj v'nf ljb\ofnosf] ¿kdf z}lIfs hgzlj|m ljsf;
s]Gb|åf/f ;+rflnt / :jLs[t k|bfg ul/Psf] .
cf}krfl/s ljb\ofnosf] dflj txsf] sIff ( / !) sf] kf7\oqmd k|of]u ul/Psf] / k/LIff k|0ffnL
klg k/LIff lgoGq0f sfof{noåf/f lgoldt ljb\ofno h:t} x'g] tyf @ jif{sf] dfWolds lzIff !
jif{df k"/f x'g] Joj:yf ul/Psf] .
z}hljs]åf/f :jfWoog ;fdu|L / >Job[Zo ;fdu|Lsf] ljsf; ul/Psf]
sIff ;+rfng k|lj|mofM tf]lsPsf] lgoldt ljb\ofnodfg} 8]9 dlxgfsf] cGt/fndf % lbgsf]
b/n];ftk6s u/L hDdf %×& ˜ #% lbg / hDdf 306f #%×%˜!&% /x]sf] .

210
 xfn g]kfndf *$ cf]6f v'nf dfWolds ljb\ofno /x]sf / Pp6f v'nf ljb\ofno slDtdf !) hgf
/ clwstd\ %) l;sf? /fVg ;Sg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] .
v'nf ljb\ofno sIff (–!) sf] kf7\oqmd 9fFrf
Jf|m=;+ ljifo Kf7\oef/ Kf"0ff{ª\s ;Dks{ sIff ;q ;+Vof >Jo kf7
! Gf]kfnL % !)) !* !$ @)
@ cª\u|]hL % !)) #@ @^ #)
# Ufl0ft % !)) #@ @^ !)
$ lj1fg % !)) #! @% #)
% ;fdflhs cWoog % !)) !* !$ @$
^ :jf=h=j= % !)) !^ !# @)
& cy{zf:q % !)) !$ !! !^
* lzIff % !)) !$ !! !^
hDdf $) *)) !&% !$) !^^
^=% lgDg dfWolds tyf dfWolds txsf] kf7\o k':ts, ;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lsf] ljsf; / k|of]u
kf7\o k':ts
;fdfGo cy{df kf7\o k':ts eGgfn] kf7\oj|mddf lglb{i6 ul/Psf ljifoj:t'sf] cfwf/df tof/ ul/g] lnlvt
;+/rgf xf] . kf7\o k':ts kf7\oj|mddf cfwf/df n]lvg] x'Fbf kf7\oj|mdsf] pb\b]Zo, ljifoj:t', lzIf0f l;sfO
k|lj|mof cflb h:tf s'/f hlt :ki6 x'G5g\ Tolt g} kf7\o k':ts :t/Lo / Jofjxfl/s x'G5g\ . kf7\o
k':tsnfO{ kf7\oj|mdn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] l;sfO pknlAw xfl;n u/fpgsf] nflu lzIfsnfO{ dfu{bz{g ug]{
dfWodsf] ¿kdf Ps ckl/xfo{ ;fwgsf] ¿kdf lnOG5 . kf7\oj|mdn] tf]s]sf] l;sfO pknlAwnfO{ ljb\ofyL{
;dIf qmlds ¿kn] k'¥ofpg] ljifoj:t'sf] ;ª\ufnf] g} kf7\o k':tssf] ¿kdf lrlgg] x'Fbf o;sf] dfWodaf6
Ps lzIfsn] ljb\ofyL{nfO{ cfjZos kg]{ ljleGg k|sf/sf 1fg, l;ksf] wf/0ff ljsf; ug{ ;xof]u ub{5 .
kf7\oj|mdnfO{ ljleGg ljåfgn] o;/L kl/eflift u/]sf 5g\ M
ækf7\o k':tssf z}Ifl0fs pb\b]Zo kl/k"lt{ ug{sf] nflu tof/ ul/Psf] lrGtgsf] clen]v xf]Æ
– Hallquest.
ælzIfsnfO{ s]s] ljifoj:t' s;/L k9fpg] eGg] ljifoj:t'sf] cfwf/lznf g} kf7\o k':ts xf]Æ - Pro Hill.
ælxhf]cfh df]6fdf]6L ¿kdf cWoogsf vf; zfvf;Fu ;DalGwt k':tsnfO{ g} kf7\o k':ts eGg]
ul/G5 .o:tf k':ts k|foM ljb\ofno Pjd\ ljBfkL7df ljb\ofyL{nfO{ cf}krfl/s k9fpg] ul/G5Æ
–g]kfnL a[xt\ zAbsf]if .
ækf7\o k':ts eGg] zAbfjnL lzIf0f ;fdu|Lsf] Pp6f ;+o'Qm cjojsf ¿kdf k|of]u ul/G5, h;cGtu{t
s'g} kf7\o k':ts dfq x'g ;S5g\ jf cg]sf}+ efu;d]t ePsf] z}Ifl0fs Kofs]h klg x'g ;S5g\ . o;}u/L
s'g} ljifosf l;b\wfGtdf lzIf0f k|bfg ug]{, vf;u/L cf+lzs jf k"0f{ kf7\of+zdf cfwfl/t k':tsnfO{ klg
kf7\o k':ts eGg ;lsG5Æ a]A:6;{ Go" jN8{ l8S;g/L .

211
dflysf kl/efiffcg';f/ kf7\oj|md eGgfn] lzIfs, ljb\ofyL{ / kf7\oj|md aLrsf] ;DaGw :yflkt ug{]
k'n¿kL Ps ;fwg xf] eGg ;lsG5 . To;}n] kf7\o k':tsnfO{ kf7\oj|mdsf] cfwf/df tof/ ug]{
kf7\oj|mdcg';f/ ;do ;'xfpFbf] kl/dfh{g / ;'wf/ u/L cfsif{0f / a9L pkof]uL agfO{ To;sf] clwstd
;b'kof]u ug]{ kl/kf6L a;fNg' cTofjZos x'G5 . w]/} k'/fgf] / kl/jlt{t tYofª\s tyf ;TotYo s'/fsf]
cefjdf kf7\o k':ts cfkm}df :t/xLg ;fljt x'g] x'Fbf lzIffsf] u'0f:t/df k|ToIf k|efj kf/]sf] x'G5 .
kf7\o k':tsdf x'g'kg]{ u'0f
• kf7\o k':tsn] kf7\oqmdn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf pb\b]Zo ;d]6\g'kb{5 .
• kf7\o k':tssf] cfsf/ cIf/ :t/ ;'xfpFbf] tyf aflx/L se/ alnof] tyf cfsif{s x'g'kb{5 .
• kf7\o k':tsdf cfjZostfcg';f/ t:jL/, rf6{, u|fkmn] ;';lHht x'g'kb{5 .
• ;:tf], ;'xfpFbf], :t/o'Qm tyf ljb\ofyL{n] af]Sg ;Sg] x'g'sf ;fy} ahf/df ;xh tl/sfn] pknAw
x'g'kb{5 .
• cEof;, k|Zg tyf pbfx/0f ;/n tyf pko'St x'g'kb{5 .
• lzIfsnfO{ cfjZos lgb]{zg lbPsf] x'g'kb{5 .
• ;fdflos x'g k5{ .
kf7\oj|md tyf kf7\o k':tssf] Joj:yf
ljb\ofno txsf] kf7\oj|md tyf kf7\o k':tssf ;DaGwdf lzIff lgodfjnL, @)%( sf] kl/R5]b & n]
sfg'gL Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . h;cg';f/ ljb\ofnon] g]kfn ;/sf/af6 :jLs[t kf7\oj|md tyf kf7\o k':ts
dfq nfu"" ug{ ;Sb5g\ . To;/L g} lgod #@ n] kf7\oj|md lgdf{0f tyf d"Nofª\sg ;DaGwdf gLlt lgwf{/0f
ug{ lzIff dGqL jf /fHodGqLsf] cWoIftfdf !^ ;b:oLo /fli6«o kf7\oj|md ljsf; tyf d"Nofª\sg
kl/ifbsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 eg] lgod ## n] /fli6«o kf7\oj|md ljsf; tyf d"Nofª\sg kl/ifb\sf] sfd,
st{Jo / clwsf/sf] Joj:yf lgDgfg';f/ u/]sf] 5 M
/fli6«o kf7Øj|md ljsf; tyf d"Nofª\sg kl/ifb\sf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/M
-s_ ljb\ofnodf nfu"" ul/g] kf7Øj|md tyf kf7Ø k':ts lgdf{0f ug]{ ;DaGwdf gLlt lgwf{/0f ug]{,
-v_ kf7Øj|md lgdf{0fsf nflu cfjZostfg';f/ ljifo ;ldlt jf pk;ldlt u7g ug]{,
-u_ kf7Øj|md tyf kf7Ø k':ts :jLs[lt ug{ g]kfn ;/sf/;dIf k]z ug]{,
-3_ kf7Øj|md kl/dfh{gsf] gLlt tyf k|lj|mof :jLs[t ug]{,
-ª_ kf7Ø k':ts n]vg, :jLs[lt tyf k|of]u ;DaGwdf gLlt lgwf{/0f ug]{,
-r_ kf7Ø k':ts n]vg ;DaGwdf kfl/>lds / ljt/0f ;DaGwdf sfo{gLlt lgwf{/0f ug]{,
-5_ kf7Øj|md;DaGwL ;'emfj lngsf nflu k|To]s ljsf; If]qdf lgb]{zssf] cWoIftfdf / k|To]s
lhNnfdf lhNnf lzIff clwsf/Lsf] cWoIftfdf ;ldlt u7g u/L ;f] ;ldltsf] sfd, st{Jo /
clwsf/ tf]Sg],
-5!_ kf7\oj|md ljsf; tyf u'0f:t/ ;DaGwL cfjZos sfd ug]{,
-h_ yk kf7Ø;fdu|L tyf kf7Ø k':tssf] ;"rL :jLs[t ug]{,
-h!_ :jLs[t kf7\oj|md tyf kf7\o k':ts d"Nofª\sg u/L cfjZostfg';f/ ;+zf]wgsf] nflu g]kfn
;/sf/;dIf l;kmfl/; ug]{,
212
 -h@_ /fli6«o lzIff gLltsf] cwLgdf /xL s'g} vf; k|s[ltsf] ;+:yfn] ;~rfng u/]sf] ljb\ofnodf
g]kfn ;/sf/af6 :jLs[t kf7\oj|mdsf] s'n kf7\oef/df km/s gkg]{ u/L yk ljifo cWofkg ug{
:jLs[ltsf] nflu g]kfn ;/sf/ ;dIf l;kmfl/; ug]{,
-h#_ ax'kf7\o k':ts :jLs[lt ;DaGwdf gLlt th'{df u/L g]kfn ;/sf/;dIf k]z ug]{ /
-h$_ cfjZostfcg';f/ cfkm\gf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ kf7\oj|md ljsf; s]Gb|nfO{ k|Tofof]hg ug]{ .
-em_ kf7Øj|mdsf] ljsf; tyf To;sf] u'0f:t/sf] ;DaGwdf cGo cfjZos sfd ug]{ .
To;/L g} kf7\oj|md ljsf; s]Gb|n] ljb\ofnodf cWofkg u/fpg] kf7\o k':tssf] Psk|lt tof/ ug]{ / s'g}
ljb\ofnon] yk ;fdu|L tyf kf7\o k':ts k|of]u ug{ rfx]df ;DalGwt lhNnf lzIff sfof{nodf :jLs[ltsf]
nflu lgj]bg lbg'kg]{ / ;f] lgj]bg dgfl;a b]lvPdf jf dfu ul/Psf] yk kf7\o;fdu|L jf kf7\o k':ts
kf7\oj|md ljsf; s]Gb|sf] ;'rLdf ;d]t lhNnf lzIff clwsf/Ln] lbg ;Sg] Joj:yf lgod #% df ul/Psf]
5.
dflysf kl/efiff, sfg'gL Joj:yf cflb ;d]tnfO{ s]nfpFbf kf7\oj|md tyf kf7\o k':ts aLrsf] ;DaGw tyf
k|of]unfO{ lgDgfg';f/ k|:t't ug{ ;lsG5 M
• kf7\oj|mdnfO{ lzIf0f l;sfO lj|mofsnfksf] of]hgfsf ¿kdf lnOG5 eg] kf7\o k':ts kf7\oj|mdn]
lnPsf] pb\b]Zo k"/f ug]{ Pp6f dxTTjk"0f{ ;fwg dfq xf] .
• kf7\o k':tsnfO{ dfWod agfP/ kf7\oj|mdn] lglb{i6 u/]sf] d"Nofª\sg ul/G5 .
• kf7\oj|mdsf] k|of]ufTds ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L / efiff lzIfssf nflu kf7\o k':ts dxTTjk"0f{ z}lIfs
;fdu|L xf] .
• kf7\oj|mdn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf sIffut tyf ;fwf/0f pb\b]Zos} cfwf/df kf7\o k':tsdf ljljw
ljifoj:t' /flvPsf x'G5g\ .
• lzIffn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf z}lIfs gLlt tyf nIocg';f/ kf7\oj|md lgdf{0f u/G5 eg] To:tf] kf7\o
k':tssf] dfWodaf6 sIffsf]7fdf lzIf0f l;sfO lj|mofsnfk ;~rfng ul/G5 .
• kf7\o k':ts sIff k|:t'tLs/0fsf] cfwf/ xf] hals kf7\o k':tssf] cfwf/ kf7\oj|md xf] .
• kf7\oj|mdn] ljifoj:t'sf] ljwf, If]q / qmd, ljifo kf7\oef/, d"Nofª\sg cª\sef/ lgwf{/0f u/]sf]
x'G5, kf7\o k':tsdf ljifoj:t'sf cltl/St lgb]{zg / cEof; klg lbOPsf] x'G5 / To:tf lgb]{zg
/ cEof;sf] cjnf]sgsf cfwf/df lzIfsn] sIff ;~rfng ub{5 .
• kf7\oj|mdsf] If]q a[xt\ ePsfn] o;n] :ki6 gu/]sf s'/f kf7\o k':tsn] :ki6 ub{5 .
• :t/o'Qm k7gkf7gsf nflu pko'St kf7\oj|md, tbg'¿ksf] kf7\o k':ts, k|lzlIft bIf lzIfs /
r':t Joj:yfkgsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . oL ljljw kIfdWo] vf;u/L t];|f] ljZjsf b]zdf
sIffsf]7fsf ;Dk"0f{ sfo{snfknfO{ kf7\o k':ts dfq sIffdf k|:t't ul/g] kTofl/nf] ;fdu|L /
ljb\ofyL{sf nflu sIff ;fdu|L / u[xsfo{ ug]{ Psdfq dfWod xf] . o:tf] cj:yfdf lglb{i6 kf7\o
k':tssf] pko'Sttfsf] vf]hLgLlt ug{ kf7\oj|mdn] ;xof]u ub{5 .
lzIfs lgb]{lzsf k'l:tsf
kf7\oj|mdsf] sfd ug]{ z}lIfs ;+:yf -xfd|f] ;Gbe{df k|fylds txb]lv df=lj=;Dd kf7\oj|md ljsf; s]Gb| /
pRr dfWolds lzIffsf nflu pRr dfWolds lzIff kl/ifb\_ n] k|To]s sIffdf cWofkg u/fOg] ljleGg
ljifosf lzIf0f pb\b]Zo ls6fg u/]sf] x'G5 . ;f]xLcg'¿k lgwf{l/t ljifoj:t' slt xb;Dd s'g s'g
213
sIffdf slt;Dd cWofkg ug]{ eGg] lsl;dn] kf7\o k':ts lgwf{/0f u/]sf x'G5g\ . o;/L kf7\o k':tsdf
ePsf ljifoj:t'nfO{ s;/L k|efjsf/L 9ª\uaf6 k7gkf7g ug]{ eGg] s'/fsf] lj:t[t, ljj/0f;lxt
lzIfsnfO{ lgb]{zg ug]{ sfd lzIfs lgb]{lzsfn] ub{5 . o:tf] lgb]{lzsfdf kf7\o k':tsdf lbOPsf k|To]s
kf7 k9fpgsf pb\b]Zo, lzIf0f ljlw, z}lIfs ;fdu|L Pjd\ d"Nofª\sgsf ;fwg pNn]v u/]sf] x'G5 .
lzIfs lgb]{lzsfsf] lgdf{0f lzIf0f l;sfO k|lj|mofnfO{ kf7\oj|md cg';f/ ;/n / ;xh agfpg' xf] .
s'g} klg lzIf0f l;sfO k|lj|mofnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg kf7\oj|md dfq kof{Kt x'Fb}g, kf7\oj|mddf pNn]v
ul/Psf ;a} s'/f xfd|f]h:tf] d'n'sdf ;a} lzIfsn] a'em\g ;Sg] cj:yf klg 5}g To;}n] lzIfs lgb]{lzsfn]
lzIfsnfO{ kf7\oj|md / kf7\o k':tsaLr ;DaGw :yflkt ug]{ k'nsf] ¿kdf sfd ug{ db\wt ub{5 . lzIfs
lgb]{lzsfn] kf7\oj|mddf lglb{i6 pb\b]ZonfO{ j:t'ut ¿kdf sIff lzIf0fdf k|of]u ug{ ;lhnf] agfpFb5 .
lzIfs lgb]{lzsfsf] pb\b]Zo
• kf7\oj|mdn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf kf7\o k':tsdf ;dfj]z ljifoj:t'nfO{ k|efjsf/L ¿kdf lzIf0f ug{
lzIfsnfO{ ;xof]u ug'{,
• kf7\o k':tsdf plNnlvt ljifoj:t'nfO{ k|efjsf/L ¿kdf lzIf0f ug{ cfjZos kg]{ z}lIfs
;fdu|L, lj|mofsnfk tyf d"Nofª\sg ljlwaf/] dfu{lgb]{zg ug'{,
• kf7\o k':tsdf plNnlvt Jofjxfl/s lj|mofsnfk ug]{ u/fpg] ljlw Pjd\ tl/sfsf] hfgsf/L
lzIfsnfO{ lbO{ lzIf0f l;sfOdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg',
• lzIfsnfO{ cWofkgsf] 1fg, l;ksf] ljsf; u/L ;DalGwt ljlwsf] cWofkgdf k|efjsfl/tf Nofpg'
• ljb\ofyL{sf] l;sfO k|lj|mofdf ;'wf/ NofO{ ljifout pknlAwdf clej[b\lw ug'{ .

lzIfs lgb]{lzsfsf] tof/L k|lj|mof

• 5nkmn, cGtlj|mof tyf sfo{zfnf uf]i7Laf6 lgl:sPsf ;'emfjnfO{ PsLs[t u/L ljifo ljz]if1nfO{
lgb]{lzsfsf] d:of}bf tof/ ug{ lbOG5 .
• ljifo ljz]if1åf/f tof/ kfl/Psf] d:of}bfnfO{ ;DalGwt ljifosf lzIfsaLr sfo{zfnf uf]i7L,
;]ldgf/df 5nkmn u/fO{ ToxfFaf6 k|fKt ;'emfjsf] cfwf/df k'gM kl/dfh{g ul/G5 .
• o;/L uf]i7Lsf] dfWodaf6 kl/dflh{t eOcfPsf] lzIfs lgb]{lzsfnfO{ ljz]if1 ;d"xn] clGtd ¿k
k|bfg u/L lzIfs lgb]{lzsf tof/ ul/G5 .
s_ lzIfs lgb]{lzsfdf ;dfj]z ul/g] ljifoj:t'
lzIfs lgb]{lzsf h'g txsf] h'g ljifosf] nflu tof/ ul/Psf] xf] .;f]xL txsf] ;DalGwt ljifosf OsfOnfO{
;d]l6Psf] x'G5 . o:tf OsfOnfO{ lzIfs lgb]{lzsfdf cfjZostfcg';f/ ljleGg zLif{s tyf pkzLif{s
tyf kf7df ljefhg u/L cg'dflgt kf7\oef/;d]t pNn]v ul/Psf] x'G5 .o;/L kf7 k|:t't ubf{ lgDg
a'FbfnfO{ ;dfj]z ug]{ k|of; ul/Psf] x'G5M
!_ kf7 ;ª\Vof @_ z}lIfs ;fdu|L
#_ kf7zLif{s $_ cEof;
%_ kf7sf] ;f/f+z ^_ d"Nofª\sg
&_ kf7sf] pb\b]Zo *_ l6kf]6 ug]{ :yfg
(_ lzIf0f lj|mofsnfk !)_ cg'dflgt 306L
214
 !!_ kf7sf] kl/ro
lzIfs lgb]{lzsfsf] k|of]u
lzIfs lgb]{lzsf tof/ ug'{kg]{ pb\b]Zo tyf lzIfs lgb]{lzsfdf ;dfj]z x'g] ljifoj:t'n] o;sf] af/]df s]xL
;ª\s]t lbO;s]s]f 5 . k|of]unfO{ a'Fbfut ¿kdf lgDgfg';f/ pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5M
• lzIf0f ;+:yfdf ljifosf] k|efjsf/L k7gkf7gsf nflu lzIfs lgb]{lzsf tof/ u/L k|of]udf
NofOG5 .
• lzIf0f of]hgf lgdf{0f u/L lzIf0f, ljlw s;/L k|of]u ug]{, cfjZos z}lIfs ;fdu|L s]s] x'g\,
s:tf lj|mofsnfk slxn] / sxfF ug]{, pb\b]Zo xfl;n eP ePgg\ cflb s'/fsf] d"Nofª\sg s;/L
ug]{ tyf k[i7kf]if0fsf cfwf/df cfufdL kf7 s;/L ;'wf/ ub}{ n}hfg] cflb kIfsf] of]hgf agfpg
lzIfs lgb]{lzsfsf] k|of]u ul/G5 .
• lzIf0f l;sfO k|efjsf/L agfpgsf] nflu pko'St lzIf0f ljlw ckgfpg cfjZos 5 . vf;u/L
ljb\ofnosf] ef}lts jftfj/0f, z}lIfs ;fdu|Lsf] pknAwtf, sIff ;fOh, sIff sf]7fdf ljb\ofyL{
a:g] 8]S; a]~rsf] l:ylt tyf cGo ef}lts jftfj/0f cflbsf af/]df lzIf0f ljlw rog ug{
lzIfs lgb]{lzsf k|of]udf NofOG5 .
• ljBdfg lzIfs lgb]{lzsfsf] ;'?d} n}ª\lus ;dfgtfaf/] lzIfsnfO{ lgb]{zg ul/Pcg';f/ 5fq5fqf
b'a}nfO{ ;dfg¿kdf ;xefuL u/fpg lzIfs lgb]{lzsfsf] k|of]u ul/G5 .
• k9fpg] ljifodf /f]rs / k|efjsf/L agfpg klg of] lgb]{lzsf k|of]u ul/G5 .
• z}Ifl0fs of]hgf, jflif{s kf7of]hgf, PsfO of]hgf lgdf{0f ug{ ;xof]u k'Ub5 .
• ljifoj:t'sf] ulx/fO lgwf{/0f ug{, kf7sf] ;do lgwf{/0f u/L If]q bzf{pg, lj|mofsnfk 5gf]6 u/L
;xof]u ug{ klg lzIfs lgb]{lzsfsf] k|of]u ul/G5 .
• kf7\o k':tssf] pknAwtf gx'Fbf klg s'g s'g lj|mofsnfk s;/L ug]{ eGg]af/] hfgsf/L u/fpg
klg lgb]{lzsfsf] k|of]u ul/G5 .

^=^ lzIf0f l;sfOdf lgdf{0ffTds / lg0f{ofTds d"Nofª\sg

d"Nofª\sgsf] kl/ro
æjf:tljs ¿kdf z}lIfs pb\b]ZonfO{ s'g xb;Dd k|fKt ug{ ;lsof] egL ls6fg ug]{ k|lj|mof d"Nofª\sg
xf]Æ – 6]n/ .
;fdfGo cy{df s'g} klg sfo{sf] nIo tyf pb\b]Zo s] slt ¿kdf ;kmntf k|fKt eof] s] s:tf
sdLsdhf]/L b]lvP, To;sf] pknlAw s] s:tf] eof] egL n]vfhf]vf, hfFra'em tyf 5fglag ug]{ sfo{nfO{
d"Nofª\sg elgG5 . s'g} klg sfo{qmdsf] clGtd r/0fdf uP/ To; sfo{qmdsf] pknlAwsf] d"Nofª\sg
ul/G5 . o:tf] d"Nofª\sgn] sfo{qmddf k|of]u ePsf ;fdu|L sfof{Gjog k|lj|mof / sfo{qmdsf]
pb\b]Zo;d]tsf] n]vfhf]vf ub{5 . o;y{ d"Nofª\sgaf6 sfo{qmdsf] ;Dk"0f{ kIfsf] pko'Sttf tyf
k|efjsfl/tf kl5 cfjZos k[i7kf]if0f k|fKt x'G5 . o;sf/0f s'g} klg sfo{qmdnfO{ cem k|efjsf/L ¿kdf
;~rfng ug{ jf ePsf q'6L kTtfnufP/ ;'wf/ ug]{ sfo{df d"Nofª\sgn] dxTTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x ub{5 .
z}lIfs k|lj|mofdf d'Nofª\sg Pjd\ lg/Gt/ rln/xg] k|lj|mof xf] . of] k|ToIf–ck|ToIf ¿kdf lg/Gt/
eO/x]sf] x'G5 . lzIff x/]s ljsf; k|lj|mofsf] d]?b08 ePsfn] lzIff If]qdf o;sf] ljz]if dxTTj /xG5 .
lzIff sfo{qmdsf] k|ltkmn k|fKt x'g nfdf] ;do nfUg] x'gfn] klg z}lIfs ;qsf] cGtdf, sfo{qmdsf]
ljleGg cjlwdf / lg/Gt/ ¿kdf ul/g] d"Nofª\sgn] nlIft pb\b]Zo jf pknlAw xfl;n ug{ k[i7kf]if0f
215
k|fKt x'g] ub{5 . 6]n/n] z}lIfs nIo tyf pb\b]Zo s]slt xfl;n eP eg]/ lgwf{/0f ug]{ k|lj|mofnfO{
d"Nofª\sg egL kl/eflift u/]sf 5g\ . To;}n] d"Nofª\sgnfO{ ljlzi6 ¿kaf6 cfFsng ubf{ Ps z}lIfs
;qe/Ldf sIffsf]7fdf lzIf0f l;sfO lj|mofsnfk ;~rfng ubf{ k|flKt x'g'kg]{ pknlAw xfl;n eof] jf
ePg s'g s'g ljb\ofyL{sf] pknlAw:t/ s:tf] /x\of] eg]/ yfxf kfpg' d"Nofª\sg g} ug'{kb{5 . ;du|df
eGg'kbf{ o;n] z}lIfs sfo{qmd / k|lj|mofsf] n]vfhf]vf ug]{ sfo{ d"Nofª\sgn] ub{5 . o;nfO{ d"Nofª\sg
rqmsf] ¿kdf lgDgfg';f/ k|:t't ug{ ;lsG5M
d"Nofª\sg rqm
pb\b]Zo

d"Nofª\sg lzIf0f l;sfO

k[i7kf]if0f
d"Nofª\sgsf] pb\b]Zo tyf dxTTj
d"Nofª\sg sfo{n] ;du| z}lIfs sfo{qmdsf] n]vfhf]vf ug]{ ljb\ofyL{nfO{ of]Uo, ;Ifd, Pjd\ bIf gful/s
tof/ kfg{ dxTTjk"0f{ e"ldsf ub{5 . t;y{ 5f]6s/Ldf o;sf] pb\b]Zo tyf dxTTjnfO{ lgDgfg';f/ pNn]v
ug{ ;lsG5 M
• kf7\oj|md kf7\o k':ts lzIf0f ljlw tyf z}lIfs ;fud|Lsf] lgdf{0f tyf k|of]udf ;'wf/ Nofpg' .
• of]hgf sfo{qmd jf ljifodf /flvPsf pb\b]Zo k'/f eP gePsf] yfxf kfpg',
• lzIf0f l;sfO k|lj|mofdf yk ;'wf/ ub}{ n}hfg,
• z}lIfs k|zf;g tyf Joj:yfkgsf ;'wf/ sfo{df dfu{bz{g k|bfg ug{,
• ljb\ofyL{sf] z}lIfs, k|zf;lgs tyf kyk|b{s sfo{df dfu{ lgb]{z ug{,
• ljb\ofyL{sf] 1fg, l;k, cjwf/0ffaf6 Jojxf/df kl/jt{g eP gePsf] hfgsf/L k|bfg ug{,
• ;du| z}lIfs sfo{qmdsf] efjgf cg'¿ksf pb\b]Zo tyf nIo k|fKt eP gePsf] n]vfhf]vf ug{,
d"Nofª\sgsf k|sf/
d"Nofª\sgsf] sfo{ k|s[lt, d"Nofª\sgsf If]q tyf d"Nofª\sgsf] k|lj|mofsf] cfwf/df o;nfO{ d"ntM
lgdf{0ffTds tyf lg0f{ofTds d"Nofª\sg u/L b'O{ efudf af8\g ;lsG5 .
s_ lgdf{0ffTds d"Nofª\sg(Formative Evaluation)
o;nfO{ ;'wf/fTds jf Pro-active evaluation klg elgG5 . s'g} klg z}lIfs of]hgfsf] sfof{Gjogsf]
l;nl;nfdf lg/Gt/ ¿kdf ul/g] d"Nofª\sgnfO{ lgdf{0ffTds, ;'wf/fTds jf /rgfTds d"Nofª\sg
elgG5 . of] s'g} klg z}lIfs ;+:yfdf z}lIfs ;qsf] ;'?b]lv cGt;Dd ljleGg lsl;dsf d"Nofª\sg k|lj|mof
ckgfO{ ul/G5 . o;df lnlvt, df}lvs jf cGtjftf{ k|of]ufTds, /]s8{, sIffsfo{, u[xsfo{, cjnf]sg
PsfO{ k/LIff, q}dfl;s k/LIff cflb z}lIfs ;+:yfaf6} cfGtl/s ¿kn] ;~rfng ul/G5 . ljb\ofyL{sf]
sdLsdhf]/L kTtfnufO{ To;sf] ;'wf/ ug'{ of lg/fs/0f ug'{ o; d"Nofª\sgsf] pb\b]Zo xf] . o;df
k[i7kf]if0fsf] k|of]u a9Ldf dfqf x'g] ub{5 . /rgfTds d"Nofª\sgsf] k|lj|mof z}lIfs pb\b]Zo lgdf{0f ug]{,
k|of]u ug]{, ;DalGwt of]hgfsf/n] ;kmn 9ª\un] ;~rfng ug]{ ug{ ;S5, lsgeg] p;nfO{ cfkm\gf] z}lIfs
sfo{qmd;Fu k|ToIf ;Dks{ eO/xg] / sfo{qmdsf] dd{ /fd|/L a'em]sf] x'G5 .

216
lzIf0f sfo{df nlIft ;d"xn] s]slt l;Sg ;Ifd eP ;f] kTtfnufO{ nIo / pb\b]Zo d'tfljs l;Sg
g;s]sf] eP To; k'g/fj[lTt ug{ kg]{ x'G5 . z}lIfs ;qsf] cGtdf Psrf]6L d"Nofª\sg ubf{ ;kmn c;kmn
5'6o\ fpg'eGbf ;dod} sldsdhf]/L kTtf nufO{ ;dod} pkrf/ ug{ lzIfsn] ldxg]t ug'{kb{5 . o;af6
lzIfs / ljb\ofyL{ aLr cf}krfl/s Pjd\ 3lgi6 ;DaGw :yflkt x'g k'Ub5 / d"Nofª\sgnfO{ cf}krfl/s
¿kn] k|of]udf Nofpg] ;Defjgf a9\b5 . z}lIfs of]hgfsf] qmddf cfpg] z}lIfs nIo / pb\b]Zo,
kf7\oj|md, kf7\o k':ts ljifoj:t', tflnd, lzIf0f l;sfO lj|mofsnfk, z}lIfs ;fdfu|L d"Nofª\sg ug'{
cfjZos x'g / cfjZostfcg';f/ ;'wf/ ub}{ n}hfg'kb{5 .
s'g} klg ;+:yfn] :yfgLo Pjd\ cfGtl/s ¿kdf k/LIffsf] ;do lgwf{/0f, k|Zgkq lgdf{0f, hfFrsf] ;fwgsf]
5gf]6, k/LIff ;~rfng, k/LIf0f k|lj|mof / glthf k|sfzg u/L k|fKt kl/0ffdsf] cfwf/df lglZrt lgdf{0f
Pjd\ ;'wf/ k|lj|mof ckgfpg] ub{5 . Pp6f ljifo lzIfs cfkm}n] ljb\ofyL{nfO{ yfxf g} glbO{ klg /rgfTds
d"Nofª\sg cjnDag ug{ ;Sb5 .
v_ lg0f{ofTds d"Nofª\sg(Summative Evaluation)
lg0f{ofTds d"Nofª\sg cf}krfl/s Pjd\ afx\o x'G5 .of] sfo{qmdsf] cGtdf jf z}lIfs ;qsf] cGtdf
ul/G5 . lg0f{ofTds d"Nofª\sgn] o; k"j{ ul/;lsPsf z}Ifl0fs sfo{qmddf /x]sf u'0f, ljz]iftf, pknlAw
cflbnfO{ PsLs[t u/L n]vfhf]vf ub{5 / 7f]; k|dfl0fs lg0f{o k|bfg ub{5 . lg0f{ofTds d"Nofª\sgsf]
;'?cft Pjd\ k|ltj]bg z}Ifl0fs sfo{qmdsf] pkef]StfnfO{ nfebfos x'G5 . nIo / pb\b]Zosf] dfkb08 k"/f
u/]kl5 pSt sfo{qmdsf] k|dfl0fs lg0f{o k|bfg ul/G5 . s'g} k|lj|mof, tflnd, lzIffdf l;sfO sfo{,
kf7\oj|md, kf7\o k':ts, z}lIfs ;fdu|Lsf] lgdf{0fkZrft To;sf] d"No lgwf{/0f ug'{, sfof{Gjog ug]{ gug]{
lg0f{o ug'{, pTtL0f{÷cg'TtL0f{ ug'{, lg0f{ofTds d"Nofª\sg;Fu ;DalGwt 5 . of] clGtd d"Nofª\sg ePsfn]
o;nfO{ of]hgfsf/ Pjd\ of]hgf ;~rfng ug]{ JolSt tyf ;+:yfn] gu/L afÅo JolSt tyf ;+:yfn] ug'{
pko'St dflgG5 . of]hgf leqsf JolSt, cfkm}n] d"Nofª\sg ubf{ cfÇgf] nufgLnfO{ dfq x]/L ;sf/fTds
dfq d"Nofª\sg ePdf xflgsf/s x'G5 . o;df d"Nofª\sgstf{ Pp6f cnUn} cª\usf] ¿kdf ;+nUg x'G5 .
z}lIfs ;+:yfdf ;~rfng x'g] cw{jflif{s k/LIff, jflif{s k/LIff Pjd cGo jfx\o k/LIff lg0f{ofTds
d"Nofª\sgsf pbfx/0f x'g\ .
lg0f{ofTds d"Nofª\sgdf kf; km]nsf] cf}krfl/s k|df0fkq lbg], sIff psfNg k|j]z lbg] jf glbg] h:tf
lj|mofsnfk x'G5g\ . k/LIff ;~rfng ug{ ;fdfGo clwsf/ of]hgf sfof{Gjogstf{nfO{ eP tfklg clGtd
clwsf/ eg] x'Fb}g . k/LIff lgoGq0f sfof{no tyf ljb\ofnosf] jflif{s k/LIffsf] k|d'v lhDd]jf/ lgsfo
ljb\ofno g} xf] . lg0f{ofTds d"Nofª\sgn] lzIf0f l;sfO lj|mofsnfkdf ;'wf/ Nofpg], ljb\ofyL{sf]
;jf{ª\uL0f ljsf; / lj:tf/ ug]{ h:tf k|lj|mofeGbf pTtL{0f eP gePsf] h:tf clGtd lg0f{o lng] h:tf]
uxgtd sfo{ ub{5 .
d"Nofª\sgsf sfo{(Function of Evaluation)
d"Nofª\sg Pp6f lg/Gt/ rln/xg] k|lj|mof xf] . d"Nofª\sgn] ljb\ofyL{sf] rf}tkmL{ ljsf;sf] ;fy} ;du|
z}lIfs sfo{qmdsf] n]vfhf]vf ug]{ ePsfn] o;sf sfo{df Jofkstf x'G5 . d"Nofª\sgn] ug]{ sfo{nfO{ z}lIfs
sfo{, kyk|bz{g sfo{ / k|zf;lgs sfo{ u/L ltg efudf afF8\g ;lsG5 .

217
!_ z}Ifl0fs sfo{(Instructional Function)
d"Nofª\sgn] ljb\ofyL{sf] pknlAw tyf Ifdtf kTtfnufpg'sf ;fy} ;Dk"0f{ z}lIfs sfo{qmdsf] n]vfhf]vf ug]{
ePsfn] o;af6 z}Ifl0fs sfo{qmddf ;'wf/ Nofpg ;lsG5 . z}lIfs sfo{qmddf ;'wf/ Nofpg'
d"Nofª\sgsf] k|d'v sfo{ xf] .d"Nofª\sgsf z}Ifl0fs sfo{ cGtu{t lgDglnlvt sfo{ kb{5 M
• d"Nofª\sgn] ljb\ofyL{sf] :t/ 5'6o\ fpg] cª\s lbg] / pTtL0f{ of cg'TtL0f{ 5'6o\ fO{ ljb\ofyL{sf]
n]vfhf]vfub{5 .
• d"Nofª\sgåf/f sIffdf k|ltefzfnL, ;fdfGo jf dGb ljb\ofyL{ 5'6o\ fpg ;lsG5, h;n] lzIf0f
l;sfOnfO{ ;xof]u k'Ub5 .
• o;af6 ;dfg of]Uotf / Ifdtfsf ljb\ofyL{nfO{ cf–cfkm\gf] ;d"xdf /fvL o;sf cfwf/df ;dofg's"n
cWofkg sfo{ ;~rfng ug{ ;lsG5 .
• o;n] lzIfsnfO{ kf7\o pb\b]Zo cy{k"0f{ agfpg pTk|]l/t ub{5 .
• k|:t't kf7\o k':ts slt kof{Kt 5, slt Jofjxfl/s 5 / sl7gfO{sf] :t/ slt pko'St cflbsf]
n]vfhf]vf ug'{ .
• ljb\ofyL{sf] JolStut ljleGgtf kTtf nufpg' d"Nofª\sgsf] sfo{ xf] .h;sf cfwf/df lzIf0fnfO{
k|efjsf/L agfpFb5 .
• d"Nofª\sgn] ljb\ofyL{df k|ltof]lutfTds efjgf hufO{ pknlAwsf] nflu clek|]l/t ug{ k|f]T;flxt
ub{5 .
@_ ky k|bz{g sfo{(Guidance Functions)
d"Nofª\sgåf/f g} ljb\ofyL{sf] :t/ yfxf kfOg] ePsfn] ;f]xL :t/cg';f/ klg d"Nofª\sgn] kyk|bz{gsf
nflu cfwf/ k|bfg ub{5 . lzIff l;sfO sfo{df d"Nofª\sgsf] kyk|bz{g;DaGwL sfo{sf] dxTTjk"0f{ e"ldsf
/xG5 . kyk|bz{gsf nflu d"Nofª\sgsf sfo{ lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf 5g\M
• ljb\ofyL{sf ;Dk"0f{ ;d:of ;dfwfgdf ;Nnfx lbO{ pgLx¿sf] ;jf{ª\uL0f ljsf;sf nflu kyk|bz{g
ug'{,
• ljb\ofyL{nfO{ ljleGg Joj;fok|lt cfslif{t agfpg d"Nofª\sgn] cfwf/ k|bfg ub{5 .
• ljb\ofyL{sf sdhf]/L, pgLx¿sf] of]Uotf / Ifdtfsf] ;d]t hfgsf/L x'g] x'gfn] o;af6 z}lIfs
pknlAw xfl;n ug]{ k|]/0ff k|fKt x'G5 .
• ljleGg k/LIffåf/f ljb\ofyL{sf] d"Nofª\sg u/L yk lzIff k|bfg ug{sf nflu pgLx¿nfO{ 5gf]6 ug{
;lhnf] x'G5 .
• c;kmn ePsf ljb\ofyL{nfO{ kyk|bz{gåf/f cfkm\gf] kf7k|lt ;hu /xg k|]l/t ub{5 .
#= k|zf;lgs sfo{ (Administrative Function)
ljb\ofyL{ / k|ultsf] pknlAwsf] tYofª\snfO{ Jojl:yt ¿kdf ;l~rt u/L /fVg], pgLx¿sf] l;sfO
pknlAwsf] n]vfhf]vf u/L l;sfO cg'ejsf] k'gM ;ª\u7g ug]{ tyf kf7\oj|md kl/dfh{g ug]{ sfo{
d"Nofª\sgsf] cfwf/df ug{ ;lsG5 . d"Nofª\sgsf k|zf;lgs sfo{ lgDgfg';f/ 5g\ M
• ljb\ofyL{sf] of]Uotf k|ult / rl/q;DaGwL k|df0fkq lbg'sf ;fy} ;f];DaGwL s'/fsf] af/]df
cleefjsnfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpg' .
• z}lIfs of]hgfsf] pb\b]Zoadf]lhd ljleGg tflnsf -b}lgs, dfl;s, PsfO, jflif{s_ lgdf{0f ug'{,
• ljb\ofno tyf ljb\ofyL{sf z}lIfs pknlAwsf clen]v /fvL cfjZos k/]sf] avt ;DalGwt kIfsf]
pknAw u/fpg',
218
 • jfnjflnsfsf] lgbfgfTds d"Nofª\sg ug'{,
• ljb\ofnosf] cfly{s tyf z}lIfs k|zf;lgs ultljlwsf] n]vfhf]vf ug'{,
• ljb\ofno k|0ffnLsf] u'0f:t/sf] n]vfhf]vf ug'{,
• kf7\oj|md kf7\k':ts / d"Nofª\sg k|ljlwsf] ljZj;gLotf / j}Btf cWoog u/L kl/dfh{g ug'{ .
• z}lIfs k|zf;g tyf Joj:yfkg / ;d'bfoaLr ;'dw'/ ;DaGw sfod u/fpg',
• d"Nofª\sgsf] ljb\ofno jf ljb\ofno k|ultsf] lgoGq0fsf nflu dfgs k|bfg ub{5 .
• ljb\ofyL{nfO{ sIff kbf]Ggltsf nflu pko'St JolStsf] 5gf]6 ug]{ pkof]uL dfWod xf] .
lgdf{0ffTds / lg0f{ofTds d"Nofª\sgdf km/sM
lgdf{0ffTds d"Nofª\sg lg0f{ofTds d"Nofª\sg
!= k|d'v pb\b]Zo ljb\ofyL{ l;sfOdf ;'wf/ ug'{ . != k|d'v pb\b]Zo ljb\ofyL{sf] :t/ lgwf{/0f ug'{ xf] .
@= l;sfO k|lj|mofdf k[i7kf]if0f lbFb} pkrf/fTds @= ljb\ofyL{sf] 1fg l;k k|j[lTt Pjd\ pknlAwsf] :t/
lzIf0fdf db\wt ub{5 . lgwf{/0f u/L ;"rgf k|bfg ub{5
#= cWofkgsf] k|To]s If0fdf k|of]udf cfpFb5 . #= s'g} z}lIfs ;qsf] aLr tyf cGTodf k|of]udf cfpFb5 .
$= k"j{ k/LIff PsfO k/LIff, u[xsfo{ pknlAw $= cw{jflif{s k/LIff lhNnf :t/Lo k/LIff tyf /fli6«o
k/LIff o; d"Nofª\sgsf ;fwg x'g\ . :t/sf k/LIff o; d"Nofª\sgsf ;fwg x'g\ .
%= lzIf0fsf cf}krfl/s tyf cgf}krfl/s b'j} %= of] cf}krfl/s d"Nofª\sg k|lj|mof dfq ckgfO{G5 .
:yfgdf of] d"Nofª\sg k|lj|mof ckgfOG5 .
^= of] lg/Gt/ rln/xg] / lg/Gt/ k[i7kf]if0f lbg] ^= lgwf{l/t ;dodf dfq rNg] / k|zf;lgs lg0f{o k|lj|mof
k|lj|mof xf] . xf] .
&= ck]lIft pb\b]Zosf cfwf/df ljb\ofyL{n] k|fKt &= ;du| ;d"xsf] k|fKtfª\ssf cfwf/df glthfsf] JofVof
u/]sf] cª\ssf] JofVof ul/G5 . ul/G5 .
*= d"Nofª\sg sfo{qmdsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/sf *= d"Nofª\sg k|To]s sfo{qmdsf] k|f/Dedf / cGTodf
qmddf cfjZostf cg';f/ ul/G5 . ul/G5 .
(= lzIfs, ljb\ofyL{, kf7\oj|mdljb\, lzIffljb\, ( lzIfs, k|zf;lgs JolSt, cflwsf/Ls lgsfo jf
n]vs, dgf]j}1flgs tyf k/fdz{–bftfsf] ;+:yfsf] ;+nUgtf /xG5 .
;xeflutf /xG5 .
!) o;n] z}lIfs k|lj|mofsf] cGtl/s ;'wf/df !) o;n] glthfd"ns pknlAwsf] ;"rgf k|bfg ub{5 .
dxTTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x ub{5 .
!!= of] ;du| kIfsf] ;'wf/f]Gd'v k|lj|mof xf] . !!= of] ;du| kIfsf] n]vfhf]vf pGd'v k|lj|mof xf] .

lgdf{0ffTds tyf lg0f{ofTds d"Nofª\sgsf ;fwg

ljb\ofyL{ d"Nofª\sgsf nflu ljleGg ;fwg tyf k|ljlw k|of]u ePsf x'G5g\ . ljb\ofyL{sf] Jojxf/df ePsf]
ck]lIft kl/jt{g tyf l;sfO pknlAwnfO{ Pp6f dfq ;fwgsf e/df d"Nofª\sg gu/L ljleGg ;fwgsf]
d"Nofª\sgsf] dfWodaf6 ul/g'kg]{ x'G5 . ljb\ofyL{n] k|fKt u/]sf 1fg l;k / k|j[lQsf] n]vfhf]vf u/L
pgLx¿sf] l;sfO:t/ lgwf{/0f u/L k[i7kf]if0f k|bfg ug{ d"Nofª\sg ul/g] ePsfn] ljifoj:t' ck]lIft
pb\b]Zo, pb\b]Zosf k|sf/, ;do, d"Nofª\sg ug{sf pb\b]Zo cflbsf cfwf/df pko'St ;fwg / k|ljlwsf]
5gf]6 ul/g'kb{5 . ;fdfGotof d"Nofª\sgsf ;fwg / k|ljlw lgDgfg';f/ 5g\M
— lnlvt df}lvs tyf k|of]ufTds k/LIff
219
 — cjnf]sg
— cGt/jftf{
— 36gfj[lQ clen]v
— ;l~rt clen]v
— >]0fL dfkg
— l;h{gfTds sfo{
— ljleGg lnlvt k/LIff
— k|of]ufTdsl;k k/LIf0f
— cfTd"Nofª\sg cflb
jt{dfg cj:yfdf lnlvt k/LIffnfO{ d"Nofª\sgsf] d"Vo ;fwgsf] ¿kdf k|of]u x'Fb} cfPsf] kfOG5 .lnlvt
k/LIffsf] :j¿knfO{ tflnsfab\w ¿kdf lgDgfg';f/ k|:t't ug{ ;lsG5M

k/LIff

ljifout k/LIff
a:t'ut k/LIff
nfdf] pQ/ 5f]6f] pQ/
ax'j}slNks k'li6 ug]{
hf]8f ldnfpg] l6Kk0fL n]Vg]
l7s÷a]l7s b[i6fGt lbg]
vfnL 7fFp eg]{ a'Fbf l6kf]6 ug]{
d"Nofª\sg
ug]{
5nkmn ug]{
;f/f+z n]Vg]
j0f{g ug]{
^=& d"Nofª\sg k|lj|mofdf ljlzi6Ls/0f tflnsfsf] k|of]u
d'VotM d"Nof+sg b'O{ lsl;dsf] x'G5 M lgdf{0ffTds / lg0f{ofTds . sIffcGtu{tsf] lg/Gt/ ljBfyL{
d"Nof+sg lgdf{0ffTds x'G5 eg] sIff]Ggltsf nflu lnOg] clGtd k/LIff lg0f{ofTds x'G5 . lg/Gt/
d"Nof+sg cGt/ut kl/of]hgf sfo{, sIff ;xeflutf, l;h{gfTds sfo{, sIff sfo{, pknlAw k/LIff tyf
l;sfOsf] Jojxf/df cfPsf] kl/jt{g h:tf kIfnfO{ pkof]u ul/G5 . To;} u/L lgdf{0ffTds d"Nof+sg
220
cGtu{t ljBfyL{sf sfo{nfksf] lg/LIf0f JolStut / ;fd"lxs 5nkmn, lnlvt k/LIff, xflh/L hafkm,
k|Zgf]Tt/, sIff sfo{sf] k/LIf0f, Jojxf/sf] lg/Gt/ cjnf]sg / clen]vg h:tf s'/f kb{5g\ . jflif{s
k/LIff lg0f{ofTds d"Nof+sg leq k5{ . log} d"Nof+sgnfO{ k|of]udf NofpFbf ;xhtfsf nflu ljlzi6Ls/0f
tflnsfsf] k|of]u ul/G5 . ljlzi6Ls/0f tflnsfn] vf;u/L d"Nof+sgsf s'gs'g kIf, ljwf,
Jojxf/nfO{sltslt c+sef/ lbg] eGg] s'/f olsg ub{5 h;n] ubf{ d"Nof+sgstf{n] d"Nof+sgsf] k|lj|mofdf
;DalGwt ljifosf] ;j} ljifoj:t'nfO{ ;d]6\g ;Sb5 .To;}n] o;nfO{ d"Nof+sgsf] kyk|bz{s klg elgG5 .
dxTTj
• l;sfOsf ;j} If]qsf] d"Nof+sg x'g] ;'lglZrttf
• 1fg, l;k / af]w kIf ;ldl6g]
• ;/n d"Nof+sg kb\wlt cjnDag
• k|Zgkqsf] lgdf{0fdf ;xhtf
• ;dfgfGt/ k|Zgkq lgdf{0fdf ;xof]u nufot .

^=* k/LIffsf] ljZj;gLotf / j}wtf

d"Nof°gn] s'g} klgs'/fsf] dfkg ubf{ jf:tljs, e/kbf{] / ljZjfl;nf] x'g'k5{ . o;sf nflu d"Nof°gsf]
nflu k|of]u ul/Psf ;fwg To;df klg cTolws dfqfdf k|of]u ul/g] ;fwg lnlvt k/LIff k/kbf{] /
ljZjfl;nf] x'g'k5{ . d"Nof°gsf nflu k|of]u ul/g] pks/0f ;xL / To;sf] k|of]u klg ;xL 9·n] k|of]u
ePsf] 5 eg] dfq To;af6 k|fKt glthf ljZjf; ug{ of]Uo / e/kbf{] x'G5 . /fd|f] d"Nof°gsf d'Vo–d'Vo
ljz]iftfdWo] ljZj;gLotf, j}wtf, j:t'lgi7tf, lg/Gt/tf, Jofkstf / pkof]uL x'g'k5{ . Pp6f c;n
z}Ifl0fs d"Nof°gsf ljz]iftf lgDgcg';f/ 5g\ M
s_ ljZj;gLotf (Reliability)
v_ j}wtf (Validity)
u_ j:t'lgi7tf (Objectivety)
3_ Jofkstf (Comprehensiveness)
ª_ pkof]lutf (Usanility)
ljZj;gLotf (Reliability)
ljZj;gLotf pknlAw k/LIffsf] ckl/xfo{ u'0f xf] . o;n] k/LIffåf/f k|fKt l:y/tfnfO{ hgfpF5 . s'g}
pknlAw k/LIff ljZj;gLo 5 eg] ;dfg u'0f dfkgsf] nflu Tof] k/LIffnfO{ ;dfg JolStsf] ;d"xdf k6s
k6s dfkg ubf{ ;dfg glthf k|fKt x'G5 . t;y{ ljZj;gLotf dfkgsf ;fwgsf] Tof] u'0f xf] . h;n] pQm
;fwgåf/f ul/Psf] dfgkgsf] z'4tf, :yL/tf tyf Ps¿ktfsf af/]df hfgsf/L u/fpF5 . o; cy{df x]bf{
k/LIffn] ljBfyL{sf] h'g z}lIfs pknlAw dfkg ug{ rfx]sf] xf] To;nfO{ k6s k6s dfkg ubf{ ;dfg
glthf xfl;n x''g' kb{5 . pknlAw k/LIffsf] ljZj;gLotf u0fgf ug]{ tLgj6f ljlw 5g\ .
Pp6f c;n z}lIfs d"Nof°gsf] ljz]iftfdWo] ljZj;gLotf Ps k|d'v xf] . d"Nof°g To;a]nf dfq
ljZjfl;nf] / e/kbf{] x'G5 hlta]nf d"Nof°gdf ljZj;gLotf x'G5 . k/LIf0fsf] glthfdf x'g] Ps¿ktf
(Consistency) nfO{ ljZj;gLotf elgG5 .

221
 ! æljZj;gLotfsf] cy{ k/LIffyL{n] p:t} vfnsf b'O{j6f k/LIffdf jf Pp6} k/LIff b'O{k6s lbFbf
p:t} c° k|fKt ug'{ xf] .Æ (Relianility means that test takers would obtain the same score if
thay took an altemative form of the test, or took the same test at a different time or
different conditions.) - Brown
@ æljZj;gLotf eGgfn] k/LIffsf] glthfdf Ps¿ktf (Consistancy) cfpg' xf] . s'g} klg s'/f
dfkg ubf{ k/LIffwsf] glthf pxL cfpg' ljZj;gLotf xf] .Æ Reliability is the consistency
with which a test hields the same results in measuring whatever it does measure.)
- Remmer H.H and Others
# æljZj;gLotf eGgfn] k/LIffsf] Tof] u'0f xf], h'g k/LIffnfO{ b'O{k6s lnFbf To;sf] k|fKtf°aLr
Ps¿ktf x'G5 .Æ (The reliability of a teat is its ability to hied consistent results from one of
measuers to another.) - Frank G. Freeman
$ æljZj;gLotfsf] cy{ Ps¿ktf x'g' xf] .Æ ( Reliability means consistency.) - James S.
Ross
% æljZj;gLotfsf] cy{ Pp6f k/LIffsf] c°sf] dfkg hxfF;'s} dfkg u/] klg Ps¿ktf x'g'
xf] .Æ (The term reliability means the conststency wich set of test scores measures what
ever thay do measure.) - Ebil

plNnlvt kl/efiffaf6 xfdL of] lgisif{df k'Ug ;S5f}+ ls ljZj;gLotf eg]sf] b'O{ km/s km/s ;dodf
Pp6} k|Zgkq Pp6} ;d"xnfO{ lbP/ k/LIff lnFbf tL b'O{ k/LIffdf ljBfyL{n] k|fKt u/]sf] k|fKtf°sf aLrdf
kfOg] Ps¿ktf cyjf ;dfgtf xf] .
!= ljZj;gLotfsf k|sf/ tyf ljZj;gLotf kQf nufpg] tl/sf
(Types or Methods of Estimating Reliability)

ljZj;gLotf kQf nufpg] ljlwnfO{ g} ljZj;gLotfsf] k|sf/ klg elgG5 . ljZj;gLotf kQf nufpg]
k|rlnt d'Vo–d'Vo ljlw jf tl/sfsf] rrf{ lgDgcg';f/ tn ul/Psf] 5 M–
s_ k/LIf0f k'gM k/LIf0f ljlw (Test-Retest Meathods)

s'g} klg k/LIf0f Ps k6s Pp6f ;d"xdf lnOG5 / s]xL ;dosf] cGTo/df ToxL ;d"xnfO{ ToxL
k/LIf0f k'gM lnOG5 . klxnf] k6s k|fKt u/sf] k|fKtf° / bf];|f] k6s k|fKt u/]sf] k|fKtf°aLr
;x;DaGw lgsfnL ljZj;gLotf kQf nufOG5 . o;/L Pp6} k/LIffnfO{ k6sk6s bf]xf]¥ofP/ lnO{
To;sf] cfwf/df ljZj;gLotf kQf nufpg] ePsfn] k/LIf0f k'gMk/LIf0f ljlw elgPsf] xf] . h:t} M
klxnf] k6ssf] k/LIffdf /fd, Zofd / /Ltfn] qmdz %), %%, ^) c° k|fKt u/] km]l/ Ps ;ftf
k5fl8 ToxL k/LIff ltg} ljBfyL{nfO{ lnFbf qmdzM %%, ^), ^% NofP eg] To; k/LIf0fnfO{ ljZj;gLo
dfGg ;lsG5. t/ bf];|f] k6ssf] k/LIffdf ljBfyL{n] #), #%, $) NofPsf eP pQm k/LIffnfO{ sd
ljZj;gLo dflgg] lyof] .
v_ ;dfgfGt/ k|f¿k÷;d¿k jf j}slNks gd'gf ljlw
(Parallel Form or Alternate Form Method)

o; ljlwcg';f/ ljZj;gLotf kQf nufpFbf ;dfg sl7gfO :t/ ePsf b'O{ ;]6 k|Zg tof/ ul/G5 /
Pp6f ;d"xnfO{ tL k|Zg kfn}kfnf] s]xL ;dosf] cGTodf jf pltv]/ g} hfFr lbg nufOG5 . tL b'O{
222
 k|Zgkq jf k/LIf0faf6 k|fKt c°sf] ;x;DaGw lgsfnL ljZj;gLotf kQf nufpg] tl/sfnfO{
;dfgfGt/ k|f¿k / j}slNks gd'gf ljlw elgG5 . h:t} M /fd, Zofd / uLtfn] Set A sf] k/LIffdf
!)) k"0ff{°sf] cª\u|]hL ljifosf] k/LIffdf qmdzM $%, %), %% c° k|fKt u/] / ltg} ljBfyL{n] bf];|f]
set B sf] k/LIffdf qmdzM $), $%, %) c° k|fKt u/] eg] tL k/LIf0fdf ljZj;gLotf ePsf]
dflgG5 .
u_ cw{ ljefhg ljlw (Split-half Method)

cw{ ljefhg ljlwsf] k|of]u u/L ljZj;gLotf kQf nufpg' kbf{ Pp6f k/LIf0fnfO{ a/fa/L b'O{ efudf
ljefhg ul/G5 . b'O{ efudf ljefhg ubf{ hf]8L ;+Vof (Even numbers) @, $, ^, *, !) === /
ljhf]8L ;+Vof (Odd number) !, #, %, &, (, !! === sf] cfwf/df 7Ls a/fa/ b'O{ efudf ljefhg
ul/G5 . Pp6} ;d"xdf kfn}kfnf] k/LIff lnOG5 / b'O{ cnucnu k/LIffaf6 k|fKt k|fKtf°sf]
;x;DaGwsf] cfwf/df ljZj;gLotf lgsflnG5 eg] To;nfO{ cw{ ljefhg ljlw (Split half method)
elgG5 . k|Zg lgdf{0f ubf{ Pp6f Set df @) j6f k|Zg /flvG5 eg] hDdf $) j6f k|Zg
agfpg'k5{ / To;nfO{ a/fa/L cfwf–cfwf efudf ljefhg ug'{k5{ .
3_ s'8/–l/rf8{;g ljlw (Kudar-Richardson Method – 1937 AD)

o; ljlwåf/f k|Zgsf] cfk;L ;DaGwsf] cfwf/df (Internal consistency reliability) kQf nufOG5 .
o; ljlwdf k/LIffdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf k|Zgsf] (Items) aLrsf] kf/:kl/s cGTo/;DaGwnfO{ cWoog
ul/G5 . k/LIf0fsf] qmdzM ul/Psf Test Items n] p:t}–p:t} x'G5 / cfGtl/s Ps¿ktf (Internal
consistency) a9L x'G5 .Kudar /Richardsonn] ljZj;gLotf (Reliability) kQf nufpg b'O{j6f
;"qsf] ljsf; u/]sf 5g\ M–
;"q g+= !KR- 20
k  Σpq  n  Σpq 
r= 1 r= 1− 2 
k − 1  s 2  or n − 1 
−
S 

r = reliability
n/k = Number of items
P = Proportion of correct responsesto a particular items -s'g} Pp6f k|Zg 7Ls pQ/
lbg]sf] cg'kft_
p = Propotion of incorrect to that items –s'g}
pp6f k|Zgdf unt pQ/ lbg]sf] cg'kft_
S 2
= Varianceof the scores on the test –To; k/LIffsf k|fKtf°sf] variation.
;"q g+= 2 = KR – 21
n  x(n − x) 
→r= 1−
n − 1  ns 2 
OR
k  m(k − m) 
( KR 21) = 1−
k − 1  ks 2 
r = reliability
n or k = Number of test items

223
 m = mean of the test score
s2 = Variance of the scores on the test
-k/LIffsf] k|fKtf°sf] :tl/o leGgtf_
s'8/ l/rf8{;g ljlwsf a]kmfObf
(Disadvantages of Kudar Richardson Method)
!= of] ljlw ult k/LIf0f (Speed test) sf nflu Tolt pkof]uL x'Fb}g .
@= KR -20 / KR - 21 sf] ;"qaf6 lbg] ljZj;gLotfsf] dfgs km/s km/s x'g] x'Fbf s'g ;"qaf6 lbPsf]
dfgs ;xL xf] egL 5'§Øfpg ufx|f] x'G5 .
#= k/LIff Ps k6s dfq lnOg] x'Fbf ljBfyL{sf] Jojxf/df afxØ tŒjsf] k|efj k/]sf] x'g ;S5 .o;nfO{
of] ljlwn] a]jf:tf u5{ .
@= ljZj;gLotfdf k|efj kfg{] tŒj (Facrors Affecting Reliability)

k/LIffsf] ljZj;gLotfdf k|efj kfg{] w]/} tŒj 5g\ . h;nffO{ ;du|df b'O{ efudf ljefhg u/L cWoog ug{
;lsG5 M
s_ cfGtl/s tŒj(Intricsic Factors) v_ afxØ tŒj(Extrinsic Factors)
!= k/LIffsf] nDafO(Length of the test) != ;d"xsf] ljljwtf(Group Variability) M
@= k|fKtf°sf] lj:tf/(Spread)M–– c°sf] lj:tf/ sd @= jftfj/0fLo cj:yf (Environmental
ePdf ljZj;gLotf sd x'G5 eg] c°sf] lj:tf/ Factors)
a9L ePdf ljZj;gLotf klg a9L g} x'G5 . #= ljBfyL{sf] cg'dfg(Guessing of
Examinees)
#= k|Zgsf] sl7gfO :t/(Difficulty Level of Items)
$= k|Zgdf ;dfgtf(Homogenity of Test) $= ljBfyL{sf] z/Ll/s cj:yf (Physical
Condition of the Examinees)
%= k/LIff ;~rfng(Asministrationof Test)
^= k/LIffyL{sf] of]Uotf(Level/Ability of Examinee)
j}wtf (Validity)

Pp6f c;n k/LIf0fdf geO{ gx'g] u'0fdWo] j}wtf klg Ps xf] . ljZj;gLotfsf] ;DaGw k/LIffdf ljBfyL{n]
k|fKt u/]sf] k|fKtf°nfO{ cfwf/ dfg]/ ljZj;gLotf kQf nufOG5 eg] j}wtf eGgfn] k/LIffdf ;f]lwPsf
k|Zgsf] p2]Zo;Fu x'G5 . s'g} klg sfo{ ug'{sf k5fl8 p2]Zo x'G5 .To;}u/L k/LIff ;~rfngsf] nflu
Pp6f lglZrt p2]Zo x'G5, h'g p2]Zo /fv]/ k/LIf0f tof/ ul/Psf] x'G5 . k/LIff ;~rfng kZrft\ pQm
p2]Zo k|fKt ug{ ;kmn ePdf Tof] k/LIf0fnfO{ j}w dflgG5 . csf{] zAbdf eGg'kbf{ h'g s'/f dfkg ug{sf
nflu k/LIf0f lgdf{0f ul/Psf] xf], ToxL s'/f dfkg ug{ ;lsof] eg] pQm k/LIffnfO{ j}w dflgG5 .
! æk/LIff h'g p2]Zosf nflu lgdf{0f ul/Psf] xf] ;f] p2]Zosf nflu pQm k/LIff slt dfqfdf
pkof]uL eof] eGg] s'/f j}wtfn] hgfpF5 .Æ (By vailidity we refer to the extent to which the
measuring devices is useful for sa given purpose.) - M.A. Edgerton
@ æj}wtf k/LIffn] s] s'/f dfkg u5{ / slt /fd|f];Fu dfkg u5{ eGg] s'/f;Fu ;DalGwt 5 .Æ
(The Validity of the concerns what the test measures and how well it does so.) -
Anastasi

224
# æk/LIffn] h'g s'/f dfkg ug{ vf]h]sf] 5 ;f] s'/f 7Ls tl/sfn] dfkg ug'{nfO{ j}wtfsf] ¿kdf
kl/eflift ul/Psf] 5 . j}wtfn] h'g s'/f dfkg ug{] p2]Zo /fv]sf] 5 ;f] slt dfqfdf k|fKt eof]
eGg] s'/f hgfpF5 .Æ (The Validity of a test may be defined as the accuracy with which it
measures that which it is intended in measuring what is purpose to measure.) - F.F.
Lindquist
$ æk/LIf0fsf] j}wtf o;sf] dfkgof]Uo Ifdtfdf lge{/ x'G5 h'g s'/fsf] dfkg ug{] p2]Zon] of]
lgdf{0f ul/Psf] xf] .Æ (Validity of a test depends upon its capacity to measure what os
purpose to measure.) – Kupusamy
% æj}wtfsf] dfksn] k/LIffsf] s] s'/f dfkg ug{] p2]Zo /fv]sf] 5 ;f] s'/f slt dfqfdf dfkg
u¥of] eGg] s'/f b]vfpF5 .Æ (An index of validity shows the degree to which a test measures
what os purpose to measure.) - Frank S. Freeman
^ æj}wtf eg]sf] s'g} k/LIf0fn] hfFRg] Tof] dfqf xf], hf] hfFRg] p2]Zo To;n] /fv]sf] x'G5 .Æ
(Validity is the extent to which a test measures what it purpose to measure.) - Lee J.
Cronbach
& æk/LIffsf] j}wtf k/LIffn] h'g s'/f dfkg ug{] k|of; u/]sf] 5 ;f] s'/f slt s'zntfk"j{s dfkg
ug{ ;s]sf] 5 eGg] s'/fdf lge{/ u5{ .Æ (The validity of an examination depends on the
efficency woth which it measures what is attampts to measure.) - Green Marry A and
Others

plNnlvt kl/efiff ljZn]if0faf6 xfdL of] lgisif{df k'Ug ;S5f}+ ls k/LIffsf] j}wtf eGgfn] h'g p2]Zo
/fv]/ k/LIffsf] tof/L ul/Psf] x'G5 . k/LIff kZrft\ pQm p2]Zo slt dfqfdf k|fKt ug{ ;lsof] To;sf
cfwf/df k/LIffsf] j}wtf kQf nufOG5 . o; cy{df s'g} klg k/LIff To;a]nf j}w x'G5, h'g a]nf k/LIffn]
/fv]sf] p2]Zo a9LeGbf a9L dfqfdf k|fKt ug{ ;kmn x'G5 .
j}wtfsf] k|sf/ (Types of Validity

s_ ljifout j}wtf (Content validity)

s'g} ljifoj:t'df cfwfl/t k|Zgn] ljBfyL{n] l;s]sf s'/f ;xL ¿kdf hfFr ug{ ;S5 eg] To:tf] k|ZgnfO{
ljifout j}wtf (Content Validity) elgG5 . h'g pQ/sf] cfzf /fv]/ k|Zg lbOG5 Tof] cfzf k"/f x'g]
vfnsf] pQ/ ljBfyL{af6 cfpg ;S5 eg] To;nfO{ ljifout j}wtf (Content Validity) elgG5 . csf{]
cy{df j}wtf eGgfn] ;Dk"0f{ z}lIfs p2]Zo cg'¿k pknlAw xfl;n eP÷gePsf] dfkg ug{ ;Sg'k5{ . o;
cy{df ;Dk"0f{ kf7\oj:t'sf] k|ltlglwTj ug{] u/L k|Zgkq jf k/LIffsf nflu k/LIff (Test) tof/ ug'{k5{ .
o;/L ;a} ljifoj:t'nfO{ ;d]6]sf] k/LIff (Test) g} ljifout j}wtf (Content Validity) ePsf]
dflgG5 .Content validity nfO{Curricular validity relevance validity, instrinsic validity /
Presentativeness klg eGg] ul/G5. pknlAw k/LIff (Achievement test) sf nflu k|of]u ul/G5 .

v_ cfwf/ k|f;l·s j}wtf (Criterion-related Validity)

s'g} klg k/LIffn] ljBfyL{sf] jt{dfg tyf eljiodf x'g] Jojxf/nfO{ dfkg ug{ ;Sg] x'g'k5{ . ljBfyL{sf
lglZrt Jojxf/nfO{ cfwf/ (Criteria) dfg]/ ;~rflnt k/lIffsf] j}wtfsf] dfkg ul/g] ePsfn] o;nfO{
cfwf/ k|f;l·s j}wtf (Criterion related validity) elgPsf] xf] . k/LIffsf] c°;Fu ljBfyL{sf] jt{dfg /

225
eljiosf] Jojxf/ d]n vfPdf To:tf] k/LIffnfO{ j}w (Valid) dflgG5 . of] j}wtfnfO{ b'O{ efudf juL{s/0f
ug{ ;lsG5 M–
! k"j{;"rgfTds j}wtf(Predictive Validity)M s'g} k/LIf0fn] klxn] k|fKt u/]sf] k|fKtf°sf] cfwf/df
eljiosf] pknlAw, Ifdtf jf of]Uotfsf] k"j{ ;"rgf, hfgsf/L jf eljiojf0fL ub{5 . ljBfyL{sf] Ifdtf,
bIftf, nugzLntfsf] cfwf/df eljiodf p;n] k|fKt ug{ ;Sg] ;kmntfsf] pknlAw k"j{ cg'dfg ug{
;lsG5 . eljiodf k"j{ cg'dflgt pknlAw xfl;n ug{ ;Sof] eg] To;nfO{ k"j{;"rgfTds j}wtf
(Predictive Validity) ePsf] dflgG5 . h:t} M (÷!) sIffdf k|fKt u/]sf] k|fKtf°sf] cfwf/df S.L.C.
df k|fKt ug{ ;Sg] c° cg'dfg ug'{ . (÷!) sIffdf k|yd >]0fL (First division) eljiojf0fL ul/of] /
Nofpg klg ;kmn eof] eg] To;nfO{ k"j{;"rgfTds j}wtf (Predictive Validity) ePsf] dflgG5 .
@= ;djtL{ j}wtf(Concurrent Validity)M ljBfyL{n] k/LIffdf k|fKt u/]sf] c° / p;sf] Jojxf/df
;dfgtf ePdf To:tf] k/LIffdf ;djtL{ j}wtf (Concurrent validity) ePsf] dflgG5 . o; k|sf/sf]
j}wtfdf Pp6f k/LIffdf k|fKt u/]sf] k|fKtf°n] bf];|f] sfo{ ;Dkfbgsf] k"j{ cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 . h:t}
M Pp6f df]6/ rnfpg] sf];{sf] p;sf] df]6/ rnfpg] l;k t Ps k/LIf0faf6 x'g ;S5 t/ To;sf]
;djtL{ j}wtf (Concurrent validity) To; a]nf ePsf] dflgG5 . pko'Qm k|of]ufTds ¿kdf ;}4flGts
1fg (Theoritical Knowledge) sf cfwf/df Jojxfl/s ¿kdf df]6/ rnfpg ;sf];\ .
u_ /rgfTds j}wtf(Construct Validity)
k|Zg lgfdf{0f ubf{ h'g p2]Zo /fv]/ lgdf0f ul/G5 / ljleGg ljlwn] hfFRg vf]h]sf s'/f h:tfsf] t:t}
¿kdf hfFr ug{ ;lsG5 eg] To;nfO{ /rgfTds j}wtf (Construct validity) elgG5 . s'g} k/LIf0fsf]
k|fKtf°nfO{ dgf]j}1flgs (Psychological trait) u'0f jf ljz]iftfsf] cfwf/df JofVof ul/G5 .
k|ToIf ¿kdf ljz]if (Specific) 9·n] gfKg g;lsg] dfgjLo Jojxf/, af}l4s Ifdtf ;fdflhs kl/kSjtf,
cle?lr, ;+j]ufTds kIf cflbnfO{ k|ToIf j:t';Fu ;x;DaGw sfod u/L lgsflng] j}wtfnfO{ /rgfTds
j}wtf (Construct validity) elgG5 .
j}wtfdf c;/ kfg{] tŒj (Factors Influencing Validity)

j}wtfsf] ;DaGw k/LIffsf] p2]Zo;Fu ePsfn] em§ x]bf{ k|Zgkqsf] k|efj dfq kg{] h:tf] b]lvG5, t/
j}wtfnfO{ k|Zgkqn] dfq geP/ cGo w]/} s'/fn] k|efj kf/]sf] x'G5 .j}wtfnfO{} k|efj kfg{] d'Vo–d'Vo
tŒjsf] rrf{ lgDg lnlvt 5g\ M–
!= k/LIffsf] :j¿k(Nature of Test)
@= c:ki6 lgb{]zg(Ambigious Directions)
#= ;fdflhs–;f+:s[lts leGgtf(Socio-Cultural Differences)
$= k/LIff ;~rfng / c°g(Administration and Scoring of Test)
%= k/LIffyL{sf] zf/Ll/s tyf dgf]j}1flgs cj:yf(Physical Psychological Condition of the
Examinees)M

j:t'lgi7tf (Objectivity)

226
z}Ifl0fs d"Nof°gdf geO{ gx'g] dxŒjk"0f{ u'0f j:t'lgi7tf klg Ps k|d'v xf] . j:t'lgi7tfsf] cefjdf s'g}
klg d"Nof°g ljZj;gLotf / j}w x'g ;St}g . ljBfyL{ pknlAwsf] d"Nof°g ug{ k|of]u ul/g] k/LIffdf hlt
hgf k/LIfsn] pQ/k'l:tsf k/LIf0f u/] klg ;dfg c° cfpg'nfO{ j:t'lgi7tf (Objectivity) elgG5 .
cyjf k/LIfssf] JolStut k|efjaf6 d'Qm k/LIf0f df g} j:t'lgi7tf kfOG5 . o;/L d"Nof°gdf JolStut
k|efj gk/L hlt hgf k/LIfsn] hlt k6s k/LIf0f ubf{ klg pxL k|fKtf° cfpF5 . k/LIfssf] cfTdk/stf
?lr, rfxgf, cfu|x, k"jf{u|xaf6 d'Qm k/LIf0fdf g} pRr j:t'lgi7tf kfOG5 .
j:t'lgi7tf j[l4 ug{ tnsf s'/fdf Wofg lbg'k5{ M–
!= lglZrt p2]Zosf cfwf/df k|Zg lgdf{0f ug'{k5{ .
@= k|Zg lgdf{0f ubf{ k|of]u ul/g] efiff ;/n, :ki6, af]wuDo / ax'cy{ nfUg] x'g' x'Fb}g .
#= k/LIff ;~rfngdf Ps¿ktf x'g'k5{ .
$= PseGbf a9L :jtGq k/LIfssf] Joj:yf x'g'k5{ .
%= k/LIf0f ubf{ x/]s k/LIfsnfO{ pQ/s'~hLsf tof/ u/L pknAw u/fpg] .
^= k/LIffsf] gLlt, lgod / lgb{]zg :ki6 pNn]v ul/g'k5{ .
&= j:t'ut k|Zgsf] lgdf{0f / k|of]u a9fpg] .
*= ;a} pQ/k'l:tsf Pp6} lgodsf cfwf/df k/LIf0f ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfpg'k5{ .
lg/Gt/tf(Continuity)
z}Ifl0fs d"Nof°gsf] csf]{ dxŒjk"0f{ ljz]iftf lg/Gt/tf xf] . w]/} dflg; d"Nof°g eg]sf] z}lIfs
sfo{qmdsf] cGTodf ul/g] k|lj|mof xf], h;n] ljBfyL{nfO{ kf;–km]n u/fpg / sfo{qmdsf] ;kmntf÷c;kmntf
5'§Øfpg k|of]u ul/g] k|lj|mof xf] eGg] 7fGb5g\ . t/ jf:tjdf d"Nof°g sfo{ s'g} klg z}lIfs sfo{qmdsf]
z'?b]lv sfo{qmdsf] cGTo;Dd lg/Gt/ ¿kdf rln/xg] k|lj|mof xf] . d"Nof°g eGg] s'/f Ps b'O{ k6s u/]/
k'Ub}g, lg/Gt/ ¿kdf ul//xg'k5{ . o;nfO{ g} lg/Gt/tf elgG5 . x/]s ljifo lzIfsn] cfkm\gf] sIff
lzIf0fsf qmddf nuftf/ d"Nof°g ul//xg'nfO{ lg/Gt/tf elgG5 .
lg/Gt/ d"Nofª\sgaf6 x'g] kmfObf
!= ljBfyL{sf] sdLsdhf]/L ;dodf g} kQf nufO{ ;'wf/ ug{] df}sf ldN5 .
@= ljBfyL{nfO{ lg/Gt/ ¿kdf cWoog ul//xg] jftfj/0f l;h{gf u5{ .
#= ljBfyL{sf sdLsdhf]/L kQf nufP/ To;sf] ;'wf/ u/L z}lIfs k|ult ug{ ;xof]u u5{ .
$= ljBfyL{nfO{ k[i7kf]if0f k|bfg u/L z}lIfs k|ult ug{ d2t u5{ .
%= o;af6 ljBfyL{sf] b}lgs lj|mofsnfksf] n]vfhf]vf ug{ ;lsG5 .
^= lzIfsn] cfkm"n] k9fPsf] ljBfyL{n] a'em]–ga'em]sf] kQf nufO{ olb ga'em]sf] eP cfkm\gf] lzIf0fdf ;'wf/
ug{ k[i7kf]if0f ldN5 .
Jofkstf (Comprehensiveness)

Pp6f c;n z}lIfs d"Nof°gdf x'g'kg{] u'0fdWo] Jofkstf klg Ps xf] . k9\g' kg{] ;a} PsfO jf kf7nfO{
;d]6]/ k|Zgkq lgdf{0f ug'{nfO{ k/LIf0fsf] Jofkstf elgG5 . csf{] zAbdf eGg' kbf{ kf7\oqmdsf ;Dk"0f{
c+z kf7nfO{ ;d]6]/ k|Zg lgdf{0f u/L d"Nof°g ul/g'nfO{ d"Nof°gsf] Jofkstf elgG5 .
227
Jofkstfsf] ljz]iftf tyf kmfObf lgDgcg';f/ 5g\ M
!= k/LIffsf] JofkstfnfO{ kf7\oqmdsf] ;Dk"0f{ kIfsf] d"Nof°g ug{ ;S5 .
@= o;n] ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7 5gf]6 u/L cWoog ug{] afgLnfO{ lg?T;flxt u/L ;Dk"0f{ kf7sf] tof/L ug{]
afgLsf] ljsf; u/fpF5 .
#= kf7\oqmdsf ;a} c+znffO{ ;d]6]/ k|Zg lgdf{0f ul/g] x'Fbf jf:tljs d"Nof°g x'G5 .
$= ;Dk"0f{ kf7nfO{ ;d]6\g' kg{] ePsfn] ;a} vfnsf k|Zg lgdf{0f tyf k|of]u ul/g] .
%= lzIfsn] xtf/df h:tf] kfof] To:t} k|Zg lgdf{0f ug{] afgLnfO{ lg?T;flxt u/L ;+j]bgzLn eP/ k|Zg
lgdf{0f ug{ k|f]T;flxt u5{ .
pkof]lutf (Usability)

d"Nof°gsf cGo ;a} u'0f eP tfklg pkof]lutf 5}g eg] To;sf] s'g} cy{ x'Fb}g. Pp6f c;n k/LIf0fdf
x'g'kg{] geO{ gx'g] u'0f pkof]lutf xf] . Jojxf/df pkof]u ug{ ;lsg] cyjf ;/n / ;xh ¿kn] of]u ug{
;lsg] d"Nof°gsf] ;fwgnfO{ Jofjxfl/s dflgG5 . Jofjxfl/stf ePsf k|Zgsf] k|of]u u/L ul/Psf]
d"Nof°g g} okof]lutf ePsf] d"Nof°g dflgG5 . o;nfO{ csf{] zAbdf eGg' kbf{ lzIfsn] ;Nnfx
;'emfjcg';f/ ljBfyL{n] cfkm\gf Jojxf/df ;'wf/ ug'{nfO{ Jofjxfl/s / pkof]uL k/LIff dflgG5 .
d"Nof°g lzIffsf] p2]Zo k|flKtdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] vfnsf] x'g'k5{ . o;sf ;fy{ cfly{s b[li6n] ldtJooL,
k|zf;lgs b[li6n] ;lhn} k|of]u / ;~rfng ug{ ;lsg], pRr ljZj;gLotf, j}wtf ePsf] k/LIf0f ug{ ;/n
/ ;xh x'g] k/LIf0f g} jf:tljs ¿kdf pkof]lutf ePsf] d"Nof°g dflgG5 . o;nfO{ ;f/f+zdf eGg] xf]
eg] ;Dk"0f{ b[li6n] Jojxf/df k|of]udf Nofpg ;lsg] u'0f ePsf] k/LIf0f g} pkof]uL dflgG5 .
d"Nofª\sgsf] pkof]lutfsf ljz]iftf tyf kmfObf
!= of] d"Nof°g ;~rfng / k|of]u ug{ ;lhnf] x'G5 .
@= pkof]lutfsf] u'0f ePsf] d"Nof°g lskmfotL jf ldtJooL x'G5 .
#= ljBfyL{n] ;lhn} / /fd|/L a'‰g ;lsg] x'G5 .
$= k/LIff ;~rfng ug{] ;+:yfsf] p2]Zo k|flKtdf ;xof]uL x'G5 .
%= ljBfyL{sf] sdLsdhf]/L kQf nufO{ ;'wf/sf nflu k[i7kf]if0f lbg ;Sg] x'G5 .
^= glthfsf] JofVof, ljZn]if0f ;j{;fwf/0fn] ;d]t a'‰g ;Sg] x'g'k5{ .

^=( k|Zg k|q / pQ/ s'l~hsf lgdf{0f / k|of]u

kf7\oqmdn] tf]s]sf l;sfO{ pknAwL xfl;n x'g ;s] ;s]gg\ egL k/LIff lng] ul/G5 . k/LIffn] ljBfyL{sf]
Ifdtf tyf of]Uotfsf] dfkg ub{5 . k/LIff lngsf nflu ljleGg ljifodf k|Zgkq lgdf{0f ug'{ cTofjZos
x'G5 . k|Zg kqsf] lgdf{0f ljgf k/LIff ;~rfng ug{ ;lsGb}g . o;/L k|Zgkq lgdf{0f ubf{ kf7\oqmddf
cfwfl/t eP/ ljlzi6Ls/0f tflnsf cg';f/ 1fg, l;k / af]w kIf ;d]6\g' kb{5 . k|Zgkq lgdf{0f ubf{
;/naf6 hl6n tkm{ pGd'v x'g' kb{5 . k|Zgkq lgdf{0f ubf{ ljBfyL{sf] pd]/, :t/ tyf IfdtfnfO{
dWogh/ ug'{kb{5 . ljBfyL{sf] 1fg, l;k / af]w kIfnfO{ k/LIf0f ug{ ljZj;gLo k|Zgkq cfjZos kb{5 .

228
lgdf{0fstf{n] k|Zgkq lgdf{0f ;fy ;fy} pQ/ s'l~hsf ;d]t lgdf{0f ug'{kb{5 . pQ/ s'l~hsfn]
k/LIfsnfO{ d"Nofª\sgsf nflu dfu{bz{g ub{5 . pQ/s'l~hsfsf] ;xof]un] d"Nofª\sgnfO{ lg:kIf tyf
:t/Lo agfpF5 . pQ/ k'l:tsf k/LIf0f ug]{ qmddf k/LIfsn] pQ/s'l~hsfsf] k|of]u gu/]df k/LIffsf]
ljZj;gLotfdf cfFr cfpg ;Sb5 . ctM k|Zgkq / pQ/s'l~hsf Ps csf{sf kl/k"/s x'g\ eg]
k/LIfsn] o;nfO{ clgjfo{ ¿kdf k|of]u ug{ h?/L x'G5 . pQ/s'l~hsfsf] k|of]u ubf{ lgDgfg';f/sf kmfObf
k'Ub5 M
— 1fg, l;k / af]w kIfsf] ljZn]if0f ug{ ;xof]u k'Ug]
— k/LIfsnfO{ pQ/k'l:tsf k/LIf0f ug{ ;xh x'g]
— k/LIfsnfO{ dfu{bz{g ug]{
— ljBfyL{sf] Ifdtf tyf of]Uotfsf] k/LIf0fdf Ps¿ktf cfpg]
— k/LIf0fdf x]]nf] Ok]mS6 gkg]{
— km/s km/s k/LIfsn] k/LIf0f u/]tfklg glthfdf Ps¿ktf x'g]
— ljZj;gLotfdf cfFr gcfpg]
— pQ/k':tLsf k/LIf0f l56f] 5l/tf] ¿kdf x'g] .

^=!) glthf ljZn]if0f

kf7\odsf ljleGg pb\b]Zo k"/f eP jf ePgg\ egL d"Nof+sgsf ljleGg ;fwgsf] k|of]u u/L k/LIf0f
ul/G5 . k/LIf0f u/]kZrft ljBfyL{sf] pknlAw s]s:tf] b]lvof]] egL n]vfhf]vf ug'{k5{ h;nfO{ glthf
elgG5 . k|fKt glthfsf cfwf/df ljBfyL{n] s]s:tf] :t/ xfl;n u/] egL ljZn]if0f ug]{ sfo{ g} glthf
ljZn]if0f xf] . glthf ljZn]if0fn] ljBfyL{sf] :t/, Ifdtf, of]Uotf nufotsf ljifo cf}FNofO{ cfufdL lbgdf
ug'{kg]{ ;'wf/sf nflu dfu{bz{g ub{5 . glthf ljZn]if0fsf] dxTTj lgDgfg';f/ 5gM
• k|Zgkqsf] sl7gfO{ :t/ kTtfnufpg]
• ljleGg k|Zgljrsf] ;x;DaGw kTtfnufpg]
• ljBfyL{sf] :t/ sfod ug]{
• ljBfyL{sf] Ifdtf / of]Uotfsf] klxrfg ug]{
• k|Zgkqsf] ljZj;gLotf / a}wtf k/LIf0f ug]{
• ljBfyL{sf] sdLsdhf]/L kTtfnufO{ ;'wf/sf pkfosf] vf]hL ug]{
• l;sfO pknlAw k|flKt eP gePsf] n]vfhf]vf ug]{
• lzIfssf] lzIf0f l;k, 1fg / k|j[lTtsf] k/LIf0f ug]{
• k'g{of]hgf lgdf{0f ug{ ;xof]u ug]{
plNnlvt dxTTjsf sf/0f x/]s lzIfsn] cWofkg ug]{ ljifodf k/LIff ;+rfng kZrft\ glthf k|sfzgsf
u/L pSt ljifodf s]s:tf] glthf k|fKt eof] egL clgjfo{¿kdf glthf ljZn]if0f ug'g{k5{ h;n] ubf{ efjL
lbgdf cfkm\gf] ljifodf ;'wf/sf pkfo cjnDag ug{ ;xof]u k'Ub5 .

229
^=!!lg/Gt/ d"Nofª\sg k|0ffnL
lg/Gt/ / lgoldt¿kdf x'g] d"Nof+sg lg/Gt/ ljBfyL{ d"Nof+sg xf] .of] lg/Gt/ rln/xg] k|lj|mofsf ¿kdf
/xG5 . l;sf?sf] l;sfO pknlAwsf] Jojl:yt n]vfhf]vf, lglZrt ;doleq l;sf?n] xfl;n u/]sf]
l;sfOsf] Cumulativek|ultsf] d"Nof+sg ul/g] sfo{nfO CAS elgG5 .o;df k|To]s ljBfyL{sf] l;sfOsf
;DaGwdf 3lge"t¿kdf jf:tljs cj:yf klxrfg x'G5 pgLx¿n] kf7\oqmdn] tf]s]sf s'g s'g ;Ifdtf
k|bz{g ug{ ;Ifd 5g\ / s'g s'gdf ;d:of 5 eGg] cj:yfsf cfwf/df k|To]s ljBfyL{nfO ;Sbf] l;sfO
;xof]u k|bfg ul/G5 .ljBfyL{sf] ;Ifdtf k"0f{¿kdf ljsf; ug{df -1fgfTds kIf, Jojxf/ut kIf, l;k,
clej[lQ cflb_ lg/Gt/ ljBfyL{ d"Nof+sg s]lGb|t x'G5 .o; d"Nof+sgdf l;sf?sf nflu l;sfOdf ;xof]u
ug{'k5{ . sfo{af]em Joj:yfkg ug{ ;xof]u ug{'k5{ . k|To]s lbg l;sf?sf] u[xsfo{ l;sfO ;d:of h:tf
ljifodf 5nkmnug{'k5{ . b08, qf;, eo h:tf sfo{ lg?T;flxt ug{'k5{ . l;sfOsf nflu lg/Gt/ k|f]T;fxg
ug{' k5{ . c;n sfdsf] ;Ddfg ug{'k5{ . ulNtaf6 l;sfO ug]{ sfo{ jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug{'k5{ .sIff sfo{,
u[x sfo{, kl/of]hgf sfo{ / ljBfyL{df cfPsf] Jofjxfl/s kl/jt{gnfO{ cjnf]sgaf6 ljBfyL{sf] lg/Gt/
d"Nofª\sg ug{ ;lsG5 . ljBfyL{sf] lg/Gt/ d"Nofª\sg d"VotM sIff sfo{af6} x'G5 . sIff sfo{ u/fpFbf
ljBfyL{sf lj|mofsnfkdf lzIfsn] Wofg lbO{/xg'kb{5 .;du|df eGg' kb{f lzIf0fl;sfOsf] j|mddf s'g} klg
j]nf ;/n k|lj|mofaf6 ul/g] cgf}krfl/s k|s[ltsf] ljBfyL{ d"Nofª\sg g} lg/Gt/ ljBfyL{ d"Nofª\sg xf] .
o;df ljBfyL{nfO{ tTsfn} cfjZos ;'emfj, ;wf/sf] sfo{ / yk ;xof]u ul/G5 jf pkrf/fTds
lzIf0fl;sfO ckgfpg] ul/G5 . l;sf? :jod\ / cGo JolStsf] ;d"xdf ;lj|mo¿kdf sfo{ ug{, l;Sg :fS5
jf ;Sb}g, cfkm\gf] l;sfO k|lj|mofdf ;lj|mo¿kdf ;xefuL x'g ;S5 jf ;Sb}g, l;Sgsf] nflu l;sfOsf]
jftfj/0fdf sfo{ u5{ jf ub}{g, JolStut tyf ;fdflhs hLjgdf cfOkg]{ ;d:of ;dfwfgdf l;sf?
;lj|mo¿kdf ;+nUg x'g ;S5 jf ;Sb}g, ts{, ;dfnf]rgf, sf/0f, cf}lrTosf cfwf/df cfkm\gf ljrf/
/fVg], ;d:of ;dfwfg ug]{ sfo{df lg/Gt/¿kdf nflu k5{ jf kb}{g eGg] kIfsf] d"Nof+sg ug]{ sfo{
lg/Gt/ ljBfyL{ d"Nof+sgdf ul/G5 . lzIf0f l;sfO lj|mofsnfkdf ljb\ofyL{sf] l;sfO:t/ kTtfnufP/
;'wf/fTds lzIf0f ubf{ l;sfO k|efjsf/L x'G5 . lzIffdf ul/Psf] nufgLnfO{ v]/ hfg glbg z}lIfs Iflt
k"0f{ ug{ / lg/Gt/ ¿kdf d"Nofª\sgsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . oxL z}lIfs IfltnfO{ Go"g ug]{, lzIf0f l;sfO
lj|mofsnfk;Fu} ljb\ofyL{sf] l;sfO pknlAwsf] lg/Gt/ ¿kdf ul/g] d"Nofª\sg g} lg/Gt/ ljb\ofyL{
d"Nofª\sg xf] . of] d"Nofª\sg k|0ffnL z}lIfs ;q @)^# ;fn af6 sIff ! af6 nfu"" eO cfwf/e"t tx
sIff & ;Dd nfu"" eO{/x]sf] 5 . o; k/LIff k|0ffnLsf] d"Vo pb\b]Zo lzIf0f l;sfO lj|mofsnfk;Fu}
ljb\ofyL{sf] l;sfO:t/ kTtfnufO{ sd l;sfO pknlAw ePsf ljb\ofyL{sf nflu ;'wf/fTds lzIf0f jf
JolStut ¿kdf ljz]if Wofg lbO{ l;Sg k|f]T;fxg ug'{ xf] . lg/Gt/ d"Nofª\sg k|0ffnLn] pbf/ sIff]GgltnfO{
cjnDag ub{5 / l;Sg afFsL ljifoj:t' csf{] sIffdf l;Sg] jftfj/0f l;h{gf u5{ .
lg/Gt/ ljb\ofyL{ d"Nof+sgsf] p2]Zo
• ljBfyL{sf] l;sfO pknlAwsf] j}Btf / ljZj;lgotfdf ;'wf/ ug{
• ljBfyL{sf] ;lx d"Nofª\sg lg/Gt/ / ;xhtfk"j{s ug{
• l;sfO:t/ sd ePsf ljBfyLnfO{ ;'wf/fTds lzIf0f ug{
• ljBfyL{df kf7\oj|mdn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf 1fg, l;k / Jojxf/nfO{ lbuf] ¿kdf :yflkt ug{

230
 • ljBfyL{sf] k|efjsf/L l;sfO / sfo{Jojxf/df ;xof]u k'/o\ fpg
• ljBfyL{ d"Nofª\sgsf nflu cfjZos x'g] cltl/St ;do / ;|f]tsf] art ug{
• afnd}qL l;sfO / d"Nofª\sgsf] jftfj/0f agfpg
• ljBfyL{df k/LIffaf6 xg] pQL0f{ / cgQL0f{sf] ;Gqf; x6fpg
• ljBfyL{sf] lgoldt pkl:yltdf a[l4 ug{
• sIff 5f8\g] / bf]xf]¥ofpg] b/df sdL ug{
• tx k'/f ug{] b/ / l;sfO pknlAw:t/df a[l4 ug{ .
lg/Gt/ ljb\ofyL{ d"Nofª\sgsf ljz]iftf
• k|To]s lzIf0f l;sfO;Fu} / cfjZostfcg';f/ af/Daf/ d"Nofª\sg ul/g],
• of] d"Nofª\sg d"nt cgf}krfl/s d"Nofª\sg k|0ffnL xf] . df}lvs k|Zgf]Q/ cjnf]sg, ljb\ofyL{sf]
Jojxf/ k|bz{g, ljutdf u/]sf sfdsf] clen]vaf6 o:tf] d"Nofª\sg ul/G5,
• lg/Gt/ d"Nofª\sgn] ljz]ift, lgdf{0ffTds d"Nofª\sgdf hf]8 lbG5,
• o; d"Nofª\sgaf6 k[i7kf]if0f k|bfg u/L sdhf]/ ljb\ofyL{nfO{ pknlAw:t/ a9fpg db\wt ub{5 .
lg/Gt/ ljb\ofyL{ d"Nofª\sgsf] dxTTj
• k|fylds ljb\ofno txsf] z}lIfs rqm k"/f ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg',
• ljr}df sIff 5f8\g], sIff bf]xf]¥ofpg], tyf ljb\ofno 5f8\g] ljb\ofyL{sf] ;ª\Vof Go"g u/L z}lIfs
Iflt sd ug{',
• ljb\ofyL{sf] lgoldt ljb\ofnosf] pkl:yltsf] jftfj/0f sfod ug{',
• lnlvt k/LIffsf] ;Gqf;af6 ljb\ofyL{nfO{ d'St kfg{',
• h]xGbf/ ljb\ofyL{df yk k|f]T;fxg / sdhf]/ ljb\ofyL{nfO{ ;sf/fTds k[i7kf]if0f k|bfg ug{',
• ljleGg d"Nofª\sgaf6 ljb\ofyL{sf] k|ltefsf] sb/ u/L pbf/ sIffGgf]tL nfu"" ug{',
• ljb\ofyL{ s]lGb|t lgoldt d"Nofª\sgaf6 lzIf0f l;sfO lj|mofsnfkdf ;'wf/ ug{',
• ljb\ofyL{sf] k|f]kmfon tof/ u/L efjL lbzfdf dfu{ lgb]{zg ug{' .
lg/Gt/ ljb\ofyL{ d"Nofª\sg ljlw
• ljb\ofyL{sf] sIffut l;sfO pknlAwsf ;"rs lgdf{0f u/L ;"rssf cfwf/df ljb\ofyL{sf] sfo{
;~rflosf (Portfolio) sf] Joj:yf u/L d"Nofª\sg ul/g],
• ljb\ofyL{n] l;sfO lj|mofsnfk;Fu} l;s]sf, ;'gfO{, af]nfO{, k9fO{ n]vfO{ tyf ul0ft l;k / ljleGg
lj|mofsnfksf] d"Nofª\sg ul/g],
• ljb\ofyL{sf] l;sfO pknlAwsf] hfgsf/L, ljb\ofyL{, cleefjs tyf ;/f]sf/jfnfnfO{ pknAw u/fpg],
yk l;sfOdf k|f]T;flxt ug]{, tyf cltl/St u'0f JolStut u'0f tyf sIff aflx/sf] l;sfOnfO{ ;d]t
clen]vdf /fVg] h;nfO{ d"Nofª\sgsf] cfwf/ yfNg] efjL lbzfsf] ;"rssf] ¿kdf dgg ul/g],
• lnlvt k/LIffnfO{ sd dxTTj lbO{ ljb\ofyL{ lj|mofsnfknfO{ dxTTj lbg] .
d"Nofª\sg glthfsf] pkof]u
d"Nofª\sgsf] pb\b]Zo s'g} klg sfo{qmdsf] ;~rfngsf qmddf /x]sf sdL sdhf]/L uNtL, h:tf kIfsf]
klxrfg u/L sfo{qmdnfO{ lgwf{l/t nIf k|flKt ug]{tkm{ kl/rflnt ul/g' xf] . s'g} klg sfo{qmdsf]
d"Nofª\sg ubf{ To;df cGt/lgxLt tTj, ltgnfO{ k|efljt ug]{ cfGtl/s tyf jfx\o tTj tyf To:tf]
231
sfo{qmddf ;+nUg /xg] tTjsf] af/]df /x]sf ;an tyf b'a{n kIf klxrfg u/L gsf/fTds kIfsf] ;'wf/,
;sf/fTds tyf /fd|f kIfsf] cg'z/0f ug'{ To;af6 k|fKt glthfsf] pkof]u ul/G5 . lzIff If]qdf
;~rfng ePsf sfo{qmd cGt/fli6«o kl/l:ylt, /fli6«o lzIff gLlt tyf ;d'bfosf] lzIffk|ltsf] rf;f]
/fi6«sf] ljsf;sf] l:ylt cfly{s ;d[b\lw, h:tf kIfsf] cfwf/df ;kmn c;kmn jf dWod:t/sf] /xg
;Sb5g\ . lzIff If]qdf d"Nofª\sg sfo{af6 k|fKt x'g] glthfsf] pkof]u lgDgadf]lhd ug{ ;lsG5 M
!_ z}lIfs Joj:yfkg ;DaGwdf of]hgf th'{df ug{ ;"rgf Pjd\ tYofª\ssf] ¿kdf,
@_ :yfgLo ;d'bfosf] lzIff cfjZostfsf] klxrfgsf] cfwf/sf] ¿kdf,
#_ o:tf glthfsf] cfwf/df lzIffdf hg;xeflutf tyf ljb\ofyL{ ;xeflutf a9fpg] vfnsf] sfo{qmd
th'{df ug{ pkof]u ug{ ;lsG5,
$_ lzIff;DaGwL gLlt th'{df tyf k'g/fjnf]sg ug{,
%_ z}lIfs jftfj/0f d"Nofª\sg ug{sf nflu gofF cfwf/ th'{df ug{,
^_ kf7Øj|md tyf kf7Ø k':ts lgdf{0f ug{ tyf kl/dfh{g ug{ Pjd ;+zf]wg ug{,
&_ z}lIfs k|zf;g;DaGwL of]hgfsf] th'{df / sfof{Gjog ug{,
*_ ljleGg ljifodf ljb\ofyL{ k|fKt u/]sf] glthfsf cfwf/df pgLx¿sf] ?rL / Ifdtf yfxf kfpg,
(_ cg';GwfgfTds tyf k|j4{gfTds sfo{ ;~rfng ug{,
!)_ ljb\ofyL{sf] af}l4s :t/ kTtfnufO{ dfu{bz{g tyf ;Nnfx k|bfg ug{,
!!_ eljiodf sfof{Gjog ul/g] sfo{qmdsf] ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog ug{ clen]vsf] ¿kdf,
!@_ ljb\ofyL{nfO{ :j–d"Nofª\sg ug]{ kb\wlt l;sfpg,
!#_ d"Nofª\sg kb\wlt tyf k/LIff k|0ffnLdf ;'wf/ ug]{ sfo{df pkof]u ug{,
!$_ cleefjsnfO{ cfkm\gf jfnjflnsfsf] z}lIfs :t/ yfxf kfpg ;xof]u ug{ nufot .
glthfsf] dfWodåf/f afnaflnsfsf] dfq geO{ d'n'ss} z}lIfs l:yltsf] ;dLIff ug{ ;xh x'G5 .
pbfx/0fsf] ¿kdf P;Pn;L k/LIffsf] glthfnfO{ lng] xf] eg] ;'wf/ ug'kg]{ w]/} cf]6f 7fpF /x]sf] kfOG5 .
k/LIff k|0ffnL, k|Zgkq lgdf{0f, k|Zgkqsf] k/LIf0f, cª\s k|bfg ug]{ ljljw kIfdf tyf g]kfnsf] jt{dfg
dfWolds kf7\oj|md, kf7\o k':ts / lzIf0f l;sfO lj|mofsnfksf af/]df klg ljleGg sf]0faf6 cWoog
ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpF5 . ctM d"Nofª\sg glthfsf] pkof]un] lzIffljb\ lzIff k|zf;s, lzIfs
ljb\ofyL{nufot ;DalGwt ;a} ;/f]sf/jfnfnfO{ eljio b[li6 k|bfg ub{5 .
lg/Gt/ ljBfyL{ d"Nof+sgsf] tl/sf/ ljlw
• cjnf]sg
• cfTdd"Nof+sg
• kf]6{kmf]lnof]
• k|Zgf]Q/ 5nkmn
• lnlvt hfFr
• ;fyL ;+ultaf6 x'g] d"Nofª\sg
• cleefjs ;Dks{ / k|ltlj|mof
• ?la|S;
g]kfndf lg/Gt/ d"Nof+sg k|0ffnLsf] sfof{Gjog cj:yf
• sIff ! b]lv # ;Dd !)) k|ltzt CAS
• sIff $ b]lv % ;Dd %) k|ltzt lg/Gt/ ljBfyL{ d"Nof+sg / %) k|ltzt
cfjlws k/LIff
232
 • sIff ^ b]lv & ;Dd $) k|ltzt CAS / ^) k|ltzt cfjlws k/LIff
lg/Gt/ ljBfyL{ d"Nofª\sg k|lj|mofsf] d'Vo p2]Zo k7gkf7g;Fu} ljBfyL{sf] l;sfOsf] :t/ kQf
nufO{ sd l;s]sf ljBfyL{sf nflu ;'wf/fTds lzIf0f jf JolStut ¿kdf ljz]if Wofg lbO{ l;Sg
k|f]T;fxg ug'{ xf] .o; d"Nofª\sg k|lj|mofdf lgDgfg';f/ ljBfyL{sf] k|ult clen]v /fVg'kg]{5 M
!= kf7ut cfwf/df ljBfyL{n] sIffdf l;s]sf s'/fnfO{ cg';"rL ! cg';f/sf] kmf/fddf
tf]lsPsf dfkb08sf cfw/df Psb]lv tLgcf]6f;Dd /]hf -√ _ lrGx nufpg] .
@= clt pQd l;s]sfnfO{ tLgcf]6f /]hf -√ √ √ _, pQd l;s]sfnfO{ b'O{cf]6f /]hf -√ √ _ /
;fdfGo l;s]sfnfO{ Pp6f /]hf -√ _ lbg] .
#= k|To]s kf7df /]hf lbgsf nflu lgDglnlvt dfkb08nfO{ cfwf/ dfGg] M
qm=;+= dfkb08 clt pQd pQd ;fdfGo
!= sIff sfo{ -sIff ;xeflutf_ √ √ √ √√ √
@= kl/of]hgf sfo{ √√√ √√ √
#= Jojxf/ kl/jt{g √√√ √√ √
$= l;h{gfTds sfo{ √√√ √√ √
%= xflh/L √√√ √√ √
$= kf7ut cfwf/df /]hf lbO;s]kl5 x]/s q}dfl;sdf /]hfsf cfwf/df ljBfyL{nfO{ lgDglnlvt tl/sfn]
s, v, u >]0fLdf 5'6o\ fpg] M
&) k|ltztb]lv !)) k|ltzt;Dd – s >]0fL
$) k|ltztb]lv ^( k|ltzt;Dd – v >]0fL
$) k|ltzteGbf tn – u >]0fL
kf7ut /]hfsf] k|ltzt lgsfNg] tl/sf M
˜ ljBfyL{n] kfPsf hDdf /]hf q !))
hDdf k9fO ePsf kf7 ;ª\Vof q #
lg/Gt/ ljb\ofyL{ d"Nof+sg -sIff ^ —&_
lg/Gt/ ljb\ofyL{ d"Nof+sgsf dfkb08, cfwf/
!= k|of]ufTds sfo{ jf kl/of]hgf sfo{
@= sIff ;xeflutf
#= l;sfO ;Da4 l;h{gfTds sfo{
$= sIff sfo{
%= pknlAw k/LIff -;fKtflxs k/LIff, PsfO k/LIff, dfl;s k/LIff_
^= l;sfO Jojxf/df cfPsf] kl/jt{g –l;sfO pknlAw xfl;n u/] gu/]sf]
Gff]6 M lzIfsn] d"Nof+sg ug{ rfx]sf] cGo kIf klg yKg ;lsg]
>]0fL lgwf{/0f k|lj|mof
s_ kf7ut cfwf/df c+s lbO;s]kl5 x/]s q}dfl;sdf c+ssf cfwf/df ljb\ofyL{nfO lgDg lnlvt
tl/sfn] s, v , u >]0fLdf 5'6o\ fpg]
*) k|ltzt / ;f]eGbf dfly eP s >]0fL
^) k|ltzt / ;f] eGbf dfly &( k|ltzt;Dd eP v >]0fL
$) k|ltzt / ;f] eGbf dfly %( k|ltzt ;Dd eP u >]0fL
233
Vf_ kf7ut pknlAwsf] cf};t lgsfNg] tl/sf M k|To]s kf7df ljb\ofyfL{n] k|fKt u/]sf] >]0fLnfO{ cfwf/
dfgL s kfPsfdf *), v kfPsfdf ^) / u kfPsfdf $) c+s 7fgL q}dfl;s cjlwdf k|fKt
u/]sf s, v / u sf] ;Dk"0f{ c+snfO{ l;sfO ;s]sf kf7 ;+Vofn] efu u/L cf};t >]0fL lgwf{/0f
ug]{ . pbfx/0fsf] nflu M g]kfnL ljifodf klxnf] q}dfl;sdf rf/ cf]6f kf7 l;sfO;Sbf ljb\yfL{n]
qmdz u, v, v, s kfPdf p;sf] cf};t >]0fL -$)±^)±^)±*)_ ˜ @$) / $ = ^) v x'G5 .

^=!@ cIf/fª\sg kb\wlt

e"ldsf
ljleGg cWoog k|ltj]bgsf] /fo, ;'emfj tyf k|rlnt cGt/f{li6«o cEof;nfO{ cfTd;ft\ ub}{ /fli6«o
kf7\oj|md ljsf; tyf d"Nofª\sg kl/ifbsf] @)&! c;f/ #) ut]sf] a}7saf6 P;Pn;L k/LIffsf]
d"Nofª\sg nflu ;}b\wflGts lg0f{o u/]sf] lyof] . ;f]xL kl/ifbsf] @)&! d+l;/ @$ ut]sf] a}7sn] dfWolds
lzIff pTtL0f{ k/LIff -P;Pn;L_ df cIf/fª\sg kb\wlt (Letter Grading System) nfu"" ug]{ lgisif{df
lzIff dGqfno k'u]sf] 5 . lj=;+= @)&@ sf] P;Pn;L k/LIffb]lv ;a} k/LIffyL{sf nflu n]6/ u|]l8ª
d"Nofª\sg k|0ffnL nfu"eO{ ;s]sf] 5 .ljZjsf w]/} b]zdf lgs} cufl8b]lv k|rngdf cfPsf] o; k/LIff
k2lt g]kfnsf] nflu gofF g} xf] . lzIffIf]qdf nfdf] ;do b]lv sfo{/t lzIfs tyf k|d'v ;]jfu|fxL
cleefjs, ljb\ofyL{ Joj:yfkg ;ldlt dfq} geP/ lzIff k|zf;g ;~rfng ug{] lgsfosf kbflwsf/L
;d]tdf o; cjwf/0ff tyf cfjZostf / cf}lrTosf] jf/]df cGof}ntf sfod /x]sf] oyf{ytf ljleGg
;~rf/ dfWodaf6 a]nfavtdf ;fj{hlgs x'+b} cfPsf 5g\ . ljb\odfg k/Dk/fut cª\s d"Nofª\sgnfO{
5f8]/ cIf/fª\sg d"Nofª\sg kb\wltdf hfFbf /fHo tyf ljb\ofyL{nfO{ s] kmfObf x'G5 < :ki6 x'g' cfjZos
5 . d"Nofª\sgdf cIf/fª\sg kb\wltsf] ;'?jft @)&! ;fnsf] P;Pn;Ldf k|fljlws wf/ tkm{sf
ljb\ofyL{sf] glthf k|sfzgaf6 z'? ePsf] xf] . o; k/LIffdf (( ljb\ofnosf sl/j $%)) k/LIffyL{
;lDdlnt ePsf lyP . h;df ;tk|ltzt pTtL0f{ ePsf lyP t/ ltgLsf] pRr lzIff xfl;n ug]{
eljiobzL{ of]hgf ;dodf g} th'{df ug{ /fHo r's]sf] sf/0f em08} ltg dlxgf ;Dd cGof}ntf sfod /x]sf]
tLtf] oyfy{tfnfO{ cfufdL Joj:yfkgdf kf7sf] ¿kdf lnOg' kb{5 . ;+w} h;f] s/La %% k|ltzt eGbf a9L
k/LIffyL{ cg'TtL0f{ x'+b} cfPsf] P;Pn;L glthfaf6 cIf/fª\sg kb\wltcg';f/ sf]xL klg cg'TtL0f{ gx'g]
xNnfsf] jf:tljstf s] xf] < ;dodf g} :ki6 kfg]{ vfnsf gLlt tyf /0fgLltsf] sfof{Gjog ;dodf g}
ul/g' a'l4dfgL x'G5 . o; d"Nofª\sg k|lj|mofaf6 pTtL0f{ hgzlStnfO{ pRr lzIff cWoog ug{ jf
/f]huf/sf] nflu /f]huf/bftfn] s;/L 5gf]6 ug]{ eGg] af/]df lj:t[t sfo{of]hgf lgdf0f{ / sfof{Gjog ug]{
u/fpg] ;DaGwdf a]n}df x]Ssf /fVg' /fHosf] b"/blz{tf x'g]5 .
P]ltxfl;s k[i7d"ld
g]kfndf sltko gLlt eljiod'vL geP/ ;:tf] nf]slk|otfsf] nflu xtf/ / xr'jfs} e/df nfu"" u/]/ kl5
k5'tfpg] jf t];} lg:k|efjL x'g] /f]u lzIffdf klg ;Ns]sf] 5 . lj;+ @)@* df gofF lzIff of]hgf nfu"' ubf{
pRr lzIffdf ;]d]i6/ k|0ffnL tyf ljb\ofno txsf] lzIffdf ;d]t $) k|ltzt cfGtl/s / ^) k|ltzt
afXo k/LIffsf] cfwf/df d"Nofª\sg ug]{ cEof; ul/of] . lzIffsf] d"n pb\b]Zo g} Jojxf/df ;sf/fTds
kl/jt{g ug{' xf] . ljifout lzIfsn] ljb\ofyL{sf] afgL Joxf]/f, rfnrng tyf Jojxf/df cfPsf]
;sf/fTds kl/jt{g ;d]t l;k tyf clej[lTt d"Nofª\sg nflu $) k|ltzt / lnlvt k/LIffsf] nflu ^)
k|ltzt cª\s 5'6o\ fOPsf] lyof] . ltg 3G6] k]k/ k]lG;n k/LIffn] dfq ljb\ofyL{sf] ;du| kIfsf]
234
d"Nofª\sg gug]{ jf:tljstfsf] cfwf/df nfu"" ul/Psf] of] Joj:yf s]xL aif{kl5 lagfsf/0f x6fOof] . clxn]
klg k|fylds txsf k|f/lDes sIffdf km]n gug{]{ dg;fosf ;fy pbf/ sIff]Gglt gLlt nfu"" eP klg
o;sf] dd{ cg';f/ k|of]u ePsf] kfOb}g\ . km]n gug'{sf] cy{ ljb\ofyL{nfO{ cltl/St k|of; af6 ;Ifdtf
xfl;n u/]kl5 dflyNnf] sIff psfNg] jf psfln ;s]kl5 klg pgLx¿sf nflu yk cltl/St lzIf0fsf]
Joj:yf ug'{ xf] . t/ tNnf] sIffdf l;Sg'kg]{ s'/f gl;sfO :jtM dflyNnf] sIffdf nfg' o; sfo{qmdsf]
pb\b]Zo lyPg . h'g clxn] clwsf+z ljb\ofnodf hfg]/ jf ghfg]/ e}/fv]sf] 5 .
ljutdf P;Pn;L k/LIffdf ul/Psf d"Nofª\sg cEof;
g]kfn ;/sf/n] cf7 b;s kl5 cIf/fª\sg >]0fL -n]6/ u|]l8ª_ sf] cfwf/df P;Pn;Lsf] d"Nofª\sg ug]{
lg0f{o u/]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf] lzIff If]qdf juf{Gt/ ;DaGwL cEof; gf}nf] xf]Og . ljutdf ljb\ofno lzIffdf
k|fKtfª\s ! b]lv #@ cg'TtL0f{, #@ b]lv $% t[tLo, $^ b]lv %( lJbtLo, ^! b]lv &( k|yd / *) b]lv
!)) ;Dd ljlzi6 >]0fLdf juL{s/0f ul/Psf] lyof] . o;/L ! b]lv #@ ;Ddsf] k|fKtfª\snfO{ Pp6} ju{df
/flvg' Gofof]lrt b]lv+b}g\ . o;/L ljeflht >]0fLsf] cf}lrTo k'li6 ug]{ lj:t[t JofVof klg lyPg .
cIf/fª\sg kb\wltn] o:tf lj;+ultnfO{ ;+af]wg ug]{ ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 . ljs|d ;+jt !(() ;fn b]lv
ljb\ofyL{sf] pknlAw cª\sdf lgwf{/0f x'Fb} cfPsf] xf] . klxnf] aif{ #$ hgf af6 ;'? ePsf] P;Pn;Ldf
clxn] % nfvsf] xf/fxf/Ldf k/LIffyL{ ;lDdlnt x'g]u/]sf 5g\ . h;dWo] d'l:snn] ;/b/ %) k|ltzt
pTtL0f{ x'g] kmnfd] 9f]sfsf] gfd lbOPsf] P;Pn;L k/LIffdf cIf/ >]0fL k|0ffnL nfu"" ePkZrft s'g} klg
k/LIffyL{n] cg'TtL0f{sf] laNnf leg'{gkg]{ ePsf] 5 . clxn] klg b'O{ ljifo;Dd cg'TtL0f{ x'g]nfO{ df}sf -
sDkf6{_ k/LIffsf] ;'lawf lbOPsf] 5 . To:t} % cª\s ;Ddn] cg'TtL0f{nfO{ s[kfÍ -u|];_ lbP/ pTtL0f{
u/fpg] cj;/ klg df}h'bf lyof] . csf]{ tkm{ clwsf+z ljifodf k|of]ufTds cª\s /flvPsf] 5 . k|of]ufTds
k/LIffdf sf]xL klg cg'TtL0f{ gx'g] dfq} geP/ pRr >]0fL xfl;n ug{ clwsf+z ljb\ofyL{nfO{ xr'jfsf
e/df k"0ff{+s lbg] unt cEof; ul/Psf] sf/0f y8{ l8lehgdf kf; x'g]sf] ;+Vof c¿sf] eGbf ;f/} sd
x'GYof] . cª\u|]hLsf] ;}4flGts k/LIffdf z"Go cª\s Nofpg] k/LIffyL{ klg k|of]ufTds k/LIff (Listening,
Speaking)df /fd|} cª\sdf pTtL0f{ x'g'nfO{ ;fdfGo ¿kdf lnOGYof] . cyf{t k|of]ufTds k/LIffdf cg'TtL0f{
gug]{ k/LIff lgoGq0f sfof{nosf] c3f]lift gLlt g} lyof] . P;Pn;L k/LIffsf] glthf x]bf{ lj;+ !((* df
;aeGbf a9L &&=&* k|ltzt / lj;+ @)#* df ;aeGbf 36L !^=^* k|ltzt pTtL0f{ ePsf] b]lvG5 .
cGo aif{sf] ;du|df pTtL0f{ k|ltzt %) klg gk'Ug', ;/sf/L nufgLsf ;fd'bflos ljb\ofnosf] glthf @*
k|ltzt t/ lghL ljb\ofnosf] () k|ltzt eGbf a9L x'g'n] klg lzIffdf ;/sf/L nufgL afn'jfdf xfn]sf]
kfgL ePsf] 5 . km'6an hlt;'s} /fd|f] v]n] klg uf]n gu?Gh]n cy{ /x+b}g eg] h:t} ljb\ofyL{sf] pknlAwdf
;'wf/ gcfP lzIffdf ul/Psf] nufgL / sfo{qmdsf] cf}lrTo /xF+b}g . P;Pn;L glthf k|sfzg ePkl5sf
s]xL lbg Go"g glthfsf] af/]df Pscsf{df bf]if yf]kg]{ / cfkm' eg] kfgLdfyLsf] cf]efgf] aGg] s;/tdf x'Fb}
cfPsf] 5 . o:tf] a]nf ;/f]sf/jfnf kIfaLr cf/f]k k|Tof/f]k nufpg], t/ s;}n] lhDd]jf/L glng] ;+:sf/sf]
cEof; nfdf] ;do b]lv rNb} cfPsf] xf] . P;Pn;LnfO{ ;'wf/ ug{ a]nfavtdf ljleGg gLlt tyf /0fgLlt
canDag ul/Fb} cfPsf] kfOG5 . klxnf sIff gf} / bzsf] kf7\oa:t'af6 k|Zg ;f]lwGYof] clxn] bz sIffsf]
kf7\oj|mdaf6 dfq k/LIff lng] Joj:yf 5 . 6]:6 k/LIffsf] k|fawfgnfO{ sfg'gL¿kdf vf/]h ul/of] .
k|ZgkqnfO{ ljs]lGb|t u/]/ ljsf; If]qcg';f/ km/s km/s ul/of] . To:t}, clwsf+z ljifodf k|of]ufTds
cª\ssf] Joj:yfaf6 k|fKtfª\s k|ltzt pRr agfpg] k|ofz klg eof] . pTt/k'l:tsf k/LIf0fnfO{ lgikIf /
j:t'lgi7 agfpg k/LIffdf ;+nUg kbflwsf/Lsf] nflu uf]i7L tflnd tyf dfls{ª l:sdsf] k|of]u ul/
sGkm]/]G; dfls{ª l;:6dsf] Joj:yf ul/Ptf tfklg ljb\ofyL{sf] pknlAw:t/df pT;fxhgs cGt/ cfPg .
235
ljb\ofyL{sf] ljifout lj1tfsf] klxrfg u/L ;f]xLcg';f/ j:t'lgi7 :t/ lgwf{/0fsf nflu cIf/fª\sg
d"Nofª\sg kb\wlt Jofjxfl/s x'g] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 .
kf7\oef/, kf7\o306f / l;sfO ;DaGwL lj|mofsnfk lgwf{/0f
ljb\ofyL{sf] k7gkf7gnfO{ Jojl:yt ub}{ d"Nofª\sgnfO{ ;fy{s agfpg ljb\ofno ;~rfngdf ljz]if
Wofglbg'kg]{ x'G5 . ;f]xL cg'¿k kf7\oj|md ljsf; s]Gb|n] kf7\oef/, kf7\o 306f / lj|mofsnfk ;~rfngsf]
sfo{ljlw g} agfP/ lgDg cg';f/ lzIf0f l;sfO lj|mofsnfknfO{ Jojl:yt ug]{ k|ofz u/]sf] 5 .
Ps z}lIfs ;qdf sDtLdf @@) lbg ljb\ofno v'Ng] / !(@ lbg k7g kf7g x'g] 5 . !(@ lbgdWo]
sDtLdf k|ltljifo !&) kf7\oef/ jf !@* 306f jf $ kf7\o 306f l;sfO ;xhLs/0f / @$ lbg -!)$
306f_ d"Nofª\sg ;DaGwL lj|mofsnfk ;~rfng ul/g] 5 .
dfWolds txdf k7gkf7g ;~rfngsf nflu ;fdfGotof $% ldg]6sf] Ps 3G6L x'g]5 t/ ljb\ofnon]
jflif{s kf7\oef/ g36\g] u/L ^) ldg]6sf] Ps 3G6L klg lgwf{/0f ug{ ;lsg] 5 .
s'g} Ps ljifosf] k7gkf7g ;~rfngsf nflu vr{ ePsf] sDtLdf #@ 306fsf] ;dofjwLnfO{ Ps kf7\o
306f (Credit Hour) dflgg] 5 .
— lzIfs / ljb\ofyL{ lardf k|ToIf ;+jfb / ;xsfo{ u/L ul/g] l;sfO ;Dab\w lj|mofsnfk / cltl/St
lj|mofsnfknfO{ kf7\o 306fdf u0fgf ug'{kg]{ .
— Ps z}lIfs ;qdf ljb\ofno v'n]sf] jf k7g kf7g ePsf] s'n lbgsf] &% k|ltzt xflh/L ePsf]
ljb\ofyL{nfO{ dfq} P;Pn;L jf jflif{s k/LIffdf ;fd]n u/fpg'kg]{ 5 .
— kf7\oj|mddf k|of]ufTds sfo{sf nflu lglb{i6 kf7\o306fcg';f/ sIff ;~rfng ubf{ l;sfO ;Dab\w
lj|mofsnfk tyf cltl/St lj|mofsnfknfO{ cfwf/ dfgL d"Nofª\sg ug'{kg]{ k|fawfg tf]lsPsf] 5 .
u|]8sf lsl;d / lgwf{/0fsf cfwf/
kf7\oj|md ljsf; s]Gb|n] k|sflzt u/]sf] sfo{ljlw cg';f/ dfWolds lzIff -P;Pn;L_ df cIf/fª\sg k2lt nfu" z'?df
ug{ tkl;ncg';f/ u|]8 lgwf{/0f u/]sf] lyof] eg] kl5 k'gM ;+zf]wg ePsf] 5M
l;=g+ k|fKtfª\ssf] juf{Gt/ -k|ltztdf_ u|]8 jf tx jf >]0fL JofVof :t/Ls[t cª\s (Grade
point)

! () b]lv !)) A+ Outstanding 4.0

@ *) b]lv () eGbf sd A Excellent 3.6

# &) b]lv *) eGbf sd B+ Very good 3.2

$ ^) b]lv &) eGb sd B Good 2.8

% %) b]lv ^) eGbf sd C+ Above average 2.4

^ $) b]lv %) eGbf sd C Average 2.0

& @) b]lv $) eGbf sd D Below average 1.6

* ! b]lv @) eGbf sd E Insufficient 0.8

( ) N Not graded 0

;|f]tM ljb\ofno lzIffdf cIf/fª\sg kb\wlt sfof{Gjog sfo{ljlw, @)&@

236
ldlt @)&@.!@.^ sf] /fli6«o kf7\oj|md ljsf; tyf d"Nofª\sg kl/ifb\sf] a}7sn] dfly plNnlvt ul/Psf] u|]8 jf txdf
s]xL ;+zf]wg u/L b]xfo adf]lhd u/]sf] 5M
l;=g+ k|fKtfª\ssf] juf{Gt/ -k|ltztdf_ u|]8 jf tx jf >]0fL JofVof :t/Ls[t cª\s (Grade point)

! () b]lv !)) A+ Outstanding 4.0

@ *) b]lv () eGbf sd A Excellent 3.6

# &) b]lv *) eGbf sd B+ Very good 3.2

$ ^) b]lv &) eGb sd B Good 2.8

% %) b]lv ^) eGbf sd C+ 2.4

^ $) b]lv %) eGbf sd C 2.0

& #) b]lv $) eGbf sd D+ 1.6

* @) b]lv #) eGbf sd D 1.2

( ) b]lv @) eGbf sd E 0.8

cIf/fª\sg sfof{Gjog ljlw

k/LIffyL{sf] k/LIffkmn cIf/fª\sg ljlw cg';f/ k|sflzt ug{ lgDg cg';f/sf] Joj:yf ug]{ gLlt lnOPsf]
5M
sfof{Gjogsf hf]lvd
d"Nofª\sg k|0ffnLnfO{ cIf/fª\sg kb\wltcg';f/ ;~rfng ug'{ ;d;fdlos sfo{ dfGg ;lsG5 . t/ nfdf]
;dob]lv cª\s >]0fL k|0ffnLdf rln/fv]sf] d"Nofª\sgnfO{ kof{Kt tof/L tyf ;/f]sf/ kIf;Fu 3lge"t
5nkmn gu/Lsg Jojxf/df nfu"" ug'{ hf]lvdk"0f{ klg 5 . gk9Lsg ;a} k/LIffyL{ P;Pn;L x'g] e|dsf]
sf/0f ljb\ofyL{n] k/LIffnfO{ ljutdf h:tf] ulDe/¿kdf lnP/ cWoog ug]{ u/]sf 5}g\g eGg] u'gf;f]
htftt} rrf{sf] ljifo aGg' zf]rgLo 5 . ljb\ofyL{sf] k7gkf7gdf k|ToIf ;/f]sf/ /fVg] ljb\ofnosf
lzIfs tyf Joj:yfkg ;ldlt tyf cleefjs ;d]t /ge"Nndf k/]sf] cj:yf 5 . ;/sf/n] klg o:tf e|d
lrg]{ / hgr]tgf km}nfpg] vfnsf cled'vLs/0fsf sfo{qmd k|efjsf/L ;~rfng u/]sf] cg'e'lt ;/f]sf/
kIf / cfdgful/sn ;d]t ug{ g;s]sf] cj:yf 5 .
ljZjsf clwsf+z ljsl;t d'n'sn] ;d]t w]/} klxnf cjnDag ul/;s]sf] u|]l8ª d"Nofª\sg kb\wlt
P;Pn;Ldf nfu"' ug]{ lg0f{o ;d;fdlos dfGg ;lsG5 . u|]l8ª k|0ffnLnfO{ ;'udtfk"j{s k|efjsf/L¿kdf
sfof{Gjog ug{ cGo b]zn] canDag u/]sf ;kmn tyf Jofjxfl/s gLlt tyf /0fgLltsf] cWoog /
cg'ejnfO{ cg';/0f ug{ lxlRsrfpg' x'Fb}g . csf]{tkm{ xfd|f] u|]l8ª k|0ffnL cGo b]z;+u Ps¿ktf x'g ;s]g
eg] pRr lzIff tyf /f]huf/L k|flKtdf c;'ljwf / cGof}n x'ghfG5 . /f]huf/Ldf ljZju|fd cjwf/0ff
ljsf; / lj:tf/ ePsf] jt{dfg kl/j]zsf] k|ltikwf{df cfkm"nfO{ cAan ;flat ug]{ hgzlSt pTkfbg
jt{dfg lzIffsf] k|d'v bfloTj xf] . cIf/ >]0fL lgwf{/0fsf] k|fKtfª\s ljleGg b]zdf km/s km/s dfkg
dfgfª\s ckgfPsf] kfOG5 . ef/tdf t Ps ljZj ljb\ofnosf] csf]{;Fu km/s dfgfª\s 5 . ef/tLo
237
xfO:s'ndf () b]lv !)) k|fKtfª\snfO{ pTs[i6 / $) eGbf tnsfnfO{ cg'TtL0f{ dflgPsf] 5 . t/
kfls:tfgdf *) dfly pTs[i6 / #@ eGbf tn cg'TtL0f{ dflgG5 . cIf/ >]0fL k|0ffnL ckgfPsf b]zsf
ljZj ljb\ofno tyf ljb\ofnosf] k/LIff jf]8{ cg';f/ klg km/s km/s ePsf] l5d]sL b]z ef/tsf] k/LIff
k|0ffnLaf6 klg k'li6 x'G5 .
lgisif{
P;Pn;L k/LIffaf6 ;'? ug{ nfu"]sf] cIf/fcª\sg k|0ffnLsf] k|efjsfl/tf Jofks cWoog cg';Gwfg tyf
;/f]sf/ kIf;Fusf] uxg 5nkmnaf6 k|fKt lgrf]8sf] canDagdf e/ k5{ . k/LIff pTtL0f{sf] cy{
ljb\ofyL{n] tf]lsPsf] Go"gtd l;sfO pknlAw xfl;n ug'{ xf], t/ df}h'bf z}lIfs ca:yfn] ;+ej b]vfpb}g .
P;Pn;L glthfdf ;ª\VofTds / u'0ffTds a[b\lw ug{ bzsf}+ elu/y k|ofz ubf{ klg vf;} pknlAw
gePsf] cj:yf huhfx]/ 5 .lkmtnf] k9fO / k/LIff tyf hjfkmb]xLtfsf] kG5fpg] k|a[ltsf sf/0f z}lIfs
ljs[lt–lj;ª\ult emf+luPsf] 5 . o:tf] cj:yfnfO{ g;'wfl/sg ;a} k/LIffyL{ pTtL0f{ x'g] d"NofÍg k|0ffnLsf]
ljZj;lgotf w/fkdf gknf{ eGg ;lsGg . csf]{tkm{ cIf/ u]|l88 k|0ffnL ;DaGwL a'em\g'kg]{ dd{ / ug'{kg]{
sd{sf] af/]df lzIfs, ljb\ofyL{, cleefjsnufotsf gLltut lg0f{o txdf a;]sf kbflwsf/Ln] lgefpg'kg
wd{df ;d]t ;r]t x'g'k5{ . of] k|0ffnL PSsf;L P;Pn;Ldf nfu"" ug'[{eGbf klg tNnf sIff / pRr lzIffdf
;d]t nfu"' ugf{n] cGof}ntf / cljZjf;df sd x'GYof] . P;Pn;L pTtL0f{ ljb\ofyL{sf] /f]huf/Ldf o;
k|0ffnLcg';f/sf] >]0fLsf] x}l;ot s;/L ;Daf]wg x'g] eGg] af/]df klg :ki6 kl/eflift x'g' cfjZos 5 .
cIf/ u|]l8ª k|0ffnLsf] ;fy{stf / ;kmntfsf] nflu ljb\ofyL{n] xfl;n ug]{ l;sfO ;Ifdtfsf] s;Ldf
j:t'lgi7 bfFlhg]vfnsf cfwf/ klxrfg / sfof{Gjog cfwf/e"t zt{ xf] .

^=!# /fli6«o kf7\oj|md k|f¿k, @)^# -kl/dfh{g, @)&!_

kl/jlt{t ;Gbe{df ljZjJofkLs/0f, dfgj clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f, afn clwsf/, zflGt, ;fdflhs Pjd\
n}ª\lus ;dfgtf, hg;fª\lVosL tyf jftfj/0f ;+/If0f, ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlw, ;fwf/0f l;k h:tf
ljifo If]qsf] dfu lbgfg'lbg al9/x]sf] 5 . o; kl/k|]Iodf lzIffsf] efjL b[li6sf]0f :ki6 ug{'kg]{ b]lvG5 .
lzIffnfO{ ;fdflhs, cfly{s, wfld{s, ;f+:s[lts, /fhgLlts pGgltsf] k|d'v ;fwgsf ¿kdf ¿kfGt/0f ug{
;s]df ;a}sf] lzIff k|fKt ug]{ clwsf/ ;'lglZrt x'g hfG5 .
/fli6«otf pGd'v, u'0ffTds, /f]huf/d"ns / ljZjkl/j]zcg's"nsf] lzIffsf] Joj:yfkg cfhsf] cfjZostf
xf] . ;';+:s[t, ;d[b\wzfnL, k|lt:kwL{ / ;dtfd"ns g]kfnL ;dfhsf] :yfkgf ug{ kf7\oj|mdsf] ljsf; /
sfof{Gjog kIfnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{'kg]{ x'G5 . o;} ;Gbe{df ljutsf cfjlws of]hgf tyf rfn' rf}wf}+
of]hgfdf ;d]t ljb\ofno lzIffnfO{ sIff !–!@ x'g] u/L Jojl:yt ug{] gLltut k|fjwfg 5 . t]x|f}F of]hgfn]
klg k|f/lDes afn ljsf;nfO{ ;dGjofTds ¿kdf lj:tf/ ug]{, lgMz'Ns / clgjfo{ cfwf/e"t lzIff /
dfWolds tx -(–!@_ sf] PsLs[t lzIff kb\wltsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ug]{, k|fljlws / Jofj;flos
lzIffsf] cj;/ a9fpg], ;fIf/tfnfO{ pTkfbsTj;Fu cfjb\w u/L cleofgsf ¿kdf ;~rfng ug]{, lzIffdf
;a}sf] kx'Fr ;'lglZrt ug]{ / ;a} txsf] lzIffsf] u'0f:t/df ;'wf/ Nofpg] s'/fnfO{ cfkm\gf] d'Vo /0fgLlt
agfPsf] 5 . To;} u/L ;a}sf nflu lzIff /fli6«o sfo{of]hgf @))!–@)!% / ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIosf
pb\b]Zo k'/f ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg kf7\oj|md tyf kf7\o ;fdu|Ldf ;d;fdlos ;'wf/ cfjZos 5 . o;}
;Gbe{df g]kfnsf] ljb\ofno txsf] ;du| z}lIfs ;'wf/sf nflu ljsf; ul/Psf] b:tfj]h ljb\ofno If]q
;'wf/ of]hgf @))(–@)!% n] ljb\ofno txsf] lzIffsf] ;DaGwdf kf7\oj|md k|f¿kn] lglb{i6 u/]cg'¿k
238
x'g] egL pNn]v u/]sf] 5 . log} of]hgf tyf sfo{j|mdn] ljb\ofno lzIffsf] ;+/rgfnfO{ sIff !–* cfwf/e"t
tx / sIff (–!@ dfWolds tx u/L ljb\ofno lzIffnfO{ !@ j;]{ -sIff !–!@_ x'g] u/L Jojl:yt ug]{
oyfy{ kl/l:ylt ljb\odfg /x]sfn] /fli6«o kf7\oj|md k|f¿ksf] kl/dfh{gsf] cfjZostf kg{ uPsf] xf] .
PsLs[t kf7\oj|md ;+/rgf, k/LIff kb\wlt, ;fwf/0f Jofj;flos l;k tyf Pg]S; sfo{j|md, lzIf0f dfWod,
d"n tyf :yfgLo kf7\oj|md, kf7\oj|md ;DaGwL dfkb08, ax' kf7\o k':ts, j}slNks lzIff, wfld{s
lzIffsf] d"nk|jfxLs/0fnufotsf ljifodf /fli6«o kf7\oj|md k|f¿kn] lglb{i6 u/]adf]lhd x'g] egL ls6fgL
u/]sf] ;Gbe{df o;sf] lgdf{0f Pjd\ kl/dfh{g ub}}{ nluPsf] xf] .
lgDglnlvt ljleGg kIfnfO{ /fli6«o kf7\oj|md k|f¿ksf cf}lrTosf ¿kdf lnOPsf] 5 M
sIff ! b]lv !@ ;Ddsf] lzIffnfO{ ljb\ofnoLo lzIffsf] ;+/rgfleq ;dflji6 u/L PsLs[t sfof{Gjog
kb\wltsf] ljsf; ug{
ljb\ofno txsf] kf7\oj|md;Dab\w ;du| kl/j]znfO{ ;DAff]wg ug]{ u/L b:tfj]hsf ¿kdf k|f¿k tof/
ug{
kf7\oj|md tyf kf7\o ;fdu|L ljsf; k|lj|mofnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{
ljb\ofno lzIffsf ;Ifdtf kl/eflift u/L ;Ifdtfdf cfwfl/t kf7\oj|md ljsf; k|lj|mofnfO{ j|mdzM
sfof{Gjodf Nofpg
kf7\oj|md ljsf; tyf sfof{GjognfO{ ;dfj]zL l;b\wfGtcg';f/ Jojl:yt ug{
7f]; cfwf/lagf kf7\oj|mdsf] 9fFrfdf k6s k6s kl/jt{g ul/g] cEof;df ;'wf/ Nofpg
;a}sf nflu lzIff, ;x;|fAbL ljsf;sf nIo, cfjlws of]hgfn] u/]sf Joj:yfnfO{ j|mdzM
sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg
cGt/f{li6«o kl/j]zdf ePsf ;/sf/L k|ltab\wtfnfO{ Jojxf/df Nofpg
lzIffdf c;n ;fem]bf/Lsf] ljsf; ug{
kf7\oj|md tyf kf7\oj|md;Dab\w cGo kIfsf] sfof{Gjog, lzIf0f l;sfO lj|mofsnfk, d"Nofª\sg,
lzIfs ljsf; h:tf kIfdf b]lvPsf k|lj|mofut sdhf]/LnfO{ Go"g ug{
kf7\oj|md ljsf; tyf sfof{Gjog ;DaGwL ultljlwdf ;+nUg ;+:yfsf] ;+:yfut Ifdtf clej[b\lwsf
nflu pko'St lbzf lgb]{z ug{
z}lIfs ljsf;df /fhgLlts ;dembf/L, ;xdlt, ;xof]u / ;dGjosf] jftfj/0f tof/ ug{
;fwg / ;|f]tsf] vf]hL u/L plrt Joj:yfkg ug{
/fi6«sf] bL3{sfnLg ljsf;sf] nIocg'¿k lzIffnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{
z}lIfs If]qdf b]vf kg]{ z}lIfs ;d:of / r'gf}tLnfO{ Joj:yfkg ug{
b"/ tyf v'nf l;sfO Pjd\ j}slNks lzIff gLltnfO{ sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg
wfld{s lzIff -uf]Gkf÷ljxf/, u'?s'n÷cf>d, db\/;f cflb_ nfO{ d"nk|jfxLs/0f ug{
;fdfGo Jofj;flos l;k, hLjgf]kof]uL l;k / Jofj;flos l;knfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{
kf7\oj|md ljsf; s]Gb|n] ljb\ofno txsf] kf7\oj|md ljsf; tyf ;f];Dab\w sfo{ ug]{ u/]sf] 5 . lzIff
dGqLsf] cWoIftfdf /x]sf] /fli6«o kf7\oj|md ljsf; tyf d"Nofª\sg kl/ifb\n] kf7\oj|md ;DaGwL gLltut
lg0f{osf nflu l;kmfl/; ub{5 . o; ;DaGwL sfo{df g]kfn ;/sf/ lzIff dGqfnon] clGtd lg0f{o ub{5 .
tL lg0f{osf] sfof{Gjog kf7\oj|md ljsf; s]Gb|n] ug]{ ub{5 . o;sf nflu s]Gb|n] b]xfosf k|lj|mofdfkm{t
;'emfj ;ª\sng u/L kf7\oj|md tyf kf7\oj|md ;Dab\w ultljlw ug]{ u/]sf] 5 M

239
 /fli6«o :t/sf z}lIfs cfof]u, sfo{bn / ;ldltaf6 lbOPsf ;'emfj
kf7\oj|md k|of]ustf{sf ;'emfj
ljleGg tflnd tyf uf]i7Laf6 k|fKt k|ltlj|mof Pjd\ ;'emfj ;ª\sng -lzIfs, cleefjs, ;fdflhs
sfo{stf{, a'b\lwhLjL cflbaf6_
kf7\oj|md ljsf; / sfof{Gjog ubf{sf] ;dodf plNnlvt pb\b]Zo, gLlt tyf sfo{j|md / cg'ej
z}lIfs bz{g, cg';Gwfg tyf ljsf; / k|jt{gfTds sfo{j|mdaf6 k|:t't ;'emfj
ljleGg ;~rf/ dfWodaf6 k|fKt ;Nnfx / ;'emfj
gful/s ;dfhaf6 k|fKt ;'emfj
kf7\oj|md ljsf; k|lj|mofdf kf7\oj|mdsf k|of]ustf{ -ljb\ofyL{ tyf lzIfs_, hgk|ltglw, cleefjs,
ljb\ofno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt, lhNnf lzIff ;ldltsf ;b:o, gful/s ;dfhsf ;b:oaf6 kf7\oj|md tyf
kf7\o ;fdu|Lsf ;DaGwdf ;"rgf tyf k[i7kf]if0f lng] ul/Psf] 5 . o;s} cfwf/df s]Gb|af6 x/]s jif{
cb\ofjlws, k|To]s kfFr jif{df ;fdfGo kl/dfh{g / k|To]s !) jif{df ljz]if kl/dfh{g÷kl/jt{g ug]{
cEof; x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 . tyflk kf7\oj|md ljsf; tyf lj:tf/ k|lj|mofn] tn n]lvPcg';f/sf r'gf}tLnfO{ k"0f{
¿kdf ;fdgf ug{ ;s]sf] b]lvFb}g M
kf7\oj|md ljsf; tyf lj:tf/ k|lj|mofnfO{ ;/f]sf/jfnsf] dfu adf]lhd ljs]Gb|Ls[t ug{
;a} ;/f]sf/jfnfsf] k"0f{ ;xeflutfnfO{ ;'lglZrt ug{
;/f]sf/jfnfs} dfu / cfjZostfcg';f/sf] kf7\oj|md ljsf; tyf lj:tf/ ug{
;dfj]zL cjwf/0ffcg'¿k kf7\oj|md ljsf; / lgdf{0f ug{
kf7\oj|md lgdf{0f Pjd\ sfof{Gjogsf nflu :yfgLo tx;Dd ;+:yfut ;+oGqsf] ljsf; ug{ / ePsf
;+oGqsf] ;+:yfut Ifdtf clej[b\lw ug{
ljb\ofyL{df cfÇgf] hLjg / hut\;Fu ;fGble{s z}lIfs l;k, k|ljlw / k|j[lQsf] ljsf; ug{
ljb\ofyL{nfO{ kf7\oj|md ljsf; k|lj|mofdf ;xefuL u/fpg
kf7\oj|mdnfO{ hLjgf]kof]uL / ;fGble{s agfpg
ljb\ofno lzIffsf ;Ifdtf, kf7\oj|md ;+/rgf / ljb\ofyL{ d"Nofª\sg Pjd\ cGo kf7\oj|md ;Dab\w gLlt
ljb\ofno lzIffsf] ;+/rgf
g]kfnsf] ljb\ofno lzIff cfwf/e"t / dfWolds u/L b'O{ txsf] x'g] 5 . ljb\ofno lzIffsf] cjlw af/
jif{sf] x'g] 5 . cfwf/e"t txsf] lzIff k|fKt ug]{ xs k|To]s gful/snfO{ x'g] 5 . o; ;+/rgfcg';f/
cfwf/e"t tx sIff Psb]lv sIff cf7;Dd / dfWolds tx sIff gf}b]lv sIff af/;Ddsf] x'g] 5 .
cfwf/e"t lzIffk"j{ Ps jif{sf] k"j{ k|fylds lzIffsf] Joj:yf /xg] 5 .
txut pd]/ ;d"x
ljb\ofno lzIffsf ljleGg txsf ljb\ofyL{sf] txut pd]/ ;d"x b]xfocg';f/ x'g]5 M
rf/ jif{sf afn aflnsfsf nflu Ps jif{sf] k"j{ k|fylds lzIff x'g] 5 . t/ tf]lsPsf] eGbf sd
pd]/sf afn aflnsfsf nflu ;d'bfon] cfkm\g} ;|f]tdf afn ljsf; sfo{j|md ;~rfng ug{ ;Sg] 5 .
cfwf/e"t lzIffsf] pd]/ ;d"x %–!@ jif{ x'g] 5 .
dfWolds lzIffsf] pd]/ ;d"x !#–!^ jif{ x'g] 5 .

240
dfWolds tx
-s_ dfWolds lzIffsf dfGotf
dfWolds lzIff lgDgfg';f/sf dfGotfdf cfwfl/t x'g] 5 M
!= k|fljlws tyf Jofj;flos lzIffsf] ;xh kxF'rsf] cj;/ l;h{gf x'g]
@= lgDg dWod :t/Lo hgzlSt pTkfbg eO{ :yfgLo tyf j}b]lzs >d ahf/sf] l;ko'St hgzlStsf]
dfu k'/f ug{ db\bt k'Ug]
#= pRr txsf] k|fljlws tyf Jofj;flos lzIffsf nflu cfjZos k"jf{wf/ tof/ x'g]
$= :j/f]huf/sf] cj:yf l;h{gf ug{ / :jb]zL tyf j}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf cj;/ j[b\lwdf ;xfos x'g]
%= ;a} k|sf/sf ljb\ofno lzIff -sIff !) ;Ddsf] ljb\ofno lzIff, sIff !! / !@ sf] pRr
dfWolds lzIff, k|fljlws P;Pn;L_ PsLs[t dfWolds ljb\ofno lzIff kb\wltdf ;dflxt x'g]
^= ljb\ofno lzIff / pTkfbg tyf >d ahf/aLr ;x;DaGw :yflkt x'g]
-v_ dfWolds lzIffsf /0fgLlts Joj:yf
dfWolds lzIff ;~rfngsf nflu b]xfoadf]lhdsf /0fgLltaf6 lglb{i6 x'g] 5 M
;+/rgf tyf wf/ ;DaGwL
!= sIff (–!@ sf] ljb\ofno lzIff ;fwf/0f tyf ;+:s[t lzIff / k|fljlws tyf Jofj;flos lzIff u/L
b'O{ wf/sf] x'g] 5 .
@= k/Dk/fut wfld{s lzIff kb\wltnfO{ lglZrt kf7\oj|md ;+/rgfdfkm{t\ ljsl;t ul/g] 5 . o;
k|sf/sf lzIffsf] ;+/rgfdf ;fwf/0f lzIffsf tf]lsPsf ljifo clgjfo{ x'g] 5g\ / afFsL ljifo
;DalGwt lzIff kb\wltcg';f/ to ul/g] 5g\ .
#= sIff (–!@ sf] ;fwf/0f wf/tkm{sf] lzIffdf ;fwf/0f Jofj;flos l;k (TEVT-Soft skills) ;Fu
;DalGwt P]lR5s ljifo / k|fljlws tyf Jofj;flostkm{ k|fof]lus lj1fg (Applied Science) /
;fdlos k|fof]lus÷sfo{d"ns P]lR5s ljifo;d]t ;dfj]z ul/g] 5 .
$= P]lR5s ljifoafx]s clgjfo{ ljifodf ;d]t ljb\ofyL{n] l;s]sf] 1fgsf] k|of]unfO{ hf]8 lbg] u/L
k|fof]lus ljifo j:t' ;d]l6g] 5 .
%= ;fwf/0f / k|fljlws tyf Jofj;flos b'j} wf/tkm{sf kf7\oj|md ;+/rgfsf] Joj:yfkg b'O{ Ansdf
ul/g] 5 . sIff (–!) sf] klxnf] v08 / sIff !!–!@ sf] bf];|f] v08 x'g] 5 .
^= sIff (–!@ sf] k|fljlws tyf Jofj;flos wf/tkm{ cWoog ug]{ ljb\ofyL{n] ;fwf/0ftkm{sf clgjfo{
ljifo $) k|ltzt / ;DalGwt k|fljlws Jofj;flos If]qsf ^) k|ltzt kf7\o ef/sf ljifo cWoog
ug]{ 5g\ .
&= sIff !!–!@ sf] kf7\oj|md ;+/rgfcg';f/sf ljifo, P]lR5s ljifo ;d"xsf] Joj:yfkg df}h'bf pRr
dfWolds lzIff kl/ifb\, k|fljlws lzIff tyf Jofj;flos tflnd kl/ifb\ / ljZj ljb\ofnosf] ;dGjo
tyf ;xsfo{df ul/g] 5 .
;~rfng tyf Joj:yfkg
*= k|fljlws tyf Jofj;flos wf/sf] kf7\oj|md k'/f ug{ sfo{ut tflnd (On the job training) clgjfo{
x'g] 5 .
(= k|fljlws tyf Jofj;flos lzIffaf6 ;fwf/0f wf/df / ;fwf/0f lzIffaf6 k|fljlws tyf Jofj;flos
wf/df cWoog ug{sf nflu k|j]z kfpg ;Sg] Joj:yf ul/g] 5 . o; k|sf/sf] Joj:yf sIff !! df
241
 ul/g]] 5 . o;sf nflu ;fwf/0f wf/af6 k|fljlws tyf Jofj;flos wf/df hfg] ljb\ofyL{sf nflu
tf]lsPsf] ;]t' kf7\of+z -cltl/St ljifo cWoog ug'{kg]{ / ;f] ljifo;d]t tf]lsPsf] z}lIfs ;qleq}
;DkGg ug{'kg]{ 5_ sf] Joj:Yff clgjfo{ ul/g] 5 . o;} u/L k|fljlws wf/af6 ;fwf/0f wf/df k|j]z
x'g rfxg] ljb\ofyL{sf] xsdf ljb\ofnon] k|j]z k/LIff ;~rfng u/L pSt k/LIffdf ;kmn x'g]nfO{
k|j]z lbg ;Sg] 5 .
k/LIff ;DaGwL Joj:yf
!)= ;fwf/0f lzIff / k|fljlws tyf Jofj;flos lzIff wf/sf k/LIff ;dsIfL x'g] 5g\ / o;sf] ;~rfng
/fli6«o k/LIff af]8{n] ug]{ 5 .
!!= ljb\ofno lzIffsf] clGtd k/LIff sIff !@ df x'g] 5 . sIff !) df If]qLo :t/sf] afx\o k/LIff x'g]
5 h;sf] k|df0fLs/0f /fli6«o k/LIff af]8{n] ug]{ 5 . sIff !@ df /fli6«o txsf] afx\o k/LIff /fli6«o
k/LIff af]8{dfkm{t\ ;~rfng x'g] 5 .
lzIffsf] dfWod
!= ljb\ofnodf lzIffsf] dfWod g]kfnL, cª\u|]hL jf b'j} efiff x'g ;Sg] 5 .
@= efiff ljifo cWoog u/fp“bf lzIffsf] dfWod ;f]xL efiff x'g'kg]{ 5 .
#= kf7\oj|md ;Dab\w lzIf0f l;sfO lj|mofsnfk ;~rfng ubf{ ;"rgf, ;~rf/ tyf k|ljlw(Information
and Cummunication Technology)sf] k|of]unfO{ k|fyldstf lbO{ ;Sbf] pkof]u ul/g] 5 .
$= wfld{s k|s[ltsf ljifosf] k7g kf7g ;DalGwt wfld{s u|Gy n]lvPsf] efiffdf g} ug{ ;lsg] 5 .
%= u}/ g]kfnL gful/sn] g]kfnsf] ljb\ofnodf cWoog ubf{ g]kfnL ljifosf] ;6\6f cGo s'g} efiffsf]
ljifo cWoog ug{ ;Sg] 5 .
v'nf tyf j}slNks lzIff
dfWolds txsf] pb\b]Zo k|flKtsf nflu ;~rfng x'g] v'nf tyf j}slNks lzIffsf nflu ;d]t of]
kf7\oj|md ;+/rgf nfu" x'g] 5 . o:tf] lzIff ;~rfngsf nflu ljifout kf7\oj|mdnfO{ lglb{i6 pb\b]Zo tyf
l;sfOpknlAw xfl;n x'g] u/L ljb\ofyL{sf] pd]/ / k"j{ cg'ej;d]t ;d]6L ;ª\s'rg (Condense)ug{ ;lsg]
5 . o;/L ;dfof]lht kf7\oj|mdcGtu{t cWoog ug]{ ljb\ofyL{n] d"n kf7\oj|mdsf nflu lgwf{l/t k/LIff
kb\wltcg';f/ g} k/LIffdf ;xefuL x'g'kg]{ 5 / ;f]xL Joj:yfcg';f/ g} k|df0fLs/0f ul/g] 5 .
k7g kf7gsf] ;dofjlw
Ps z}lÔs jif{df sDtLdf @@) lbg k7g kf7g ;~rfng x'g] 5 . ;fwf/0ftkm{ dfWolds tx -sIff (–
!)_ df ;fKtflxs $) 3G6L -#) 306f_ / jflif{s #@ xKtf cyf{t\ (^) 306f -^$ j|]ml86 cfj/_ k7g
kf7g x'g] 5 . o; txsf nflu $% ldg]6sf] Ps 3G6L x'g] 5 . sIff ( / !) sf] kf7\oj|mddf k7g
kf7gsf nflu jflif{s (^) 306f / d"Nofª\sgsf nflu !)$ 306f u/L hDdf !)^$ 306f kf7\o ef/
lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] 5 . ljb\ofnon] jflif{s kf7\o ef/df g36\g] u/L ^) ldg]6sf] Ps 3G6L klg lgwf{/0f
ug{ ;Sg] 5 . k|fljlws tyf Jofj;flos wf/tkm{ sDtLdf @@) lbg ljb\ofno ;~rfng x'g] 5 .
k|of]ufTds l;sfOsf nflu ;d]t Joj:yfkg ubf{ s'n lzIf0f 306f ;fwf/0f lzIffdf eGbf yk x'g ;Sg]
5 . ;fy} lzIf0f Ansdf ;d]t x'g ;Sg] 5 .
lzIf0f ljlw÷k|lj|mof
!= dfWolds lzIffdf lzIf0f l;sfO lj|mofsnfk ;~rfng ubf{ ljb\ofyL{s]lGb|t / afnd}qL lzIf0f ljlw
ckgfpg'kg]{ 5 . ljb\ofyL{sf] ;xeflutfdf of]hgf lgdf{0f, kl/of]hgf sfo{, If]q e|d0f, ;d:of
;dfwfg, cfljisf/d'vL cWoog, k|jt{gd'vL lzIf0f kb\wltnfO{ lzIf0f l;sfOsf ljlwsf ¿kdf
242
 sfof{Gjog ug'{kg]{ 5 . ljb\ofyL{sf] l;sfOnfO{ s]Gb|laGb' dfgL lzIf0f l;sfO lj|mofsnfk ;~rfng
ug'{kg]{ 5 . ;a} k|sf/sf l;sfO cfjZostf / rfxgf ePsf -ckfª\utf, czSt, c;xfo, sdhf]/
cflb_ ljb\ofyL{nfO{ ;d]6\g] u/L sIffdf ;dfj]zL lzIf0f k|lj|mof ckgfpg'kg]{ 5 . ;fwf/0f, u'?s'n,
uf]Gkf -u'Daf_ tyf ljxf/ / db\/;f lzIffsf k7g kf7gdf cfjZostfcg';f/ sDKo'6/ k|ljlwsf] klg
pkof]u ug{ ;lsg] 5 . o;sf nflu lzIfsn] ;xhstf{, pTk|]/s, k|jw{s / vf]hstf{sf ¿kdf
e"ldsf lgjf{x ug'{kg]{ 5 .
@= k7g kf7gdf sDKo'6/ k|ljlwnfO{ pknAw ;fwg, ;|f]t / cfjZostfcg';f/ pkof]u ul/g] 5 .
cGo ;Dab\w kIf
/f]huf/d'vL lzIff
ljb\ofno lzIffn] /f]huf/d'vL hgzlSt pTkfbg ug]{tkm{ klg ljz]if Wofg lbOg] 5 . :yfgLo lgsfo, u}/
;/sf/L ;+:yf, ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t l;k ljsf; sfo{j|md;Fu ;Dab\w lgsfosf] ;dGjo / ;fem]bf/Ldf
/f]huf/pGd'v lzIff k|jw{g ug]{ gLlt cjnDag ul/g] 5 . /f]huf/d"ns tyf Jofj;flos lzIffnfO{
ljb\ofno txsf] kf7\oj|mddf lgDg lnlvt Joj:yfåf/f ;Daf]wg ul/g] 5 M
/f]huf/d'vL lzIffsf nflu cfjZos kg]{ ;fdfGo Jofj;flos l;k(TEVT Soft Skill)cfwf/e"t lzIffsf
sIffdf PsLs[t ul/g] 5 .
Jofj;flos lzIffsf cfwf/e"t l;knfO{ ;fwf/0f lzIffsf ldNbf ljifodf PsLs[t ul/g] 5 .
dfWolds lzIffsf] ;+/rgfleq ?lrcg';f/sf Jofj;flos k|s[ltsf ljifo 5gf]6 ug{ ;lsg] Joj:yf
ul/g] 5 .
Jofjxfl/s hLjgsf nflu cfjZos kg]{ cfwf/e"t Jofj;flos l;k ljsf;sf nflu ljb\ofno Pjd\
;d'bfodf cfwfl/t Pg]S; sfo{j|md ;~rfngnfO{ ;d]t lg/Gt/tf lbOg] 5 .
cgf}krfl/s ¿kdf JolStn] xfl;n u/]sf Jofj;flos l;ksf] k|df0fLs/0f u/L :jb]zL tyf ljb]zL
>dahf/sf] k|j]znfO{ ;xh agfOg] 5 .
:yfgLo 1fg, l;k tyf k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t k];f, Joj;fosf] k|jw{gsf nflu :yfgLo kf7\oj|mdsf]
Joj:yf u/L sfof{Gjog ul/g] 5 .
lzIfs Joj:yfkg
ljb\ofno lzIffsf] ;kmn sfof{Gjogsf] k|d'v lhDd]jf/ JolSt lzIfs xf] . lzIfs Joj:yfkgnfO{
k|efjsf/L agfpg b]xfoadf]lhdsf] gLltut Joj:yf x'g] 5 M
lzIf0f k];fnfO{ ;Ddflgt Pjd\ dof{lbt k];fsf ¿kdf ljsl;t ul/g] 5 .
ljb\ofno txsf] lzIffsf] u'0f:t/sf nflu cWofkg cg'dlt kq / tflnd clgjfo{ x'g] 5 .
ljb\odfg lzIf0f cWofkg cg'dlt kqsf] Joj:yfnfO{ yk ;'b[9 u/L u'0f:t/Lo lzIfs tof/L tyf
ljt/0fnfO{ Jojl:yt ul/g] 5 .
cfwf/e"t txdf lzIf0f ug]{ lzIfssf nflu Go"gtd of]Uotf k|df0f kq tx jf ;f];/xsf] x'g] 5 .
dfWolds txsf] sIff ( / !) df cWofkg ug{sf nflu Go"gtd z}lIfs of]Uotf :gfts / sIff !! /
!@ df cWofkg ug{sf nflu lzIfssf] Go"gtd z}lIfs of]Uotf :gftsf]Tt/ tx jf ;f];/x x'g] 5 .
lzIfssf] k];fut ljsf;nfO{ :t/Lo, k|of]ud'vL Pjd\ dfudf cfwfl/t x'g] u/L Jojl:yt ul/g] 5 .

243
 ljlzi6 >]0fL / of]Uotf k|fKt ug]{ bIf hgzlStnfO{ lzIf0f k];fdf cfsif{0f ug{ ljz]if Joj:yf ug{
;lsg] 5 .
s'zn z}lIfs g]t[Tj dfkm{t\ lzIffsf] u'0f:t/ ;'lglZrt ug{ ljb\ofnodf ;]jf s/f/sf cfwf/df
k|wfgfWofkssf] Joj:yf ul/g] 5 .
;d'bfoåf/f Joj:yfkg lhDd]jf/L lnPsf ljb\ofnosf] xsdf lzIfs tyf k|wfgfWofkssf] Joj:yf
:yfgLo ;/sf/sf] ;dGjodf ;d'bfo cfkm}Fn] ug]{ 5 .
wfld{s lzIffcGtu{t ;~rflnt lzIff kb\wltdf lzIfs tyf k|wfgfWofkssf] Joj:yf ;DalGwt
kb\wlt ;~rfng ug]{ ;d'bfo :jod\af6 x'g] 5 .
lzIf0f l;sfO lj|mofsnfk / ;fdu|L
lzIf0f l;sfO lj|mofsnfk ;~rfng ubf{ ljb\ofyL{s]lGb|t / afnd}qL lzIf0f ljlw ckgfpg'kg]{ 5 .
ljb\ofyL{sf] ;xeflutfdf of]hgf lgdf{0f, kl/of]hgf sfo{, If]q e|d0f, ;d:of ;dfwfg, cfljisf/d'vL
cWoog, k|jt{gd'vL lzIf0fkb\wltnfO{ lzIf0f l;sfOsf ljlwsf ¿kdf sfof{Gjog ug'{kg]{ 5 . ljb\ofyL{sf]
l;sfOnfO{ s]Gb|laGb' dfgL lzIf0f l;sfO lj|mofsnfk ;~rfng ug'{kg]{ 5 . ;a} k|sf/sf l;sfO
cfjZostf / rfxgf ePsf -ckfª\utf, czSt, c;xfo, sdhf]/ cflb_ ljb\ofyL{nfO{ ;d]6\g] u/L sIffdf
;dfj]zL lzIf0f k|lj|mof ckgfpg'kg]{ 5 . ;fwf/0f, u'?s'n, uf]Gkf -u'Daf_ tyf ljxf/ / db\/;f lzIffsf
k7g kf7gdf cfjZostfcg';f/ sDKo'6/ k|ljlwsf] klg pkof]u ug{ ;lsg] 5 . o;sf nflu lzIfsn]
;xhstf{, pTk|]/s, k|jw{s / vf]hstf{sf ¿kdf e"ldsf lgjf{x ug'{kg]{ 5 .
k7g kf7gdf sDKo'6/ k|ljlwnfO{ pknAw ;fwg, ;|f]t / cfjZostfcg';f/ pkof]u ug{ ;lsg] 5 .
kf7\oj|md k|f¿k sfof{Gjogdf n}hfg d"nt M lzIf0f l;sfO lj|mofsnfk / ;fdu|Lsf] k|of]udf hf]8 lbOg]
5 . o;sf nflu M
vf]hd'vL, cGt/lj|mofTds tyf k|jb\w{gfTds lzIf0f l;sfO lj|mofsnfk ;~rfngdf hf]8 lbOg] 5 .
:yfgLo jftfj/0f -;fdflhs, cfly{s / ;f+:s[lts_ df kl/of]hgfd'vL lzIf0f l;sfO lj|mofsnfknfO{
k|fyldstf lbOg] 5 .
k|of]ufTds sfo{ ;~rfngnfO{ lzIf0f l;sfO lj|mofsnfksf] cleGg cª\usf ¿kdf :yflkt ul/g] 5 .
;fd'bflos sfo{, 36gf cWoog, cjnf]sg cflbsf dfWodaf6 ;d:of ;dfwfg ug]{ vfnsf lzIf0f
l;sfO lj|mofsnfk ;~rfng ul/g] 5 .
k|To]s ljifosf] lzIf0f l;sfO lj|mofsnfkdf l;sfOnfO{ Joj;fod"ns tyf /f]huf/d"ns 1fg, l;k
Pjd\ bIftf;Fu kl/lrt u/fpg] ultljlw ;dfj]z u/L >dk|lt ;sf/fTds efjgfsf] ljsf; ug]{
lj|mofsnfk;d]t ;~rfngtkm{ k|fyldstf lbOg] 5 .
z}lIfs ;fdu|Lsf] lgdf{0f / ljt/0f sfo{nfO{ Jojl:yt ul/g] 5 .
lzIf0f l;sfO lj|mofsnfk, z}lIfs ;fdu|Lsf] lgdf{0f / k|of]udf ;dfj]zL gLltsf] cjnDag ul/g] 5 .
Jofj;flos k|s[ltsf ljifosf] lzIf0f l;sfO lj|mofsnfk ;~rfng ubf{ :yfgLo ;d'bfodf ;~rflnt
ljleGg k|sf/sf k];f, Joj;fo / k|ljlw;Fu ;DalGwt sfo{j|md;Fu ;dGjo / ;xsfo{ u/L Jofjxfl/s
Pjd\ cy{k"0f{ agfOg] 5 .
cltl/St÷;x lj|mofsnfknfO{ lzIf0f l;sfO lj|mofsnfk;Fu cfab\w u/L ljb\ofyL{sf] rf}tkmL{ ljsf;df
ljlzi6 Wofg lbOg] 5 .
244
 ljz]if cfjZostf ePsf ljb\ofyL{nfO{ lzIf0f l;sfO lj|mofsnfkdf ePsf] sl7gfO sd u/L
kf7\oj|mdn] lglb{i6 u/]sf] l;sfOpknlAw xfl;n u/fpg cfjZostfg';f/ yk ;xof]u k|bfg ul/g] 5 .
kf7\oj|md sfof{Gjogsf nflu cfjZos jflif{s sfo{ lbg÷sfo{ 306f g]kfnsf] ef}uf]lns cjl:ylt
Pjd\ cGo b]zsf] cEof;;d]tsf cfwf/df Jojl:yt ul/g] 5 .
ljb\ofnodf ljb\ofyL{ ;]jf tyf ;/;Nnfx kb\wltsf] ljsf; u/L ljb\ofno cfPsf, cfpg g;s]sf /
z}lIfs ;d:of ePsf afn aflnsfnfO{ cfjZostfg';f/ k/fdz{ ;]jf k|bfg ul/g] 5 .
clwsf/df cfwfl/t lzIf0f l;sfO lj|mofsnfksf nflu lj|mofsnfksf] 5gf]6 / k|of]u ubf{ afnd}qL,
n}ª\lusd}qL, ckfª\utfd}qL / jftfj/0fd}qL kIfsf] ;Gt'ng sfod ug{ k|fyldstf lbOg] 5 .
lzIf0f l;sfO lj|mofsnfksf] 5gf]6 / k|of]udf l;sf?sf] ;lj|mo ;xeflutf u/fpg] gLlt cjnDag
ul/g] 5 .
kf7\o k':ts
kf7\o k':ts ljsf;, pTkfbg tyf ljt/0f ;DaGwdf lgDg lnlvtcg';f/sf gLltut Joj:yf ul/g] 5 M
ljb\ofno lzIffnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ ljb\ofyL{d}qL kf7\o k':ts ljsf;df hf]8 lbOg] 5 .
ljb\ofyL{sf] ?lr, Ifdtf, l;sfOsf] ult, kf7\o k':tssf] ;j{;'netfnfO{ ;d]t Wofg lbO{ /fli6«o
kf7\oj|md k|f¿ksf] vfsfleq /xL ax' kf7\o k':ts ljsf; Pjd\ k|of]u gLlt ckgfOg] 5 .
kf7\oj|md ljsf; s]Gb|n] /fli6«o kf7\oj|md k|f¿kcg';f/ /fli6«o :j¿ksf] gd'gf kf7\o k':tssf]
d'b|0fLo k|lt -Print Ready Copy -PRC_ tof/ kfg]{ 5 .
ljb\ofno lzIffsf kf7\o k':tssf] ljsf;, pTkfbg tyf ljt/0f sfo{nfO{ v'nf k|lt:kwf{sf cfwf/df
lghL If]qsf] ;xeflutf u/fpg] gLlt cjnDjg ul/g] 5 .
ax' kf7\o k':tssf] :t/Lotf, u'0f:t/ Pjd\ ;fGble{stf kf7\oj|md ljsf; s]Gb|n] k/LIf0f u/L k|of]udf
Nofpg cfjZos ;+/rgfsf] Joj:yf ldnfpg] 5 .
kf7\o k':tssf] u'0f:t/ / :t/Lotfsf] k/LIf0f afx\o ;+:yfaf6 ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfOg] 5 .
:yfgLo lgsfosf] k/fdz{ / ;xof]udf -k|fljlws / cfly{s ;xof]u_ ljb\ofno :jod\n] dft[efiff /
:yfgLo ljifosf kf7\oj|md tyf kf7\o k':tssf] ljsf; tyf sfof{Gjog ug]{ 5 / ;f]sf nflu lhNnf
lzIff sfof{non] ;xhLs/0f tyf :jLs[lt ug]{ 5 .
kf7\o k':ts ;DaGwL :ki6 gLltut Joj:yfsf nflu /fli6«o k':ts gLlt agfOg] 5 .
/fHosf tkm{af6 gd'gf :j¿ksf kf7\o k':ts tof/ ul/g] 5 .
lzIfsnfO{ cfcfkm\gf ljifodf lj|mofsnfk s]lGb|t kf7\o k':ts tof/ ug{ nufpg] Joj:yf ul/g] 5 .
tNnf sIffdf kf7\o k':ts geO sfo{ k':ts (Work book) df hf]8 lbOg] 5 .
;+:s[t lzIff
;+:s[t lzIffsf] ;d'lrt ljsf;sf nflu ;+:s[t lzIffsf] lgDgfg';f/sf] Joj:yf ul/g] 5 M
;+:s[t lzIffsf] 5'6\6} wf/nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbO{ ;fwf/0f lzIffsf lzIf0f l;sfO If]qdf ;d]t k"jL{o
jfª\dosf Jojxf/f]kof]uL d"No / dfGotfnfO{ ;dfj]z ul/g] 5 .
;+:s[t lzIffsf] Joj:yfnfO{ yk ;'b[9 u/L /f]huf/d'vL hgzlSt pTkfbgdf hf]8 lbOg] 5 .

245
 ;+:s[t lzIffsf] lzIf0f l;sfO lj|mofsnfknfO{ ;/nLs[t Pjd\ u'0f:t/Lo agfpg lzIfs tflnd,
z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|Lsf] ljsf; tyf k|of]unfO{ k|fyldstf lbOg] 5 .
;+:s[t lzIffsf] k|jw{gsf nflu k|fKt hfgsf/L, vf]h tyf cg';Gwfgsf cfwf/df k|jt{gfTds
sfo{j|mdsf] ljsf; tyf sfof{GjognfO{ k|f]T;fxg ul/g] 5 .
cg'udg / ;'kl/j]If0f
ljb\ofno lzIffsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogsf nflu ;dGjofTds cg'udg ;+/rgfsf] ljsf; / k|of]u u/L
cg'udg tyf ;'kl/j]If0f ul/g] 5 . cfGtl/s tyf jfXo cg'udg / ;'kl/j]If0f sfo{nfO{ ;+:yfut ul/g]
5 . d"ntM kf7\oj|md sfof{Gjogsf] j|mddf b]xfocg';f/sf] kIfdf cg'udg tyf ;'kl/j]If0fnfO{ ljz]if Wofg
lbOg] 5 M
kf7\oj|md ljsf; k|lj|mofdf x'g] nufgL (Input), ljsf; k|lj|mof (Process) / k|ltkmn (Output) sf]
cj:yf / k|efj (Impact)
nufgL, k|lj|mof / k|ltkmndf ;/f]sf/jfnfsf] ;xefuLtf, ;dfj]zL kIf
kf7\oj|md tyf kf7\oj|md;Dab\w ;fdu|Lsf] kx'Fr / ;j{;'netf
lzIf0f l;sfO lj|mofsnfk / kf7\oj|mdlarsf] ;fd~h:o Pjd\ ;fdflhs ¿kfGt/0f
dft[efiff / :yfgLo kf7\oj|mdsf] ljsf; / k|of]u
k];fut 5nkmn, cGt/lj|mof, ;xof]u Pjd\ k[i7kf]if0f cfbfgk|bfg
ljb\ofyL{ d"Nofª\sg / k[i7kf]if0f
lghL If]qaf6 d'lb|t tyf ljtl/t kf7\o k':tssf] 5kfO, ljt/0f / k|of]u
;+:yfut ljb\ofnodf k|of]udf /x]sf kf7\o ;fdu|L
glthf k|flKt
wfld{s ;+:yfaf6 ;~rflnt lzIf0f l;sfO lj|mofsnfk k|of]u ePsf] kf7\o ;fdu|L tyf k/LIff
kb\wltsf] cj:yf
If]qLo tyf lhNnf kf7\oj|md ;dGjo ;ldltsf sfo{sf] ;xhLs/0f
;+:yfut ljb\ofno
;+:yfutljb\ofnonfO{ /fHoaf6 k|bfg ul/g] z}lIfs ljsf;sf lj|mofsnfk -kf7\oj|md sfof{Gjog
;DaGwL tflnd, lzIfs tflnd cflb_ df ;xefuL x'g] cj;/ k|bfg ul/g] 5 .
;+:yfut ljb\ofnon] g]kfn ;/sf/af6 lglb{i6 ul/Psf kf7\oj|md, kf7\o k':ts tyf k/LIff k|0ffnL
clgjfo{¿kdf nfu"' ug'{kg]{ 5 .
ljb\ofno txdf g]kfn ;/sf/af6 tf]lsPsf kf7\o k':tssf] cltl/St k|lt ljifo a9Ldf Ps
ljifo;Dd yk kf7\o ;fdu|L k|of]u ug{ rfx]df s]Gb|af6 ;"rLs[t ;Gb{e ;fdu|L dWo]af6 dfq 5gf]6
tyf k|of]u ug{ ;Sg] 5 .
;+:yfut / ;fd'bflos ljb\ofnolarsf] cGt/lj|mof a9fO{ ;+o'St ¿kdf kf7\oj|md / z}lIfs
lj|mofsnfknfO{ kl/is[t agfpFb} cufl8 a9\g] jftfj/0f tof/ kfl/g] 5 .
;+:yfut ljb\ofnosf] Joj:yfkg, cfly{s ;|f]tsf] kl/rfng / k|of]unfO{ lhDd]jf/ Pjd\ hjfkmb]xLk"0f{
agfpg ;'kl/j]If0f, lgoGq0f tyf k[i7kf]if0f kb\wltnfO{ ;'b[9 agfO{ k|of]udf NofOg] 5 .
v'nf l;sfO tyf j}slNks lzIff

246
;a}sf nflu lzIffsf] cj;/ k|bfg ug{ v'nf lzIff gLltnfO{ sfof{Gjogdf NofOg] 5 . o; k|sf/sf]
lzIffnfO{ b'O{ k|sf/n] Jojl:yt ul/g] 5 M
cgf}krfl/s ¿kaf6 lzIff xfl;n u/]sf t/ k|fdfl0fs x'g g;s]sf / cf}krfl/s lzIff -ljb\ofno
lzIff_ df ;dfj]z x'g OR5's JolStnfO{pgLx¿sf] z}lIfs cj:yfsf] k|df0fLs/0f u/L lglb{i6
cf}krfl/s lzIffleqsf] sIffdf k|j]z ug{ kfpg] cj;/ v'nf ul/g] 5 .
ljljw sf/0faf6 z}lIfs cj;/ k|fKt ug{ g;s]sf ljb\ofno pd]/ ;d"xsf afn aflnsfnfO{ v'nf
lzIffsf] Joj:yf u/L cf}krfl/s lzIff ;/xs} ljb\ofno lzIff lng kfpg] ;+:yfut ljsf; u/L
sfo{j|mdnfO{ of]hgfab\w 9ª\uaf6 ;~rfng ul/g] 5 .
v'nf lzIffsf] kf7\oj|md tyf kf7\o ;fdu|Lsf] ljsf; kf7\oj|md ljsf; s]Gb|af6 x'g] 5 . o;sf]
:jLs[lt /fli6«o kf7\oj|md ljsf; tyf d"Nofª\sg kl/ifbaf6 x'g] 5 .
v'nf lzIff kb\wltcg';f/ l;sfO ug]{ ljb\ofyL{n] ;fwf/0f lzIffsf tf]lsPsf tx / sIffsf cf}krfl/s
k/LIffdf ;xefuL x'g'kg]{ 5 .
v'nf tyf j}slNks lzIffsf nflu ;d]t ;fwf/0f wf/tkm{sf] kf7\oj|md ;+/rgf nfu"' x'g] 5 . o:tf]
lzIff ;~rfngsf nflu ljifout kf7\oj|mdnfO{ lglb{i6 pb\b]Zo tyf l;sfOpknlAw xfl;n x'g] u/L
ljb\ofyL{sf] pd]/ / k"j{ cg'ej;d]t ;d]6L ;ª\s'rg(Condense)ug{ ;lsg] 5 . o;/L ;dfof]lht
kf7\oj|mdcGtu{t cWoog ug]{ ljb\ofyL{n] d"n kf7\oj|mdsf nflu lgwf{l/t k/LIff kb\wltcg';f/ g}
k/LIffdf ;xefuL x'g'kg]{ 5 / ;f]xL Joj:yfcg';f/ g} k|df0fLs/0f ul/g] 5 .
cgf}krfl/s lzIff tkm{sf]Literacy Level 1nfO{ cfwf/e"t ;fIf/tf(Preliminary Literacy), Literacy
Level 2nfO{ cf}krfl/s lzIfftkm{sf] sIff #,Literacy Level 3nfO{ sIff %,Literacy Level 4jfGEQ
(General education qualification) Level 1 nfO{ cfwf/e"t txsf] sIff ^, & / * pTtL0f{ u/]
;/xsf],GEQ Level 2nfO{ dfWolds lzIffsf] sIff ( / !) pTtL0f{ u/] ;/x /GEQ Level 3 nfO{
sIff !! / !@ pTtL0f{ u/] ;/xsf] ;dsIftf dflgg] 5 .
ljb\ofno lzIffsf] u'0f:t/ / dfgs lgwf{/0f
ljb\ofno lzIffsf] u'0f:t/ ;DaGwL gLltut Joj:yf lgDgfg';f/ x'g] 5 M
ljb\ofno lzIffsf] u'0f:t/ sfod u/L :t/Lo hgzlSt pTkfbg ug{ ljb\ofno lzIffsf] /fli6«o u'0f:t/
dfgs (Quality standard)tof/ ug{ z}lIfs u'0f:t/ k/LIf0f s]Gb|af6 ljb\ofno k/LIf0fsf ;fwgnfO{
pkof]udf NofOg] 5 .
/fli6«o u'0f:t/ dfgssf cfwf/df If]q, lhNnf tyf ljb\ofnon] cfcfÇgf] z}lIfs u'0f:t/ dfgs
(Quality benchmark)to u/L kf7\oj|md tyf kf7\oj|md;Dab\w ultljlw :jtGq¿kdf ;~rfng ug{
;Sg]5g\ .
u'0f:t/ dfgssf cfwf/df ljb\ofnonfO{ yk ;xof]u sfo{j|md ;~rfng ul/g] 5 . ;fy} ljb\ofno
:jod\nfO{ klg o;sf nflu a9L lhDd]jf/ agfOg] 5 .
ljsl;t dfkb08sf cfwf/df kf7\oj|md ljsf;, sfof{Gjog k|lj|mof / k|ltkmn;d]tsf] n]vfhf]vfsf
nflu lzIff ljefu, kf7oj|md ljsf; s]Gb| / z}lIfs u'0f:t/ k/LIf0f s]Gb| lhDd]jf/ x'g] 5g\ .
kf7\oj|md, kf7\o ;fdu|Lsf] u'0f:t/ dfkb08 tof/ u/L ;f]xLcg';f/ ljsf; ul/g] 5 .
kf7\oj|md sfof{Gjogsf] k|efjsf/L n]vfhf]vf ug{, lzIf0f l;sfO lj|mofsnfksf] Jofjxfl/s kIfsf]
olsg ug{ sIff sf]7fdf k|ToIf ;xefuL eO{ k[i7kf]if0f k|fKt ul/g] 5 .

247
^=!$ ax'eflifs lzIff
;Gbe{
• ljleGg efiffefifL / ljljwtf ePsf] b]z
• !@# dft[efiff
• efiff cfof]u @)%) sf] ;'emfj sfof{Gjog / ;j}sfnflu u'0f:t/Lo lzIff k|bfg ug{
ax'efiff lzIf0fsf] kl/ro
• ax'efiff lzIf0f eg]sf] b'O{ jf ;f] eGbf a9L efiffdf ul/g] lzIf0f xf] .
• g]kfndf ax'efiff lzIf0fsf] dxTj / cfjZostfnfO{ /fli6«o lzIff cfof]usf] k|ltj]bg @)$(
n] c+f}NofPsf] lyof] .
• pQm k|ltj]bgn] g]kfnsf ljb\ofnodf ax'efiff lzIf0f ubf{ /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o ;Gbe{df
dfgjLo Jojxf/, ;+:s[lt / l;h{gfsf ljljw kIfsf] t'ngfTds cWoog;DaGwdf ax'efiff
lzIf0fnfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug]{ s'/fdf hf]8 lbPsf] lyof] .
• efiffsf] ;Gbe{df sfg'gL Joj:yfnfO{ k|efjsf/L ¿kdf sfof{Gjog Nofpg g]kfn ;/sf/n]
j}/fuL sfOnfsf] g]t[Tjdf Ps efiff gLlt ;'emfj cfof]u u7g, @)%) df k|ltj]bg k]z .
• dft[efiff k7gkf7g ug]{ sfo{sf] lhDd]jf/L kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb|nfO{ lbPkl5 o; s]Gb|jf6
@)&# ;Dddf @$ cf]6f dft[efiffsf kf7\oqmd / kf7\ok':ts ljsf; ul/Psf] 5 .
dxTj
• ljleGg hghflt, efiffefifL, ;d"xsf] lzIffdf ;+nUgtf a9fpg,
• cflbjf;L hghflt / cNk;+Vos efiffefifL ;d'bfosf afnaflnsfsf] lzIffdf kx'r k'/o\ fpg,
• ljBfyL{sf] k7gkf7gdf ;xeflutf a9fpg,
• ljBfyL{sf] lgoldt pkl:ylt a9fO{ l;sfO pknlAw:t/ a9fpg,
• ljb\ofno 5f8\g] b/nfO{ sd u/fpg,
• ;DalGwt efiffsf] ljsf;, ;+/If0f / ;Da4{gdf ;xof]u k'Ug,
• Efflifs ;lxi0f'tf sfod u/fpg
• /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o ;Gbe{df cfkm\gf] klxrfg sfod /fVb} ;Ifd gful/s tof/ u/fpg .

sfg'gL tyf gLltut k|fjwfg

g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg -@)&@_ df ePsf] k|fjwfg lgDgfg';f/ 5 .
Wff/f ^= /fi6«efiff M g]kfndf af]lng] ;a} dft[efiff /fi6«efiff x'g\ .
Wff/f &= ;/sf/L sfdsfhsf] efiff M
-!_ b]jgfu/L lnlkdf n]lvg] g]kfnL efiff g]kfnsf] ;/sf/L sfdsfhsf] efiff x'g]5 .
-@_ g]kfnL efiffsf cltl/Qm k|b]zn] cfkm\gf] k|b]zleq ax';+Vos hgtfn] af]Ng] Ps jf PseGbf a9L
cGo /fi6«efiffnfO{ k|b]z sfg"g adf]lhd k|b]zsf] ;/sf/L sfdsfhsf] efiff lgwf{/0f ug{ ;Sg]5 .
248
-#_ efiff ;DaGwL cGo s'/f efiff cfof]usf] l;kmfl/;df g]kfn ;/sf/n] lg0f{o u/] adf]lhd x'g]5 .
Wff/f #! lzIff ;DaGwL xssf] pkwf/f -%_ g]kfndf a;f]af; ug{] k|To]s g]kfnL ;d'bfonfO{ sfg"g
adf]lhd cfkm\gf] dft[efiffdf lzIff kfpg] / To;sf nflu ljb\ofno tyf z}lIfs ;+:yf vf]Ng] /
;~rfng ug{] xs x'g]5 .
Wff/f #@= efiff tyf ;+:s[ltsf] xs M
-!_ k|To]s JolSt / ;d'bfonfO{cfÇgf] efiff k|of]u ug]{ xs x'g]5 .
-@_ k|To]s JolSt / ;d'bfonfO{cfÇgf] ;d'bfosf] ;f+:s[lts hLjgdf ;xefuL x'g kfpg] xs x'g]5 .
-#_ g]kfndf a;f] af; ug{] k|To]s g]kfnL ;d'bfonfO{ cfkm\gf] efiff, lnlk, ;+:s[lt, ;f+:s[lts ;Eotf /
;Dkbfsf] ;+jw{g / ;+/If0f ug{] xs x'g]5 .
• lzIff P]g@)@*Mk|fylds txsf] lzIff dft[efiffdf lbg ;lsg] 5 .
• cfwf/e"t tx kf7\os|d @)^(MM cfwf/e"t tx;Ddsf] lzIff dft[efiffdf lbg ;lsg] 5 .
k|fyflds / cfwf/e"t txsf] kf7\os|dn] !)) k"0ff{ª\ssf] Ps ljifo :yfgLo dft[efiffdf lbg
;lsg] 5 .
• ;j}sf nflu lzIff sfo{of]hgf @))! b]lv @)!%MM df dft[efiffsf dfWodn] cfwf/e"t tyf
k|fylds lzIff ;'lglZrt ug]{d
• kf7\os|d ljsf; s]Gb|n] @)%! ;fnb]lv dft[efiffdf kf7\ok':ts tyf kf7\o;fdu|L ljs; ug{
yfn]sf]] . xfn ;Dd @$ efiffdf tof/ u/L ;s]sf] 5 .
• lzIff ljefun] @)^# b]lv ax'eflifs lzIff sfo{s|d ;~rfng u/]sf]
• @)^$ b]lv @)^^ ;Dd ^ cf]6f lhNNff - s~rgk'/,kfNkf,/;'jf, wgs'6f, ;'g;/L / emfkf_
df lkmgNofG8 ;/sf/sf] ;xof]udf ax'efifL lzIf0f k/LIf0fdf /x]sf] .& cf]6f ljb\ofnodf *
cf]6f efiffdf -/fgf yf?, du/, tfdfª,cf7kl/of /fO{, k"j]{nL yf?,p/fj, /fhj+zL,/ ;Gyfn_
sfo{s|d k/LfIf / sIff ! / @ sf] kf7\os|d ljsf; ul/Psf] .
/fli6«o kf7\
kf7oqmd
\oqmd k|f¿k @)^#-
@)^#-;+;f]wg ;lxt_ sf] cfwf/e"t lzIffsf]
lzIffsf] dfWoddf b]xfojdf]lhd Joj:yf
ul/Psf] 5 M
• …cfwf/e"t lzIffsf] dfWod dft[efiff x'g]5 . == cfwf/e"t lzIffsf] k|yd r/0f -sIff !–#_ ;Dd
;fdfGotof lzIffsf] dfWod dft[efiff x'g]5 .
• cfwf/e"t lzIff -sIff ^—*_ sf] kf7\oqmd kl/dflh{t ubf{ sIff ^—* df ;d]t dft[efiff,
:yfgLo ljifo, snf, ;+:s[t jf cGo ljifo k7gkf7g ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf ePsf] .
:yfgLo ljifo, dft[efiff ;DaGwL kf7oqmddf k|of;
• k|fylds lzIff kf7\oqmd @)$( n] g]kfndf klxnf] k6s :yfgLo ljifo jf dft[efiff dWo] s'g}
Ps ljifo ljb\ofnon] 5gf]6 u/L k9fpg kfpg] Joj:yf u/]sf] h;sf] ;fKtflxs kf7\o ef/ # /
k"0ff{ª\s !)) /flvPsf] lyof] .
• :yfgLo kf7\oqmdnfO{ k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg] k|of]hgn] lj;+ @)^) ;fndf :yfgLo
kf7\oqmd lgdf{0f lgb]{lzsf hf/L ul/of] . k|fylds lzIff kf7oqmd @)^@ / @)^% n]
dft[efiff jf :yfgLo ljifosf] ;fKtflxs kf7\o ef/ $ / k"0ff{+s !)) sfod u/]sf] 5 .
• tt\ kZrft\ :yfgLo kf7\oqmd lgb]{lzsf, @)^$ hf/L ul/Psf] lyof] .

249
 • cfwf/e"t lzIff kf7\oqmd @)^( n] dft[efiff jf :yfgLo ljifo jf ;+:s[t jf cGo
ljifosf]¿kdf ;fKtflxs kf7\o ef/ % / k"0ff{+s !)) sfod u/]sf] 5 .
ax'eflifs lzIff sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog lgb]{lzsf–
zsf–@)^^
• ædft[efiffÆ eGgfn] afnaflnsfn] cfkm\gf] 3/ kl/jf/df af]Ng] klxnf] efiffnfO{ hgfpF5 .
• æPsn dft[efifL ljb\ofnoÆ eGgfn] ljb\ofno ;]jf If]qleqsf Pp6} eflifs ;d'bfosf ljBfyL{
/x]sf] jf ;a}n] Ps} lsl;dsf] :yfgLo efiff k|of]u ug]{ cj:yfsf] ljb\ofnonfO{ hgfpF5 .
• ælåefifL ljb\ofnoÆ eGgfn] ljb\ofno ;]jf If]qleq b'O{ eflifs ;d'bfosf ljBfyL{ /x]sf] jf
ljb\ofnodf km/s km/s b'O{ efiff k|of]u x'g] cj:yfsf ljb\ofnonfO{ hgfpF5 .
• æax'efifL ljb\ofnoÆ eGgfn] ljb\ofno ;]jf If]qleq b'O{ eGbf a9L eflifs ;d'bfosf
afnaflnsf /x]sf] / ljb\ofnodf b'O{eGbf a9L efiff k|of]u x'g] cj:yfsf ljb\ofnonfO{
hgfpF5 .
• æax'efifL lzIffÆ eGgfn] :yfgLo dft[efiff ;d]t Ps jf Ps eGbf a9L efiffsf dfWodaf6
lbO{g] lzIffnfO{ hgfpFb5 .
lzIffsf] dfWodsf] ¿kdf dft[efiff –lgb]{lzsf @)^^
!= ;a} afnaflnsfnfO{ cfwf/e"t tx;Ddsf] lzIff dft[efiffdf lbg ;lsg]5 . cfwfe"t tx;Dd
dft[efiffdf lzIff lbg] sfo{nfO{ Jojl:yt ¿kdf cufl8 a9fO{ u'0f:t/Lo lzIffsf] kx'Fr ;'lglZrt
ug{ dft[efiffsf dfWodjf6 lzIff lbg rfxg] ljb\ofnodf b]xfoadf]lhdsf cfwf/df dft[efiffsf]
k|of]unfO{ Jojl:yt ul/g]5 .
• k"j{k|fylds txsf] lzIffsf] dfWod efiff :yfgLo dft[efiff x'g]5 .
• cfwf/e"t lzIffsf] sIff !–# df efiff ljifo -g]kfnL / cª\u|]hL_ afx]ssf ;a} ljifosf]
lzIf0f–l;sfOsf] dfWod efiff ;fdfGotof :yfgLo dft[efiff x'g]5 .
• cfwf/e"t lzIffsf] bf];|f] r/0f -sIff $–%_ df efiff ljifo -g]kfnL / cª\u|]hL_ afx]ssf
;a} ljifosf] lzIf0f l;sfOsf] dfWod efiff dft[efiff / ;/sf/L sfdsfhsf nflu
tf]lsPsf]] efiff jf ;Dks{ efiff x'g]5 .
• cfwf/e"t lzIffsf] sIff ^–* df dft[efiffnfO{ ljifosf] ¿kdf cWofkg ug{ ;lsg]5 t/
s'g} ljb\ofnon] rfx]df o; txsf] lzIff dft[efiffdf pknAw u/fpg o; lgb]{lzsfsf] s'g}
a'Fbfn] afwf kf/]sf] dflgg] 5}g .
@= cgf}krfl/s lzIffdf dft[efifftkm{ cfwf/e"t ;fIf/tfsf] dfWod efiff :yfgLo dft[efiff / ;fIf/f]Q/
lzIff :yfgLo dft[efiff jf ;Dks{ efiff jf b'j} efiffdf lbg ;lsg]5 .
ljifosf] ¿kdf dft[efiff lzIf0f
!= dft[efiffsf] dfWodaf6 lzIf0f–l;sfO ul/g] ljb\ofnodf jf g]kfnL, cª\u|]hL dfWodaf6 lzIf0f
ul/g] ljb\ofnodf ljifosf] ¿kdf dft[efiff lzIf0f ug{ ;lsg]5 .
@= lzIffsf] dfWod g]kfnL efiff afx]ssf cGo :yfgLo dft[efiff ;~rfng ePsf ljb\ofnodf bf];|f]
efiffsf] ¿kdf g]kfnL efiffsf] lzIf0f–l;sfO ul/g]5 .
#= Pp6} ljb\ofnodf PseGbf a9L eflifs ;d'bfosf afnaflnsf /x]sf] cj:yfdf eflifs ;d'bfo Pjd\
ljb\ofno Joj:yfkg ;ldltn] PseGbf a9L :yfgLo dft[efiffnfO{ ljifosf] ¿kdf lzIf0fsf] Joj:yf
ldnfpg ;Sg]5 .

250
$= dft[efiffnfO{ dfWod tyf ljifosf ¿kdf ljb\ofnodf nfu" ubf{ ljb\ofnon] jx'eflifs ;d'bfosf ;a}
afnaflnsfsf] lxtnfO{ Wofgdf /fv]/ l;sfO ;/n / ;xh agfpg ;DalGwt ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt
jf gu/kflnsf / :yfgLo eflifs ;d'bfo;Fu k/fdz{ ug'{kg]{5 .
%= ljb\ofnon] dft[efiffnfO{ ljifosf] ¿kdf ljsf; ubf{ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] k|rlnt lgod sfg'gsf]
kl/lwleq /xL :yfgLo eflifs ;d'bfosf] efiff, ;+:s[lt, e]ife"iff, l;k tyf k|ljlw, d"No dfGotf
cflbnfO{ ;|f]tsf] ¿kdf cª\uLsf/ ug'{kb{5 .
ljb\
ljbofno
\ofno If]q ;'wf/ of]hgfdf ax'eflifs lzIff ;DaGwL Joj:yf
!= dft[efiffsf] dfWodaf6 k|f/lDes afnlzIff, cfwf/e"t lzIff / ;fIf/tf lzIff lbg]
@= ;g\ @)!^ ;Dddf &%)) cfwf/e"t ljb\ofnodf ax'eflifs lzIff sfo{qmd nfu" ug]{
#= ljleGg dft[efiffdf (% l;sfO ;fdu|L ljsf; ug]{
$= s]Gb|:t/df ax'eflifs lzIffsf] k|f¿k tof/ kfg]{ / lhlzsf dfkm{t\ qmdzM ljb\ofnodf nfu" ug]{
%= ;fIf/tf / lg/Gt/ l;sfO lzIffsf kf7\o ;fdu|L :yfgLo dft[efiffdff tof/ ug]{ of]hgf
^= :yfgLo efiff, ;+:s[lt, l;k / cfo;|f]tsf ;fdu|L nufot ;dfj]z u/L ;fIf/tf / lg/Gt/ l;sfO
txsf ¿kdf kf7\o;fdu|L tof/ ug]{ of]hgf
ljb\
ljbofno
\ofno :t/Lo dft[efiff ljsf; ljb\
ljbofno
\ofno Joj:yfkg pk–
pk–;ldltsf] u7g
ljb\ofno txdf dft[efiffdf lzIf0f l;sfOsf] Joj:yfdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg dft[efiffdf lzIff lbg]
ljb\ofnosf nflu b]xfo adf]lhdsf] dft[efiff ljsf; ljb\ofno Joj:yfkg pk–;ldlt /xg]5 .
-s_ ljb\ofno Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] cWoIf, —cWoIf
-v_ dft[efifL lzIfs Pshgf , —;b:o
-u_ :yfgLo dft[efiffsf hfgsf/dWo] ;|f]ts]Gb| Joj:yfkg ;ldltaf6 dgf]lgt Pshgf —;b:o
-3_ uf=lj=;=÷g=kf= k|ltlglw Pshgf —;b:o
-ª_ k|wfgfWofks —;b:o–;lrj
g]kfndf dft[efiff / kf7\ok':tssf] ljsf; -lj=;+= @)&# ;fn;Dd_
qm=;= dft[efiffsf] gfd sIff qm=;= dft[efiffsf] gfd sIff
! d}lynL !–% !# ;'g'jf/ !–%
@ ef]hk'/L !–% !$ /fhj+zL !–%
# cjwL !–% !% ofSvf !–%
$ tfdfª !–% !^ d'ufnL !–%
% lnDa" !–% !& yf? -dWoIf]q_ !
^ afGtjf /fO{ !–% !* tfdfª -;Def]6f_ !–%
& rflDnª /fO{ !–% !( lwdfn !–%
* z]kf{ !–% @) du/ !–%
-c7f/ du/ft_
( u'?ª !–% @! alHhsf $
!) du/ !–% @@ s'n'ª #
!! g]jf/ -g]kfn efiff_ !–% @# r]kfª !
!@ yf? !–% @$ vflnª /fO !
251
dft[efiffsf afn ;Gbe{;fdu|Lsf] ljj/0f -@)&# ;fn;Dd_
qm=;= dft[efiff ljwf
! d}lynL syf, hLjgL / ;+:s[lt
@ ef]hk'/L syf, hLjgL / ;+:s[lt
# lnDa" syf, hLjgL / ;+:s[lt
$ yf? syf, hLjgL / ;+:s[lt
% cjwL syf, hLjgL / ;+:s[lt
^ du/ syf, hLjgL / ;+:s[lt
& g]jf/ -g]kfn efiff_ syf, hLjgL / ;+:s[lt
* 8f]6]nL syf, hLjgL / ;+:s[lt
( ysfnL syf, hLjgL / ;+:s[lt
!) rflDnª syf, hLjgL / ;+:s[lt
!! u'?ª syf, hLjgL / ;+:s[lt
!@ z]kf{ syf, hLjgL / ;+:s[lt
!# afGtjf /fO{ syf, hLjgL / ;+:s[lt
!$ pb{" syf, hLjgL / ;+:s[lt
!% ;+:s[t syf, hLjgL / ;+:s[lt
ax'eflifs lzIff k/LIf0f sfo{qmd @)^$–@)^^ ;DaGwL hfgsf/L
• ax'eflifs lzIff k/LIf0f sfo{qmd lkmgNof08 ;/sf/sf] ;xof]udf ;+rfng ePsf]
• ax'eflifs lzIff k/LIf0f sfo{qmd ^ lhNnfdf ;+rfng ePsf]
• ax'eflifs lzIff k/LIf0f sfo{qmd &ljb\ofnodf ;rfng ul/Psf]
• ax'eflifs lzIff k/LIf0f sfo{qmd * efiffdf ;+rfng ul/Psf]

^=!% :yfgLo kf7\oj|md k|f¿k, @)&!

g]kfndf cf}krfl/s ¿kdf k|fylds lzIff kf7\oj|md, @)$( n] klxnf] k6s :yfgLo ljifo jf
dft[efiffdWo] s'g} Ps ljifo ljb\ofnon] 5gf]6 u/L k9fpg kfpg] Joj:yf u/]cg'¿k ;fKtflxs #
kf7\oef/ / !)) k"0ff{ª\ssf] cWoog÷cWofkg ug]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] lyof] . t/ pSt k|fjwfgsf] k|efjsf/L
sfof{Gjog x'g ;s]sf] kfOPg . kf7\oj|md ljsf; s]Gb|n] g} ljsf; u/]sf s]xL dft[efiffsf gd'gf
kf7\oj|md tyf kf7\o k':ts ;Lldt ljb\ofnon] k7g kf7gdf NofP eg] w]/} ljb\ofnon] cª\u|]hL, ul0ft
h:tf ljifo cWofkg u/]sf] kfOG5 . k|fylds lzIff kf7\oj|md, @)^@ df kl/dfh{g eO{ :yfgLo
kf7\oj|mdnfO{ ;d]t ljz]if dxTTj lb“b} s]xL Jofks agfpg] sfo{ eof] . kl/dflh{t kf7\oj|mddf klxn]sf]
dft[efiff / :yfgLo ljifonfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbb} kf7\oef/ j[lb\w u/L ;fKtflxs kf7\oef/ $ agfOof] eg]
;fdflhs cWoog, l;h{gfTds snf / zf/Ll/s lzIffdf @)÷@) k|ltzt ef/ :yfgLo c+zsf] ¿kdf
/fVg] Joj:yf ul/of] . :yfgLo kf7\oj|mdnfO{ sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] pb\b]Zon] :yfgLo
kf7\oj|md lgdf{0f lgb]{lzsf, @)^) ;d]t ljsf; ul/of] . :yfgLo kf7\oj|mdnfO{ dflyNnf] tx;Dd lj:tf/
ug{ pko'St x'G5 jf x'“b}g eGg] s'/f lgSof]{n ug{ If]qLo k|lltglwTj x'g] u/L ljleGg lhNnfdf cWoog
;d]t ul/of] . pSt cWoog / ljleGg If]qaf6 k|fKt ;'emfjsf] cfwf/df cfwf/e"t lzIff -sIff ^–*_
kf7\oj|md, @)^( df ;fKtflxs % kf7\oef/ / !)) k"0ff{ª\ssf] dft[efiff jf ;+:s[t jf cGo :yfgLo
252
ljifo÷cGo ljifo ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . sIff !–* s} :yfgLo ljifonfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg]
u/L :yfgLo kf7\oj|md lgdf{0f tyf sfof{Gjog ;|f]t ;fdu|L ;d]t ljsf; ul/Psf] 5 .
k|fylds lzIff kf7\oj|md, @)^@ cg';f/ æ:yfgLo ;/f]sf/jfnfsf] ;xeflutfdf :yfgLo cfjZostfcg';f/
ljifo j:t' ;dfj]z u/L lgdf{0f / sfof{Gjog x'g] kf7\oj|md g} :yfgLo kf7\oj|md xf] .Æ To;} u/L k|fylds
txsf] kf7\oj|md lgdf{0f lgb]{lzsfn] :yfgLo kf7\oj|mdn] :yfgLo cfjZostf, ljifo If]q, ljifo j:t',
z}Ifl0fs Joj:yf, ;fdu|Lsf] lgdf{0f u/L :yfgLo kl/j]zsf] lzIff lbg] s'/fnfO{ :yfgLo kf7\oj|mdsf]
;}b\wflGts cjwf/0ffsf ¿kdf l:jsf/]sf] b]lvG5 .
:yfgLo kf7\oj|md lgdf{0f / sfof{Gjog ;DaGwL ;|f]t ;fdu|L, @)^* cg';f/ æ:yfgLo ;/f]sf/jfnfsf]
cfjZostf, rfxgf / pgLx¿s} ;xeflutfdf :yfgLo ljifo j:t'nfO{ ;dfj]z u/L lgdf{0f / sfof{Gjog
x'g] kf7\oj|md g} :yfgLo kf7\oj|md xf] . :yfgLo 1fg, l;k / k|ljlwnfO{ ;d]6L tof/ kfl/Psf] kf7\oj|mdnfO{
g} :yfgLo kf7\oj|mdsf] ¿kdf lng ;lsG5, h;n] :yfgLotfnfO{ hf]8 lbG5 .Æ
/fli6«o tyf s]Gb|Lo kf7\oj|mdaf6 dfq ljljwtfo'St ;dfhsf ;a} cfjZostf k'/f gx'g] x'“bf ljljw If]qsf]
ljljw cfjZostf k'/f ug]{ ;}b\wflGts cjwf/0ffsf] cfwf/df klg :yfgLo kf7\oj|mdsf] cfjZostf dx;';
u/L o;sf] k|fjwfg /flvPsf] kfOG5 . o;sf nflu :yfgLo ljifo j:t', :yfgLo ;|f]t ;fwg, hgzlSt
cflbsf] pkof]u x'g] ePsfn] :yfgLo kf7\oj|mdsf] cfjZostf 7flgPsf] xf] . ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf]
l;b\wfGtcg';f/ ;a} If]qsf] ljsf; ug{ :yfgLo :t/df Ifdtf ljsf; ug]{ kIfnfO{ ;d]t hf]8 lbOG5 .
:yfgLo kf7\oj|mdsf] k|fjwfgn] :yfgLo :t/df g} kf7\oj|md ljsf; tyf sfof{Gjog ug]{ Ifdtf ljsf; ug{
;xof]u k'¥ofp“5 eGg] dfGotf :yflkt ug{ vfh]sf] b]lvG5 .
dflysf] s'/faf6 :yfgLo kf7\oj|md x'gsf nflu d'Vo ¿kdf lgDg lnlvt ltg kIf x'g'kg]{ b]lvG5M
-s_ :yfgLo cfjZostf
:yfgLo kf7\oj|md eGg ;fy To;n] :yfgLo cfjZostf ;d]6\g'kb{5 . :yfgLo ;d'bfosf] cfjZostfnfO{
klxrfg u/L ljsf; ul/Psf] kf7\oj|mdnfO{ dfq :yfgLo kf7\oj|md eGg ;lsG5 . o;sf nflu kf7\oj|md
ljsf; ug]{ j|mddf :yfgLo ;d'bfodf /x]sf JolStsf] ;xL tl/sfn] cfjZostf klxrfg ug{ ;Sg'kb{5 .
cGoyf :yfgLo kf7\oj|md x'g ;St}g .
-v_ :yfgLo ljifo j:t'
:yfgLo kf7\oj|mdsf] csf]{ cfwf/e"t kIf eg]sf] :yfgLo ljifo j:t' xf] . :yfgLo kf7\oj|md xf] xf]Og eg]/
hf“Rg] s;L eg]sf] :yfgLo ljifo j:t' xf] . :yfgLo kf7\oj|md x'gsf nflu h'g ;d'bfosf nflu kf7\oj|md
agfOPsf] xf] To; ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t :yfgLo 1fg, l;k, k|ljlw x'g' h?/L 5 . :yfgLo
cfjZostfcg';f/sf k];f Joj;fo, ;+:s[lt, P]ltxfl;s, ef}uf]lns, z}lIfs, /fhgLlts h'g;'s} ljifo j:t'
/fVg ;lsG5 t/ tL h'g;'s} k|sf/sf eP tfklg :yfgLo ;d'bfo;“u ;DalGwt ljifo j:t' x'g'kb{5 .
-u_ :yfgLo ;xeflutf / lj1tf
:yfgLo kf7\oj|mdsf] csf]{ cfwf/e"t kIf eg]sf] :yfgLo ;xeflutf / lj1tf klg xf] . :yfgLo kf7\oj|md
x'gsf nflu kf7\oj|md ljsf; tyf sfof{Gjog k|lj|mofdf :yfgLo ;d'bfodf /x]sf JolStsf] ;xeflutf
clgjfo{ x'G5 / o;df pgLx¿s} lj1tfsf] k|of]u ul/G5 . kf7\oj|md ljsf;df :yfgLosf] ;xeflutf ;'emfj
lbg] sfo{df, kf7\oj|md n]vgdf ljz]if1sf] ¿kdf, ljleGg ;|f]t, ;fwg / ;"rgf pknAw u/fpg] ;"rgf
;Dk|]ifssf ¿kdf lj1tfsf] pkof]u ug{ ;lsG5 . o;} u/L kf7\oj|md sfof{Gjog u/fpg] j|mddf sIff
253
sf]7fleq tyf aflx/ ljb\ofyL{{nfO{ ljleGg lj|mofsnfk u/fpg lzIfssf] ¿kdf, ;|f]t JolStsf] ¿kdf,
ljb\ofno tyf lzIfsnfO{ ;Nnfx k|bfg ug]{ ;Nnfxsf/sf] ¿kdf, ljleGg ;xof]u k|bfg ug]{ ;xof]uLsf]
¿kdf klg ;xeflutf a9fpg ;lsG5 .
s'g} ljifo :yfgLo kf7\oj|mdcGtu{t k5{ kb}{g eGg] s'/fnfO{ plNnlvt ltg cf]6f ;}b\wflGts kIfaf6 x]g{
;lsG5 . s'g} ljifo :yfgLo cfjZostf xf] xf]Og, pSt ljifodf :yfgLo ljifo j:t' ;dfj]z ul/Psf 5g\
5}gg\ / pSt ljifosf] kf7\oj|md tyf cGo ;fdu|L ljsf; / sfof{Gjog k|lj|mofdf :yfgLo ;xeflutf 5
5}g eGg] k|Zgsf] pTt/ ;sf/fTds cfPdf pSt ljifo :yfgLo kf7\oj|md dfGg ;lsG5 . tL ltg cf]6f
k|ZgdWo] ;a} jf s'g} Pssf] dfq klg gsf/fTds pTt/ k|fKt ePdf pSt kf7\oj|mdnfO{ ;}b\wflGts
¿kdf g} :yfgLo kf7\oj|mdsf] ¿kdf dfGotf lbg ;ls“b}g .
lgDg lnlvt dfGotfsf cfwf/df :yfgLo kf7\oj|md lgdf{0f ug'{k5{ M
• :yfgLo cfjZostfsf ljifo j:t'n] :yfg kfpg]
• kf7\oj|md ljsf; :yfgLo txaf6} ljsf; x'g]
• :yfgLo ef}lts / dfgjLo ;|f]tsf] pkof]u x'g]
• kf7\oj|mdk|lt ;/f]sf/jfnfsf] ckgTj /xg]
• kf7\oj|md ljsf; / sfof{Gjogdf kx'“r tyf k|efjsfl/tf clej[b\lw x'g]
• ljb\ofno / ;d'bfosf] ;DaGw ;'b[9 x'g]
• Go"g d"Nosf :yfgLo ;fdu|Lsf]] k|of]u x'g]
• ;/f]sf/jfnfsf] ;lj|mo ;xeflutf /xg]
• /fli6«o kf7\oj|md / :yfgLo kf7\oj|mdlar s]xL ;dfgtf /x] tfklg oL b'O{ kf7\oj|mdsf
lardfleGgtf w]/} 5g\ . ljleGg cfwf/af6 oL b'O{ kf7\oj|mdsf lardf /x]sf leGgtfnfO{
lgDgcg';f/ t'ngf ug{ ;lsG5 M
cfwf/ /fli6«o kf7\oj|md :yfgLo kf7\oj|md
pb\b]Zo Jofks bfo/f :fª\s'lrt bfo/f
cjwf/0ff l;b\wfGtdf cfwfl/t Jojxf/df cfwfl/t
cfjZostf /fli6«o cfjZostfdf cfwfl/t :yfgLo cfjZostf cfwfl/t
ljsf; ug]{ :yfg s]Gb|Lo :t/ :yfgLo :t/
ljsf; ljifo lj1 :yfgLo ;/f]sf/jfnf
ljifo clgjfo{ ljifodf k/Dk/fut P]lR5s ljifodf cfw'lgs wf/0ff
cjwf/0ff -ljs]Gb|Ls[t l;b\wfGtcg'¿k_
-s]Gb|Lo ;f]raf6 lgb{]lzt_
;xeflutf k|ltglwd"ns ;xeflutf Jofks ;xeflutf
kb\wlt s]Gb|af6 lgb{]lzt :jlgb{]lzt
k|s[lt ljt/0f k|0ffnLdf cfwfl/t Dffudf cfwfl/t
k|df0fLs/0f s]Gb|Lo :t/df :yfgLo :t/df
ckgTj sd a9L
254
 cfwf/ /fli6«o kf7\oj|md :yfgLo kf7\oj|md
Kff7\oj:t' :yfgLo kl/j]zdf ;fGble{s gx'g ;fGble{s, pkof]uL / u|fx\o
;Sg]
Ps¿ktf x'G5 x'“b}g
jt{dfg cj:yfdf ljZjJofkLs/0f / :yfgLos/0fsf] 1fg, l;k / k|ljlwnfO{ kf7\oj|mdn] ;+of]hg ug{'kb{5 .
o;} tYonfO{ b[li6ut u/L /fli6«o kf7\oj|md k|f¿kdf :yfgLo cfjZostfdf cfwfl/t lzIff ;DaGwL
cjwf/0ff cufl8 ;fl/Psf] 5 .
cfjZostfdf cfwfl/s cfwf/e"t tx;Ddsf] :yfgLo kf7\oj|md ljsf;, lgdf{0f / sfof{Gjo b]xfoadf]lhd
x'g] 5 M
-s_ cfwf/e"t txdf Joj:yf ul/Psf] :yfgLo ljifocGtu{t kf7\os|dn] d"n ljifosf ¿kdf tf]s]sf
ljifosf ¿kdf cª\u|]hL ljifo cWoog÷cWofkg u/fOg] 5}g .
-v_ :yfgLo ljifo j:t' ;d]6L :yfgLo lgsfosf] ;dGjodf cfjZostfcg';f/ g]kfnL, cª\u|]hL jf
dft[efiffdf :yfgLo kf7\oj|md tyf kf7\o k':ts tof/ ug{ ;lsg] 5 . ljifo j:t' 5gf]6 ubf{
k|of]ufTds tl/sfn] cWofkg ug{ ;lsg] / bL3{sfnLg ¿kdf ;sf/fTds k|efj kfg]{ k|s[ltsf x'g'kg]{
5.
-u_ :yfgLo kf7\oj|md ljb\ofnout, ;|f]t s]Gb|ut jf lhNnfu"t ¿kdf tof/ ug{ ;lsg] 5 . lhNnfe/
Pp6} vfnsf] ljifo ldNbf] b]lvPdf lhNnf :t/df / ;|f]t s]Gb| :t/df dfq ldNg] ePdf ;|f]t s]Gb|
:t/Lo ¿kdf kf7\oj|md lgdf{0f ug{ ;lsg] 5 . o;/L ;|f]t s]Gb| :t/df tof/ x'g] kf7\oj|md
ldNbfh'Nbf cfjZostf ePsf ljb\ofnonfO{ ;d"xLs[t u/]/ ljb\ofnosf] dfuadf]lhd km/s km/s
¿kdf klg ljsf; u/L k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] 5 .
-3_ :yfgLo kf7\oj|md lgdf{0fsf ;Gbe{df ;DalGwt ;|f]t s]Gb| lhDd]af/ lgsfosf ¿kdf /xg] 5 . ;|f]t
JolStn] ;f] If]qleqsf ljb\ofnosf nflu :yfgLo kf7\oj|md tyf kf7\o k':ts tof/ ug{ ;dGjo tyf
;+of]hg u/L k|fljlws ;xof]u pknAw u/fpg] 5 .
-ª_ ljb\ofyL{ ;ª\VofnfO{ Wofgdf /fVb} cleefjssf] ;Nnfx tyf k/fdz{{sf cfwf/df dft[efiffdf :yfgLo
ljifo j:t'sf] k7g kf7g ug{ ;lsg] 5 t/ dft[efifL lzIff lbg] ljb\ofnosf nflu dft[efiff ljifo jf
dfWod b'j} x'g ;Sg] 5 .
-r_ kf7\oj|mdn] tf]s]cg';f/ ljb\ofno -;fd'bflos, ;+:yfut / cGo_ n] :yfgLo ljifo clgjfo{ ¿kdf nfu"'
ug'{kg]{ 5 . ;f]sf] cg'udg lhNnf lzIff sfof{no / If]qLo lzIff lgb]{zgfnoaf6 x'g] 5 .
-5_ :yfgLo kf7\oj|md tyf kf7\o k':ts ljsf; / sfof{Gjosf nflu lzIfssf] k];fut bIftf clej[b\lw
ug{ kf7\oj|md ljsf; s]Gb| tyf z}lIfs hgzlSt ljsf; s]Gb|dfkm{t cfjZos Joj:yf ul/g] 5 .
o;sf nflu lzIff ljefun] ;xof]u ug]{ 5 .
-`_ cfwf/e"t tx -sIff !–%_ sf] ;fdflhs cWoog, l;h{gfTds snf / zf/Ll/s lzIff ljifodf
Joj:yf ePsf] @) k|ltzt :yfgLo kf7\oj|mdsf] c+z ;dfof]lhtjf cnUu} klg x'g ;Sg] 5 .
-6_ :yfgLo kf7\oj|md tyf kf7\o ;fdu|L tof/ ug{ ;/sf/L, u}/;/sf/L tyf ;fd'bflos ;ª\3
;+:yfnufotsf lgsfo;“u ;fem]bf/Ldf sfo{ ug{ clek|]l/t ul/g] 5 .
-7_ lhNnf kf7\oj|md ;dGjo ;ldltn] cfjZostfcg';f/ k|To]s ;|f]t s]Gb|df ;|f]t JolStsf] ;+of]hsTjdf
:yfgLo kf7\oj|md ljsf; tyf sfof{Gjogsf nflu ;ldlt u7g ug{ ;Sg] 5 . To:tf] ;ldltn] ;|f]t
s]Gb| Joj:yfkg ;ldlt;“u ;dGjo u/L sfo{ ug]{ 5 .
255
-8_ ljb\ofnon] :yfgLo kf7\os|d ljsf; ubf{ ;|f]t s]Gb|;“u ;dGjo u/L sfo{ ug]{ 5 .
-9_ ljb\ofno jf ;|f]t s]Gb|n] cfjZostfcg';f/ s]Gb| jf cGo lgsfoaf6 ljz]if1 ;]jf lng ;Sg] 5 .
-0f_ :yfgLo kf7\oj|md lhNnf kf7\oj|md ;dGjo ;ldltaf6 :jLs[t u/fO{ nfu"' ug'{kg]{ 5 .
-t_ lhNnf kf7\oj|md ;dGjo ;ldlt tyf If]qLo kf7\oj|md ;dGjo ;ldltn] cfjZostfg';f/ kf7\oj|md
ljsf; s]Gb|af6 k|fljlws ;]jf, ;Nnfx / ;'emfj lng ;Sg] 5g\ .
-y_ :yfgLo kf7\oj|mddf /fli6«o kf7\oj|md k|f¿ksf] efjgf k|lts"n gx'g] / wfld{s, ;f+:s[lts, ;fdflhs,
/fhg}lts tyf /fli6«o cv08tf, ;ffdl/s ;'/Iff, s'6g}lts ;DaGw, cy{tGqnufotsf /fli6«otfdf
cf“r gcfpg] k|s[ltsf ljifoj:t' ;dfj]z ug'{kg]{ 5 .
-b_ kf7\oj|mdsf cfwf/df k7gkf7g ug{ ;lsg] 5 .
-w_ :yfgLo kf7\oj|mdsf c+znfO{ dfWolds tx;Dd lj:tf/ u/L ;do;fk]If t'Nofp“b} n}hfg] gLlt
cjnDag ul/g] 5 .
-g_ lzIfs÷k|lzIfssf] Joj:yf ljb\ofno÷ljJo; jf :yfgLo lgsfoaf6 x'g] 5 .
-k_ lhNnf kf7\oj|md ;dGjo ;ldltn] :jLs[t u/]sf :yfgLo kf7\oj|mdsf] ;"rL tof/ u/L k|To]s jif{sf]
c;f/ d;fGtleq kf7\oj|md ljsf; s]Gb|df k7fpg'kg]{ 5 .
-km_ lhNnf kf7\oj|md ;dGjo ;ldlt tyf If]qLo kf7\oj|md ;dGjo ;ldltn] :jLs[t u/]sf :yfgLo
kf7\oj|mddf s'g} ljjfb l;h{gf ePdf To;sf] clGtd lg0f{o ug]{ clwsf/ kf7\oj|md ljsf; s]Gb|df
lglxt /xg] 5 .

^=!^ /fli6«o ljb\ofyL{ pknlAw k/LIf0f (NASA) k|ltj]bg

s''g} klg lzIff k|0ffnLdf l;sfO :t/sf] lg/Gt/ cg'udg u/L u'0f:t/Lo l;sfO ;'lglZrt ug{' r'gf}tLk"0f{
sfo{ xf] . o;sf nflu lzIf0fl;sfO s} s|ddf ljb\ofyL{sf] l;sfOdf ;'wf/ ug{ ;~rfng ul/g] sIffsf]7fdf
cfwfl/t k/LIf0f, ljb\ofyL{sf] of]Uotf lgwf{/0f / k|df0fLs/0f ug{ ;~rfng ul/g] ljleGg lsl;dsf
;fj{hlgs k/LIff / lzIff k|0ffnLnfO{ k[i7kf]if0f k|bfg ug{ ;~rfng ul/g] /fli6«o pknlAw k/LIf0f u/L
tLg lsl;dsf k/LIf0f ;~rfng ug{] k|rng ljZjsf clwsf+z lzIff k|0ffnLdf :yflkt 5g\ . lzIff
k|0ffnLnfO{ k[i7kf]if0f k|bfg ug{ ;~rfng ul/g] pknlAw k/LIf0f /fli6«o, If]qLo jf cGt/f{li6«o :t/df
;d]t ;~rfng ug]{ k|rng 5 . oL ljleGg :t/df ;~rfng x''g] k|foh;f] k/LIf0f k|ltlglwd"ns gd''gf
5gf]6 ul/Psf ljb\ofno tyf ljb\ofyL{df ;~rfng ul/G5 . gd''gf 5gf]6 u/L pknlAw k/LIf0f ;~rfng
vf; sIff jf pd]/ ;d"xsf ljb\ofyL{df ul/G5 . lzIffsf] u'0f:t/ cg'udg ug]{ ljleGg ljlwdWo]
ljb\ofyL{sf] l;sfO :t/sf] dfkg klg Pp6f k|rlnt ljlw xf] . /fli6«o ¿kdf l;sfO pknlAwsf] k/LIf0f
ug]{ k|rng ljZjJofkL ¿kdf ;g\ !(() sf] bzsdf ;'? eO{ g]kfndf o;sf] k|of]u ;g\ !(() sf]
kl5Nnf] cjlwaf6 ePsf] kfOG5 . ;du| lzIff k|0ffnLsf] nIo ljb\ofyL{df ck]lIft l;sfO pknlAw xfl;n
u/fpg' ePsfn] ljb\ofyL{sf] l;sfO pknlAw :t/nfO{ ;du| lzIff k|0ffnLsf] k|efjsfl/tf;Fu hf]8]/ x]g]{
ul/G5 . kf7\oqmdn] lglb{i6 u/]sf l;sfO pknlAw s] slt dfqfdf xfl;n x'g ;s] jf ;s]gg\ egL
cg'udg ug]{ d'Vo dfWod l;sfO pknlAwsf] k/LIf0f xf] . l;sfO pknlAwsf] k/LIf0f dfkm{t s'g} klg
lzIff k|0ffnL cGtu{t kf7\os|d, kf7\ok':ts, lzIfslzIff, lzIf0fl;sfO lj|mofsnfk / d"Nofª\sg
k|0ffnLdf ;'wf/ ug]{ If]qsf] klxrfg ul/G5 . To;}u/L /fli6«o :t/df lzIffsf gLlt th{'df ug]{ nufot
lzIffsf of]hgf tyf sfo{s|+d th''{df, sfof{Gjog / cg'udg tyf d"Nofª\sg h:tf sfo{df ;'wf/ ug{sf
nflu l;sfO pknlAwsf] k/LIf0faf6 k[i7kf]if0f k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 . /fli6«o :t/df ;~rfng ul/g] ljb\ofyL{
pknlAw k/LIf0faf6 k/LIf0f ul/Psf] ljifosf] cf};t l;sfO pknlAw :t/ lgwf{/0f x''gfsf ;fy} pknlAwdf
256
ePsf] ef}uf]lns, ljsf; If]qut, lhNnfut, n}ª\lus, hfthfltut, eflifs k[i7e"lddf b]lvg] ;dfgtf /
c;dfgtf klxrfg ug{ ;lsG5 . o:tf] k/LIf0fn] c;dfgtfnfO{ Oª\lut ug{'sf ;fy} o;af6 c;dfgtfnfO{
sd ug{sf] nflu gLlt tyf sfo{s|d th''{df ug{ / ;'wf/sf sfo{s|d sfof{Gjog ug{] cfwf/ k|fKt x''G5 .
pknlAw k/LIf0fsf] glthfnfO{ cGt/f{li6«o glthf;Fu t'ngf u/L ljZj ahf/df k|lt:kwL{ Ifdtf ljsf; ug]{
cfwf/ ;d]t k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 .
g]kfndf lzIff dGqfno cGtu{t ;~rflnt cfwf/e"t tyf k|fylds lzIff kl/of]hgf dfkm{t ;g\ !((&
af6 l;sfO pknlAw k/LIf0f sfo{sf] yfngL ePsf] xf] . tt\ kZrft\ lzIff dGqfno tyf lzIff ljefuaf6
lzIff ljsf; tyf cg';Gwfg s]Gb| -CERID_, lzIff ljsf; tyf ;]jf s]Gb| -EDSC_ nufotsf ;+:yfsf]
;xof]udf sIff #, $, %, * / !) df ljleGg ljifodf pknlAw k/LIf0f ;~rfng ePsf lyP . g]kfndf
Jojl:yt ¿kdf / lglZrt ;dosf] cGt/fndf :t/Ls[t ljlw / k|lj|mof k|of]u u/L pknlAw k/LIf0f ug]{
sfo{sf] yfngL z}lIfs u'0f:t/ k/LIf0f s]Gb|(ERO-Education Review Office) sf] :yfkgf kZrft\ lj=;+=
@)^* b]lv dfq ePsf] xf] .
g]]kfndf z}lIfs u''0f:t/ k/LIf0f s]Gb|åf/f ;~rflnt ljb\ofyL{sf] pknlAw k/LIf0f @)^* b]lv @)&) sf]
cjlwdf b]zsf &% cf]6} lhNnfdf ;DkGg eO;s]sf]] 5 . klxnf] jif{ -lj= ;+= @)^*_ df sIff * sf]
k/LIf0f ePsf @% lhNnfdWo] @# lhNnfdf g} lj=;+= @)&! df sIff # / % df k/LIf0f ul/Psf] 5 .;a}
jif{sf k/LIf0fdf sf7df8f}F pkTosfsf tLg cf]6} lhNnf -sf7df8f}+, eStk'/ / nlntk'/_ ;d]l6Psf 5g\ .
-s_ ljBfyL{ /fli6«o pknlAw k/LIf0f @)^* M z}lIfs u'0f:t/ k/LIf0f s]Gb| (NASA) n] @)^* ;fndf
u/]sf] g]kfnL, ul0ft / ;fdflhs cWoog ljifosf] pknlAw k/LIf0fdf lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf] kfOPsf] 5 M

plNnlvt ljifodf lnª\uut ¿kdf pknlAw x]bf{ b]xfo adf]lhd /x]sf] kfOof]M

257
-v_ National Assessment of Student Achievement 2013 (Grade 8)

of] ;ª\lIfKt k|ltj]bg ;g\ @)!# -lj= ;+= @)&)_ df g]kfndf ;~rflnt sIff * sf ljb\ofyL{sf] l;sfO
pknlAwsf] /fli6«o k/LIf0fsf] glthfsf cfwf/df tof/ ul/Psf] xf] . o; k|ltj]bgdf g]kfndf ljb\ofyL{sf]
pknlAwsf] /fli6«o k/LIf0fsf] cEof;, k/LIf0fsf pb\b]Zo, k/LIf0f ;~rfng k|ls|of, d''Vo glthf tyf
k|flKt, k|of]hg tyf lgisif{ ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 .
o; cWoogn] b]vfPsf] ljBfyL{sf] ljifout cf};t l;sfO pknlAw tn lbOPsf] 5 M
pknlAw k/LIf0f ul/Psf tLg ljifodWo] ul0ft ljifodf cGo ljifosf] t'ngfdf Go"g pknlAw b]lvPsf] 5 .
tLg cf]6} ljifodf cf};t l;sfO pknlAw:t/ %) k|ltzt eGbf dfly hfg ;s]sf]5}g . ul0ft / lj1fgsf]
t'ngfdf g]kfnLdf s]xL /fd|f] b]lvP tfklg ;du| l;sfO pknlAwsf b[li6n] o;df klg ;Gtf]if dfGg ;lsg]
cj:yf b]lvb}g .l;sfO pknlAwnfO{ k|efj kfg]{ tTjsf] ¿kdf ljleGg kIfsf] e"ldsf b]lvG5 . x/]s
ljb\ofno tyf ;Da4 ;/f]sf/jfnfn] cfkm\gf] If]qdf o;sf sf/0f vf]hL u/L / ;dfwfgsf pkfo cjnDag
ug'{ cfjZos 5 . ul0ft / lj1fg h:tf ljifodf k|f/lDes sIffb]lv g} l;sfOsf] :t/ ;'lglZrt ub}{
;'wf/sf k|of; cjnDag ug{' kg]{ b]lvG5 .

258
n}ª\lus kIfaf6 l;sfO pknlAw :t/nfO{ t'ngf ubf{ lj1fg / ul0ftdf 5fqfsf] pknlAw :t/ 5fqsf]
t'ngfdf sdhf]/ /x]sf] kfOof] eg] g]kfnL ljifodf 5fqf / 5fqsf] pknlAw aLr leGgtf /x]sf] b]lvFb}g .
of] leGgtf ul0ftdf % k|ltzt / lj1fgdf $ k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf g]kfnL ljifodf leGgtf
gx'g' / ul0ftdf w]/} leGgtf x'g'sf sf/0fsf] klxrfg ug{' cfjZos 5 . ljb\ofno lzIffsf] egf{ b/df
n}ª\lus ;dtf b]lvP klg l;sfO pknlAwdf leGgtf /x]sfn] lzIffdf k"0f{ n}ª\lus ;dtf k|fKt ug{ l;sfO
pknlAwdf /x]sf] c;dfgtf x6fog' cfjZos 5 .

l;sfO pknlAwnfO{ljb\ofnosf k|sf/sf cfwf/df ljZn]if0f ug]{ xf] eg] ;fd'bflos ljb\ofnosf] eGbf
;+:yfut ljb\ofnosf l;sfO pknlAw a9L 5 h'g tnsf] lrqaf6 k|:6 x'G5 .

;fd'bflos / ;+:yfut ljb\ofnosf aLrdf /x]sf] pknlAw :t/df ;a} eGbf w]/} leGgtf ul0ftdf -#!
k|ltzt_ /x]sf] b]lvG5 eg] o:tf] leGgtf g]kfnL / lj1fgdf a/fa/ -@#÷@# k|ltzt_ /x]sf] 5 . Pp6}
kf7\os|dsf cfwf/df lzIf0f l;sfO ls|ofsnfk ;~rfng x'g] ljb\ofnosf] pknlAw :t/df b]lvPsf] o;
k|sf/sf] leGgtfn] z}lIfs pknlAwsf] c;dfgtfnfO{ phfu/ u/]sf] 5 . o;sf nflu ljb\ofyL{{sf] ;fdflhs

259
cfly{s cj:yf klg s]xL xb;Dd lhDd]jf/ x'g ;S5, . t/ o:tf] leGgtfsf sf/0f s] s] x'g ;S5g\ eGg]
;Gbe{df yk cWoog cg';Gwfg u/L o:tf] cGt/ sd ug{] pkfo ckgfpg' cfjZos 5 . l;sfO
pknlAwdf /fd|f] ug]{ ;+:yfut ljb\ofnosf c;n cEof; ;fd'bflos ljb\ofnon] cjnDag ug{' cfjZos
x''g ;S5 . o;sf] ;fy} ef}lts k"jf{wf/ / dfgjLo ;|f]tsf b[li6n] ;a} ;fd'bflos ljb\ofnodf ;dfg cj:yf
x'g' klg cfjZos 5 . tYofª\s ljZn]if0fsf cfwf/df x]bf{ yf]/} ;ª\Vofdf ;fd'bflos ljb\ofnosf] pknlAw
:t/ ;+:yfut ljb\ofno ;/x pRr 5 eg] s]xL ;+:yfut ljb\ofnosf] pknlAw :t/ ;fd'bflos ljb\ofnosf]
h:t} sdhf]/ klg 5 .
cGo d'Vo k|flKt
• pknlAw k/LIf0fdf ;xefuL ePsf ljb\ofyL{{ / pgLx¿sf] kl/jf/sf] ;fdflhs—cfly{s cj:yf /
l;sfO pknlAwsf] cGt/;DaGw klg of] k/LIf0fn] cWoog u/]sf] 5 . ;fdfGotof kl/jf/sf] /fd|f]
;fdflhs—cfly{s cj:yfn] ljb\ofyL{{sf] l;sfOdf ;sf/fTds k|efj kf/]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 . ljb\ofyL{{sf]
afa' cfdfsf] lzIff, k];f, cWoog u/]sf] ljb\ofno -;fd'bflos / ;+:yfut_, 3/df pknAw ljleGg
z}lIfs tyf l;sfOdf ;xof]uL x'g] cGo ;fdu|Lsf] pknAwtfsf] cj:yfnfO{ ;fdflhs—cfly{s
cj:yfsf] ;"rssf ¿kdf lnOPsf] 5 . o:tf] ;"rssf cfwf/df x]bf{ ;fdflhs—cfly{s cj:yf
/fd|f] x'g] kl/jf/sf ljb\ofyL{sf] l;sfO pknlAw klg /fd|f] b]lvPsf] 5 . o:tf] leGgtf g]kfnLdf sd
/ ul0ft tyf lj1fgdf a9L kfOPsf] 5 .
• k/LIf0fdf ;xefuL ePsf ;x/L If]q / u|fdL0f If]qsf ljb\ofno aLrsf] l;sfO pknlAw t'ngf ubf{
u|fdL0f If]qsf]] t'ngfdf ;x/L If]qsf ljb\ofnosf] pknlAw :t/ pRr /x]sf] 5 . ;x/L If]qsf
ljb\ofnosf] cf};t pknlAw g]kfnLdf %& k|ltzt, ul0ftdf %@ k|ltzt / lj1fgdf %! k|ltzt
/x]sf] 5 eg] u|fdL0f If]qsf ljb\ofnosf] cf};t pknlAw g]kfnLdf $% k|ltzt, ul0ftdf @*
k|ltzt / lj1fgdf #& k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . u|fdL0f / ;x/L If]qsf ljb\ofnosf] pknlAwdf ul0ftdf
7"nf] leGgtf -@$ k|ltzt_ /x]sf] b]lvG5 eg] g]kfnLdf t''ngfTds ¿kdf sd -!@ k|ltzt_ leGgtf
/x]sf] 5 . u|fdL0f / ;x/L If]qsf ljb\ofnosf] lzIf0f l;sfO lj|mofsnfksf] ;Gbe{df l;sfO ;fdu|L,
l;sfO k|ls|of, lzIfs tyf cGo kIfdf leGgtf cWoog u/L pknlAw :t/df b]lvPsf] o:tf]
leGgtfnfO{ Go"gLs/0f ug{' cfjZos 5 . ;x/L If]qdf /x]sf ;+:yfut ljb\ofnosf] dfq geO{ ;x/L
If]qsf ;fd'bflos ljb\ofno / u|fdL0f If]qsf ;fd'bflos ljb\ofnoaLr klg o; k|sf/sf] leGgtf
kfOPsf] 5 .
• ljleGg hfthfltsf] l;sfO pknlAwsf] cj:yf cWoog ubf{ ljifo cg';f/ km/s km/s–cj:yf
kfOG5 . g]kfnL ljifodf a|fXd0f / If]qL ;d'bfosf ljb\ofyL{{sf] l;sfO pknlAw pRr -%$ k|ltzt_
/x]sf] 5 eg] dw];L ;d'bfosf ljb\ofyL{{sf] pknlAw t''ngfTds ¿kdf Go"g -#& k|ltzt_ /x]sf]
5 .g]kfnL ljifodf g} hghflt ljb\ofyL{{sf] pknlAw cf};t eGbf dfly -$( k|ltzt_ /x]sf] 5 . t/
blnt ;d''bfosf ljb\ofyL{sf] l;sfO pknlAw cf};teGbf sd -$@ k|ltzt_ /x]sf] 5 . o;}u/L
ul0ftdf blnt -@$ k|ltzt_ ;d'bfosf ljb\ofyL{{sf] eGbf dw];L -@( k|ltzt_ ;d'bfosf ljb\ofyL{{sf]
pknlAw pRr /x]sf] b]lvG5 . lj1fgdf hghflt ;d'bfosf ljb\ofyL{{sf] pknlAw :t/ ;a}eGbf pRr
-$% k|ltzt_ /x]sf] 5 eg] blntsf] #% k|ltzt, dw];Lsf] #^ k|ltzt / a|fXd0f / If]qLsf] $!
k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . ;du|df x]bf{ a|fXd0f / If]qLsf] pknlAw :t/ /fd|f] b]lvG5 eg] blnt / dw];L
;d'bfosf ljb\ofyL{{sf] sdhf]/ /x]sf] 5 . hghflt ljb\ofyL{{sf] pknlAw :t/ dWod /x]sf] 5 .
l;sfO :t/df b]lvg] o:tf] leGgtfsf s] s:tf ;fdflhs, cfly{s, ;fF+:s[lts jf cGo sf/0f s] s]
260
 x'g ;S5g\ eGg] s''/f klxrfg ug{' dxTjk"0f{ 5 . To;}u/L k|To]s ljb\ofnon] ljb\ofyL{{sf] pknlAwdf
b]lvg] o:tf] leGgtf sd ug{ lzIf0fl;sfO lj|mofsnfk nufot ;du| ljb\ofno jftfj/0fdf Wofg
lbg' cfjZos 5 .
• ljb\ofyL{{sf] d'Vo l;sfO ;fdu|L / lzIfssf] ;xof]uL ;fdu|Lsf] ¿kdf kf7\ok':ts /x]sf] x'G5 .
ljb\ofyL{{sf] l;sfO :t/nfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] pknAwtfn] klg k|efj kf/]sf] b]lvG5 . pknlAw
k/LIf0fdf ;xefuL ePsf s''n ljb\ofyL{{ dWo] #=^ k|ltzt;Fu z}lIfs ;qsf] cGt;Dd klg
kf7\ok':ts gePsf] of] cWoogn] b]vfPsf] 5 .
• ljb\ofnosf] ;doeGbf afx]s -laxfg jf a]n'sf_ ljb\ofyL{n] s] sfd u5{g\ / pgLx¿n] pSt ;dodf
ug]{ sfdn] pknlAw :t/df s:tf] leGgtf NofpF5 eGg] ;DaGwdf of] cWoogn] s]xL tYo vf]hL
u/]sf] 5 . pknlAw k/LIf0fsf] k[i7e"ld k|ZgfjnLdf ljb\ofno afx]ssf] ;dodf s] sfd ug{' x'G5 /
pSt sfddf slt ;do lbg'x'G5 eGg] k|Zgaf6 k|fKt ePsf] tYofª\snfO{ ljZn]if0f ubf{ 3/fo;L
sfddf slTt klg ;do JotLt gug]{ / # 306f eGbf a9L ;do 3/fo;L sfddf JotLt ug{]
ljb\ofyL{sf] l;sfO pknlAw sdhf]/ /x]sf] kfOof] eg] ! b]lv @ 306f;Dd 3/sf] sfd ubf{ l;sfO
pknlAw :t/df leGgtf gcfpg] b]lvPsf] 5 . t/ o;df csf]{ ljrf/0fLo kIf s] 5 eg] Hofnf
cfpg]] sfddf ;xefuL x'g] ljb\ofyL{n] hlt ;''s} sd ;do sfd u/] klg To:tf ljb\ofyL{sf] pknlAw
cGo ljb\ofyL{sf] eGbf sd b]lvof] . Hofnfdf sfd ug{] s'/f ;fdfGotof Go""g cfly{s—;fdflhs
cj:yf;Fu klg ;DalGwt x'g] ePsfn] o:tf ljb\ofyL{sf] pknlAw sdhf]/ x''g] :ki6 5 .
• ljb\ofyL{n] s'g} klg k|Zgsf] pTt/ lbgsf nflu k|of]u ug{' kg]{ dfgl;s ls|of cyjf pTt/ 3f]Sg]
jf s07 ug]{, a'‰g} kg]{, hfg]sf] 1fg tyf l;knfO{ Jojxf/df k|of]u ug]{, ljZn]if0f ug{'kg]{ tyf
d"Nofª\sg ug{'kg]{ cfwf/df k|ZgnfO{ ljleGg ;+1fgfTds txdf ljefhg ul/G5 / o; k|sf/sf] tx
cg';f/ ljb\ofyL{sf] l;sfO pknlAw :t/nfO{ ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5 . o; cg';f/ x]bf{ ljleGg
ljifodf ;+1fgfTds txsf] ljb\ofyL{sf] pknlAwnfO{ tnsf] tflnsfdf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . tflnsf @
;+1fgfTds tx cg';f/ l;sfO pknlAw

km\
km\Nof;
Nof; l/kf]6{, @)&$ sf cg';f/ u'0f:t/ ;DaGwL gf;faf6 ePsf] cWoogsf] cj:yf

• The promotion and repetition rates in Grade One are 82.5% (80.9% in the last school year) and
13.9% (14.3% in the last school year) respectively.
• The promotion and repetition rates in grade 5 are 92.9% and 4.1% respectively.
• The promotion and repetition rates in grade 8 are 90.6% and 3.9% (90.0% and 4.3% in the last
school year) respectively.

261
• The overall survival rate to grade five is 88.3% with 89.3% for girls and 87.3% of boys
(Compared to total 87.0%, with 86.6% for boys and 87.2% for girls in the last school year).
• The overall survival rate to grade eight is 77.4% with 77.7% for girls and 77.1% of boys
(compared to total 75.9%, with 75.2% for boys and 76.2% for girls in the last school year).
• The overall survival rate to grade ten is 57.1%, with 56.5% for boys and 57.6% for girls.
• According to the National Assessment of Student Achievement (NASA) report (2013), the
average students’ learning achievements in Grade 8 are 35% in Mathematics, 48% in Nepali and
41% in Social studies subjects.
• According to the NASA report (2012), the average students’ learning achievements in Grade 5
are 53.3% in Mathematics, 59.7% in Nepali and 53.6% in English subjects.
• According to the NASA report (2015), the average students’ learning achievements in Grade 5
are 48.7% in Mathematics, 46.3% in Nepali and 46.8% in English subjects.
• According to the NASA report (2012), the average students’ learning achievements in Grade 3
are 59.4% in Mathematics and 62.6% in Nepali subjects.
• According to the NASA report (2015), the average students’ learning achievements in Grade 3
are 45.3% in Mathematics and 51.5% in Nepali subjects.
• Based on the NASA reports (2011 and 2012), the districts - Achham, Bardiya, Jumla, Khotang,
Mahottari, Rolpa, Saptari, Udayapur and also the Eastern- and Mid-Western development regions
have low level of achievements. It is worth mentioning here that similar situations have been
observed in these districts and regions with regard to their internal efficiency as demonstrated in
the Flash I Report, 2016-017.
• The student-teacher ratios (based on the approved positions of teachers) in community schools
are 33:1 (34:1 in the last school year) at primary level, 60:1 (60:1 in the last school year) at lower
secondary level and , 40:1 (39:1 in the last school year) at secondary level, highlighting the need
of increasing teacher positions, especially at lower secondary level.
• The average percentage of students who received the full sets of textbooks, within the second
week of the academic year 2017-018, was 90.9% (87.6% in the last school year) at primary level,
91.3% (90.3% in the last school year) at basic level and 94.2% (91.7% in the last school year) at
secondary level.
Altogether 69 local languages have been used in 7,955 schools in grade 1 classes, 7,221 schools in
grade 2 classes, 6,357 in schools in grade 3 classes, 4,929 schools in grade 4 classes and 4,749
schools in grade 5 classes as the medium of instruction in the classroom teaching and learning
activities at primary level.

262
 kl/R5]b M ;ft

z}lIfs of]hgf / sfof{Gjog ;+oGq

&=! jflif{s sfo{of]hgf, b}lgs, PsfO tyf jflif{s z}Ifl0fs of]hgf lgdf{0f / sfo{fGjog
ljb\ofnosf] lzIf0f l;sfO{ k|lj|mofnfO{ Jojl:yt / k|efjsf/L 9+un] ;~rfng ug{ lgdf{0f ul/g] of]hgfnfO{
z}Ifl0fs of]hgf elgG5 .ljb\ofnodf s'g sfd, slxn], s;/L, s–s;n] ug]{ egL tof/ kfl/Psf] Jojl:yt
vfsf sIff sf]6f Joj:yfkg of]hgf, aflif{s sfo{kfqf], aflif{s z}Ifl0fs of]hgf, PsfO of]hgf, b}lgs
kf7of]hgf, b}lgs tyf ;fKtflxs sfo{tflnsf cflb o;sf pbfx/0f x'g\ .
z}Ifl0fs of]hgf dxTTj
• lzIf0f l;sfO k|lj|mofdf lgoldttf, :yfloTj, lg/Gt/tf lbg,
• kf7\oqmdn] tf]s]sf p2]Zo tf]lsPs} ;dodf ;/n / ;xh 9+un] k"/f ug{ u/fpg,
• ljBfyL{sf] JolStut leGgtfsf cfwf/df ljljwtf ;lxt lzIf0f k|lj|mofnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg,
• lzIfs tyf ljBfyL{n] pknAw ;do / ;|f]t ;fwgsf] ;xL Joj:yfkg u/L clwstd pkof]u ug{,
• lzIfsnfO{ cfTdlge{/, d]xglt, sd{7, ;Ifd, lhDd]jf/ / ;do ;fk]If agfpg,
• lzIfs, ljBfyL{, cleefjs, k|wfgfWofksaLrsf] ;DaGw ;'dw'/ agfpg,
• :yfgLo :t/df pknAw ;|f]t;fwgsf] clwstd pkof]u u/L lzIf0f l;sfOsf ;d:of xn ug{
nufot .
!= aflif{s sfo{kfqf] -aflif{s sfo{tflnsf_
Ps z}lIfs ;qdf ljb\ofnodf ul/g] ;a} lj|mofsnfk pNn]v ul/Psf] k"j{of]hgfnfO{ aflif{s sfo{kfqf]
elgG5 . of] k|wfgfWofkssf] g]t[Tjdf lzIfs / Joj:yfkg ;ldlt tyf ;|f]t JolSt, ljBfno lg/LIfs
;d]tsf] k/fdz{ Pjd\ k|fljlws ;xof]udf z}lIfs ;qsf] z'?df g} lgdf{0f ul/G5 . o;df aif{e/Lsf
ljbfsf lbg 5'6o\ fO{ afFsL lbgdf ul/g] k7gkf7g, k/LIff, glthf k|sfzg, cltl/Qm lj|mofsnfk,
cleefjs e]nf, :6fkm a}7s cflb h:tf ljifo :ki6 u/L /flvPsf] x'G5 . o;nfO{ljb\ofnosf] ;Dk"0f{
ultljlw k|ltljlDat ug]{ P]gf klg elgG5 . o; of]hgfsf] dxTTjnfO{ tnsf] a'Fbfaf6 :ki6 kfg{ ;lsG5 .
• aif{e/Ldf ljb\ofnodf ul/g] ;a} lj|mofsnfksf] hfgsf/L :ki6;Fu lng ;lsg],
• ;a} lj|mofsnfk ;~rfng ug{ k"j{ of]hgf lgdf{0f ug{ tyf ;dod} sfo{;Dkfbg ug{ ;xh agfpg],
• ljb\ofnodf cfPsf aflx/L JolStn] klg ljb\ofnodf x'g] u/]sf lj|mofsnfksf] :ki6 af]w ug{
;Sg],
• cfsl:ds ¿kdf ljb\ofno aGb x'g uPdf ;f] lbgsf] ultljlwsf] Ifltk"lt ug{ s'g} ljbfsf] lbg
pkof]u ug{ ;lsg],

263
 • ljb\ofnosf ;a} ultljlw Jojl:yt ¿kdf ;~rfng ug{ ;3fp k'¥ofpg],
• cGo z}Ifl0fs of]hgf lgdf{0f ug{sf nflu cfwf/ k|bfg ug]{ nufot
aflif{s sfo{tflnsf cGo z}Ifl0fs of]hgf lgdf{0fsf nflu cfwf/ xf] . o;}sf cfwf/df aflif{s z}Ifl0fs
of]hgf nufotsf z}Ifl0fs of]hgf lgdf{0f ul/G5 . o;df k|To]s dlxgfsf] k|To]s lbg s'g s'g sfo{j|md
;~rfng ul/G5 eGg] s'/f :ki6;Fu /flvPsf] x'G5 . s;}n] aflif{s sfo{tflnsf x]/]kl5 ljb\ofnosf]
aif{e/Lsf ultljlwsf] k"/f hfgsf/L lng ;S5 . aflif{s sfo{tflnsf lzIfs :6fkmsf] ;xeflutfdf
k|wfgfWofksn] lgdf{0f u/L ljb\ofnon] sfof{Gjog ug]{ of]hgf xf] .
@= aflif{s z}Ifl0fs of]hgf -aflif{s kf7of]hgf_
Ps z}lIfs ;qdf s'g} Ps ljifosf] lzIf0f l;sfOnfO{ k|efjsf/L Pjd\ of]hgfa4 ¿kdf ;~rfng ug{
ljifo lzIfsåf/f lgdf{0f ul/g] of]hgfnfO{ aflif{s kf7of]hgf elgG5 . aflif{s sfo{kfqf]af6 aif{e/Ldf k9fO{
x'g] lbg ls6fg u/L ;f]xL cfwf/df o; of]hgfsf] lgdf{0f ul/G5 . o; of]hgfdf k|To]s PsfO lzIf0f ug{
nfUg] lkl/o8, ljifoj:t', p2]Zo, l;sfO{ ;fdu|L, lzIf0f ljlw h:tf s'/f v'nfO{Psf] x'G5 . o; of]hgfn]
k|To]s ljifosf] lzIf0f ;doa4 agfO{ ;dod} sf]if{ k"/f ug{ 6]jf k'¥ofpF5 . aflif{s sfo{tflnsf /
kf7\oj|md / lzIfs lgb]{lzsf cfwf/df aflif{s z}Ifl0fs of]hgf lgdf{0f ul/G5 . aflif{s z}Ifl0fs of]hgf
ljifo lzIfsn] lgdf{0f u/L sfof{Gjog ug]{ of]hgf xf] . aflif{s kf7of]hgf jf aflif{s z}Ifl0fs of]hgfsf
cfjZostf / dxTTjnfO{ :ki6 kfg{ b]xfosf a'Fbfn] ;xof]u ub{5g\ .
• lzIf0f l;sfOlj|mofsnfknfO{ ;doa4, l;nl;n]af/, p2]Zod"ns ¿kdf cl3 a9fpg .
• kf7\oqmddf tf]lsPsf p2]Zo, l;sfO pknlAw / ;doaLr ;Gt'ng sfod u/fO{ ;dod} sf]if{
k"/f ug{ .
• PsfO of]hgf / b}lgs kf7of]hgf lgdf{0f ug{ .
• k|To]s lzIfsnfO{ cfkm"n] lzIf0f ug]{ ljifok|lt lhDd]jf/ agfpg .
• aflif{s sfo{kfqf] sfof{Gjogdf ;xh / ;/n agfpg .
• lzIf0fsf nflu cfjZos l;sfO{ ;fdu|L ;lxt k"j{ tof/L ug{ dfu{lgb]{z ug{ .

aflif{s kf7of]hgfsf] vfsf

ljb\ofnosf] gfdM z}lIfs ;qM ljifoM

j|m;+= PsfO kf7zLif{s kf7\oef/ cWofkg l;sfO ljlw÷ l;sfO s}lkmot

cjlw pknlAw /0fgLlt ;fdu|L
lj|mofsnfk
!
@
#
#= PsfO of]hgf
k|To]sPsfOsf] k|efjsf/L 9+un] lzIf0f ug{sf] nflu pQm PsfO z'? x'g'eGbf cufj} k"/f PsfO lzIf0fsf
p2]Zo, lzIf0fdf nfUg] ;do, l;sfO{ ;fdu|L, d"Nofª\sg, lzIf0f ljlw Pjd\ lj|mofsnfk h:tf s'/f ;d]6]/
agfOPsf] of]hgfnfO{ PsfO of]hgf elgG5 . PsfO of]hgf ;DalGwt ljifosf] kf7\oj|md / jflif{s z}Ifl0fs
264
of]hgfsf] cfwf/df lgdf{0f ul/G5 . o;n] b}lgs kf7of]hgf agfpg lbzflgb]{z ub{5 . PsfO of]hgfsf]
dxTTjnfO{ tnsf] a'Fbfaf6 :ki6 kfg{ ;lsG5 .
• s'g} klg PsfO lzIf0f l;sfOsf nflu kf7\oqmdn] tf]s]sf] ;dofjlwdf k"/f ug{ ;xof]u
ub{5 .
• b}lgs kf7of]hgf lgdf{0f ug{df ;xof]u ub{5 .
• k|To]sPsfO k"/f ePkl5 jf lzIf0fs} qmddf klg lgdf{0ffTds d"Nofª\sg ug{ dfu{lgb]{z
ub{5 .
• aflif{s kf7of]hgf adf]lhd agfOg] ePsf]n] ck|ToIf ¿kdf aflif{s kf7of]hgf sfof{Gjogdf
klg 6]jf lbG5 .
PsfO of]hgfsf] vfsf

ljb\ofnosf] gfdM z}lIfs ;qM ljifoM

PsfOM kf7zLif{sM cg'dflgt 306LM
kf7utl;sfO pknlAwM
lbg ljifoj:t' ljlzi6 pb\b]Zo ljlw÷/0fgLlt l;sfO ;fdu|L d"Nofª\sg s}lkmot
-kf7ut ¿kdf_ -lj|mofsnfk_ ljlw
!
@
===

$= b}lgs tyf ;fKtflxs sfo{tflnsf

Ps xKtfleqdf zlgaf/ afx]s lzIf0f l;sfOdf k|of]u ul/g] ;donfO{ kf7\oqmdsf] kf7\oef/ cg';f/
lkl/o8df ljeQm u/L s'g s'g lkl/o8df s; s;n] s'g s'g sIffdf s'g s'g ljifo lzIf0f ug]{ egL
lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] of]hgfnfO{ b}lgs tyf ;fKtflxs sIff ;~rfng tflnsf elgG5 . of] of]hgf lzIfssf]
;xof]u / ;xsfo{df k|wfgfWofksn] lgdf{0f ub{5g\ . o; of]hgfsf kmfObf tn lbOPsf] 5 .
• ljb\ofnodf sfo{/t ;Dk"0f{ lzIfssf] ?lr, rfxgf, Ifdtf of]Uotf / cfjZostf adf]lhd
sfo{ljefhg ug{ d2t ub{5 .
• ljb\ofnosf] ;|f]t ;fwg / zlStsf] clwstd pkof]u ug]{ jftfj/0f l;h{gf ub{5 .
• kf7\oqmdn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] ljifout kf7\oef/ cg';f/ ljb\ofnosf] sIff ;~rfng x'g]
;'lglZrtf ub{5 .
• ljb\ofnosf] k7gkf7g sfo{nfO{ ;'rf? ¿kdf ;~rfng ug{ ;a} lzIfsnfO{ lhDd]jf/
agfpF5 .

265
 b}lgs tyf ;fKtflxs sfo{tflnsfsf] vfsf
lkl/o8→ klxnf] bf];|f] t];|f] rf}yf] kfFrf} 5}6f}+ ;ftf}+
sIff
↓
!
@

&= b}lgs kf7of]hgf

lzIfsn] s'g} Ps ljifosf] s'g} Ps kf7 lzIf0f ug{ jf s'g} Ps lkl/o8 lzIf0f ug{ sIffsf]7fdf k|j]z
ug'{ cl3 sIffdf uP/ s] s] lj|mofsnfk ;~rfng ug]{ < s] s:tf p2]Zo xfl;n u/fpg] < s'g s'g
l;sfO{ ;fdu|Lsf] k|of]u ug]{ < s:tf ljlw k|of]u u/L d"Nofª\sg ug]{ < ljBfyL{ pTk|]/0ff hufpg s] ug]{ <
u[xsfo{ s] lbg] < eGg] h:tf k|Zgsf] hjfkm cfpg] u/L lgdf{0f ul/g] of]hgfnfO{ g} b}lgs kf7of]hgf
elgG5 .
b}lgs kf7of]hgfsf kfFr cª\u qmdzM ljlzi6 p2]Zo, l;sfO{÷z}lIfs ;fdu|L, lzIf0f l;sfOlj|mofsnfk,
d"Nofª\sg / u[xsfo{ x'g\ . b}lgs kf7of]hgfsf kmfObf tn lbOPsf] 5 .
• lzIfsn] sIffdf ug]{ lzIf0f l;sfOsf ultljlwnfO{ ;';+ul7t / Jojl:yt agfpF5 .
• ljBfyL{nfO{ s], lsg, s;/L, slt lzIf0f ug]{ eGg] jf/]df :ki6 dfu{lgb]{z ub{5 .
• o;n] lzIfsdf cfTdljZjf; a9fpg'sf] ;fy} of]hgfa4 ¿kdf lzif0f ug]{ afgLsf] ljsf;
u/fpF5 .
• lzIf0fnfO{ p2]Zod"ns, k|efjsf/L Pjd\ dgf]/~hgfTds ¿kdf cl3 a9fpg d2t ub{5 .
• sIff lzIf0f / l;sfOsf] nflu lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] ;dosf] clwstd pkof]u ug{ ;3fpF5 .
• ljBfyL{df ljZjf; / cg'zf;gsf] efjgf ljsf; u/fpF5 .ljBfyL{df klg d]xgtL afgLsf] ljsf;
x'G5 .
• sIffdf ul/g] lj|mofsnfknfO{ l;nl;n]af/, qmda4 / ;/nb]lv hl6nsf] qmddf ;~rfng ug{
dfu{lgb]{z ub{5 .
b}lgs kf7of]hgf lgdf{0f ug'{ cl3 lzIfsdf lgDg s'/fsf] 1fg x'g' cfjZos x'G5 .
• kf7\oa:t'sf] lj:t[t / :ki6 1fg
• ;DalGwt ljifosf] txut, sIffut / kf7ut ljlzi7 p2]Zosf] 1fg,
• Jofjxfl/s p2]Zo lgdf{0f ug{ ;Sg] l;k,
• :yfgLo :t/df kfOg] sd d"Nosf / k};f gkg]{ l;sfO{ ;fdu|L rog, ;+sng, lgdf{0f / k|of]u ug]{
l;k,
• lzIf0f ljlw, k|lj|mof, tl/sf, /0fgLltsf] 1fg / cfjZostf cg';f/ ltgsf] 5gf]6 ug]{ Ifdtf,
• ljleGg lj|mofsnfkdf nfUg] ;do lgwf{/0f ug]{ Ifdtf,

266
 • afnaflnsfsf] k"j{1fg, kl/kSjtf, l;sfOk|ltsf] ?lr, rfxgf, k|j[lQ cflb dgf]j}1flgs kIfsf]
1fg,
• lgdf{0ffTds d"Nofª\sgsf ljljw tl/sfsf] 1fg / ltgLsf] k|of]u ug]{ l;k cflb .
• cfjZostf cg';f/ Remidal teching dfkm{t yk ;xof]u ug]{ u/fpg] Ifdtf .

&=@ ljb\ofno ljsf; k|:tfj

ljb\ofnosf] ljsf;sf nflu k|wfgfWofksn] ljz]if e"ldsf v]Ng'kg]{ x'G5 . ljb\ofnosf] g]t[Tj ;Dxfn]sf
k|wfgfWofksn] cfkm\gf] ljb\ofnonfO{ s:tf] agfpg] eGg] ;DaGwdf :ki6 b"/b[li6 ;lxtsf] of]hgf th'{df
u/L sfof{Gjog ug'{k5{ . ljb\ofno ljsf; of]hgf lgdf{0f ug'{ cl3 To;sf] nflu ljb\ofno ljsf;
k|:tfjsf] lgdf{0f ul/G5 . k|wfgfWofks 5gf]6sf] Ps dxTjk"0f{ cfwf/sf] ¿kdf ljb\ofno ljsf;
k|:tfjnfO{ lnOPsf] 5 . ljb\ofnosf] ef}lts, z}lIfs, cfly{s / Joj:yfksLo kIfsf] ;'wf/df s]lGb|t /xg]
of] k|:tfj ljb\ofnosf] ;'wf/sf] nflu sf]z]9'+uf g} ;fljt x'g] ck]Iff ;d]t ul/Psf] 5 .
lzIff lgodfjnLsf] lgod (# df Joj:yf ePadf]lhd k|wfgfWofks 5gf]6sf nflu ljb\ofno ljsf;
k|:tfj agfO{ k|wfgfWofkssf] ;Defljt pDd]bjf/ x'g] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . ljb\ofno ljsf; k|:tfjsf]
vfsf lzIff lgodfjnL, @)%( sf] cg';"rL !# -s_ df lbOPsf] 5 . ljb\ofno ljsf; k|:tfjsf] 9fFrf tn
k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
ljb\ofno ljsf; k|:tfjsf] 9fFrf
aflx/L k[i7
>L =======-gfd_=========dfWolds ljb\ofno, ========-7]ufgf_=========
ljb\ofno ljsf; k|:tfj
=========== b]lv ======

lgdf{0fstf{
================-gfd_===================
-k|f/lDes efuM o;df cfkm\gf] egfO{, ljifo;"rL, tflnsf ;"rL, afs;sf] ;"rL cflb cfjZos s'/f /fVg]_

267
 v08 PsM ljb\ofnosf] cj:yf ljZn]if0f
!=! k[i7e"ld
!=@ ljb\ofnosf] ;]jfIf]qsf] ljZn]if0f
!=@=! ljb\ofnosf] ;]jfIf]qM ;]jfIf]qleq kg]{ ufpF, zx/, 6f]n v'nfpg] / k"j{ lgwf{l/t rf/
lsNnfsf] ljj/0f pNn]v ug]{ .
!=@=@ ;]jfIf]qsf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ef}lts, k|fs[lts cj:yfM ;]jfIf]qleqsf gful/ssf] k]zf,
cfly{s ultljlw, ul/aLsf] cj:yf, ljsf;sf k"jf{wf/sf] cj:yf, ;fdflhs ;r]tgfsf]
:t/, k|fs[lts ;|f]t;fwg cflb ljifosf] ;+lIfKt ljZn]if0f ug]{ .
!=@=# ;]jfIf]qsf] hg;f+lVos tyf z}lIfs cj:yf ljZn]if0fM ;]jfIf]qsf] hg;+Vofsf] ljj/0f /
pQm If]qsf] z}lIfs ;"rssf] cj:yf -h:t} ;fIf/tf, ljb\ofnosf] kx'Fr_ gful/ssf]
lzIffk|ltsf] rf;f], hg;xeflutf cflb ljifosf] ljZn]if0f ug]{ .
!=# ljb\ofnosf] df}h'bf cj:yfsf] ljZn]if0f
!=#=! ljb\ofnosf] ef}lts cj:yfsf] ljZn]if0fM ljb\ofnosf] hUuf, ejg, kmlg{r/, zf}rfno,
k|of]uzfnf, ICT, vfg]kfgL cflb ef}lts ;|f]t;fwgsf] ljj/0f, ltgLsf] kof{Kttf /
pkof]usf] cj:yf ;DaGwdf ljZn]if0f ug]{ .
!=#=@ ljb\ofnosf] z}lIfs cj:yfsf] ljZn]if0fM ljBfyL{sf] ljj/0f -egf{b/, l6sfp b/, sIff
r9\g] b/, l;sfO pknlAw :t/ cflb ;"rssf cfwf/df_, lzIfs ljj/0f - lzIfssf]
gfd, 7]ufgf, z}lIfs of]Uotf, tflnd, ;]jf cjlw, cWofkg ug]{ ljifo cflb_ sf] tYof+s
k|:t'tLs/0f u/L cj:yfsf] ;+VofTds / u'0ffTds ljZn]if0f ;d]t ug]{ . ljBfyL{sf]
z}lIfs pknlAw:t/sf] af/]df ;d]t yk ljZn]if0f ug]{ .z}Ifl0fs of]hgf, l;sfO{ ;fdu|L
k|of]u, lg/Gt/ d"Nof+sgsf] cj:yf, k/LIff Joj:yfkg, kf7\oqmd Pjd\ kf7\ok':ts
k|of]usf] cj:yf cflb ljifodf klg ljZn]if0f ug]{ .
!=#=# ljb\ofnosf] cfly{s cj:yfsf] ljZn]if0fM ljb\ofnosf] n]vf k|0ffnL, cfo;|f]t, ;|f]t
kl/rfng, cfo Joosf] ljj/0f sfg'gL tyf ;fdflhs kl/If0f k|:t't u/L To;sf]
cfjZos ljZn]if0f ;d]t ug]{ .
!=#=$ ljb\ofnosf] Joj:yfksLo cj:yfsf] ljZn]if0fM ljb\ofno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt, lzIfs
cleefjs ;+3, ;d'bfosf] ;lj|motf Pjd\ ;xof]u ;DaGwdf ljZn]if0f ug]{ .
!=#=$ cltl/Qm lj|mofsnfksf] ljZn]if0fM v]ns'b, ;bg ljefhg, ;flxlTos ultljlw, ;+uLt,
afn Sna u7g, ;/;kmfO{ cleofg, au+}rf Joj:yfkg, cleefjs hfu/0f cflb ljifodf
ljZn]if0f ug]{ .
!=$ ljb\ofnosf] /0fgLlts -;jn kIf, b'j{n kIf, cj;/ / r'gf}tL_ ljZn]if0f
!=$=! ljb\ofnosf] ;jn kIfM dflysf] ljZn]if0fsf] cfwf/df ;jn kIf kQf nufO{ a'Fbfut
¿kdf n]Vg] .
!=$=@ ljb\ofnosf] ;'wf/ ug'{kg]{ kIfM dflysf] ljZn]if0f ;d]tsf] cfwf/df ;'wf/ ug'{kg]{ kIf
a'Fbfut ¿kdf n]Vg] .

268
 !=$=# ljb\ofnosf cj;/M ljb\ofnonfO{ ljleGg If]qaf6 x'g ;Sg];xof]usf] ;DefJotfsf]
cfwf/df cj;/ ls6fgL ug]{ .
!=$=$ ljb\ofnosf r'gf}tLM ljb\ofnon] ;fdgf ug'{ k/]sf / eljiodf klg ;fdgf ug'{kg]{ r'gf}tL
a'Fbfut ¿kdf pNn]v ug]{ .
v08 b'O{M ljb\ofno ;'wf/ k|:tfj
@=! ljb\ofnosf] b"/b[li6M ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt, lzIfs cleefjs ;+3 / :6fkmsf] a}7s a;L
bL3{sfnLg ;f]r to ug]{ .
@=@ ljb\ofnosf] p2]Zo M bL3{sfnLg ;f]r k"/f ug{ ljb\ofnosf p2]Zo lgwf{/0f ug]{ .
@=# ljb\ofnosf ljBdfg ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg / ljb\ofnosf] ;'wf/
@=#=! ;d:of ;dfwfgsf nflu ul/g] k|d'v ;'wf/ sfo{
@=#=@ ;'wf/ sfo{sf] k|fyldsLs/0f
@=#=# ljb\ofnosf] cj:yf ;'wf/ ug{sf] nflu cjnDag ul/g] d'Vo /0fgLlt
@=$ ljb\ofno ;'wf/sf] # aif]{ sfo{of]hgf
;'wf/sf] If]q ;'wf/sf sfo{ k|lj|mof lhDd]jf/L pknlAw ;|f]t ;dofjlw
lj|mofsnfk ;"rs Joj:yf
ef}lts kIf 1.
2.
cfly{s kIf 3.
4.
z}lIfs kIf 5.
6.
Joj:yfksLo 7.
kIf 8.
cltl/Qm 9.
lj|mofsnfk 10.

;d'bfo;Fu 11.
;DaGw

&=# ljb\ofno ;'wf/ of]hgf, ufpF÷gu/ lzIff of]hgf / lhNnf lzIff of]hgf lgdf{0f /
sfof{Gjog
z}lIfs ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf] qmddf of]hgf lgdf{0fdf klg ljs]Gb|Ls/0f ul/Psf] kfOG5 . k~rfotsfn;Dd
z}lIfs of]hgf s]lGb|s[t ¿kdf aGg] ub{y] eg] k|hftGqsf] k'gMaxfnL kZrft\ hg;xeflutfd"ns 9+un]
hgtfsf] ljsf; of]hgf n] g} th'{df / sfof{Gjog ug{ kfpg'k5{ eGg] dfGotfnfO{ d"t{ ¿k lbg] qmddf
lhNnf lzIff of]hgf, ufpF lzIff of]hgf / ljb\ofno ;'wf/ of]hgf lgdf{0fsf] z'?cft ul/Psf] 5 .
xfn;Ddsf] cEof;nfO{ x]bf{ ljb\ofno ;'wf/ of]hgf / lhNnf lzIff of]hgf agfpg] sfo{n] lgoldt
269
;+:sf/sf] ¿k lng yfn]sf] b]lvG5 eg] ufpF, gu/ lzIff of]hgf lgdf{0f k"0f{ ¿kdf ;a} txdf gagL;s]sf]
cj:yf 5 . oL tLg k|sf/sf z}lIfs of]hgfsf] af/]df tn 5'6\6f5'6\6} JofVof ul/Psf] 5 .
lzIffof]hgfaLr cGt/ ;DaGw
o;}u/L ljsf;sf of]hgf lgdf{0f ug]{ lgsfo / z}lIfs of]hgf lgdf{0f ug]{ lgsfosf] cGt/ ;DaGw tnsf]
tflnsfaf6 b]vfpg ;lsG5 .

ljBfno–ljBfno ;'wf/ ;d'bfo÷j8f ;'Id of]hgf

of]hgf

ufFp÷gu/lzIff ;ldlt ufpFkflnsf ufpF ljsf;

ufFp lzIff of]hgf of]hgf÷gu/ lz=of]=

lhNnf lzIff ;ldlt lhNnf lhNnf ljsf; of]hgf

lzIff of]hgf

lzIff, lj1fg tyf k|ljlw /fli6«o of]hgfcfof]u :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno

dGqfno jflif{s z}lIfs cfjlws of]hgf jflif{s of]hgf tyf
of]hgf tyf sfo{qmd sfo{qmd

g]kfndf lzIff of]hgfsf] tx(Tiers of Education Planning in Nepal)

v08 tx lzIff of]hgf d"Vo pQ/bfloTj
-Tiers_ -Level_ -Education Plan_ -Key Responsiblity_
j[xt /fli6«o ljb\ofno If]q ljsf; of]hgf, lzIff, lj1fg tyf k|ljlw
-Macro_ -National_ ;a}sf nflu lzIff– /fli6«o dGqfno
sfo{of]hgf-EFA National Plan
of Action_
dWo -Meso_ lhNnf lhNnf lzIff of]hgf lhNnf lzIff sfof{no
-District_ -District Education Plan _ -District Education Office_
;'Id -Micro_ ufpFkflnsf÷ ufFp lzIff of]hgf -Village ufpF lzIff ;ldlt -Village
gu/kflnsf Education Plan-VEP_ Education Committee-VEC_
gu/ lzIff of]hgf gu/ lzIff ;ldlt

270
 v08 tx lzIff of]hgf d"Vo pQ/bfloTj
-Tiers_ -Level_ -Education Plan_ -Key Responsiblity_
-Municipal Education Plan- -Municipality Education
MEP_ Committee-MEC_
;ª\:yfut ljb\ofno ljb\ofno ;'wf/ of]hgf ljb\ofno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt
-Institutional_ -School_ -School Improvement Plan- -School Management
SIP_÷ Committee_
ljb\ofno ljsf; of]hgf
-SDP_
s_ ljb\ofno ;'wf/ of]hgf(School Improvement Plan-SIP)
kl/ro
— ljb\ofno ;'wf/ of]hgf Ps ;'Id of]hgf xf] .ljb\ofno Ps ;+:yf ePsfn] o;n] cfkm\gf] ljsf;sf]
lglDt agfO{ sfof{Gjog ug]{ o; of]hgfnfO{;+:yfut of]hgf klg eGg ;lsG5 . of] % aif]{ cfjlws
of]hgf xf] . of]Rolling Plansf] ¿kdf klg lng ;lsG5 lsgls k|To]s aif{ o;sf] cb\ofjlws ul/G5 .
— o;sf] d'n Wo]oBetter School, Better Teaching and Better Learningsf] cj:yf l;h{gf u/L
ljb\ofnosf] lg/Gt/ ;'wf/ ug'{ xf] .
— ljb\ofno ;'wf/ of]hgf lgdf{0fdf kbLo ¿kdf k|wfgfWofks / ;+:yfut ¿kdf ljb\ofno lhDd]jf/
x'G5 eg] sfof{Gjogsf] nflu ljb\ofno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt lhDd]jf/ /xG5 . of]hgf th'{dfsf] nflu
ljb\ofnosf k|wfgfWofkssf] ;+of]hsTjdf % hgf;Ddsf] sfo{bn agfpg] k|fjwfg /x]sf] 5 .
— ljb\ofnosf] cfly{s, z}lIfs, Joj:yfksLo Pjd\ z}Ifl0fs ;a} kIfdf ;'wf/ ug{ of]hgfa4 k|of;
:yfgLo :t/af6} ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf dx;'; u/L ljb\ofno ;'wf/ of]hgf agfpg] cEof; z'? ePsf]
xf] .
— g]kfndf cf=j= @)%^÷%& df cf}krfl/s ¿kdf ljb\ofno ;'wf/ of]hgf lgdf{0fsf] z'?cft !@ cf]6f
lhNnfdf k/LIf0f eO{ cf=a= @)%*÷%( b]lv b]zJoflk ¿kdf ePsf] xf] . o;sf] lgdf{0fdf ;xhtf
Nofpg hfkfgL ;xof]u lgof]u -hfOsf_ sf] ;xof]udf lj=;+= @)^( ;fnaf6 ljb\ofno ;'wf/ of]hgf
lgdf{0f ;xof]uL k'l:tsf ljsf; u/L ljb\ofnonfO{ ljt/0f u/]sf] lyof] .lj=;+= @)&! ;fndf o;
k'l:tsfdf s]lx ;+zf]wg ul/Psf] lyof] eg] k'gM lj=;+= @)&$ df o;df kl/dfh{g ePsf] 5 .
— cfwf/e"t tyf k|fylds lzIff sfo{qmd bf];|f] (BPEP-II) cGtu{t lzIf0f l;sfO ;'wf/ (Quality
Focus)x'g] u/L ljb\ofno ;'wf/ of]hgf / uflj;÷gu/kflnsf If]qsf afnaflnsfsf] kx'Fr lj:tf/sf
(Access Focus) sf nflu ufpF÷gu/ lzIff of]hgf lgdf{0f ug]{ k|rng NofOPsf] xf] . oL b'a} of]hgfsf]
cfwf/df lhNnfe/sf] z}lIfs ljsf;sf nflu % aif]{ cfjlws of]hgfsf] ¿kdf lhNnf lzIff of]hgf
klg agfpg yflnPsf] 5 . o; cEof;nfO{ yk ;xh agfpg ljb\ofno ;'wf/ of]hgfdf cfwfl/t
cg'bfg(SIP Based Funding)sfo{qmd klg cf=a= @)%*÷%( af6 ;~rfngdf NofOof] .
— k|fljlws kIf, k|zf;lgs kIf / ljTtLo kIfnfO{ cfwf/ dfgL ljb\ofno Joj:yfkg ;ldltn] o;
ohgfsf] n]vfhf]vf u/L Ho]i7 dlxgfsf] clGtd xKtfleq :jLs[t ug'{k5{ .

271
— clxn] ljb\ofno ;'wf/ of]hgf lgdf{0f tyf o;sf] sfof{Gjogdf hf]8 lbg] u/L l;;d bf];|f] (SISM-
II)kl/of]hgf klg ;~rfngdf /x]sf] 5 .

— j:t'ut ¿kdf SIP lgdf{0f ePsfljb\ofnodf lgDg ljz]iftf x'G5M :ki6 b[li6sf]0f, :ki6 p2]Zo,
pko'Qm /0fgLlt, lhDd]jf/L Pjd\ sfo{If]qsf] ljefhg, ;/f]sf/jfnfsf] ;lj|mo ;xeflutf, ;lj|mo
l;sfO{, :t/ lgwf{/0f, ;fwg ;|f]tsf] plrt kl/rfng, r':t Joj:yfkg, cfw'lgs ;"rgf Joj:yfkg
k|0ffnL, cfw'lgs ljlw tyf k|ljlwsf] k|of]u cflb .
— ljb\ofno ;'wf/ of]hgfn] ljb\ofnosf] SWOT Analysisu/L ljb\ofnosf ;jn kIf, sdhf]/L, cj;/ /
r'gf}tL klxrfg u/L ;f]xL cfwf/df eljiosf] af6f] klxNofpg] / of]hgfa4 ¿kdf cl3 a9\g]
dfu{k|;:t ub{5 .
— o;sf] lgdf{0f ug]{ ;+:yfut lhDd]jf/L ljb\ofnosf] xf] eg] kbLo lhDd]jf/L k|wfgfWofkssf] xf] .
ljb\ofno ;'wf/ of]hgf sfof{Gjog ug]{ lhDd]jf/L ljb\ofno Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] xf] .ljb\ofno ;'wf/
of]hgf lgdf{0f ug{ k|wfgfWkssf] ;+of]hsTjdf % ;b:oLo sfo{bn u7g u/L sfo{bnn] klxnf] jif{
slDtdf @ lbg / To; kl5 ! lbgsf] sfo{zfnfaf6 ;'wf/ of]hgfsf] d:of}bf tof/ ub{5 / To;
d:of}bfnfO{ljb\ofno Joj:yfkg ;ldltn] :jLs[t u/] kl5 of]hgf sfof{Gjogdf nluG5 .
ljb\ofno ;'wf/ of]hgfsf] 9fFrf -ljb\ofno ;'wf/ of]hgf lgdf{0f ;xof]uL k'l:tsf, @)&$ cg';f/_
ljb\ofno ;'wf/ of]hgf vfsf
-% jif]{ of]hgf cjlw=============b]lv=======;Dd_
xfd|f] egfO{, ;f/f+;, ljifo;'rL cfbL
!= ljb\ofnosf] kl/ro
s= P]ltxfl;s k[i7e"ldM
v= ef}uf]lns cj:yf -gS;f;d]t /fVg]_
u= ljb\ofno /x]sf] ;d'bfosf] jgf]6
3= ljb\ofnosf] ;]jf If]qsf]
ª= sfo{qmdsf] ljj/0f
@= ljb\ofno ;'wf/ of]hgf lgdf{0f k|ls|of
s= cl3Nnf] ljb\ofno ;'wf/ of]hgfsf] ;dLIff
v= ljb\ofno ;'wf/ of]hgf lgdf{0f k|ls|of
#= ljb\ofnosf] cj:yf ljZn]if0f
s= jt{dfg cj:yfsf] ljZn]if0f
v= d'Vo ;d:of / ;dfwfgsf] pkfo
$= of]hgf lgdf{0f
s= b"/b[li6

272
 v= p2]Zo
u= cfjZostf
3= nIo
r= % aif{sf] ls|ofsnfk -;a} kIf ;d]l6g] u/L_
5= % aif{sf] ah]6
%= aflif{s sfof{Gjog of]hgf lgdf{0f
s= lj:t[t sfo{snfk / ah]6
v=jflif{s sfo{ tflnsf
u= cg'udg of]hgf
cg';"rL
sfo{zfnfdf pkl:yltsf] k|ltlnlk, ljb\ofno Joj:yfkg ;ldltn] ljb\ofno ;'wf/ of]hgf
:jLs[t u/]sf] lg0f{osf] k|ltlnlk, ?h';"rL
g]kfndfljb\ofno ;'wf/ of]hgf ;Da4 ;d:of
clwsf+z ljb\ofnoaf6 ljb\ofno ;'wf/ of]hgf;/f]sf/jfnfsf] ;xeflutf lagf g} lgdf{0feof] . of]hgf
lhNnf lzIff sfof{nonfO{ b]vfpg] s:d]l6s ;fwg h:t} efof] .of]hgf lgdf{0f ug]{ Ifdtf ljb\ofnodf cefj
b]lvof] . of]hgf clws dxTjsf+IfL, ef}lts k"jf{wf/ s]lGb|t eP . of]hgf adf]lhd ;|f]t;fwg k|fKt x'g
;s]g .afWotfn] agfOof] t/ b/fhdf ylGsof], sxfF 5 ;Dd klg s;}nfO{ kQ} ePg .Bottom-Up Planning
and Top-Down FundingaLr tfnd]n ldnfpg ;lsPg . ;'wf/ of]hgf z}Ifl0fs ;'wf/df s]lGb|t ug{
;lsPg . ckgTjsf] ljsf; ug{ g;lsPsf]n] sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg ;d]t sl7g eof] .
v_ ufpF÷gu/ lzIff of]hgf(Village/Municipality Education Plan-VEP/MEP)
ufpF÷gu/kflnsf If]qdf z}lIfs ;'wf/sf] lglDt pknAw :yfgLo ;|f]t / k|fKt x'g] cGo ;|f]tsf] ;b'kof]u
u/L :yfgLo ;/sf]sf/afnfsf] ;xeflutfdf tof/ ul/g] z}lIfs of]hgfnfO{ ufpF÷gu/ lzIff of]hgfsf]
¿kdf lnOG5 . ufpF÷gu/ lzIff of]hgfsf] p2]Zo ufpF÷gu/kflnsf If]qleqsf ;a} cfwf/e"t pd]/
;d"xsf] afnaflnsfnfO{ljb\ofnodf kx'Fr / l6sfpsf] ;'lglZrttf ug'{ /x]sf] 5 . o;sf cltl/Qm o:tf
afnaflnsfn] k|fKtug]{ lzIff u'0f:t/o'Qm x'g] / k|fylds rqm k"/f ug]{ vfnsf] x'g'k5{ . ufpF÷gu/lzIff
of]hgf lgdf{0f tyf sfof{Gjogsf] k|d'v bfloTj ufpF÷gu/ lzIff ;ldltsf] xf] . ufpF lzIff of]hgf lgdf{0f
ug'{kg]{ egL sfg"gL Joj:yf lj=;+= @)%* df lzIff P]gsf] ;ftf}+ ;+zf]wgaf6 ul/P klg o;sf] Jofjxfl/s
k|of]u eg] xfn;Dd klg ck]Iffs[t x'g ;s]sf] kfOb}g . To;} u/L lzIff P]g, @)@* sf] cf7f}+ ;+zf]wgn]
gu/lzIff ;ldltsf] Joj:yf ;d]t u/]sf] 5 .
of] of]hgf lgdf{0fsf p2]Zo lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf 5g\–
• of]hgf lgdf{0fdf :yfgLo lgsfo, ;d'bfonfO{ ;+nUg u/fO{ kl/rfng ug]{,
• ljb\ofno / ;d'bfoaLr Ps–cfk;L cGtlq{mofaf6 ljb\ofno / lzIfsnfO{ ;xof]u ug]{,
• ;DalGwt pd]/ ;d"x -%–!@ jif{_ afnaflnsfnfO{ljb\ofno egf{ u/L u'0ffTds lzIffsf] ;"lglZrt
ug{],
273
 • ljb\ofnonfO{ a9L sfo{d"vL tyf ;d'bfonfO{ lzIffk|lt lhDd]jf/ tyf ;lj|mo agfpg] .
ufpF ÷gu/ lzIff of]hgfsf ljz]iftf s] s] x'g\ <
ufFp÷gu/ lzIff of]hgfsf] ljz]iftf M
• ufFp÷gu/ lzIff of]hgfn] lzIff;Fu ;DalGwt dxTjk"0f{ d'2f h:t} lzIffdf ;dtfd"ns kx'Fr,
bIftfdf clej[l4 tyf lzIffsf] u'0f:t/sf] ;'wf/nfO{ d"n dd{sf] ¿kdf :jLsf/ u/sf] x'G5 .
• of]hgf k|lj|mof ;xeflutfd"ns / :yfgLo ;/f]sf/jfnf kIfsf] ;+nUgtfdf x'G5 h;n] ubf{ :yfgLo
jf:tljs cfjZostf kl/k"lt{ ug]{tk{m cu|;/ x'g ;lhnf] x'G5 .
• ufFp lzIff of]hgfaf6 pknAw ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] Gofof]lrt, ;dfg'kflts tyf clwstd pkof]u
x'G5 .
• of]hgf lgdf{0fdf tnaf6 dfly cfpg] k4lt(bottom-up planning process)nfO{ cufn]sf] x'G5 .
• lzIffsf] /fli6«o nIo k|flKtdf ;xof]uL e"ldsf v]Nb5 .

ufpF ÷gu/ lzIff of]hgf lgdf{0f k|lj|mof

;du|df ufpF÷gu/ lzIff of]hgf lgdf{0fsf k|lj|mof tyf ljlw lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf 5g\ M
c_ cj:yf klxrfg tyf ljZn]if0f
of] of]hgf lgdf{0fsf] klxnf] r/0f xf] . o; r/0fdf ufpF÷gu/ kflnsf If]qleqsf] ;du| z}lIfs
cj:yfsf] ljZn]if0f tyf klxrfg ul/G5 . ljleGg kIf ;d]6g] ;"rssf] ljsf; o;df
ul/G5 .cj:yf ljZn]if0f ubf{ d"Votof lgDg kIfsf] ljZn]if0f ug'{kg]{ x'G5 –
-s_ hg;ª\Vof ;DaGwL ljj/0fMufpF÷gu/ lzIff ;ldltsf] d"Vo sfo{ ljb\ofno pd]/ ;d"xsf ;a}
afnaflnsf -cfwf/e"t tx_ nfO{ljb\ofno lzIff pknAw u/fpg ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] ePsf]n]
ufpF÷gu/ If]qleqsf] ljb\ofno pd]/ ;d"xsf] hg;ª\Vof ljj/0f hflt, lnª\usf cfwf/df
;ª\sng tyf ljZn]if0f ug'{kb{5 . 3/w'/L ;e]{If0fsf cfwf/df ufpF÷gu/kflnsf If]qleqsf]
hg;ª\Vof;DaGwL ljj/0f ;ª\sng ul/g'kb{5 .
-v_ ljBfyL{;DaGwL ljj/0fM ufpF kflnsf÷gu/kflnsf If]qleq ljb\ofnodf cWoog/t ljBfyL{sf]
pd]/ hflt tyf lnª\usf cfwf/df ljj/0f ;ª\sng tyf ljZn]if0f ug'{kb{5 . h;n] ubf{
cfk\mgf] If]qleq ljb\ofno pd]/ ;d"xsf ;a} afnaflnsf ljb\ofnodf egf{ePsf 5g\ 5}gg <
olb 5}gg\ eg] s'g hflt tyf k]zf ;d"xsf afnaflnsf -aflnsf jf blnt hghflt_
ljb\ofnodf uPsf 5}gg\ kQf nufpg ;lsG5 .uflj;sf] txut NER/GER sf] ljZn]if0faf6
ufpF÷gu/kflnsf If]qleq ljBfyL{ egf{sf] cj:yf s:tf] 5 kQf nufOG5 . o:tf] ljZn]if0f
hfthflt jfx]s j8f / If]qut cfwf/df klg ug'{kb{5 .
-u_ ljb\ofno;DaGwL ljj/0fM ufpF÷gu/kflnsf If]qleq ;~rflnt k"j{k|fylds, k|fylds, lgdflj
tyf dfWolds ljb\ofnosf] ljj/0f tof/ u/L uflj; If]qdf cfjZostfcg';f/ ljb\ofno
kof{Kt 5g÷5}gg\ ;f]sf] klxrfg ul/G5 . o;af6 afnaflnsf ljb\ofnodf ghfg'sf] sf/0f
ljb\ofnosf] kx'Fr geP/ xf] jf cGo sf/0faf6 xf] eGg] kQf nufpg ;lsG5 . To:t} vf;u/L

274
 k|fylds ljb\ofnodf ljBfyL{ k|jfx b/ s:tf] 5 ;f]sf] kQf nufO{ ljb\ofno k|efjsfl/tfdf
j[l4 Nofpg]tk{m cu|;/ x'g'k5{ .
-3_ lzIfs;DaGwL ljj/0fM ufpF÷gu/kflnsf If]qleqsf ljb\ofnodf cWofkg/t txut lzIfssf]
;ª\sng tfy ljZn]if0f u/L cfjZostfcg';f/ of]Uo tyf tlnd k|fKt lzIfssf] pknAwtf
s:tf] 5 ;f] cj:yf kQf nufpg] sfd ul/g'kb{5 . o;n] ;f] If]qdf yk lzIfs cfjZostf
5÷5}g ;f] ;DaGwdf hfgsf/L pknAw u/fpFb5 .
-ª_ ljBfyL{ z}lIfs pknlAwM g]kfndf vf;u/L k|fylds txdf ljBfyL{sf] z}lIfs pknlAw
lgwf{/0f ug{ lzIfs lgld{t k/LIff lng] k|rng 5 . ;qsf] cGTodf lnPsf] k/LIffsf]
k|fKtfª\ssf] cfwf/df pQL0f{ / cg'tL0f{ 3f]if0ff ug]{ rng 5 . o;/L jif{sf] cGTodf
cf}krfl/s k/LIff lnO{ sIff r9fpg] jt{dfg k|0ffnLn] ubf{ lbgk|ltlbg k|fylds lzIffsf]
jf:tljs pknlAwdf x|f; cfO/x]sf] 5 . k|fylds lzIffsf] p2]Zo ljBfyL{nfO{ljb\ofno cfpg]
jfgL a;fNg], l;sfO k|lt pTk|]l/t u/fpg] / dflyNnf sIffsf] lgldQ tof/ ug'{kg]{ / u[xsfo{,
df}lvssfo{, sIff sfo{, cltl/Qm lj|mofsnfk h:tf lg/Gt/ d"Nofª\sg k|0ffnLsf kIfnfO{
cfwf/ agfO{ d"Nofª\sg ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 .
-r_ ;fdflhs÷cfly{s cj:yfsf] ljZn]if0fM ufpF÷gu/kflnsf If]qleq a;f]jf; ug]{ hg;ª\Vofsf]
;+/rgf s]–s:tf] 5 <;f]sf] ljZn]if0f ug'{kb{5 . ;fdflhs¿kdf ;r]t tyf lzlIft hg;ª\Vof
ufpF÷gu/kflnsfsf] ;fIf/tfsf] cj:yfaf6 ;d]t klxrfg ug{ ;lsG5 . To:t} k/Dk/fut
;fdflhs ;+/rgfsf sf/0f hfltkflt, e]befjsf] cj:yf ljBdfg /x]g/x]sf] kQf nufpg'kg]{
x'G5 . cfly{s¿kdf ;DkGg jf ljkGg s'g ;d"xsf] a;f]af; clws /x]sf] 5 ;f] ljj/0f
;ª\sng tyf ljZn]if0f ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .
cf_ ;d:of klxrfg
ufpF÷gu/kflnsfsf] cj:yf klxrfg tyf ljZn]if0fsf cfwf/df ;d:of klxrfg ul/G5 .ljleGg
ufpF÷gu/kflnsf df leGbleGb} k|sf/sf ;d:of /xg ;S5g\ . ufpF If]qdf b]lvg] z}lIfs leGg
leGg ;d:ofdWo] s'g xf] eGg] ;"rL tof/ ul/G5 h:t}M– kx'Frsf] sdL -ljb\ofno ;ª\Vof Go"g
/x]sf]_, tflnd k|fKt lzIfssf] sdL, ljb\ofno ef}lts ;'ljwf sdL, z}lIfs pknlAw Go"g /
ljb\ofno aflx/ /x]sf afnaflnsfsf] ;ª\Vof clws, ;fIf/tfsf] sdL cflb .
O_ cfjZostfsf klxrfgM– ufpF÷gu/kflnsf If]qsf] ;du| z}lIfs cj:yf ;'wf/ ug{ s] ubf{ pko'Qm
x'G5 ;f]sf] ljZn]if0f o; cj:yfdf ul/G5 . h:t}M– ljb\ofno :yfkgf ug'{kg]{, ljb\ofno ejg
lgdf{0f ug'{kg]{, lzIfs tflnd ;~rfng ug'{kg]{ / ljb\ofnoaflx/ /x]sf afnaflnsfnfO{ljb\ofno
Nofpg] cflb .
O{_ cfjZostfsf] k|fyldsLs/0fM– klxrfg ul/Psf cfjZostfdWo] s'g cfjZostf klxn] kl/k"lt{
ug]{ / s'g a9L dxTjk"0f{ cfjZostf xf] ;f]sf] k|fyldstf qmd lgwf{/0f ug'{kb{5 . o;/L
cfjZostf k|fyldsLs/0f ubf{ :yfgLo ;/f]sf/jfnfsf] ;xeflutfdf x'g ;s]df sfo{qmd lgwf{/0f
ug{ ;xof]u k'Ub5 .

275
p_ ;|f]tsf] cfª\sng, klxrfg Pjd\ ljZn]if0fM– klxrfg ul/Psf cfjZostf kl/k"lt{ ug{ cfjZos
kg]{ ;fwg ;|f]tsf] cfª\sng o; r/0fdf ul/G5 . pknAw ;|f]taf6 gEofpg] eP yk ;|f]t
sxfFaf6 k|fKt ug]{ ;f]sf] lnZn]if0f ug'{kb{5 .
pm_ nIo lgwf{/0fM– pknAw x'g;Sg] ;fwg ;|f]tsf] cfwf/df cfufdL jif{df s]–slt sfo{ ug]{ xf]
;f]sf] nIo lgwf{/0f o; cj:yfdf ul/G5 . h:t}M– ljBfnoaflx/ /x]sf] =====k|ltztafnaflnsf
ljb\ofnodf Nofpg] .
P_ sfo{qmd lgwf{/0fM– lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] nIo k|flKtsf] nflu s]–s:tf sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug'{kb{5
;f]sf] lgwf{/0f o;r/0fdf ul/G5 . h:t}M– ljb\ofno egf{ x'g cfPsf =====k|ltztafnaflnsfnfO{
5fqj[lQ, :s"n kf]zfs pknAw u/fpg] .
P]_ sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog of]hgfM– lgwf{l/t nIo tyf sfo{qmd slxn] ;Dddf sfof{Gjog ug]{<
sfo{qmd sfof{Gjogdf d"Vo lhDd]jf/L s;sf] /xg] cflb kIf ;d]6L sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog of]hgf
tof/ ul/G5 .
cf]_ cg'udg, d"Nofª\sg of]hgfM– tf]lsPsf] sfo{qmd s]–slt ;DkGg eof], sfof{Gjogdf s]–s:tf
;d:of b]lvP / sfo{qmdsf] ;du| k|efj s:tf] /xof] ;f]sf] cg'udg tyf d"Nofª\sg lglZrt
;"rssf] ljsf; u/L ul/G5 .
• ufpF÷gu/ lzIff of]hgfsf] lgdf{0f ufpF÷gu/ lzIff ;ldltn] ub{5 eg] o;sf] sfof{Gjog
ufpF÷gu/ lzIff ;ldltsf] ;xof]u / ;/f]sf/jfnfsf] ufpF÷gu/kflnsfn] ub{5 .
u_ lhNnf lzIff of]hgf (District Education Plan)
• lzIff ljefuaf6 k|fKt lgb]{lzsfsf] cfwf/df lhNnf lzIff sfof{non] tof/ kfg]{ of]hgf,
• lhlj;n] lgdf{0f u/]sf] cfjlws of]hgf,lhNnfe/sf] ljb\ofno ;'wf/ of]hgf, ufpF lzIff
of]hgf / gu/ lzIff of]hgfsf] cfwf/df lgdf{0f x'g],
• lhNnf lzIff of]hgf lgdf{0f ug]{ k|of; lj=;+=@)#@ df ePklg ;j{k|yd cf=j= @)^)÷^! df
% lhNnfdf lgdf{0f z'? ePsf] xf] .o; sfo{df National Institute of Educational Planning
and Administration (NIEPA) n] k|fljlws ;xof]u pknAw u/fPsf] lyof] . lhNnf lzIff
of]hgf k/LIf0fsf] ¿kdf lgdf{0f ul/Psf lhNnfdf M emfkf, lrtjg, :ofª\hf, alb{of /
88]+nw'/f .
• lj=;+= @)^@÷^# b]lv g]kfnsf ;a} lhNnfdf lhNnf lzIff of]hgf agfpg yflnPsf] xf] .
• lhNnfsf] ;du| z}lIfs ljsf; ug]{ clwsf/, lhDd]jf/L / ;|f]t;fwg lhNnf txd} pknAw
u/fP/ of]hgf lgdf{0f, sfof{Gjog, cg'udg / d"Nofª\sgsf] bfloTj :yfgLo txdf lgIf]k0f
ug'{ o;sf] d"n dd{ xf] .
lhNnf lzIff of]hgfsf] cf}lrToM
• cfkm\gf] nflu cfkm}, ub}{ l;Sb} tyf l;Sb} ub}{, h:tf ;f]rsf] ;xL sfof{Gjog ug]{,
• :yfgLo ;/f]sf/jfnfsf] ;xeflutfdf lzIff;DaGwL sfo{qmd / of]hgf th'{df ug]{,

276
 • :yfgLo cfjZostfnfO{ ;Daf]wg u/L hg:jfldTj :yflkt ug]{,
• pknAw ;|f]t;fwgsf] ;dfg'kflts / Gofof]lrt ¿kdf ljt/0f ug]{,
• If]qut / ;d"xut c;dfgtf sd ug]{,
• Bottom-Up approachsf] k|of]u u/L of]hgfnfO{ jf:tljs / oyfy{ ;d:of ;dfwfgd'vL agfpg],

lhNnf lzIff of]hgf lgdf{0fdf ;xeflutfM

of]hgf th'{df 6f]nL M lhNnf lzIff clwsf/Lsf] ;+of]hsTjdf of]hgf;DaGwL tflnd lnPsf clws[t,
lhNnf l:yt of]hgf cfof]u jf tYof+s sfof{nosf] ljz]if1, lhlj;sf] of]hgf clws[t, dlxnf ljsf;
clws[t nufot of]hgf;DaGwL bIftf ePsf cGo sfof{nosf clws[t ;dfj]z u/L ( b]lv !! hgf
;Ddsf] of]hgf th'{df 6f]nL u7g ul/G5 .
ljz]if1 ;d"x M ;Dk"0f{ ;|f]tJolSt, ljb\ofno lg/LIfs / lzIfs Pjd\ k|wfgfWofks k|ltlglw /x]sf]
ljz]if1sf] of]hgf tof/L ;d"x ;d]t u7g ul/G5 .
lhNnf lzIff of]hgf th'{df k|lj|mof÷r/0f
lhNnf lzIff of]hgf th'{df k|lj|mofnfO{ b]xfoadf]lhd k|:t't ug{ ;lsG5M
1. of]hgf th'{dfsf nflu cfjZos 6f]nL Pjd\ ;ldltsf] u7g
2. ljb\ofno ;'wf/ of]hgf / ufpF tyf gu/ lzIff of]hgf nufot cGo ;|f]taf6 ;"rgfsf] ;+sng tyf
ljZn]if0f,
3. lj:t[t cWoog, ljZn]if0fsf] cfwf/df lhNnfsf] z}lIfs k|f]kmfOn tof/L
4. of]hgf d:of}bf tof/L

5. ;Nnfxsf/ ;ldltdf 5nkmn Pjd\ cfjZos ;+zf]wg

6. lhNnf lzIff ;ldltaf6 kfl/t u/L lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldltdf k]z

7. lhlj;n] ljifout ;ldltdf k7fpg]

8. ljifout ;ldltaf6 cfjZos ;+zf]wg;lxt kfl/t u/L Plss[t of]hgf th'{df ;ldltdf k]z

9. PsLs[t of]hgf th'{df ;ldltn] PsLs[t lhNnf ljsf; of]hgfdf ;dflji6 ug]{,

10. lhlj;n] of]hgf kfl/t ug]{,

11. lhNnf ljsf; kl/ifb\af6 kfl/t ug]{, -a}wflgstf k|fKt ug]{ sfo{_, lhNnf lzIff sfof{nodf lkmtf{
k7fOg],
12. lhlj;n] kfl/t u/]sf] lhNnf lzIff of]hgf lhlzsfn] If]lzlg dfkm{t lzIff ljefudf k7fp5 eg]
csf{lt/ lhlj;n] :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno dfkm{t of]hgf cfof]udf k7fpF5 .
13. lzIff ljefun] &% j6} lhNnfsf] of]hgfsf] cWoog / ljZn]if0f u/L sfo{qmd tyf ah]6 lgdf{0f u/L
clGtd k|f¿k tof/ u5{ eg] o;nfO{ lzIff dGqfnodfkm{t of]hgf cfof]udf k7fpF5 .

277
 lhNnf lzIff of]hgfsf] 9fFrf
efu !M lhNnfsf] kl/ro
!=! lhNnfsf] z}lIfs ;+/rgf
!=@ lhNnfsf] z}lIfs cj:yfsf] lrq
efu @M of]hgf lgdf{0f k|lj|mof
efu #M ljBdfg z}lIfs cj:yf ljZn]if0f,
#=! ljBdfg z}lIfs cj:yf
#=@ ;d:of tyf d'2fsf] klxrfg
#=# ljBdfg cj:yfdf ;d:of ;dfwfgsf nflu ul/Psf k|of;
efu $M nIo lgwf{/0f
efu %M sfo{gLlt tyf sfo{qmdsf] rog
efu ^M ljQ Joj:yfkg
efu&M sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog of]hgf,
efu *M cg'udg tyf d"Nofª\sg of]hgf

&=$ ljb\ofno ljsf;df :yfgLo ;/sf/÷lgsfo, u}/ ;/sf/L / ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t

;+:yfsf] e"ldsf
s_ ljb\ofno ljsf;df :yfgLo ;/sf/÷lgsfosf] e"ldsf M
c_ g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg
• cfwf/e"t / dfWolds lzIffnfO{ :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] clwsf/If]q tf]lsPsf] 5 .
• k|To]s ;d'bfonfO{ dft[efiffdf lzIff kfpg] xs x'g] / dft[efiffdf lzIff lbgsf nflu
ljb\ofno tyf z}lIfs ;+:yf vf]Ng kfpg] xs x'g]5 eGg] ;+a}wflgs Joj:yf 5 .
cf_:yfgLo ;/sf/ ;~rfng P]g, @)&$ cg';f/ ufpFkflnsf / gu/kflnsfsf] sfdst{Jo / clwsf/-
bkmf !! h ;+u ;+jlGwt_

cffwf/e"t / dfWofldslzIff M
!_ k|f/lDesafnljsf; tyflzIff, cfwf/e'tlzIff, cleefjs lzIff, cgf}krf/Ls lzIff, v'Nnftyf
j}slNks lg/Gt/ l;sfO{, ;fd'bflosl;sfO{ / ljz]if lzIff ;DaGwL gLlt, sfg'g, dfkb08, of]hgf
th'{df, sfof{Gjog,cg'[udg, d'Nofª\sg / lgodg .
@_ ;fd'bflos, ;+:yfut,u'7L, / ;xsf/L ljb\ofno :yfkgf, cg'dlt, ;~rfng, Joj:yfkgtyflgodg

278
#_ k|fljlwslzIfftyfJoj;flostflndsf] of]hgfth'{df, ;~rfng,cg'dlt, cg'udg, d"Nofª\sglgodg
$_ dft[efiff lzIfflbg] ljb\ofnosf] cg'dlt, cg'udg, tyflgodg
%_ uflePsfjfaGbul/Psfljb\ofnosf] ;DklQJoj:yfkg
^_ ufpF tyf gu/ lzIff ;ldlt u7g tyf Joj:yfkg
&_ ljb\ofno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt u7g tyf Joj:yfkg
*_ ljb\ofnosf] gfdfs/0f
(_ ;fd'bflosljb\ofnosf] hUufsf] :jfldTj, ;DklQsf] clen]v, ;+/If0f, / Joj:yfkg
!)_ ljb\ofnosf] u'0f:t/ clej[l4 tyf kf7\o;fdu|Lsf] ljt/0f
!!_ ;fd'bflosljb\ofnosf] lzIfs tyf sd{rf/Lsf] b/jGbL ldnfg
!@_ ljb\ofnosf] gS;fª\sg, cg'dlt :jLs[lt, ;dfof]hg tyf lgodg
!#_ ;fd'bflosljb\ofnosf] z}lIfs k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f, dd{t ;Def/, ;~rfng / Joj:yfkg
!$_ cfwf/e'ttxsf] k/LIff ;~rfng, cg'udg tyf Jo:yfkg
!%_ ljBfyL{l;sfO pknlAwsf] k/LIf0f / Joj:yfkg
!^_ lgMz'Ns lzIff, ljBfyL{ k|f]T;fxg tyf 5fqj[lQsf] Joj:yfkg
!&_ 6\o';g, sf]lrª,h:tf ljb\ofnoaflx/ x'g] cWofkg ;]jfsf] cg'dlt tyf lgodg
!*_ :yflgo :t/sf] z}lIfs 1fg, l;k, k|ljlwsf] ;+/If0f, k|jw{g, / :t/Ls/0f
!(_ :yflgo k':tsfno / jfrgfnosf] ;~rfng / Joj:yfkg
@)_ dfWofldstx;Ddsf] z}lIfssfo{qmdsf] ;dGjo / lgodg
@!_ ;fd'bflosljb\ofnonfO{ lbg] cg'bfgtyf ;f]sf] ah]6 Joj:yfkg, ljb\ofnosf] cfoJoosf]
n]vfcg'zf;gsfod, cg'udg / lgodg
@@_ lzIf0f l;sfO{, lzIfs / sd{rf/Lsf] tflndtyfIfdtfljsf;
@#_ cltl/Qm z}lIfslj|mofsnfksf] ;~rfng
dflysf clwsf/ sfof{Gjogsf nflu ;+3Lo / k|b]z sfg"g;Fu gaflemg] u/L gLlt, P]g lgod / lgb]{lzsfsf]
lgdf{0f u/L sfo{Gjog ug]{
v_ u}/ ;/sf/L tyf ;fd'bflos ;+:yfsf] e"ldsf
ljb\ofno lzIff, cgf}krfl/s lzIff, k|f/lDes afnlzIff, ;r]tgf ljsf;, ax; k}/jL, cleefjs lzIff,
z}lIfs ;'zf;g, z}lIfs d'b\bfsf] ;Daf]wg ug]{ h:tf sfo{df ljleGg /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o u}/ ;/sf/L
;+:yfn] of]ubfg ul//x]sf 5g\ . d'ne"t ¿kdf u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfsf] e"ldsfnfO{ lgDgfg';f/ pNn]v ug{
plrt x'G5 M
• z}lIfs ;r]tgfsf] k|j4{g jf ;r]tLs/0f
• b'u{d If]q tyf lk5l8Psf ;d'bfosf] ;zlSts/0f, d'nk|jfxLs/0f, Ifdtf ljsf;
• z}lIfs ;jfndf ax; k}/jL, 5nkmn, cGt/lj|mof
• clwsf/df cfwfl/t lzIffsf] k|j4{g
• z}lIfs ljsf;df ;/f]sf/jfnf kIfsf] ;xeflutfsf lglDt pTk|]/0ff
• ;fem]bf/L / ;xsfo{sf] ;+:sf/ ljsf;
• ;a}sf nflu lzIff, lg/If/tf pGd"ng h:tf /fli6«o cleofgdf ;3fp
279
 • kf/blz{tf, pTt/bfloTj, z}lIfs ;'zf;g k|j4{g cflb .
g]kfnsf] lzIff If]qdf o'lg;]km, o'g]:sf], ljZj lzIff cflb h:tf cGt/f{li6«o u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yf / bh{gf}+sf]
;+Vofdf :yfgLo tyf /fli6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfn] sfo{ ul//x]sf 5g\ . o;sf] cltl/St cfdf ;d"x,
cfocfh{g ;d"x, o'jf Sna, afn Sna cflb h:tf ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t ;+:yfn] klg lzIffdf kx'Fr, ;dtf,
u'0f:t/, ;fGble{stf, ;+:yfut Ifdtf clej[l4 ug{df ;xof]u ul//x]sf 5g\ .

&=% lzIff dGqfno / o; dftxtsf lgsfosf] ;+/rgf / sfo{If]q

lzIffsf] Joj:yfksLo ;+/rgf
g]kfndf lzIff;DaGwL gLlt lgdf{0f / ;d:t of]hgf, sfo{j|mdsf] ;dGjosf nflu lzIff, lj1fg tyf k|ljlw
dGqfno /x]sf] 5 . pRr lzIffsf] gLlt lgdf{0fdf ;xof]u / ;~rfng sfo{df ;dGjo ljZjljb\ofno
cg'bfg cfof]un] ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . ljZjljb\ofno :jfoTt ¿kdf cfkm\gf sfo{ ;~rfng ub{5g\ . lj=;+=
@))& ;fndf cGtl/d dGqLd08nsf] u7g / lzIffdGqL g[kh+u /f0ffsf] lgo'lSt;Fu} lzIff ;lrjfnosf]
gfdaf6 lzIff dGqfnosf] :yfkgf ePsf] xf] .
lzIff dGqfno cGtu{t lgDgfg';f/sf lgsfo /x]sf 5g\ M
s_ s]Gb|Lo :t/sf lgsfo M
!_ lzIff ljefu M
lj=;+= @)%^ Ho]i7 ( df lzIff ljefusf] :yfkgf ePsf] xf] .
kl/sNkgf÷b"/b[li6 M hLjgf]kof]uL / u'0ffTds lzIffsf] dfWodåf/f lzlIft, ;';+:s[t / ;d'Ggt tyf
ultlzn ;dfhsf] :yfkgf / ljsf; ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg u'0f:t/Lo lzIffsf] ljsf; tyf lj:tf/
ug]{ .
nIo M lzIffnfO{ ljsf;sf] ;+jfxs agfpg] b[li6sf]0fn] ;a}nfO{ cfwf/e"t lzIff pknAw u/fpg] tyf ;f]
eGbf cuf8Lsf] ljb\ofno :t/Lo z}lIfs cj;/ ;xh agfpg] .
@_ kf7\oj|md ljsf; s]Gb|
kl/ro
lj=;+= @)@* ;fn efb| % ut] kf7\oj|md, kf7\o k':ts tyf lg/LIf0f ljsf; s]Gb|sf] gfdaf6 :yfkgf
ePsf] o; ;+:yfsf] gfd @)%$ ;fndf kf7\oj|md ljsf; s]Gb| /flvPsf] xf] . lzIff ;]jf, /fhkqfª\lst
k|yd >]0fLsf clws[t sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs s]Gb|sf] k|d'v /xg] Joj:yf 5 .
kf7\oj|md ljsf; s]Gb|, k|f/lDes afnlzIffb]lv sIff !@ ;Ddsf] ljb\ofno lzIffsf] kf7\oj|md tyf kf7\o
;fdu|Lsf] ljsf; u/L lzIffsf] /fli6«o pb\b]Zo k|flKtdf 7f]; ;xof]u k'¥ofpgsf nflu :yflkt lzIff
dGqfno cGtu{tsf] k|fl1s s]Gb| xf] . ljsl;t kf7\oj|md tyf kf7\o;fdu|Lsf]] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogsf]
lglDt s]Gb|b]lv :yfgLo tx;Dd sfo{zfnf, uf]i7L, ;]ldgf/, 5nkmn, cGt/lj|mof, k|jf]wLs/0fnufotsf sfo{
;~rfng ub{5 . s]Gb|n] kf7\oj|md tyf kf7\o ;fdu|Ldf ;d;fdlos ;'wf/ ug{ ljleGg k|sf/sf
cg';GwfgnfO{ d'Vo cfwf/sf] ¿kdf lng] ub{5 . bIf, k|lt:kwL{, l;ko'St, g}ltsjfg, st{Jolgi7 /
;sf/fTds ;f]r ePsf gful/s tof/ ug{sf nflu cfwf/ :tDesf ¿kdf /x]sf] ljb\ofno
280
lzIffnfO{;d;fdlos, Jofjxfl/s, hLjgf]kof]uL, /f]huf/f]Gd'v / ljZj kl/j]zdf k|lt:kwL{ agfpg o;
s]Gb| b[9 ;ª\slNkt 5 .
b"/b[li6
cfw'lgs, ;d[b\w / ;dfj]zL g]kfn lgdf{0fdf of]ubfg ug]{ k|ltZkwL{, l;ko'St Pjd\ l;h{glzn hgzlSt
pTkfbgsf lglDt cg';Gwfgdf cfwfl/t u'0f:t/Lo kf7\oj|md tyf kf7\o;fdu|Lsf] ljsf; ug]{ pTs[i6
k|fl1s s]Gb|sf] ¿kdf ljsl;t ug]{ .
pb\b]Zo
1. ljb\ofno lzIffsf] /fli6«o dfkb08 cg'¿k kf7\oj|md tyf kf7\o;fdu|L ljsf; ug]{ pTs[i6
k|fl1s s]Gb|sf] ¿kdf ljsf; ug'{,
2. ljb\ofno lzIffsf] /fli6«o tyf cGt/fli6«o z}lIfs of]Uotfsf] dfGotf tyf ;dsIftfsf] cfwf/
to ug'{,
3. ljb\ofno lzIffdf :yfgLo 1fg, l;k / k|ljlwsf] ;d'lrt pkof]u / k|jw{g ug'{,
4. d'n'se/ k|of]u x'g] kf7\o;fdu|Lsf] u'0f:t/ ;'lglZrttf ug'{,

d'Vo d'Vo sfo{

1. k|f/lDes afnlzIffb]lv sIff !@ ;Ddsf kf7\oj|md tyf kf7\o ;fdu|L ljsf;, cb\ofjlws tyf
kl/dfh{g, k/LIf0f, k|jf]wLs/0f / cg';Gwfg ;DaGwL sfo{ ug]{ u/fpg],
2. /fli6«o kf7\oj|md k|f¿k, /fli6«o of]Uotf k|f¿k / /fli6«o d"Nofª\sg k|f¿k, ljb\ofyL{ egf{ /
l;sfO pknlAwsf] dfkb08 tof/L ;DaGwL sfo{ ug]{,
3. ljleGg dft[efiffsf kf7\o ;fdu|L ljsf;, cb\ofjlws tyf kl/dfh{g, kl/jt{g ug]{ .
4. ljb\ofno txdf k|of]u ul/g] yk kf7\o ;fdu|Lsf] d"Nofª\sg u/L :jLs[t ;fdu|Lsf] ;"rL k|sfzg
ug]{ .
5. ljb]zL z}lIfs jf k|fl1s ;+:yfaf6 dfWolds tx sIff !) / sIff !@ k'/f u/]sf ljbofyL{sf]
dfGotf tyf ;dsIftf lgwf{/0f ;DaGwL sfo{ ug]{ .
6. ljb\ofno lzIffsf] kf7\oj|md tyf kf7\o;fdu|L ;Dab\w cg';Gwfg, cled'vLs/0f, uf]i7L, ;]ldgf/,
sfo{zfnf, tflnd ;~rfng ug]{ .
7. /fli6«o, k|fb]lzs÷If]qLo, lhNnf, :yfgLo Pjd\ ljb\ofno txdf ;xsfo{snfk÷cltl/St
sfo{snfk tyf k|ltef klxrfg ;DaGwL sfo{ ug]{ u/fpg] .
8. :yfgLo txdf ljsl;t x'g] kf7\oj|md tyf kf7\o ;fdu|L ;DaGwL sfo{df cfjZostfcg';f/
k|fljlws ;xof]u k'¥ofpg]
9. kf7\o ;fdu|Lsf] u'0f:t/ lgwf{/0f ug]{ u/fpg]

10. kf7\oj|md tyf kf7\o;fdu|L ljsf; / sfof{Gjog ;DaGwdf lghL If]q, gful/s ;dfh, :yfgLo
lgsfo / cGo ;ª\3 ;+:yf;Fu ;dGjo ug]{ u/fpg] .

281
 11. kf7\qmd ljsf; s]Gb|af6 k|sfzg x'g] ;fdu|Lsf] d'b|0fLo k|lt tof/ ug]{ / o:tf ;fdu|L ;'/lIft
u/L /fVg] .
12. ljb\ofno:t/sf] ljb\ofyL{ d"Nofª\sg;DaGwL sfo{sf nflu cfjZos dfkb08 lgwf{/0f,
ljlzi6Ls/0f tflnsf tyf gd"gf k|Zgkqsf] ljsf; ;DaGwL sfd ug]{ .
13. dGqfno tyf /fli6«o kf7\oqmd ljsf; tyf d"Nof+sg kl/ifbaf6 k|Tofof]lht tyf lgb]{lzt sfo{
ug]{ u/fpg] .
14. /fli6«o kf7\oj|md ljsf; tyf d"Nofª\sg kl/ifb\sf] ;lrjfnosf ¿kdf sfo{ ug]{,

#_ k/LIff lgoGq0f sfof{no

lj=;+= !(() sflt{s !^ ut] dfWolds lzIff pTtL0f{ k/LIff af]8{sf] :yfkgf;Fu} k/LIff o; af]8{sf]
;lrjfnosf] ¿kdf k/LIff lgoGq0f sfof{nosf] :yfkgf ePsf] xf] .lzIff ;]jf /fhkqf+lst k|yd >]0fLsf
clws[t k/LIff lgoGqs tf]lsPsf] 5 .

$_ z}lIfs hgzlSt ljsf; s]Gb|

/fli6«o lzIff cfof]u, @)$( n] lzIffIf]qsf sd{rf/L tyf lzIfssf] k];fut bIftf clej[l4 ug{ /fli6«o
lzIff ljsf; s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf ug'{kg]{ l;kmfl/; u/] cg'¿k lj=;+= @)%) ;fn >fj0f ! ut] z}lIfs
hgzlSt ljsf; s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf ePsf] xf] .o; s]Gb| cGtu{t ( cf]6f k|fylds lzIfs tflnd s]Gb| ;d]t
:yfkgf ePsf lyP .lj=;+= @)^! efb| @( df z}lIfs hgzlSt ljsf; s]Gb|, b"/ lzIff s]Gb| / dfWolds
lzIff ljsf; s]Gb| Plss/0f eO{ z}lIfs hgzlSt ljsf; s]Gb| g} Plss[t ;+/rgfsf] ¿kdf /Xof] . o;
s]Gb|df xfn # cf]6f dxfzfvf / !% cf]6f zfvf cGtu{t &$ sd{rf/L b/aGbL /x]sf] 5 . g]kfn lzIff
;]jfsf] /fhkqf+lst k|yd >]0fLsf] clws[t sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs o; s]Gb|sf] k|d'v x'g] Joj:yf 5 . s]Gb|
cGtu{t d'n'se/ hDdf @( cf]6f z}lIfs tflnd s]Gb| /x]sf 5g\ eg] z}lIfs tflnd s]Gb|df hDdf
sd{rf/L b/aGbL !($ /x]sf] 5 .
%_ cgf}krfl/s lzIff s]Gb|
pRr:t/Lo /fli6«o lzIff cfof]u, @)%% n] pRr:t/Lo /fli6«o cgf}krfl/s lzIff ljsf; s]Gb| :yfkgf ug{
l;kmfl/; u/] cg'¿k lj=;+= @)%^ df cgf}krfl/s lzIff s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf ePsf] xf] . o; s]Gb|n]
cgf}krfl/s lzIffsf] gLlt, sfo{j|md, ;dGjo, cg'udg, kf7\oj|md ljsf;, ;fdu|L ljsf; cflb sfo{
ub{5 . g]kfn lzIff ;]jfsf] /fhkqf+lst k|yd >]0fLsf] lgb]{zs k|d'v /xg] Joj:yf 5 .
^_ ljb\ofno lzIfs lstfavfgf
lj=;+= @)%$ ;fn df3 @ ut] g]kfn ;/sf/sf] lg0f{o cg';f/ @)%$ kmfu'g !! ut] tTsflnt lzIff
lgodfjnL, @)$( df 5}6f}+ ;+zf]wg u/L ljb\ofno lzIfs lstfavfgfsf] sfg"gL ¿kdf :yfkgf ul/Psf]
xf] . o;} cg'¿k @)%$ r}q @^ ut] sf7df08f}sf] s]z/dxndf ljb\ofno lzIfs lstfjvfgf ;+:yfut
¿kdf :yfkgf ul/Psf] b]lvG5 .@)^^ Ho]i7df ljb\ofno lzIfs lstfavfgf tfxfrnl:yt cfkm\g} ejgdf
;/]sf] xf] . xfn o;} 7fpFdf lstfavfgf /x]sf] 5 . /fhkqf+lst k|yd >]0fLsf] dxflgb]{zs /xg] Joj:yf
5.

282
&_ z}lIfs u'0f:t/ k/LIf0f s]Gb|
ljb\ofno If]q ;'wf/ of]hgf cg'¿k @)^^ ;fn sflt{s !# ut] z}lIfs u'0f:t/ k/LIf0f s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf
ePsf] xf] . dGqfno cGtu{tsf z}lIfs lgsfosf] k/LIf0f tyf ljb\ofyL{sf] l;sfO pknlAw k/LIf0f ug]{
p2]Zon] o; s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf ePsf] xf] . @)^& ;fndf z}lIfs u'0f:t/ k/LIf0f s]Gb| Joj:yfkg sfo{ljlw
lgb]{lzsf hf/L eO{ o;sf] sfo{df ;xhLs/0f eO/x]sf]df @)&# c;f/ !% ut] lzIff P]gsf] cf7f}+
;+zf]wgn] k|d'v lzIff k/LIfs s]Gb|sf] k|d'v x'g] Joj:yf ;lxt :jfoTt lgsfosf] ¿kdf sfg"gL x}l;ot
k|bfg u/]sf] 5 .
v_ If]qLo :t/sf lgsfo
!_ If]qLolzIff lgb]{zgfno -% cf]6f_
@_ z}lIfs tflnd s]Gb| -@( cf]6f_
u_ lhNnf :t/sf lgsfo
!_ lhNnf lzIff sfof{no -&% cf]6f_
3_ :yfgLo :t/sf lgsfo
!_ ;|f]ts]Gb| -!)%# cf]6f_
@_ ljb\ofno -#%#@@ cf]6f_
cfof]u -# cf]6f_, kl/ifb\ -! cf]6f_ / af]8{ -! cf]6f_
!_ ljZjljb\ofno cg'bfg cfof]u @_ lzIfs ;]jf cfof]u
#_ o'g]:sf]sf lgldTt g]kfn /fli6«o cfof]usf] ;lrjfno $_ /fli6«o k/LIff af]8{
%_ k|fljlws lzIff tyf Jofj;flos tflnd kl/ifb\
ljZjljb\ofno
!_ lqe'jg ljZjljb\ofno
@_ g]kfn ;+:s[t ljZjljb\ofno
#_ sf7df08f} ljZjljb\ofno
$_ k"jf{~rn ljZjljb\ofno
%_ kf]v/f ljZjljb\ofno
^_ n'lDagL af}4 ljZjljb\ofno
&_ ;'b"/ klZrdf~rn ljZjljb\ofno
*_ dWo klZrdf~rn ljZjljb\ofno
(_ s[lif tyf kz'lj1fg ljZjljb\ofno

283
 ljZjljb\ofno cg'bfg cfof]u
:yfkgf M @)%) d+l;/ & ut]
u7g ljlw
j|m;+ ljj/0f kb
! Vofltk|fKt lzIffljb\ dWo]af6 g]kfn ;/sfn] dgf]lgt u/sf] JolSt cWoIf
@ ljZjljb\ofnosf pks'nklt dWo]af6 g]kfn ;/sf/n] dgf]lgt u/]sf] @ ;b:o
hgf
# /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf] lzIff x]g]{ ;b:o ;b:o
$ ;lrj, lzIff dGqfno ;b:o
% ;lrj, cy{ dGqfno ;b:o
^ pRr lzIffdf ljz]if of]ubfg k'¥ofpg] ljb\jfg tyf al/i7 ;b:o
k|fWofksdWo]af6 g]kfn ;/sf/n] dg]lgt u/]sf] @ hgf
& pRr lzIffsf] If]qdf ljz]if of]ubfg k'¥ofpg] ljleGg JolStdWo]af6 g]kfn ;b:o
;/sf/n] dgf]lgt u/]sf] @ hgf
* g]kfn ;/sf/af6 dgf]lgt JolSt ;b:o ;lrj
;ldltdf # hgf kb]g / * hgf dgf]lgt x'g] . dgf]lgt ;b:osf] kbfjlw $ aif{sf] x'g] .
sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/
1. ljZjljb\ofno :yfkgf ug]{ ;DaGwdf g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ k/fdz{ lbg] .
2. ljleGg ;|f]taf6 k|fKt cg'bfgsf] /sd ljZjljb\ofnonfO{ k|bfg ug]{ ;DaGwdf gLlt th'{df ug]{ .
3. ljZjljb\ofnonfO{ cg'bfg lbg] tyf yk cg'bfg dfu ug]{ ljZjljb\ofnosf nflu ;DalGwt
lgsfodf l;kmfl/; ug]{ .
4. ljZjljb\ofnodf ;~rfng ul/g] z}lIfs sfo{j|md :t/o'St agfpg ljZjljb\ofnoaLr ;dGjo
sfod ug]{ .
5. z}lIfs :t/ a[l4sf nflu pko'St sfo{j|md th'{df ug]{ .
6. ljZjljb\ofnodf pko'St z}lIfs :t/ lgwf{/0f u/fpg] ;DaGwdf cfjZos Joj:yf ug]{ .
7. g]kfn /fHoleq tyf aflx/sf ljZjljb\ofno tyf z}lIfs ;+:yfaLr 5fqj[lTt, ljb\jt j[lTt k|bfg
ug]{ ;DaGwdf cfjZos Joj:yf ug]{ .
8. ljZjljb\ofnoaLr ;dGjo sfod ug]{ .
9. cfof]usf] sfd sf/afxLsf] aflif{s k|ltj]bg g]kfn ;/sf/ ;dIf k]z ug]{ .
10. cfof]usf] p2]Zo kl/k"lt{sf nflu tf]lsPadf]lhd cGo sfo{ ug]{ .

284
g]kfnsf ljZjljb\ofno ;DaGwL hfgsf/L
j|m; ljZjljb\ofno :yfkgf ldlt P]g hf/L ldlt cf+lus ;DaGwg ljb\ofyL{ s]Gb|Lo
SofDk; k|fKt ;+Vof sfof{no
SofDk;
! lqe'jg @)!^÷#÷!! @)!^÷@÷!# ^) !)^# #,#!,*!^ sf7df08f}
ljZjljb\ofno
@ g]kfn ;+:s[t @)$#÷!)÷@! @)$#÷*÷@% !$ $ !^*@ bfª
ljZjljb\ofno
# sf7df08f} @)$*÷*÷@# @)$*÷*÷$ ^ !% !$,%%) sfe|]
ljZjljb\ofno
$ k"jf{~rn @)%! @)%)÷(÷!( % !@^ !%,^%# df]/ª
ljZjljb\ofno
% kf]v/f @)%$÷$÷! @)%#÷!!÷@% $ %* @%,%#@ kf]v/f
ljZjljb\ofno
^ n'lDagL af}4 @)^@÷$÷@) @)^! df ! % @$! ¿kGb]xL
ljZjljb\ofno cWofb]z hf/L
& s[lif tyf jg — @)^&÷#÷# @ ) !!@^ lrtjg
ljZjljb\ofno
* dWoklZrdf~rn — @)^&÷#÷# — — @%@@ ;'v]{t
ljZjljb\ofno
( ;'b"/ — @)^&÷#÷# — — !*@( s~rgk"/
klZrdf~rn
ljZjljb\ofno
!) v'nf @)&#÷#÷#) gtf]lsPsf]
ljZjljb\ofno
k':tsfno ;DaGwL hfgsf/L
ljj/0f g]kfn /fli6«o k':tsfno s]z/ k':tsfno l8NnL/d0f sNof0fL /]UdL
:df/s k':tsfno
:yfkgf ldlt @)!#÷(÷!( !()* @)#&
x:tfGt/0f jf @)!#÷(÷!( @)@^ z]ifkl5 lbg] u/L @)#& df
vl/b as;kq ul/Psf]
/x]sf] :yfg xl/x/ejg nlntk"/ s]z/dxn, sf7df08f} nflhDkf6, sf7df08f}

285
cGo x]d/fh kf08]sf] lghL s]z/ zDz]/sL >LdtL z]ifkl5 x:tfGt/0f ug]{ u/L
k':ts vl/b u/L :yfkgf s[i0f rGb|b]jLn] g]kfn l8NnL /d0f /]UdLn] @)#&
ul/Psf] . ;/sf/nfO{ x:tfGt/0f df as;kq u/]sf .
u/]sL
/fli6«o k/LIff af]8{
/fli6«o k/LIff af]8{ @)&# cfiff9 !% df ePsf] lzIff P]gsf] cf7f}+ ;+zf]wgaf6 :yflkt :jfoTt ;+:yf
xf] .af]8{sf] sIff !) / !@ sf] k/LIff ;~rfng ug]{ d'n lhDd]jf/L /x]sf] 5 .s]Gb|Lo sfof{no ;fgf]l7dL
eStk"/df /x]sf] o; af]8{sf] sfo{ ljleGg !! cf]6f zfvf sfof{no -tTsflng pRr dfWolds lzIff
kl/ifb\sf zfvf sfof{no_ af6 ;~rfng x'Fb} cfO/x]sf] 5 . af]8{sf] ;+u7g tyf Joj:yfkg ;e]{If0f u/L
;+u7g ;+/rgf agfpg] sfo{ hf/L /x]sf] cj:yf 5 .

k|fljlws lzIff tyf Jofj;flos tflnd kl/ifb\

@)$% ;fn sflt{s @* ut] k|fljlws lzIff tyf Jofj;flos tflnd kl/ifb\ P]g hf/L ePkl5lj=;+=@)$%
df :yfkgf ePsf] o; kl/ifb\sf] s]Gb|Lo sfof{no ;fgf]l7dL, eStk'/df /x]sf] 5 .( ;b:oLo kl/ifb\ cGtu{t
$ cf]6f ;ldlt / ( cf]6f dxfzfvf /x]sf 5g\ . kl/ifb\ cGtu{t sfo{ ug{sf nflu hDdf *%) sd{rf/L
b/aGbL /x]sf] 5 .l;ko'St g]kfn, ;d[4 hgtf eGg] o;sf] b"/b[li6 /x]sf] 5 .
o'g]:sf]sf] nflu g]kfn /fli6«o cfof]u
;g\ !($^ gf]e]Da/ $ df o'g]:sf]sf] :yfkgf ePsf] xf] . g]kfn klg o'g]:sf]sf] ;b:o d'n's ePsf]n]
;/sf/ / o'g]:sf]aLr ;dGjo sfod ug{ tyf k|fKt ;xof]usf] kl/rfng u/L sfo{j|md ;~rfng ug{
o'g]:sf]sf] nflu g]kfn /fli6«o cfof]u u7g ul/G5 . o'g]:sf]sf] lgldTt /fli6«o cfof]usf] ljwfg, @)#! -
@)#! Ho]i7 $ ut] hf/L e} xfn;Dd & k6s ;+zf]wg_ cg';f/ cfof]usf] ;+/rgf b]xfoadf]lhd /x]sf] 5 M
s_ cfof]u M lzIff dGqL —cWoIf, lzIff dGqL jf ;xfos dGqL — pkfWoIf, lzIff ;lrj — dxf;lrj,
o'g]:sf]sf] lgldTt g]kfn /fli6«o cfof]usf dxf;lrj — ;b:o ;lrj /xg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . cfof]u
cGtu{t % cf]6f ;ldt /x]sf 5g\ M s_ lzIff v_ ;+:s[lt u_ lj1fg 3_ cfd ;~rf/ ª_
;fdflhs . k|To]s ;ldlt & ;b:oLo /xg] Joj:yf 5 .
v_ sfo{sfl/0fL ;ldlt M lzIff dGqLsf] cWoIftfdf !# ;b:oLo sfo{sfl/0fL ;ldlt /xg] Joj:yf 5 .
u_ ljz]if ;ldlt M cfjZostf cg';f/ ljz]if ;ldlt u7g ug{ ;Sg] . ;+of]hs ;lxt a9Ldf & ;b:oLo
ljz]if ;ldlt u7g ug{ ;lsg] Joj:yf 5 .
3_ ;lrjfno M cfof]usf] ;lrjfno lzIff dGqfno jf dGqfnon] pknAw u/fPsf] :yfgdf x'g]5 .
dxf;lrjn] tf]s]sf] lzIff dGqfnosf] pk;lrjn] ;lrjfnosf] ;lrj eO{ sfd ug]{5 .
hgs lzIff ;fdu|L s]Gb|
• o; s]Gb| lj=;+= @)!@ ;fndf lzIfs k|lzIf0f tflnd ;fdu|L pTkfbg ug]{ p2]Zon] vf]lnPsf]
;+:yf xf] .
• lj=;+= @)!# ;fndf sn]h ckm Ph's]zgsf] Jo"/f] ckm klAns]zgdf ¿kfGt/0f eof] .
286
 • lj=;+= @)!* df lzIff ;fdu|L pTkfbg s]Gb| / n]vg s]Gb| u/L @ cf]6f s]Gb|sf] ¿kdf ljefhg .
• lj=;+= @)@# ;fndf cfkm\g} ejg ag]kl5 ;fgf]l7dL, eStk'/af6 ;~rfng .
• lj=;+= @)@$ ;fndf hgs lzIff ;fdu|L s]Gb| gfdfs/0f u/L b'j} s]Gb|sf] Plss/0f .
• lj=;+= @)@* ;fndf ljb\ofno:t/Lo kf7\ok':tssf] pTkfbg tyf ljj|mL ljt/0f ug]{ lhDd]jf/L
yk .
• lj=;+= @)#) ;fndf ljsf; ;ldlt P]g, @)!# cGtu{t hgs lzIff ;fdu|L s]Gb| ljsf;
;ldltdf ¿kfGt/0f .
• lj=;+= @)#% ;fn cflZjg * ut] sDkgL P]g, @)@! cGtu{t /xL hgs lzIff ;fdu|L s]Gb|
lnld6]8 gfdfs/0f u/L xfn;Dd sfo{/t .
• o;sf] ;+u7g ;+/rgfdf s]Gb|Lo sfof{no, ^ cf]6f ljefu, # cf]6f lgb]{zgfno, % cf]6f If]qLo
sfof{no / ! cf]6f cg'udg Pjd\ ;'kl/j]If0f sfof{no /x]sf] 5 .
:jf:Yo lj1fg k|lti7fg
j|m; k|lti7fgsf] gfd :yfkgf ;~rflnt s}lkmot
ldlt :yfg
! lj=kL= sf]O/fnf :jf:Yo @)%% ;'g;/Lsf] ljlj ;/x
lj1fg k|lti7fg w/fg
@ lrlsT;f lj1fg /fli6«o @)%( sf7df08f} ljlj ;/x
k|lti7fg
# kf6g :jf:Yo lj1fg @)^$ nlntk'/ ljlj ;/x
k|lti7fg
$ s0ff{nL :jf:Yo lj1fg @)^# h'Dnf k|f/lDes
k|lti7fg r/0fdf

287
 kl/R5]b M cf7

afn dgf]lj1fg / l;sfO

*=! afn dfgf]lj1fgsf] cjwf/0ff

cª\u|]hL efiffsf] (Psychology) zAbsf] g]kfnL ¿kfGt/ dgf]lj1fg x'G5 .of] zAb Nofl6g efiffsf]
(Psycho) cyf{t\ cfTdf / (Logas) cyf{t ljrf/ ug'{ jf dgf]lj1fgsf] cWoog eGg] nfU5 . k|f/Dedf
jo:s JolStsf] dfgl;s k|lj|mofsf] cWoog ug]{ lj1fgsf ¿kdf /x]sf] o; zAbn] cfhsn ;a} pd]/sf
JolStsf] dfgl;s, zf/Ll/s tyf ;+j]ufTds cflb k|lj|mofsf] cWoog u5{ . dgf]lj1fgn] dfgjsf :d/0f,
lj:d/0f, ;+j]bgf, lrGtg cfj]u, ;+j]u h:tf s'/fsf ;fy} zf/Ll/s tyf dfgl;s lj|mof, ;fdflhs ;fdfGo
tyf c;fdfGo Jojxf/, afn lasf; cflb kIfsf] ;d]t cWoog u5{ .
dfgj j[b\lw / ljsf;sf j|mdaf/] cWoog ug]{ dgf]lj1fgdWo] JolStsf] afNosfnsf] cWoog ug]{
dgf]lj1fgnfO{afn dgf]lj1fg elgG5 . cyf{t afn dgf]lj1fgn] afn ljsf;sf r/0fsf ;fy} p;sf]
nfngkfng, ;fdflhs, kfl/jfl/s kl/j]z, z}lIfs, ;fF:s[lts jftfj/0fjf/] cWoog ug{
l;sfp5 .afnssf] uef{j:yfb]lv afNofj:yf;Dd x'g] ;a} vfnsf j[b\lw / ljsf;fTds sfo{ afnlasf;
cGt{ut kb{5g\ . To;}n] afn dgf]lj1fg eGgfn] afnlasf;sf ljsf;fTds sfo{ tyf ljz]iftf cflb kIfsf]
;du| cWoog eGg] a'lemG5 . lzIf0f l;sfO lj|mofsnfksf ;Gbe{df afndgf]lj1fg;+u ;DalGwt x'G5 .
JolStn] k|fKt ug]{ cg'ejsf] sf/0fn] Jojxf/df cfpg] kl/jt{gnfO{ l;sfO elgG5 . l;sfOn] JolStnfO{
x/]s kIfaf6 ;dfof]hg x'g ;xof]u ub{5 . l;sfO k|lj|mof dflg;sf] hGdb]lv d[To'ko{Gt rln/xG5 . afn
aflnsf ;dfof]hgsf] k|f/lDes r/0fdf x'g] x'gfn] k|f}9 jf jo:seGbf rfF8f] / a9L s'/f l;S5g\ .l;sfO
k|lj|mof cg'ej, JolSt, j:t' jf 36gf h:tf s'/f;Fu ;DalGwt x'G5 .
l;sfOsf ;DaGwdf ljleGg ljåfgn] u/]sf kl/efiff M
-!_ UofUg] (Gagne) sf cg';f/M l;sfO eg]sf] dfgjsf] of]Uotfdf cfpg] kl/jt{g xf] h;nfO{ :d/0f
ug{ ;lsG5 / h;nfO{ zf/Ll/s ljsf;sf] k|lj|mof;Fu} ;fdfGotof k|f;+lus ug{ ;lsGg "Learning
is a change in human disposition or capability, which can be retained, and which is not simply
ascribe to the process of growth".
-@_ u]6] -Gate) sf cg';f/ æl;sfO eg]sf] cg'ej Pj+ tflndsf] dfWodaf6 cfpg] Jojxf/sf] kl/dfh{g
xf] ."Learning is the modification of behaviour through experience and training" .
-#_ sfnleg (Calvin) sf cg';f/ æl;sfO cg'e"ltsf] kl/df0f:j¿k xfd|f] ef}lts Jojxf/sf] kl/dfh{g
xf] .Learning is the modification of our readymade (original) behavour due to experienceÆ

288
 -$_ s|f] P08 s|f] sf cg';f/ æl;sfO cfbt, 1fg / clej[lTtsf] cfh{g xf] Learning is
(Crow & Crow)
the acquision of habits, knowledge and attitudesÆ
.
-%_ lsDan / ufe]{hL (Kimble & Garvegy) sf cg';f/ æl;sfO eg]sf] k'/:s[t cEof;sf] kmn:j¿k
Jofjxfl/s k|j[lTtdf cfpg] Pp6f ;fk]lIfs :yfoL kl/t{g xf] .Æ To;}n] l;sfO JolStsf] cg'ejsf
cfwf/df Jojxf/df cfpg] :yfoL kl/jt{g xf] . JolStn] cg'ej ug]{ jftfj/0f / kl/j]zsf
cfwf/df l;sfOsf] :t/ km/s x'g ;S5, tyflk l;sfO k|lj|mof ;a}df ;dfg 9ª\un] x'G5 .
dgf]lj1fgsf] ;Gbe{df a'FbfM
• u|Ls efiffdf Psyche sf] cy{ cfTd / Logos sf] cy{ lj1fg cyf{t\ PsychologynfO{ cfTdsf]
lj1fg -soul + science) cyf{t o;sf] zflAbs ¿kdf o;nfO{"As a science of soul" -
cfTdfsf] lj1fg_ elgGYof] .
• z'?sf] r/0fb]lv !( cf}+ ztfAbL;Dd Psychology nfO{ cfTdsf] lj1fg elgGYof] .
• klxn] o;nfO{ bz{g zf:qsf] Pp6f zfvf dflgGYof] .dWo o'udf (Medieval Age, 500-1500
A.D.) Psy/L dgf]j}1flgsn] dl:tissf] lj1fg (Science of mind) eg]/ cYof{Psf lyP .-
sfG6, n]jlgh, ns cflbn]_
• To;kl5 !% cf}+ ztfAbLdf (William James, Wundt h:tf dgf]j}1flgsn]_ r]tgfsf] lj1fg
elgof] (Psychology is the science of consciousnes)
• rf}yf] r/0fM @) cf}+ ztfAbLb]lv o;nfO{ Jojxf/ cWoog ug{] lj1fg (Science of behaviour)
eg]/ kl/eflift ul/of] .cfhklg o;nfO{ lj1fg tyf Jojxf/sf] cWoog (As a science or
study of behvaiour) dflgG5 .
• lj1fgsf] ¿kdf of] hLjsf] -dflg;sf]_ pTk|]/0ff, :d/0f, l;sfO, dfgl;s cj:yf cflb
(Motivation, memory, learning, mental, condition etc.) sf] cWoog ug{] ePsf]n]
Biological science ;Fu a9L ;DalGwt 5 eg] dflg;sf] hGdb]lv d[To' ko{Gt ;fdflhs
cj:yf, jftfj/0f Jojxf/ tyf ljleGg l;sfO cflbsf] cWoog ug{] x'gfn] Jojxfl/s lj1fg
(behavioral science) klg xf] . o;/L dgf]lj1fgsf] cy{df j|mdzM kl/jt{g x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 .
• ;aeGbf klxn] ;g\ !()% William Mc Dougall n] dgf]lj1fgnfO{ æJojxf/sf] cWoog ug{]
lj1fg’ eGg] wf/0ff k|:t't u/]/ ;g\ !()* df ædgf]lj1fg Tof] lj1fg xf], h;n] hLjgsf
;Dk"0f{ Jojxf/sf] a9L ;dembf/L / lgoGq0f ;xof]u ug{] p2]Zo /fV5Æ eGg] ljrf/ k|:t't
u/] .
• Jojxf/jfbL l;b\wfGtsf hgs J.B. Watson sf zAbdf "psychology is the positive
science of behaviour" elgPsf] .
• ;'?df o;nfO{ cfTdfsf] lj1fg, kl5 dgsf] lj1fg, kl5 r]tgfsf] lj1fg / xfn Jojxf/sf]
lj1fg
• lgZsif{df dgf]lj1fgnfO{ dfgj;Fu ;DalGwt agfP/ eGg'kbf{ p;sf] Jojxf/sf] j}1flgs
cWoog (Psychology is the scientific study of human behaviour) xf] .
l;sfOsf] :j¿k(Nature of Learning)
l;sfOsf :j¿knfO{ a'Fbfut ¿kdf b]xfoadf]lhd pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 M
!_ l;sfO Pp6f k|lj|mof xf] / of] pTkfbg xf]Og .
289
 @_ l;sfOdf ;a} cg'e"lt / tflnd lglxt x'G5g\ h;af6 JolStdf kl/jt{g cfpFb5 . cyf{t\ l;sf?sf]
Jojxf/ ablnG5 .
#_ l;sfOaf6 dflg;df ;dfof]hg / cg's'ng a9\5 .
$_ l;sfO pb\b]Zok"0f{ / nIo s]lGb|t x'G5 .
%_ l;sfOsf] If]q lj:t[t x'G5 . o;n] dfgjLo Jojxf/sf] ;1fgfTds, efjgfTds / lj|mofTds h:tf
If]qnfO{ cf]u6]sf] x'G5 .
^_ l;sfO ;fj{ef}d x'G5 .;a}n] lg/Gt/ / cfhLjg;Dd l;ls/xG5g\ .
JolStsf] cfGtl/s cWoog jf dgsf] lj1fg cWoog u/L p;sf] Jojxf/df cfGtl/s kl/jt{g Nofpg]
Jofjxfl/s lj1fgnfO{{ l;sfO dgf]lj1fg elgG5 . l;sfO dgf]lj1fg g} lzIff dgf]lj1fg xf] .dgf]j}1flgs
k|flKtnfO{{ lzIffsf If]qdf nfu" ug]{ Jofjxfl/s kIf g} lzIff dgf]lj1fg xf] .

*=@ afn ljsf;sf] kl/ro, j[bl\ w / ljsf;

-s_ afnljsf;
ljBdfg oyfl:ytLaf6 clu|d ;'wf/ tyf kl/jt{gtkm{ hfg'nfO{ ;fdfGotM ljsf; elgG5 . afnsdf cfpg]
o:t} kl/jt{gnfO{ afnljsf; elgG5 .afnsdf ljsf;fTds kl/jt{g pd]/;Fu} j|mdzM sd ljsf;sf]
cj:yfaf6 dflyNnf] :t/tkm{ cufl8 al9/x]sf] x'G5 . h:t} afns hGdbf p;sf] zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s,
af}b\lws tyf ;+j]ufTds cj:yf cToGt sdhf]/ cj:yfdf x'G5 .t/, j|mdz afnsdf oL kIfdf
pRr:t/tkm{ kl/jt{g x'Fb} hfG5 .
dfgjljsf; cfdfsf] ue{b]lv ;'? x'G5 . afndgf]j}1flgsn] afnaflnsfsf] ljsf;nfO{ ljleGg cj:yfdf
afF8]sf 5g\ . h:t} ue{df x'Fbfsf] cj:yf, hGd]sf] a]nfsf] cj:yf, hGdbfb]lv @ jif{sf] pd]/sf] cj:yf, @
b]lv ^ jif{sf] cj:yf, ^ b]lv !@ jif{, / !# b]lv !* jif{ ;Ddsf] cj:yf cflb jfnljsf; ljleGg cj:yf
x'g . dgf]lj1fgdf ue{wf/0fb]lv d[To'z}of;Ddsf] ljsf;sf] j|mdnfO{ cWoog ul/G5 . o:tf] lj:t[t
ljsf;fTds cWoognfO{ dfgjljsf; elgG5 . k|f/lDes afNosfnsf] ljsf; dfgjljsf;sf] Pp6f ;fgf]
c+z dfq xf] .;Dk"0f{ dfgj ljsf;nfO{ lgDglnlvt ljleGg v08df ljeflht u/]/ cWoog ug]{ ul/Psf] 5M
Hurluck sfcg'
sfcg';f/Mdfg
f/Mdfg ljsf;sf r/0fnfO{
r/0fnfO{ !) r/0fdf ljefhg u/]sL 5g . tL x'gM
!= ue{fj:yf -Prenatal Period_ of] ue{ wf/0fb]lv hGdg' k"j{sf] cj:yf xf] h;sf] ;do nueu @&)
b]lv @*) lbg ;Ddsf] x'G5 .
@= z}zjfj:yf -infancy Period_ aRrf hGdb]lv @ xKtf;Ddsf] cj:yf
#= pQ/ z}zjfj:yf -Babyhood Period _M @ xKtf b]lv @ jif{;Ddsf] cj:yf afNo cj:yf -
Childhood Period _of] cj:yfnfO{ @ efudf afFl8Psf] 5 .
$= k"j{afNofj:yf-Early childhoodPeriod_ @ jif{b]lv ^ jif{ ;Ddsf] pd]/sf] cj:yfnfO{ k"j{afNofj:yf
xf] . xfd|f] ;Gbe{df k"j{ k|fylds sIffdf egf{ eO{ cf}krfl/s ljb\ofno txsf] sIff ! df egf{ x'g]
pd]/ xf] .
%= pQ/ afNofj:yf -Late Childhood Period_ ^ jif{b]lv !) of !@ jif{ ;Dds] pd]/. xfd|f] ;Gbe{df
cf}{krfl/s ljBfno txsf] sIff ! df egf{ eO{ k|fylds ljb\ofno tx k"/f ul/;Sg] pd]/ xf] .
290
^= of}jgfj:yf jf k"j{ lszf]/ cj:yf -Puberty or Pre-Adolescence Period_ of] cj:yfnfO{ Pp6f k"0f{
cj:yf geP/ pQ/ afNofj:yf / lszf]/fj:yfsf] aLrsf] ;lGwsfnsf] 5f]6f] cjlw xf] . of] cj:yf
!) of !@ jif{ b]lv !# of !$ jif{;Ddsf] cj:yf xf] .
&= lszf]/fj:yf -Adolescence Period_ of] cj:yf !# of !$ b]lv !* jif{ of !( jif{ ;Ddsf] cjlw
xf] .
*= k|f/lDes ao:scj:yf -Early Adulthood Period_ of] cj:yf !* jif{ b]lv $) jif{ ;Ddsf] cj:yf
xf] .
(= dWofj:yf -Middle Adulthood Period_ of] cj:yf $) jif{ b]lv ^) jif{ ;Ddsf] cj:yf xf] .
!)= pQ/jo:s cj:yf÷a[4fj:yf -Old Age_M of] cj:yf ^) jif{ b]lv dfly d[To' ;Ddsf] cj:yf xf] .
afnljsf;sf oL x/]s cj:yf dxTjk"0f{ x'G5g\ . oL x/]s cj:yfsf afnaflnsfsf] ljsf;df ;DalGwt
cleefjs, lzIfs, tyf cGo jftfj/0fn] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x ub{5 .afnljsf; eg]sf] afnaflnsfsf]
zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s, jf}b\lws ;fdflhs Pjd\ ;+j]ufTds cflb kIfsf] ljsf; xf] .plrt jftfj/0fsf]
cefjdf ljsf; cj?b\w x'g hfG5 . o;sf/0f afnssf] oL rf}tkmL{ ljsf;sf kIfdf x'g] u'0ffTds tyf
kl/0ffTds kl/jt{gsf ;Dk"0f{ k|lj|mof g} afnlasf; xf] .
Jean Piagetn] dfgj ljsf;nfO{
ljsf;nfO{ rf/ r/0fdf ljefhg u/]sf 5g\
5g\ .tL r/0f lgDglnlvt /x]sf 5g\ M
!=Sensorymotor Stage -hGdb]lv @ jif{;Ddsf] ;do_
@=Pre operational Stage -@ jif{b]lv & jif{;Ddsf] ;do_
#=Concrete Operational Stage -&jif{ b]lv !! jif{;Dd_
$=Formal Operational -!! b]lv jo:scj:yf_
-v_ afnj[b\lw / ljsf;
dfgj j[b\lw eGgfn] dflg;sf] zf/Ll/s agf]6, cfsf/ k|sf/, prfO, tf}n cflbdf cfpg] kl/jt{g xf] eg]]
dfgj z/L/df x'g] ;sf/fTds jf kl/df0ffTds kl/jt{g klg xf] .
j[bl\ wsf ljz]iftfM
• j[b\lw :ki6 b]Vg ;lsG5
• j[b\lw gfKg jf tf}ng ;lsG5
• j[b\lwsf] kl/0ffd ;a} :yfg ljz]ifdf k|foM Pp6} x'G5
• j[b\lw lglZrt ;do k5fl8 /f]lsg klg ;S5
• j[b\lw s]jn zf/Ll/s kl/jt{g;Fu dfq ;DalGwt x'G5 .
afn ljsf;sf] kl/efiff
zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s, ;fdflhs, ;+j]ufTds, g}lts cflb ;Dk"0f{ kIfdf b]vfkg]{ u'0ffTds kl/jt{gnfO{ g}
ljsf; (Human Development) elgG5 .
æljsf; k|f0fLdf x'g] k|ultzLn kl/jt{g xf] h'g s'g} lglZrt nIotkm{ lgb]{lzt u5{ .Æ – h]D; 8«]e/
(Jamesh Drever)

291
dfgj ljsf;sf ljz]iftf
!= ljsf;df kl/jt{g x'G5 .
@= cufl8 x'g] ljsf; k5fl8 x'g] eGbf hl6n / ;+j]bgzLn x'G5 .
#= ljsf; kl/kSjtf / l;sfOsf] k|ltkmn xf] .
$= ljsf;sf] eljiojf0fL ug{ ;lsG5 .
dfgj ljsf; lgDg b'O{j6f lgodsf cfwf/df x'G5–
i= zLif{kfb lgod (Cephalocaudal law) dflg;sf] ljsf; zL/b]lv kfplt/ x'Fb} hfG5 .
ii= lgs6b"/ lgod (proximodistal law)-ljsf; dflg;sf] z/L/sf] s]Gb|Lo efuaf6 6f9flt/ x'Fb}
hfG5 .
%= ljsf;df j}olSts leGgtf kfOG5 .
^= ljsf;sf 9fFrfdf ljleGg cj:yf tyf r/0f x'G5g\ .
&= x/]s ljsf;sf cj:yfdf ;fdflhs ck]Iff x'G5g\ .
*= ljsf; lg/Gt/ rln/xg] k|lj|mof xf] .
(= ljsf;sf] lglZrt j|md x'G5 .
!)= z/L/sf ljleGg cª\usf] ljsf;sf] ult km/skm/s x'G5 .
!!= ljsf; ;fdfGoaf6 ljlzi6lt/ x'Fb} hfG5 .
!@= ljsf;df ;x;DaGw x'G5 .
!#= ljsf;df j+zf0f'ut u'0f / jftfj/0faLr cGt/lj|mof x'G5 .
!$= x/]s cj:yf ;ª\s6k"0f{ x'G5 .
!%= x/]s ljsf;fTds r/0fdf ljz]if u'0f x'G5g\ .
dfgj j[[l4 / ljsf; cWoogsf pb\b]Zo
dfgj ljsf; cWoogsf ;DaGwdf k|l;4 dgf]j}1flgs Elizabeth Hurlock n] cfkm\gf] k|l;4 k':ts
Developmental psychology df o;/L pNn]v u/]sL 5g\–

!= afnaflnsf Pp6f ljsf;fTds cj:yfaf6 csf]{ ljsf;fTds cj:yfdf hfFbf pgLx¿sf] cg'xf/,
Jojxf/, rfv, nIodf s] s:tf ;femf jf ljz]if kl/jt{g b]vf k5{g\ kTtf nufpg' .
@= pk/f]Qm kl/jt{g slxn] b]vf k5{g\ ;f] kTtf nufpg' .
#= s] sf/0fn] o:tf kl/jt{g b]vf k5{g\ ;f] kTtf nufpg' .
$= ltgLn] Jojxf/df s;/L k|efj kf5{g\ ;f] kTtf nufpg' .
%= ltgLsf] af/]df JofVof ug{ ;lsg] xf] jf g;lsg] ;f] kTtf nufpg' .
^= ltgL JolStut x'g\ jf ;femf ;f] kTtf nufpg' .
dfly plNnlvt pb\b]Zo afx]s dfgj ljsf; cWoog ug'{sf pb\b]Zo lgDg cg';f/ 5g\–
!= cfdfa'jfnfO{ cfkm\gf ;Gtfgsf] /fd|f] x]/ljrf/ ug{ / kfngkf]if0f ug{ .
@= JolStnfO{ cfkm\gf] JolStTj ljsf; ug{ ;xof]u ug'{ .

292
#= lzIfsnfO{ k|efjsf/L lzIf0f ug{ / plrt kyk|bz{gdf ;xof]u ug{ .
$= of]hgfsf/ tyf ljz]if1nfO{ lzIf0fsf] pb\b]Zo lgwf{/0f ug{ / kf7\oj|md lgdf{0f ug{ ;xof]u ug{ .
%= ljz]if afnaflnsfnfO{ lzIff lbg / unt af6f]df nfu]sf aRrfnfO{ dgf]j}1flgs pkrf/ u/L ;fdfGo
cj:yfdf kmsf{pg .
dfgj j[b\lw / ljsf;sf lgwf{/s
dflg;sf] ljsf; s] n] lgwf{/0f u5{ eGg'nfO{ g} dfgj j[b\lw / ljsf;sf lgwf{/s elgG5 . dflg;sf]
j[b\lw / ljsf; p;sf] j+zf0f'ut u'0fsf cfwf/df x'Fb} hfG5, dflg;sf] ljsf; s;/L x'G5 eGg] s'/f
j+zf0f'n] lgwf{/0f u5{ eGg] s'/fdf Psy/L dgf]j}1flgs hf]8 lbG5g\ eg] csf]{y/L s]xL dgf]j}1flgs
dflg;sf] j[b\lw / ljsf; j+zf0f'ut u'0fsf] cfwf/df geP/ jftfj/0fn] lgwf{/0f ub{5 eGg] s'/fdf hf]8
lbG5g\ .lgZsif{df oxL eGg ;lsG5– dfgjsf] j[b\lw / ljsf; j+zf0f'ut u'0f (Heredity) / jftfj/0f
(Environment) b'a}n] lgwf{/0f ub{5 . dflg;sf d"n k|j[lTt j+zf0f'af6 cfpF5g\ eg] To;sf] k"0f{ lj:tf/
pko'St jftfj/0fdf x'G5 .
!= j+zf0f' (Heredity)
j+zf0f'sf s]xL kl/efiff(Some definitions of Heredity)
• æj+zf0f' dftflktfaf6 ;Gtfgdf k|fKt x'g] u'0f xf]Æ -Rut Bendict
• æj+zf0f' cfdfafa'sf] zf/Ll/s Pjd\ dfgl;s ljz]iftf ;Gtfgdf x:tfGt/0f x'g' xf]-James Drever
• j+zf0f'ut u'0f ;fg]{ tTjnfO{Genes elgG5 .
j+zf0f'sf l;4fGt÷lgod (Principles/laws of heredity)
!= ljhsf]ifsf] lg/Gt/tf
@= cflh{t u'0fsf] ;+j|md0f
#= hLjg ;f+lVosL lgod
$= d]08njfb
%= leGgtfsf] lgod
^= k|Tofudgsf] lgod
j+zf0f'n] afnsdf kfg]{ k|efj (Influence of heredity on child)
!= d"n ljz]iftfdf k|efj
@= zf/Ll/s nIf0fdf k|efj
#= hftLo >]i7tfdf k|efj
$= Joj;flos of]Uotfdf k|efj
%= ;fdflhs l:yltdf k|efj
^= rl/q÷JolStTjdf k|efj
&= dxfgtfdf k|efj
*= a'l4df k|efj

293
@= jftfj/0f (Environment)

jftfj/0f klg dfgj ljsf;sf] Pp6f k|d'v lgwf{/0f xf] . jftfj/0fnfO{ kof{j/0f klg elgG5 . kof{j/0f
b'O{j6f zAb ldn]/ ag]sf] 5 . kl/±cfj/0f, kl/sf] cy{ rf/}lt/ / cfj/0fsf] cy{ km}lnPsf] jf 9fs]sf]
eGg] x'G5 . o;/L x]bf{ jftfj/0f eGgfn] JolStsf] rf/}lt/ h]h] s'/f km}lnPsf 5g\ / h;n] dfgj j[l4 /
ljsf;df k|ToIf ck|ToIf ¿kdf k|efj kl/x]sf] x'G5g\ To;nfO{ jftfj/0f elgG5 .
dfgj ljsf; cWoogsf ljlw
dfgj ljsf;sf] cWoog ug{ dgf]j}1flgsn] ljleGg ljlwsf] k|of]u u/]sf] kfOG5 .
tL ljlwdf k|d'v ¿kdf @ efudf ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 M
cWoog ljlw
nDaLo ljlw v08fTds ljlw
(Longitudinal Method) (Cross sectional method)
dfgj ljsf;sf] cWoog ug{ dgf]j}1flgsn] ljleGg ljlwsf] k|of]u u/]sf] kfOG5 .
• dfgj ljsf;sf] cWoog Ps hl6n sfo{ xf] . ljsf;sf] s|ddf k|To]s JolStdf j}olSts
leGgtf x'G5 .To;}n] Pp6f ljlwn] dfq dfgj ljsf;sf] cWoog ug{ sl7gfO x'G5 . To;}n]
cfjZostfcg';f/ ljlwdf klg km/km/s 5gf]6 ug'{k5{ . dgf]j}1flgsn] dfgjljsf;sf]
cWoogdf w]/} ljlwsf] k|of]u ul/;s]sf 5g\ .tLdWo] k|d'v ljlw eg]sf] dfgj ljsf;sf]
cWoogsf] s|ddf k|of]u ul/g] ljefudf ljsf;fTds cWoog Ps ljefu xf] .o;nfO{
cyf{tDevelopmental StudynfO{ j+;"q cWoog (Genetic study)klg elgG5 .
• ljsf;fTds cWoog ljlwleq a[l4 cWoog(Follow - up study)/ k/Dk/fut cWoog(trend
Studies )kb{5g\ .
ljsf;fTds cWoog ÷j+z;"q cWoog
!= a[l4 cWoog( Growth Studies)
@= cg'udg jf s|lds cWoog -Follow up study_
#= k/Dk/f cWoog
s= nDaLo ljlw -Longitudinal Method_
v= lIftLhLo ljlw -Cross sectional Method_
s= nDaLo ljlw -Longitudinal Method_
s'g} klg afnaflnsfsf] nfdf] ;do;Dd cWoog ul/g] ljlwnfO{ nDaLo ljlw elgG5 . o; cGtu{t Pp6f
afns jf afnaflnsfsf] ;d"xnfO{ nfdf] ;do;Dd lg/Gt/ cWoog ul/G5 / pgLx¿df cWoog kl5
ljleGg pd]/df cfPsf zf/Ll/s, jf}b\lws, ;Da]ufTds, ls|ofTds, z}lIfs tyf ljleGg Jojxf/sf]
kl/jt{gsf] ;fdfGoLs/0f o; ljlwn] u5{ . dgf]a}1flgsHurlockn] nDaLo ljlwnfO{ klg @ efudf ljefhg
u/]sL 5g\ .
c_ Jojxf/ pGd'v -Trait oriented_ cf_ hLjg kl/0ffd pGd'v -Life outcome oriented_
294
c= Jojxf/ pGd'v -Trait oriented_Mklxnf] tl/sf cg';f/ afnssf] s'g} Pp6fdfq ljsf;fTds kIfsf]
5f]6f cjlwsf] cWoog ul/G5 . o;df pbfx/0fsf] ¿kdfShirlyn] u/]sf] cWoog x]g{ ;S5f} . h:tf]
pgn] @% hgf afnssf] ls|ofTds tyf JolStut ljsf;sf af/]df afns hGd]b]lv @ jif{sf] pd]/
;Dd cWoog u/]sf lyP .
Jean Piagetn] cfkm\g} 5f]/LJacquelinsf] cfFvf / xftsf] ;dGjosf] ljsf; ;DaGwL cWoog $ dlxgf;Dd
lg/Gt/ u/]sf lyP .
cf= hLjg kl/0ffd pGd'v -Life outcome oriented):bf];|f] tl/sf cg';f/ gd"gfdf ;d]l6Psf afnssf]
;Dk"0f{ ljsf;s|ds} nfdf] cjlw;Dd cWoog ul/g] ljlw xf] .o;}sf cfwf/df dfgjljsf; s;/L
x'G5 eGg] s'/fsf]Generalization ul/G5 . dgf]j}1flgsBuffonn] !& jif{;Dd Pp6} afnssf]
prfOsf af/]df cWoog u/]sf lyP .
nDaLo ljlwsf kmfObfM
!= o;n] afnssf] ljsf;sf] ljZn]if0f u5{ .
@= ljsf;fTds kl/jt{gsf] cWoog ug{ ;lsG5 .
#= JolStTj / Jojxf/dfly ;fF:s[lts jftfj/0fLo kl/jt{gsf] k|jfxsf] cWoog ug]{ cj;/
lbG5 .
$= kl/kSjtf / cg'ejaLrsf] ;DaGw ljZn]if0f ug]{ cj;/ lbG5 .
%= s'g cj:yfdf a[l4 / ljsf; Pjd\ l;sfO s;/L x'G5 eGg] s'/fsf] cWoog ug{ c¿
ljlweGbf a9L pkof]uL x'G5 .
nDaLo ljlwsf j]kmfObfM
!= nfdf] ;do x'g] x'gfn] c¿ k|of]ustf{af6 cg'udg cWoogsf] vfFrf] k5{ .
@= lglZrt tf]lsPsfafnssf] 5gf]6 ul/g] x'Fbf sampling sf] ljZj;gLotf x'Fb}g .
#= vlr{nf] / ;do / d]x]gt a9L nfUg] .
$= cJofjxfl/s Pp6f dgf]j}1flgs afnssf] x/]s If0fsf] ;do lbg ;Sb}gg\,
%= cg';Gwfgstf{d'vL x'g] x'gfn] ljZjf;gLo / j}B gx'g ;S5 .
^= cWoogsf] ;do, cWoogstf{ jf afnssf] d[To' ePdf cWoog ck"/f] x'G5 .
&= Pp6f afnsn] k|fKt u/]sf Jojxf/ jf jftfj/0fdf b]vfPsf] Jojxf/ c¿ afns jf
jftfj/0fdf gldNg ;S5 .
v= lIflthLo jf v08fTds ljlw
dfgj ljsf;sf] csf{] dxTjk"0f{ ljlw dWo] lIflthLo ljlw Ps xf]] . o; ljlwsf] k|of]u xfj{8 ljZj
ljb\ofnosf k|fWofksTemplin n] ;g\ !(%& df afnaflnsfsf] eflifs ljsf;sf] cWoogsf nflu
u/]sf lyP .
of] ljlw ljleGg ;d"xsf] k|ltlglwTj x'g] u/L gd'gf lnP/ cWoog ul/g] x'gfn] o;nfO{ k|ltlglwTj
ljlwklg elgG5 . cWoog ul/g] k|To]s pd]/ ;d"xaf6 gd"gf 5gf]6 u/]/ ltlgsf] Jojxf/sf]
t'ngfTds cWoog ul/G5 . o; ljlwdf s'g} 7fpFdf lglZrt ;+Vofdf lglZrt pd]/ ;d"x lgdf{0f
ul/G5 . o;/L ;d"x lgdf{0f ubf{ ljleGg pd]/sf ljljw ;fdflhs, cfly{s ef}uf]lns kl/j]z /
s]6f / s]6LRandom Sampling ljlwsf] cfwf/df 5g]6 ul/G5 . cjnf]sg stf{ / cg';Gwfgstf{n]
afnljsf;sf] s'g} klg kIfsf] u'0f zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s, ;fdflhs, ;+j]ufTds, eflifs, cflb kIfsf]
yf]/} ;do / kIfdf cWoog ug{ ;S5g . nDjLo ljlw h:tf] nfdf] ;do, w]/} vr{, JolStsf] d[To'
295
 x'g] h:tf ;d:of o;df kb{}gg\ . clen]v gd'gf 36g], x6fpg] ;d:of o;df kb{}g . o; ljlwsf]
k|of]uaf6 dfgj ljsf;sf] cWoog ug{ ;lsG5M
• dfgl;s k/LIf0f(Psychometric test,j'l4 k/LIf0f,JolStTj k/LIf0f h:tf ljlwsf] k|of]u
ul/G5 .
• o; ljlwsf] k|of]udfTemplin n] # jif{, # !# jif{, $ jif{, $@! jif{, % jif{, ^ jif{ / * jif{
pd]/ ;d"xsf afnaflnsf cWoog u/]sf lyP .
lIflthLo÷v08fTdsljlwsf kmfObf
!= ljleGg pd]/df x'g] vf; k|sf/sf ljz]iftfsf] emns lbG5 .
@= k"0f{ j}1flgs ljlwdf cfwfl/t 5
#= sd vr{df ;+rfng ug{ ;lsg] .
$= ;dosf] jrt x'g] .
%= ;Dk"0f{ cWoogsf tYonfO{ Ps} 7fpFdf /fvL ;fdfGoLs/0f ug{ jf cf};t Jojxf/ JofVof ug{
;lhnf] x'G5 .
^= Ps jf b'O{ cWoogstf{n] cWoog ug{ ;lsg]
&= cWoog ug{ ;lhnf]
a]kmfObf
!= x/]s afnaflnsfdf ljsf;fTds cj:yf Pp6} jftfj/0faf6 ljsl;t gx'g] x'Fbf cWoog
k|dfl0fs / j}B gx'g ;S5 .
@= o; ljlwdf ;f+:s[lts jf jftfj/0fLo kl/jt{gnfO{ Vofn ul/b}g .
#= pd]/ ;d"x leqs} leGgtf Vofn ul/b}g
$= cWoog ul/Psf ljleGg afnaflnsfsf]VariableslgoGq0f ug{s7Lg k5{ .
%= t'ngf of]Uo afnaflnsfsf pd]/ / ;d"x kfpg s7Lg x'G5 .t;y{ cf};t Jojxf/ lgsfn]/
JofVof ug{ s7Lg x'g

*=# k|f/lDes afn ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ff / cEof;

*=#=! cjwf/0ff / cEof;
afnaflnsfsf] @ jif{b]lv ^ jif{;Ddsf] cjlwnfO{ k|f/lDes afNocj:yf elgG5 . g]kfnn] o; pd]/sf
ljb\ofyL{{sf] zf/Ll/s tyf dfgl;s ljsf;sf nflu afn ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ff lj=;+= @))% ;fndf
dG6]Zj/L :s'nsf] :yfkgf;Fu} ;'?jft u/]sf] xf] . o; cjlwsf afnaflnsfnfO{ v]nsf] dfWodaf6 l;Sg]
cj;/ k|bfg ug'{k5{ eGg] s'/fnfO{ hf]8 lbPsf] kfOG5 . o;} ljifonfO{ dWogh/ u/L ljb\ofno egf{ x'g'k"j{
k|fylds txsf] tof/Lsf ¿kdf @ jif]{ afnljsf;sf] cjwf/0ff NofOPsf] xf] . o;y{ ljleGg ;dodf
;/sf/n] k|f/lDes afnljsf; ;DaGwL sfo{j|md tyf /0fgLlt agfO{ ;~rfngdf NofPsf] kfOG5 . ljz]if
u/L xfn k|:tfj ul/Psf] ljb\ofno If]q ljsf; of]hgfdf lgDglnlvt kIfnfO{ pNn]v u/]sf] kfOG5 . ;a}sf
nflu lzIff / ljb\ofno If]q ;'wf/ sfo{j|mdn] ;d]t k|f/lDes afn ljsf;sf] ;"rs g} tof/ u/]sf] 5 .
296
lj=;+= @)%% ;fnsf] pRr:t/Lo lzIff cfof]un] k"j{ k|fylds ljb\ofno vf]Ng ;'emfj lbPcg';f/ lzIff
P]g, @)%* sf] ;ftf}F ;+zf]wg, @)%* n] k"j{ k|fylds ljb\ofnosf] kl/efiff ;d]t u/]sf] 5 .
k|f/lDes afn lzIff / ljsf; sfo{j|md
ljb\ofno If]q ljsf; of]hgf -@)!^–@)@@_ n] k|f/lDes afn lzIff / ljsf; sfo{j|mdsf ;DaGwdf
u/]sf] Joj:yf o; k|sf/ 5M
pb\b]Zo
• k|f/lDes afn ljsf;sf] k|jw{g ug'{ .
• lgwf{l/t pd]/leq} sIff ! df egf{ x'g afn aflnsfsf] tTk/tf ;'lglZrt ug{' .
gLlt lgb]{z
• rf/ jif{ pd]/ ;d"xsf afn aflnsfnfO{ Ps jif{sf] k"j{ k|fylds lzIff jf k|f/lDes afn lzIff
/ ljsf; sfo{j|mdsf] kx'Frdfkm{t ljb\ofnodf egf{sf] tof/L ;'lglZrt ug]{ .
• dfusf cfwf/df k|f/lDes afn lzIff / ljsf; sfo{j|mdsf] lj:tf/ ug]{ .
• ljb\odfg k"j{ k|fylds lzIff÷k|f/lDes afn lzIff / ljsf; sfo{j|md lj:tf/ ubf{ ef}uf]lns
¿kdf b'u{d tyf ;LdfGts[t ;d'bfonfO{ k|fyldstfdf /fVg] .
• k"j{ k|fylds lzIff÷k|f/lDes afn lzIff tyf ljsf; sfo{j|md tyf ;]jf k|jfxsf u'0f:t/sf
dfkb08 k'/f ug]{ .
• :yfgLo ;/sf/åf/f k"j{ k|fylds lzIff÷k|f/lDes afn lzIff / ljsf; sfo{j|md / o;sf] ;]jf
k|jfxsf cfwf/e"t dfkb08 ;'lglZrt ug]{ .
/0fgLlt
;dtf
• :yfgLo ;d'bfo;Fu ;xsfo{ u/L cfjZos dfkb08, lgb]{lzsf tyf k|f]T;fxg sfo{j|mdsf] ljsf;
u/L :yfgLo ;/sf/nfO{ dfusf cfwf/df k"j{ k|fylds lzIff÷k|f/lDes afn lzIff / ljsf;
sfo{j|md ;~rfngsf nflu dfkb08, lgb]{zg tyf k|f]T;fxgsf Kofs]hdfkm{t ;zStLs/0f ug]{ .
• dfusf cfwf/df 3/, ljb\ofno, ;d'bfo cflbdf cfwfl/t tyf cfjf;Lo h:tf k"j{ k|fylds
lzIff÷k|f/lDes afn lzIff / ljsf; sfo{j|mdsf ljljw 9fFrfsf] ljsf; ug]{ .
• k"j{ lgwf{l/t dfkb08 tyf lgb]{lzsfsf cfwf/df :yfgLo ;/sf/n] ;d'bfo, kl/jf/, cleefjs
;d"x tyf lghL Pjd\ ;fj{hlgs If]qnfO{ ;+nUg u/fO{ Rff/ jif{ pd]/sf ;a} afn aflnsfsf] kx'Fr
;'lglZrt ug{ ! a;]{ k"j{ k|fylds lzIff÷k|f/lDes afn lzIff tyf ljsf; sfo{j|mdsf] lj:tf/
ug]{ .
• k"j{ k|fylds lzIff÷k|f/lDes afn lzIff / ljsf; sfo{j|mddf ;a}sf] ;dtfd"ns kxF'r ;'lgZrt
ug{ ljb\ofno egf{sf] tof/Ldf pRr lje]b /x]sf a:tL jf ;d'bfosf nflu ljz]if k|fjwfg nfu'
ug]{ .
u'0f:t/
• ;a} k"j{ k|fylds÷k|f/lDes afn lzIff tyf ljsf; s]Gb|sf ef}lts tyf z}lIfs jftfj/0fdf
cwf/e"t :t/ ;'lglZrt ug{ s]Gb|Lo / :yfgLo ;/sf/lar ;fembf/Lsf] k|jw{g ug]{ .
• cfjZos dfkb08 tyf lgb]{lzsfsf] ljsf; u/L :yfgLo ;/sf/nfO{ k"j{ k|fylds÷k|f/lDes afn
lzIff / ljsf; s]Gb|sf] Joj:yfkg tyf ;~rfng kb\wltsf] ;'b[9Ls/0fdf ;xof]u u/fpg] .
297
 • k"j{ k|fylds÷k|f/lDes afn lzIff / ljsf; sfo{j|mdsf ;fdu|Lsf] :t/ tyf ;fGble{stf
;'lglZrt u/L ltgnfO{ k|f/lDes l;sfOsf ljsf;sf] dfkb08sf] :t/;Fu cfab\w u/fpg] .
• ;a} k"j{ k|fylds÷k|f/lDes afn lzIff / ljsf; sfo{j|mdsf ;xhstf{nfO{ Ps dlxg] ;3g
tflnd k|bfg u/L Ifdtf ljsf; u/fpg] .
• k"j{ k|fylds÷k|f/lDes afn lzIff / ljsf; sfo{j|mdsf nflu ;Defljt ;xhstf{ pTkfbg ug]{
pb\b]Zon] cfwf/e"t lzIff -sIff !)_ k"/f u/]sf ljb\ofyL{sf nflu Ps a;]{ z}lIfs sfo{j|mdsf]
ljsf; ug]{ .
;Ifdtf
• ;fd'bflos ljb\ofno / ltgsf] l5d]sdf /x]sf k"j{ k|fylds÷k|f/lDes afn lzIff / ljsf;
sfo{j|md lar ;xdltsf cfwf/df sfo{d"ns ;DaGw :yflkt u/fpg] .
• k"j{ k|fylds÷k|f/lDes afn lzIff / ljsf; sfo{j|mdsf] ;'kl/j]If0f tyf cg'udg ug{ :yfgLo
;/sf/sf] e"ldsfnfO{ ;'b[9 u/fpg] .
• afn aflnsfdf /fd|f] glthf pknAw u/fpg :jf:Yo, kf]if0f, lzIff tyf ;'/Iff h:tf sfo{j|mdnfO{
;dGjo ug{{ s]Gb| :t/sf dGqfnolarsf] ;dGjonfO{ ;'b[9 agfpg] .
;fGble{stf
• l;k l;sfpg] ;Gbe{df k/Dk/fut tyf :yfgLo 1fgsf] k|of]u s;/L eO/x]sf] 5, ;f]sf] vf]hL
ug]{ .
*=#=@ k"j{afNofj:yf
@ jif{sf] pd]/b]lv ^ jif{;Ddsf] cjlwnfO{ k"j{afNofj:yf elgG5 . 3/sf] jftfj/0faf6 cnu
ljb\ofnosf] jftfj/0fdf k|j]z ug]{ pd]/ xf] . o; cj:yfdf afnaflnsf ljb\ofnosf] jftfj/0fdf
;dfof]hgsf nflu tof/L ug'{kg]{x'Fbf of] Hofb} dxTjk"0f{ cj:yf dflgG5 .
cfdfafa'af6 k|of]u ul/g] gfdM !_ ;d:ofsf] pd]/ @= v]nf}gfsf] pd]/,
lzIffljbaf6 k|of]u ul/g] gfdMM k"j{ljb\ofno pd]/
dgf]j}1flgsaf6 k|of]u ul/g] gfdMM k"j{ afn;d"x, lh1f;' tyf gSsn ug]{ pd]/ dfGb5g\
k"j{afNofj:yf ljif]ztfM
!= ;d:ofsf] pd]/ xf] M s]6fs]6Ln] cfdf afj' ;dIf y'k}| ;d:of v8f ug]{ x'G5g .lk/f]Ng] emu8f ug]{ /
a9L :jtGq x'g rfxgf /fV5g .
@= v]nf}gfsf] pd]/ xf] M o; cj:yfsf s]6fs]6L a9L v]nf}gf;Fu ;do latfpg] x\G5g . 5/l5d]ssf
s]6fs]6L;Fuv]Ng'sf ;fy} o;af6 ;fdflhs ;dfof]hgdf ;d]t c;/ k5{ .$ jif{b]lv afnssf]
v]nf}gfk|ltsf] ?lr sd x'g] / ;d"x v]ndf ?lr a9\g] x'G5 .
#= k"j{ ljb\ofnosf] pd]/ xf] M of] ;do k"j{ k|fylds ljb\ofnodf egf{ u/L k|fylds ljb\ofnodf hfg
tof/L ug]{ pd]/ xf] .
298
$= k"j{afn;d"x pd]/ xf] -Pre gang age_ M o; cj:yfsf s]6fs]6L cfkm\gf lbbL tyf bfh' tyf ;fyL;Fu
a9L ;Dks{df cfpg] tyf k"j{ k|fylds sIffdf cfPkl5 ;fyLsf] ;d"x agfP/ v]Ng] u5{g\ . To;}n] o;
;d"xnfO{ k"j{ afn ;d"x elgG5 .
%= lh1f;' pd]/ xf] -Questioning Age_M o; pd]/sf s]6fs]6Lsf] sNkgf zlSt tLa|¿kdf ljsf; ePsf]
x'G5 .cfkm\gf] jftfj/0f j/k/sf rLh ljifoa:t'sf af/]df hfGg a'em\g vf]H5g .tL ljifodf lsg < s]
< s;/L < h:tf k|Zg /fV5g\ .
^= gSsn ug]{ pd]/ xf] -Age of Imitative_ M o; pd]/sf afnaflnsf a9L c¿sf] gSsn ug]{vfnsf
x'G5g\ . kl/jf/sf ;b:o,ltgLx¿sf] k];fadf]lhdsf af]lnrfnLsf zAb k|of]u ug]{ lzIfs,;fyLsf]
af]lnrfnL h:tf s'/fsf] gSsn ug]{ ub{5g\ .
&= sd a[l4 tyf ltj| ljsf;sf] pd]/- slow rate of growth &fast development_ M o; cj:yfsf
afnaflnsfdf a[l4sf] t'ngfdf ljsf;sf] a9L ePsf] kfOG5 . zf/Ll/s cfsf/, k|sf/ / agf]6df
tLa|tf cfFp5 kmn:j¿k ljleGg cË tyf ltgsf] sfo{Ifdtfdf klg tla|tf cfpF5 . To;f] ePsfn] o;
cj:yfnfO{ sd a[l4 tyf tLa| ljsf;sf] pd]/ elgPsf] xf] .
v]n M
afnssf] v]nk|lt ?lr pgLx¿sf] zf/Ll/s kl/kSjtf tyf aftfj/0faf6 lgwf{l/t x'G5 . afnssf] v]n
pgLx¿sf] a'l4, :jf:Yo, lnª\u, ;fdflhs, cfly{s:t/ / nf]slk|otf cflb s'/fdf lge{/ ub{5 .
To;}n] pgLx¿sf] v]nk|ltsf] ?lrdf klg ljleGgtf kfOG5 .tLa| a'l4sf afns gf6sLo tyf /rgfTds
v]n ?rfpg] x'G5g\ . :j:y afns ;j|mLo v]n ?rfpF5g\ s]6f s]6LeGbf v]ndf ?lr /fV5g\ .
pRr cfly{s cj:yf ePsf ;fdu|L / :yfg ;lhn};Fu k|fKt x'g] x'Fbf cfk"mn] rfx]h:tf] v]n v]N5g\ .
nf]slk|o afns cfk\mgf ;fyL;Fu ;d"xsf v]Ng ?rfpF5g\ eg] cnf]slk|o pSn} v]Nb5g\ .
afnssf] v]ndf o; lsl;dsf leGgtf kfOg] eP tfklg ;fdfGotM o; cj:yfsf ;a}h;f] afnaflnsf
lgDglnlvt v]n v]N5g\ .
!= v]nf}gfM o; cj:yfsf] k|f/Dedf afns v]nf}gf;Fu a9L v]Ng] ub{5g\ . to;}n] o;nfO{ v]nf}gf pd]/ klg
elgG5 .
@= gf6sLo v]n M @÷# jif{sf] pd]/df afns v]nf}gf;Fu gf6sLo v]n v]Nb5g\ . cfk\mgf k'tnLnfO{
v'jfpg], g'xfpg] / ltgsf] ljjfx /rfpg] u5{g\ .pgLx¿ l;g]df, l6eL / sxfgLdf h:t} rf]/, l;kfxL
ag]/ klg v]N5g\ . o:tf v]n s]6L s]6feGbf a9L v]N5g\ .
#= /rgfTds v]nM afns Ans, df6f], uf]6L, /ª, s}rL / /ª\uLg k]lG;naf6 ljleGg gd'gf tyf 9fFrfsf]
/rgf ub{5g\ . df6f], afn'jf / Ansaf6 kxf8 / 3/ agfP/ v]N5g\ .
$_ v]nM ljz]if u/L l;ko'St v]n h:t} es'G8f] kmfNg],;dfpg] v]N5g\ .pgLx¿n] v]Ng] v]ndf hlt klg
v]nf8L /xg ;S5g\ / lgod klg sd} x'G5g\ .

299
%_ k9\g]M afns lstfadf ePsf lrq k9\g / x]g{ dg k/fpF5g\ . k/Lsf] syf, k"j{k|fylds ljb\ofnosf
uLt, kz' tyf b}lgs 36gf;DaGwL sxfgLdf a9L ?lr lnG5g\ . o;;DaGwL v]ndf s]6L, tLI0f a'l4
ePsf / ;fdflhs, cfly{s:t/ /fd|f ePsf a9L ?lr /fVg] x'G5g\ .
^_ dgf]/~hgfTds v]nM o; cj:yfsf afns /]l8of], l;g]df / l6eLdf rfv lnG5g\ . /]l8of]dfpgLx¿ ;+uLt
/ c¿n] af]n]sf] ;'Gg] u5{g\ . sf6'{g, n8fOF–emu8f / hgfj/;DaGwL l6eL sfo{qmd / l;g]df x]g{ a9L dg
k/fpF5g\ .pgLx¿ /]l8of] ;'Gg'eGbf l6eL x]g{ a9L dgk/fpF5g\ . Ps cWoggcg';f/ @÷% b]lv #÷% jif{sf
afnsn] sl/a !!) dLg]6;Dd l6eL x]5{g\ .
dfgl;s ljsf;
• o; cj:yfdf afnaflnsfsf] dfgl;s, lj|mofTds, jfrg of]Uotfdf j[l4 ePsf] sf/0f pgLx¿
jftfj/0f ;DaGwdf a9L ;] a9L 1fg k|fKt ub}{ hfG5g\ pgLx¿ jo:s tyf cy{k"0f{ wf/0ffsf] lgdf{0f
ug{ ;Ifd x'G5g\ .
• 1fg]GbLo Ifdtf, a[l4, l;sfO, cj;/, cg'ejsf lsl;d, JolStTjn] afnssf] wf/0ffsf] lgdf{0fnfO{
k|efljt ub{5g\ . o; cj:yfdf afnssf] wf/0ffsf] lgdf{0fnfO{ k|efljt ub{5g\ . o; cj:yfdf
afnssf] cg'ej ;dfg x'g]x'Fbf pgLx¿sf wf/0ff klg ;dfg x'G5g\ .
xn{scg';f/ afnsdf lgdf{0f x'g] wf/0ff o; k|sf/sf 5g\ 5g\ .
!= hLjgM afns ;hLj / lghL{j j:t'df km/s ug{ ;Sb}gg\ .pgLx¿ lghL{j j:t'nfO{ klg ;hLjnfO{
h:t} Jojxf/ ug]{ x'G5g\ .pgLx¿ cfk\mgf k'tnL / v]nf}gfnO{ v'jfpg], g'xfpg] / dfof ug]{
x'G5g\ .pgLx¿df ultzLn j:t' hLljt x'g\ eGg] wf/0ff x'G5 .
@= d[To'M d[To'sf] jf:tljs cy{ a'e]msf x'Fb}gg\ . s'g} j:t' x/fpg' jf gfl;g'nfO{ d[To'sf] ¿kdf lnG5g\ .
d/]sf] JolQm kms]{/ cfpg] s'/fdf ljZjf; lnG5g\ .
#= hGdM afnsnfO{ hGd k|lj|mofsf ;DaGwdf 1fg x'Fb}g .aRrf eujfg jf cfsfzaf6 ePsf] dfG5g\ . kl5
uP/ s;}sf]k]6 7"Nff] b]v]df aRrf 5 eg]/ eG5g\ . t/ k]6leq aRrf s;/L x'guof] To;sf] 1fg eg]
x'Fb}g .
$= :jM# jif{sf afns cfk\mgf]z/L/sf cª\usf] gfd hfGb5g\ .pgLx¿nfO{ cfk\mgf] lnª\usf] klg 1fg
x'G5 .
%= ;'Gb/tfM afns gLnf], /ftf], xl/of], a9L / sfnf], ;]tf], kx]nf] / ;'Gtnf /ª\u sd dg k/fpFb5g\ .s]6f
/ftf] / s]6L gLnf] / a}hgL /ª\u ljz]if dg k/fpFb5g\ .cfk"mnfO{ dgkg]{ /ª\usf] sk8fnfO{ /fd|f]
eGb5g\ .
^= :yfgMafnsdf 5f]6f] b'/Lsf] dfq ;xL 1fg x'G5 . nfdf] b"/Lsf] 1fg pgLx¿nfO{ kl5 uP/ dfq
x'G5 .pgLx¿ glhssf] j:t'nfO{ 7"nf] / 6f9fsf] j:t'nfO{ ;fgf] eGb5g\ . #÷$ jif{sf] lardf
pgLx¿df cfsf/ -7"nf] / ;fgf_ wf/0ff aGb5 .
&= ahgM afns tf}nsf] ;xL cg'dfg ug{ ;Sb}gg\ .pgLx¿ j:t'sf] cfsf/sf] tf}n -w]/}–yf]/}_ sf] cg'dfg
ug]{ x'G5g\ .
*= ;doMafnsnfO{ ;dofjlw -ah]_ sf] 1fg x'Fb}g . $÷% jif{sf afnsnfO{ laxfg jf ck/fGx|sf] 1fg /
;Ktfxsf lbgsf] gfd yfxf x'G5 .

300
k"j{afNoj:yfsf
fNoj:yfsf ljsf;fTds sfo{M
k"j{afNoj:yfsf afnaflnsfn] ug{ ;Sg] sfo{nfO{ ljsf;fTds sfo{ elgG5 .
• ;a} k|sf/sf vfgf cfkm} vfg ;S5g
• c¿ dflg;;Fu af]nrfn ug{ ;S5g\
• c¿n] eg]sf] s'/f a'em\g ;S5g
• of}g leGgtfnfO{ a'em\g ;S5g\
• cjwf/0ff / ;dembf/Lsf] ljsf; x'G5
• of}g g}ltstfnfO{ ;fdfGo dxz'; ug{ ;S5g
• 7Lsa]7Ls 5'6o\ fpg] Ifdtfsf] ljsf; x'G5
• dnd"q Tofudf lgoGq0f
• ljb\ofno hfg tof/
• cfTdr]tgfsf] ljsf; ub}{ cfkm\gf cfdf, afa', lbbL, bfh' cfkmGt / cGo JolSt;Fusf]
kl/jfl/s ;DaGwnfO{ klg a'em\g ;S5g .

*=#=# pQ/ afNoj:yfsf laz]iftf M (Late childhood)

^ jif{ b]lv of}g kl/kSjtf k|fKt gu/]sf] cj:yf -ljsf;fTds cj:yf_xf] . ;fdfGotof s]6L !@÷!# /
s]6f !$ jif{b]lv of}g kl/kSjtf k|fKt ug{ yfN5g . To; ;do cl3sf] cj:yf pQ/afNoj:yf xf] . o;
cj:yfdf kl/jf/sf] jftfj/0faf6 ljb\ofnosf] jftfj/0fdf k|j]z u5{g / ToxfF ;dfof]hg ug'{ k5{ . of]
eljZosf] hLjgz}nLljsf; ug'{ kg]{ cj:yf xf] .
ljz]iftfM
s_ cfdf afa'af6 k|of]u ul/g] gfdM
!_ ;d:ofk"0f{ pd]/ - Troublesome age_
• jfns afa'cfdfnfO{ g6]g]{ / ;tfpg] x'G5g\ / 3/sf sfd ug{ ?rL /fVb}gg\ .
• pQ/ afNoj:yfsf afnaflnsfn] ;fyL;Fu nfu]/ ab\df;L sfo{ub}{ lx8\g] t/ cfdfafj'n] eg]sf]
gdfGg] ePsfn] pQ/ afNoj:yfnfO{ ;tfpg] pd]/ elgG5 . cfdfafj' tyf kl/jf/sf cGo ;b:o
eGbf ;fyL ;FuLaf6} a9L k|efljt x'G5g\ / pgLx¿n] eg]sf, u/]sf sfd g} ug{ ?rfpg] x'G5g\ .
@=kmf]xf]/L ÷nfkjf{xL pd]/ -Sloppy Age_
cfÇgf v]nf}gf, sk8f, lstfa, sflk htg ;fy g/fVg], cfÇgf] sf]7f / cfkm'klg ;kmf;'3/ x'g
gvf]Hg] pd]/ ePsfn] kmf]xf]/L jf nfk/jfxLsf] pd]/ elgPsf] xf] . ljz]ift s]6Lsf] t'ngfdf s]6f
a9L kmf]xf]/L x'G5g\ .
#=emu8f ug]{pd]/ -Quarrel some age_ M
afnscfÇgf lbbL alxgL / bfh'efO{;Fu rNg, lh:sg] / lgp vf]Hg] x'G5g\ . cfÇg} pd]/sf
s]6fs]6L;Fu 3/ emu8f ug]{, xf]–xNnf ug]{, cfÇg bfh'efO{ tyf lbbL alxgLl;t lh:sg] / lgp

301
 vf]Hg] ePsfn] pQ/ afNoj:yfnfO{ emu8fn' pd]/ elgPsf] xf] .
v_ lzIfsåf/f
lzIfsåf/f k|of]u ul/g] gfdM
!_ k|f/lDes ljb\ofno hfg] pd]/-Elementry school age_ M pQ/ afNoj:yf;Dd cfO{k'Ubf
afnaflnsfdf l;sfOsf nflu zfl/l/s, dfgl;s ¿kdf kl/kSstfsf]b[li6n] k|f/lDes 1fg l;Sg
;Sg] x'gfn] ^ jif{sf] pd]/b]lv ljb\ofno k|j]z x'G5 .pQ/ afNoj:yfafnssf] cf}krfl/s lzIff ;'?
ug]{ klg dflgG5 .o; cj:yfdf afnaflnsfn] jo:s hLjgsf nflu cfjZos kg]{ 1fg l;k tyf
:jefj kf7\oqmd jf cltl/Qm lj|mofsnfk dfkm{t l;S5g\ .
@_ gfh's pd]/ -Critial age_Mo; cj:yfdf afnaflnsfdf k/]sf] k|efj kl5;Dd sfod /xG5 . o;
cj:yfdf h'g lsl;dsf] afgL, ls|ofsnfk tyf k9fO n]vfOdf pknlAw k|fKt u5{g To:t} pknlAw
k|fKt ug]{ afgL k|f}9 cj:yf;Dd sfod /xg] o;cj:yfnfO{ gfh's cj:yf elgG5 . pQ/
afNoj:yfsf afnaflnsf l;sfO pknlAwdf kl5 k/] eg] kl5 ;d]t k9fO{df sdhf]/ x'g;S5g\ .
o; cj:yfdf k/]sf] 5fk kl5 ;Dd klg ;lx/xg] x'Fbf o;nfO{ ;f]rgLo pd]/ elgG5 . k9fO{df sd
pknlAwdf ;Gtf]if dfGg] afnaflnsf kl5 klg sd pknlAw k|fKt ug]{ x'G5g\ .

u_ dgf]a}1flgsåf/f
flgsåf/f k|of]u ul/g] gfdM
!_ ;d"x pd]/ -Gange age_
• ;dfg pd]/, lnª\u / ?rL ePsf ;fyLsf] ;d"xdf a:g ?rfpF5g\ .of}ge]bcg';f/
¿k,af]nLrfnL, Aojxf/ / ?lr ldNg] ;fyLsf] ;d"x agfO ;d"xs} Aojxf/ ?lr / d"No
cg';f/ sfo{ ug{ yfNb5g .pgLx¿sf] k|d'v nIf ;d"xaf6 :jLsfl/g' xf] . To;f] ePsfn]
dgf]j}1flgsn] o; cj:yfnfO{ :jLsfg{ vf]Hg] pd]/ -age of conformity_ eg]/ gfd lbPsf]
kfOG5 .
@=;[hgfTds pd]/ -Creative age_
• df}lns / gofF s'/f l;Sg tkm{ pGd'v x'g], cfÇgf] ?rLcg';f/sf] lrq sf]g]{, ljleGg gd"gf
tof/ kfg]{ tyf cGo ;[hgfTds sfo{ ug]{ u5{g\ . afnaflnsfsf] of] cj:yfsf] ;[hgfTds
rfxgfn] eflj hLjgsf] ;d]t dfu{lgb]{zg u5{ .
#=v]n pd]/ -Play age_ M
• o; cj:yfsf afnaflnsf km';{bsf] ;dodf w]/} h;f] v]n v]n]/ g} ;do latfpF5g\ .v]n dg
k/fpg] ePsfn] pTt/ afNoj:yfnfO{ v]n pd]/ klg elgG5 .
pQ/ afNoj:yfsf ljsf;fTds sfo{(Developmental Tasks)
o; cj:yfsf afnaflnsfn] ug{ ;Sg] sfo{nfO{ ljsf;fTds sfo{ elgG5 . afnssf ljsf;fTds sfo{sf
af/]df hfgsf/L k|fKt ug{ ;lsPdf s'g pd]/sf afnaflnsf s;/L< slt< k]|/0ff lbP/ s] s:tf] 1fg l;k
ePsf ljifoa:t'sf] l;sfO u/fpg' kb{5 eGg] s'/fsf] lzIfsn] hfgsf/L xfl;n u/L dfu{bz{g ug{ ;lhnf]
x'G5 .pTt/afNoj:yfsf afnaflnsfn] ug{ ;Sg] ljsf;fTds sfo{M
• ;fw/0f v]nsf nflu cfjZos kg]{ zf/Ll/s l;k l;Sg'
• Pp6f ljsl;t k|f0fLsf ¿kdf cfÇgf] a9\bf] zf/Ll/s cª\uk|Toªu k|lt :j:ys/ dgf]j[l4ljsf;
ug'{ jf cfkm"k|lt ;sf/fTds wf/0ff ljsf; ug'{
302
 • ;fyL ;FuLl;t hLpg jf 3'ndLn x'g l;Sg' jf cfkm\gf pd]/ ;d"x;Fu nfdf] ;do;Dd al;/xg
dg k/fpg'
• pko'Qm n}lËs ;fdflhs e"ldsfsf] ljsf; ug'{ tyf dlxnf / k'?ifn] ;dfhdf lgdf{0f ug'{ kg]{
pko'St ;fdflhs e"ldsf af/] hfGg' a'em\g'
• ;fdfGo k9fO{ n]vfO{ tyf c+sul0ftsf cfwf/e"t df}lns l;k ljsf; ug'{
• ;;fdflhs d'No dfGotf r]tgf g}ltstf h:tf cjwf/0fsf] ljsf; ug{ .
• b}lgs hLjgsf nflu cTofjZos r]tgf zlQm / cfjZos cjwf/0ffsf] ljsf; ug'{
• ;fdflhs ;d"x / ;+:yfk|lt ;sf/fTds k|a[ltsf] ljsf; ug'{ .
• j}olStt :jtGqtfsf] k|flKt ug'{ .
• JolStut cfTdlge{/tfsf] ljsf; .
pQ/ afNoj:yfsf
fNoj:yfsf l;k
• afnssf] l;k l;sfOpgLx¿ x's]{sf] jftfj/0f kfPsf] l;sfO cj;/, z/L/ lgdf{0f, l;ls;s]sf
l;ksf l;k cflbn] c;/ kf5{ .
• :j:y jhgbf/ / cUnf z/L/ ePsf afnsn] df+;k];L ;DaGwL l;k l;S5g\
• xf]rf] tyf sdhf]/ jfnsn] cGo l;k l;S5g\ .
• s]6L /ª\Uofpg], l;pg] a'Gg] cflb l;k l;S5g\ .
• s]6f df+;k];L rnfpg' kg]{ l;k an ;dfTg] ÇofSg], bf}8g] pk|mg] l56f] l;S5g\ .
• pd]/ / jftfj/0fcg';f/ l;k l;s]sf afns ;fyL ;d"xdf ;lhn} 3'nldn x'g ;S5g\ .
:jfj
:jfjnDjL
fjnDjL l;k
• afnsn] c¿sf] ;xof]u lagf ug]{ sfo{ .
• vfg], nufpg], g'xfpg], ;kmfug]{ h:tf l;k .
• pd]/ a9\b} hfFbf l;kdf lgk"0f{tf xfl;n ub}{ hfG5g\ .

;fdflhs
;fdflhs ;xof]u l;k
• c¿nfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ yfNg] l;k xf] .
• 3/df s'rf] nufpg] cf]5o\ fg nufpg], sf]7f ;kmf ug]{, sfnf]kf6L ;kmf ug]{ /
;fyLnfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ cflb sfo{ k5{g\ .
ljb\
ljbofno
\ofno l;k
• afnssf] lzIff cfh{g ug{sf] ul/g] ljleGg l;k .
• lrq n]Vg], n]Vg], k9\g] lx;fjug]{, sf]g]{, /ª\u nufpg], df6f]sf efF8f jgfpg], gfRg], lut ufpg],
l;pg], ksfpg] cflb l;k l;S5g\ .
v]n l;k
• pQ/ afNoj:yfdf jfnjflnsfn] v]n ;DjGwL l;k h:t} an kmfNg', ;dfTg', ;fO{sndf r9\g'
kf}8Lv]Ng' cflb l;Sb5g\ .
303
 • v]nsf sf/0fn] g} jfnjflnsfn] cfÇgf] v]n ;d"xdf ;fdfh:otf k|fKt u5{g\ .
• pQ/ afNoj:yfsf afnjflnsfdf s'g} klg sfd ubf{ lgl:rt zftsf] k|of]u ug]{ afgL k"0f{ ¿kdf
ljsl;t e} ;s]sf] x'G5 .
jfrg ljsf;
• pQ/ afNoj:yfsf jfns ?g] s/fpg] tyf xfpefpsf] dfWodnfO{ 5f8\5g\ .
• jfns;d"xdf :jLs[lt kfpg cfÇgf] jf]nL ;'wf5{g\ .
• ;fyL efO{sf] ;Dks{ j9\b} hfFbf jfnssf] eflifs l;k klg a9\b} hfG5 .
• jfrgsf] ljsf;df cfdfafa', lzIfs, /]l8of], l6=eL= / ;fyL ;d"xcflbn] c;/ kf5{ .
• pQ/ afNoj:yfdf jfnsdf zAblgdf{0f, pRrf/0f / jfSo lgdf{0fsf] Ifdtf clej[bL x'G5 .
zAb lgdf{0f
!_ l;:6frf/ – wGojfb, gd:t] h:tf zAb k|of]u u5{g\ .
@_ /ª\
/ªu\ – ;fw/0f ;j} /ª\usf] gfd / oL ;DjGwL zAb 1fg s]6Lsf] s]6fsf] eGbf a9L x'G5 .
#_ ;ªVof–
;ªVof– ljleGg ;ªVof -@,$,%_ sf] gfd / cy{ hfGb5g\ .
$_ d'b|f– ljleGg d'b|fsf] gfd -;'sf, df]x/, ¿k}ofF_ dxTj a'em\5g\ .;fdfGo d'b|fsf] k|of]u u5{g\ .
%_ ;do–
;do– jif{, dlxgf, ut], af/, 306fsf] 1fg x'G5 . ^–&jif{sf] pd]/df ljxfg, dWofGg, /ftL, aif{f,
lxpFbsf] 1fg x'G5 .!!) jif{ gf3]kl5 38Låf/f ;do atfpg ;S5g\ .
^_ af]nLrfnL / lj|mof zAb – ufO{ vfg], ljBf gf;, h:tf ckzAb cuf8L k|of]u ug]{ x'G5g\ o:tf zAb
s]6feGbf s]6L a9L hfGb5g\
&_ uf]Ko efiff–
efiff– jfns ;fyL;+u uf]Ko efifdf klg s'/f u5{g\ . s]6L a9L o; efifsf] k|of]u u5{g\ .
• pQ/ afNoj:yfdf cfP/ Pp6} zAbsf ljleGg cy{ x'g] s'/f klg a'em\5g\
• lzlIft kl/jf/sf afnssf] eGbf / s]6Lsf] s]6fsf] eGbf zJb 1fg a9L x'G5 .
• ljb\ofno hfg yfn]kl5 jfnssf] zAb 1fgdf tLa|{ j[b\lw x'G5 .
• klxnf] sIffdf afnssf] @)–@$ xhf/, *–( sIffsf afnsdf sl/j %) xhf/ zAb 1fg x'g]
cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 .
pRrf/0f
• pQ/ afNoj:yfdf k|j]z ul/;s]kl5 jfnssf] pRrf/0f sd bf]ifk"0f{ x'G5 .
• c¿n] af]n]sf] ;'g]sf] ulNtnfO{ ;'wfg]{ u5{g\ .
• låefifLjfnssf] pRrf/0f j9L bf]ifk"0f{ x'G5 .
jfSo lgdf{0f
• pQ/ afNoj:yfsf] k|f/Dedf k|fo ;a} k|sf/sf ;–;fgf jfSo / (–!) aif{df nfdf jfSo lgdf{0f
ug]{ x'G5g\ .
• ltj| j[b\lw / pRr ;fdflhs cfly{s cj:yf ePsf afns nfdf / h6Ln jfSosf] k|of]u u5{g\ .
• ljb\ofnosf] l;sfO, /]l8of] tyf l6=le= sf] dfWod / ;fdflhs ;Dks{jf6 jfnssf] j'emfpg]
Ifdtfdf j[4L x'G5 .

304
pQ/ afNoj
afNoj:yfsf]
:yfsf] ;+j]ufTds ljsf;
• ;+j]ufTds u'0f leq l/;, 8/, dfof ,lk|lt, Oiof{, åj]z, xif{, la:dft, lrGtf, cflb k5{g\ .
• pQ/ afNoj:yfdf b]vfOg] clk|o ;+j]usf] sf/0fn] jfnsnfO{;fdflhs:jLs[lt k|fKt ug{, jfwf
k'¥ofpg] ePsfn] cfÇgf;+j]unfO{ a9L ;Gt'lnt / Jojl:yt tl/sfn] k|bz{g ug{ z'? u5{g\ .
• cg'ej / l;sfOsf] sf/0f ;+j]u pTkGg u/fpg pQ]hgf / ;+j]u cleJoQmL ug]{ tl/sfdf klg
km/s x'G5 .
• pQ/ afNoj:yfsf afnjflnsfn] l/;fpg', 8/fpg', Oiof{ ug'{ /fd|f ;+j]u xf]Og / o:tf ;+j]unfO{
s;}n] dg k/fpFb}g eGg] a'lem;s]sf] x'gfn] pgLx¿cfÇgf;+j]unfO{ lgoGq0f ug{ yfN5g\ .
• pQ/ afNoj:yfdfJoQm x'g] clwsf+z ;+j]u k|Lo ePkgL sltko ;+j]ufTds cleJolSt ck|Lo klg
x'g ;S5g\ .
• ljleGg cj:yfdf l56} l/;fpg], ‰jfFsg] lrGtf ug]{ / lg/f; x'g] h:tf ;+j]u klg b]vfpF5g\ .
• ck|Lo ;+j]usf] cleJolSt ljz]if u/L s]6Lsf] t'ngfdf s]6fn] a9L b]vfpg] ub{5 .
• pQ/ afNoj:yfsf jfnjflnsfsf] ;+j]ufTds ljsf;nfO{ x]/]/ lzIf0f ug{ cfjZos x'G5 .
• afnssf] ;+j]ufTds cflgafgL cWoog u/L To; cg';f/ ljleGg k|sf/sf lzIf0f ljlw k|of]u u/L
lzIf0f ug'{ k5{ .
• afnssf] dgf]lj1fg a'emL cWoog ug{ ;lsPdf dfq lzIf0f ;kmn x'G5 .
• afnaflnsfsf] ;+j]unfO{ bdg ug'{ x'Fb}g . o;f] ugf{n] pgLx¿df ljs[lt k}bf x'G5 .
;fdflhsljsf;
;fdflhsljsf;
• pQ/ afNoj:yfdf cfOk'Ubf ;fdflhs Jojxf/sf] klg ljsf; eO{;s]sf] x'G5 .
• jfns ;d"xdf v]Ng ?rfpg] / ;d"xsf] ;b:o x'g] jf ;d"xaf6 :jLsfo{ x'g] k|of; u5{g\ .
• km';{bsf] ;dodf 3/df eGbf aflx/ ;fyL ;d"xdf v]Ng ?rfpFb}gg\ o:tf] ;d"x k|foM ;dfg
lnª\usf x'G5g\ .
• ;d"xd} /x]/ ;fdflhs Jojxf/sf] ljsf; x'G5 .
• pQ/ afNoj:yfsf afnaflnsf ljk/Lt lnª\uL ;fyLk|lt la/f]w efjgf x'G5 .
• pQ/ afNoj:yfsf s]6fs]6Ldf efiff, wd{, ;fdflhscfly{s cj:yfn] klg;d"x sfo{df leGgtf
NofpF5 .
• afns v]n ;d"x ;dfg lnª\u, ;dfg cj:yfsf ;d"xdf a9L /dfpF5g\ .
• ;d"xaf6 afnsn] cfÇgf];d"xk|lt jkmfbf/ x''g],;d"xsf] lgod dfGg], ;d"xsf] lgod cg';f/sf]
Jojxf/ k|bz{g ug]{, ;fd"lxs pQ/bfloTjsf]axg ug]{, ;xof]uL efjgfsf] ljsf; ug]{ c¿;Fu
ldqjt Jojxf/ ug]{ g]t[Tjsf] ljsf; ug]{ h:tf ;fdflhs Jojxf/ l;S5g\ .
• pQ/ afNoj:yfsf afnaflnsf cfÇgf] cfdf afa'n] eg]sf] eGbf ;d"xsf ;fyL jf ;d"xsf] g]t[Tj
ug]{ JolStn] eg]sf] s'/fnfO{a9L :jLsf/ ug]{ u5{g\ .
• ;d"xsf s]6fs]6L;Fu} vfg, a:g, v]Ng dg k/fpF5g\ eg] s'g} lglZrt 7fpFdf a;L xNnf ;d]t ug{
;S5g\ .

305
 • ljb\ofnodf egf{ ePkl5 pQm afNoj:yfsf s]6fs]6L a9L cfÇgf] ;fyL ;d"xsf] lgdf{0f u5{g\ o;/L
;d"x lgdf{0f ug'{nfO{ g} ;fdflhs;d"x elgG5 .
a'emfOsf]
mfOsf] ljsf;
• afnsljb\ofno hfg] x'Fbf Jofks jftfj/0f;Fu kl/lrt x'G5g\ .
• af:tjdf a'emfO jf}l4s tyf dfgl;s ljsf;;Fu ;DalGwt s'/f] xf] .
• afns ;d:of ;dfwfgdf a'emfOsf] pkof]u u5{g\ .
• afns cfkm"n] eg]sf] s'/fnfO{ a'emfpg] k|of; u5{g\ eg] c¿n] eg]sf s'/f cfkm"n] klg j'em\g]
u5{g\ .
• wd{, hflt, lnª\u, /]l8of], l6=eL= l;g]df, cfly{s, ;fdflhs,l:yltsf af/]df afnsdf gofF
wf/0ffsf] ljsf; x'G5 .
• ;fdfGo tyf c:ki6 wf/0f ljlzi6 tyf 7f]; x'Fb} hfG5g\ .
• afnsnfO{c¿n] s] eg]sf 5g\ eGg] s'/fsf] cy{ lbg ;s]df dfq cfÇgf] s'/fsf] cy{ nfUg ;Sg]]
s'/fdf la:tf/} 1fg x'G5 .
kl/jfl/s ;DaGw
• pQ/ afNoj:yfsf] kl/jfl/s ;DaGwn] afnsdf bL3{sfnLg c;/ kf5{ .
• :s'nsf] sfo{ clea[l4;fdflhsLs/0fdf ;+j]u cflbn] kfl/jfl/s ;DaGw ljsf;df c;/ kg'{sf
;fy} JolStut / ;fdflhs hLjgdf klg c;/ kf5{ .
• afn pd]/ ;d"xsf] v]n pd]/ ePsfn] / ;d"xdfg} /dfpg] x'Fbf kl/jf/sf ;b:oeGbf c¿;Fu a9L
/dfpF5g\ .
• afns cfÇgf] efO{ alxgL, bfh'lbbL, cfdf / gft]bf/;Fu ;'vb ;DaGw ePtfklg ;fyL;Fu h:tf]
lgs6 ;DaGw gx'g ;S5 .
3/ kl/jf/sf ;b:o;Fu ;Da
;DaGw la
lalu|Psf sf/0f
• afns k|lt kl/jf/sf ;b:on] a9L ck]Iff /fv]df
• afnssf dfu k'/f gx'Fbf, ;fyLefO{eGbf afns cfkm'n] sdhf]/ h:tf] 7fg]df
• afnssf] af/]df kl/jf/sf ;b:o / ;fyL efO{n] l6sfl6Kk0fL u/]df
• kl/jf/sf ;b:o aLr em}–emu8f tyf dgd'6fj ePdf
• afnsnfO{c¿n] cgfjZos bf]if nufPdf
pQ/ afNoj:yf
afNoj:yfsf]
j:yfsf] JolStTj ljsf;
• pd]/ / cj:yfcg';f/ x/]s pd]/sf dflg;sf] JolStTj kl/jt{g x'Fb} hfG5 .
• pQ/ afNoj:yfdfafnssf] ;fdflhs kl/j]z la:tf/ x'g] x'Fbf p;sf cfTd wf/0ffdf klg
kl/jt{g cfpF5 .
• afnssf] JolStTj ljsf;df p;sf] cfTd wf/0fdf klg kl/jt{g cfpF5 .

306
 • afnssf] JolStTj ljsf;df p;sf] kfng kf]if0f :j:Yo kfl/jfl/s ;DaGw hGd rj|m zf/Ll/s
ljsf;cfly{s cj:yf ;d'bfo / ljb\ofnosf] jftfj/0f cflbn] k|ToIf kefj kf5{ .
• afnsnfO{ /flvg] gfd pkgfd pgLx¿sf] 3/sf] cj:yf ;+ut cflbn] klg JolStTj ljsf;df
k|efj kf5{ .

*=$ of}jgfj:yf(Puberty) cj:yfsf] kl/ro / ljsf;fTds kIf / l;sfO;Fu ;DalGwt

ljz]iftf
!= o'jfj:yf(Puberty)
!= kl/ro
!!÷!@ b]lv !%÷!^ jif{;Ddsf] cjlwnfO{puberty elgG5 .Puberty zAb latin efiffsf] pubertas zAbaf6
lnOPsf] xf] .h;sf] cy{ 'Age of Menhood' cyjf dfgjLo pd]/ eGg] x'G5 . k|frLg Greek df puberty
eGgfn] zf/Ll/s / Jojxfl/s kl/jt{g cfpg'nfO{ hgfpYof] . ha s]6fs]6L !#÷!$ jif{sf x'G5g\ To;kl5
PsfPs kl/jt{g b]vf kg{ yfN5 . s]6fsf] wft' (sperm) pTkGg x'g yfN5, u'KtfËdf /f}+ (Pubic hair)
cfpg'sf] ;fy} ljo{ktg (nocturnal emissions) x'g yfN5 . To;}u/L s]6Lsf] dlxgfjf/L (Menarche) b]vf
k5{ . dlxgfjf/L ePkl5 :tg (breast) sf] cfsf/ klg a9\5 .oL ;a} nIf0f b]vfk/]kl5 ghflgbf] tl/sfn]
afnkgb]lv kl/jt{g eP/ kl/kSjsf] h:tf] Jojxf/ b]Vg ;lsG5 .To;}n] o;nfO{'Age of Manhood'
elgPsf] xf] .
@= o'jf cj:yfsf ljsf;fTds sfo{ (Developmental Tasks of Puberty)
dfgj ljsf;sf cGo r/0fdf h:t} of}jg cj:yfsf klg cfkm\g} lsl;dsf ljsf;fTds sfo{ 5g\ . of}jg
cj:yfsf ljsf;fTds sfo{ lgDgcg';f/ 5g\–
!_ tLa| ¿kdf cfPsf] zf/Ll/s kl/jt{gnfO{ :jLsf/ ug'{ / cfkm\gf] z/L/sf] plrt ¿kdf k|of]u ug'{ .
@_ kfl/jfl/s tyf ;fdflhs¿kdf cfkm\gf] bfloTj klxrfg u/L ;f]xLcg';f/ sfo{ ug'{ .
#_ cfkm\gf] of}g plrt ;fdflhs e"ldsf lgjf{x ug'{ .
$_ ;dlnª\uL tyf ljkl/t lnª\uL ;fly;Fu gofF / kl/kSj ;DaGw sfod ug'{ .
%_ 3/kl/jf/ / ;dfhn] ck]Iff u/]cg';f/sf] kl/kSj Jojxf/ k|bz{g ug'{ .
#= of}jg cj:yfsf cfwf/ (Criteria of Puberty)
of}jgfj:yfsf cfwf/ eGgfn] of}jg cj:yf ;'? eP÷gePsf] kTtf nufpg] jf yfxf kfpg] tl/sf eGg]
a'em\g'k5{ . of}jg cj:yfsf d'Vo cfwf/ lgDgcg';f/ 5g\M
!_ k|yd /h:jnf / :jKgbf]if(First Menarche and Nocturnal Emissions) - s]6Lsf] klxnf] /h:jnf /
s]6fsf] k|yd ljo{:jvng of}jg cj:yf ;'?jftsf] ;a}n] :jLsf/]sf] / ;femf cfwf/ dflgG5 .
@_ lk;fasf] /f;folgs k/LIf0f(Chemical Analysis of the Urine) - of}jg cj:yf ;'? eP÷gePsf]
5'6o\ fpg] cfwf/ Urine Test klg xf] . ljxfg ;'?sf] lk;fasf] k/LIf0f ubf{ Sex hormon jf urine df
Gonadotropic Horman df extrogen sf] dfqf b]vf k/]df of}g kl/kSjtf cfPsf] dflgG5 .

307
#_ 3'F8f / xf8sf] PS;–/] (X-ray of Knee and Bone) - 3'F8f / cGo z/L/sf xf8sf] /;folgs
k/LIf0faf6 klg of}jg cj:yf ;'? eP gePsf] kTtf nufOG5 .
1. First Menarche and Nucturnal emissions
2. Chemical analysis of the urine
3. X-ray of knee and bone

$= of}jg cj:yf cfpgfsf sf/0f (Causes of Puberty)

of}jg cj:yf cfpgfsf d'Vo sf/0fdWo] Pituitary gland, Gonads / Pituitary and Gonads aLrsf]
cGt/lj|mof xf] .
Conditions responsible for puberty changes
1. Role of Pituitary Gland
2. Role of the Gonads
3. Interaction of the pituitary gland and the Gonads
1. Role of pituitary gland - o;n] @ lsl;dsf] Hormon pTkfbg u5{ .Growth Hormon /
Gonadotropic Hormon. Growth Hormon n] z/L/sf] cfsf/ j[b\lw ug{ ;xof]u u5{ eg]
Gonadotropic Hormon n] sex pTt]hgf j|mdz a9fpFb} nfG5 .
2. Role of Gonads - Gonads sf] tLj| j[b\lwn] Primary Sex characteristics / Secondary sex
characteristics b]vf kg{ yfNb5g\ .
3. Interaction of the pituitary gland and the gonads: s]6Lsf] /h:jnf g/f]lsP;Dd / s]6fsf]
zf/Ll/s cj:yf gfh's gx'Fbf;Dd lg/Gt/ xd{g pTkfbg eO/xG5g\ h;n] ubf{ afNosfnaf6
o'jfj:yfdf k|j]z ub{5 .
%= of}jg cj:yfsf] j[bl\ w
of}jg cj:yfsf] j[b\lw s]6Lsf] *=% jif{b]lv ;'? x'g yfN5, !!=% jif{;Dddf k|foM ;a}h;f] s]6Lsf] ;'? eO{
;S5 / !@=% jif{sf] x'Fbf;Dd clwstd j[b\lw eO;s]sf] x'G5 . To;kl5 j[b\lw dGbultdf x'g yfNb5 .
!&÷!* jif{ k'Ubf k|foM k"0f{ ¿kdf eO;s]sf] x'G5 . To;kl5 k|foM 7Kk g} x'G5 .
s]6fsf] of}jg cj:yfsf] j[b\lwsf] ;'?jft eg] !)=% jif{b]lv !$=% jif{;Dddf ;'? x'G5 / !%=% jif{lt/
k'Ubf ult dGb x'g yfln;s]sf] x'G5 .ha @)÷@! jif{df k'U5 k"0f{¿kdf j[b\lw eO{ ;s]sf] x'G5 . o;/L
tLa| j[b\lw x'gfn] s]6fs]6Lsf] prfO{, tf}n, tfut (Height, Weight, Strength) a9\5 / of}jg cj:yf el/df
clwstd j[b\lw eO{ k|foM k"0f{ e};S5 .
The puberty growth spurt is started from the age of
Girls:*=%b]lv;'? x'G5, !!=% ;a}h;f]df b]vf k/L ;S5 / !@=% df clwstd eO{ ;s]sf] x'G5 .
Boy:!)=% b]lv !$=% ;Dddf ;'? x'G5 !%=% b]lv dGb / @)÷@! df k"0f{ eO;S5 .

^= of}jg cj:yfsf zf/Ll/s kl/jt{g (Physical Changes during puberty)

of}jg cj:yfdf b]vfkg]{ zf/Ll/s kl/jt{gnfO{ lgDg rf/ efudf ljefhg u/L cWoog ug{ ;lsG5M

308
!_ afNosfnsf] z/L/ kl/jt{g eP/ jo:ssf] h:tf] x'g'(Transform the child's body into that of an
adult):afNosfndf ePsf] zf/Ll/s ;+/rgfdf Jofks kl/jt{g cfP/ jo:ssf] h:tf] aG5 . s]6fsf]
xftuf]8fsf df+;k]zL ljsl;t eO{ ;'Gb/ / cfsif{s b]lvG5 . To;}u/L s]6Lsf] :tg, k'7\7f, cflb
efusf] cfsf/df Jofks kl/jt{g eO{ zf/Ll/s ;+/rgfdf Jofks kl/jt{g cfpF5 .
@_ z/L/sf] cfsf/df kl/jt{g(Change in body size): of}jg cj:yfdf k|j]z u/]kl5 z/L/sf] cfsf/df
klg kl/jt{g cfpF5 . o;/L kl/jt{g cfpgdf of}jg cj:yfdf x'g] tLa| ¿kn] x'g] zf/Ll/s j[b\lw /
kl/jt{g g} xf] . s]6Lsf] klxnf] /h:jnf x'g' eGbf 7Ls Ps jif{ cufl8b]lv /h:jnf gx'Fbf ;Dd
jflif{s cf}ift ¿kdf # OGrsf b/n] prfO{ a9\5 . o;/L klxnf] /h:jnf x'g'eGbf 7Ls cufl8 @
jif{b]lv /h:jnf gx'Fbf;Dd clwstd # b]lv % OGrsf b/n] jflif{s j[b\lw x'G5 . /h:jnf b]vfk/]kl5
j[b\lw b/ sd x'G5 . To;}u/L s]6fsf] klg !@÷!# jif{b]lv !%÷!^ jif{;Dd prfO{ tLa|¿kdf j[b\lw
x'G5 . @)÷@! jif{;Dddf s]6fn] cfkm\gf] cf};t prfO k|fKt ub{5g\ . To;}u/L e'F8L (Abdomin),
:tgsf] d'G6f] (Around nipples), k'7\7f (Hip) lt3|f (thighs), ufnf (Cheeks) 3fF6L (neck) / jª\uf/f
(jaw) sf] jl/k/L af];f] hDdf eO{ pSt cª\usf] cfsf/df kl/jt{g x'g'sf ;fy} tf}n klg j[b\lw x'G5 .
z/L/sf ljleGg efu sDd/, 5ftL cflbsf] cfsf/df klg kl/jt{g cfpF5 .
#_ z/L/sf] cg'kftdf kl/jt{g(Change in body proportion): of}jg cj:yfdf cfpg] csf]{ dxTjk"0f{
zf/Ll/s kl/jt{g z/L/sf] cg'kftdf cfpg] kl/jt{g xf] .afNosfndf sd cg'kftdf kl/jt{g ePsf]
x'G5 eg] o; cj:yfdf cfP/ z/L/sf ljleGg cª\usf] Jofks ¿kdf kl/jt{g x'G5 .afNosfnsf]
cg'kftdf o; cj:yfdf 3fF6L nfdf] x'G5 .sDd/ l5g]sf] x'G5 (The waist line drops) jf af?nL
sDd/ x'G5 .sfFw(Shoulders) km/flsnf] x'G5 .afNosfnsf] t'ngfdf xftuf]8f nfdfnfdf b]lvG5g\ .
5ftL km/flsnf] / RofK6f], e'F8L RofK6f] / km/flsnf] x'G5 .
Early Mature Boys k'7\7f rfSnf] x'G5 (Broadness of the hips)
Late Mature Girls
Early Mature Girls k'7\7f ;fF3'/f]÷sd km}lnPsf], km's]sf] x'G5
Late Mature Boys (Slightly broaden Hips)
To;}u/L l56f] kl/kSj x'g] (Early Mature) s]6fs]6Lsf xftuf]8f uF7Lnf x'G5g\ eg] l9nf] kl/kSj x'g]
(Late Mature) s]6fs]6Lsf xftuf]8f ;nSs k/]sf nfdf nfdf b]lvG5g\ .
$_ k|fylds of}g ljz]iftf b]vf kg'{(Appear Primary Sex Characteristics):k|fylds of}g ljz]iftf eGgfn]
of}gfª\u (sex organs) df cfpg] zf/Ll/s kl/jt{g xf] . k|fylds of}g laz]iftf s]6f / s]6Ldf
5'§f5'§} ¿kdf b]vfk5{ . s]6f !$ jif{sf] x'Fbf;Dd of}gfª\usf] ljsf; s]jn !) k|ltztdfq ePsf]
x'G5 . @)÷@! jif{sf] x'Fbf c08sf]if (Testes) k"0f{¿kdf ljsl;t eO{ ;S5 . To;}u/L lnª\u (Penis)
sf] nDafO klg tLa| ¿kdf j[b\lw x'G5 ha nDafO a9\g yfN5 To;kl5 To;sf] df]6fO, uf]nfO ;a}
a9\g yfN5 .To;}u/L s]6Lsf] klg of}jg cj:yf ;'? ePkl5 of]gL (Vagina), kf7]3/ (Ovaries) ue{
(Uterus) cflbsf] cfsf/, tf}ndf klg j[b\lw x'g yfN5 . s]6L !! jif{sf] x'Fbf kf7]3/ (Ovaries) sf]
tf}n %=% u|fd dfq x'G5 .halspgLx¿ !^ jif{ k'Ubf o;sf] tf}n a9]/ $# u|fd k'Ub5 . o;/L tLa|
¿kdf of}gfª\usf] j[b\lwn] dlxgfjf/L x/]s @*÷@* lbgdf b]vfk5{ . hlthlt of}gfª\usf] j[b\lw x'Fb}
hfG5 . o;n] of}g rfxgf (sex interest) a9\g yfN5 . o;nfO{ k'/f ug{ w]/}n] x:td}y'g Masturbation
af6 of}g ;Gt'li6 lnG5g\ . sltn] of}g ;DaGwL lbjf:jKgf b]Vg] (Day dreaming) u5{g . sltdf
o;sf] w}o{tf gx'Fbf g}/fZotf (Frustration) ;d]t x'g] u5{ .
309
%_ ;xfos of}g ljz]iftf b]vfkg'{(Appear Secondary Sex characteristics):ha k|fylds of}g
ljz]iftf b]vf kg{ yfN5 To;kl5 o;sf] ;fy;fy} ;xfos of}g ljz]iftf klg b]vf kg{ yfN5g\ .
;xfos of}g ljz]iftf eGgfn] of}gfª\uafx]s To;sf ;xof]uL cª\u ljsf; x'g' eGg] a'em\g'k5{ .
k|fylds / ;xfos of}gfª\sf] ljsf; ePkl5 ljkl/t lnª\uL cfsif{0f tLa| ¿kn] a9\g yfN5 .
To;kl5 Psn] csf]{df of}g :jLs[ltsf] cfzf /fVg yfNb5g\ .(Sex applying to membrs of the other
sex male appealing to female and vice versa)

of}jg cj:yfdf b]vfkg]{ ;xfos of}g ljz]iftf lgDg cg';f/ 5g\M

s]6fsf] (Boys) s]6Lsf] (Girls)
!= /f}+ (Hair) Pubic Hair Pubic Hair
Facial Hair Auxillary Hair -sfvL d'gLsf] /f+}_
Auxillary Hair
@= :j/ (Voice) Husky -wf]w|], ss{if, 3f]n]{_ Melodious ;'dw'/
#= 5fnf (Skin) Coarser -v;|f]_, Pore -l5b|_ and less Coarser, pore, less transparent
transparent, sallow in colour and sallow in colour

$= df+;k];L xft kfv'/f, uf]8f, sfFwdf df+;k]zL xft, kfv'/f, uf]8f sfFwdf ljsf;
(Muscle) ljsf; x'G5 x'G5 .
%_ :tg (Breasts): ljz]if u/]/ s]6L dflg;sf] ha k'7\7f (Hips) a9\g yfN5, To;kl5 la:tf/} :tg klg
a9\g yfN5 . ;'?df :tgsf] cfsf/ b'O{ cf}+nf km}nfpFbf hqf] x'G5 .o;nfO{ :tgsf] sf]lknf cj:yf klg
elgG5 . la:tf/} :tgsf] d'G6f] la:tf/} 7'nf] / uf]nf] x'Fb} hfG5 . ha s]6L !% jif{ k'U5g la:tf/} :d[lt
u|GyLsf] ljsf; x'G5 / :tg klg uf]nf] / ufF7f] kg{ yfN5 .
^_ k'7\7f (Hip): of}jg cj:yfdf s]6Lsf] k]lNes xf8 (Pelvic bone) / ;js'6]lgc; (subcutaneous)
gfds af];f]sf] a[b\lwn] k'7\7f÷rfs rfSnf] / km/flsnf] x'G5 .s]6fdf eg] o;sf] dfqf sd x'g]
ePsfn] sd km/flsnf] x'G5 .
&= of}jg cj:yfsf kl/jt{gsf c;/ (Effect of puberty changes)
tLa| ¿kdf cfPsf] zf/Ll/s kl/jt{gn] of}jg cj:yfsf s]6fs]6Ldf ljleGg kIfdf c;/ kf5{ . o;/L
of}jg cj:yfdf cfPsf kl/jt{gn] lgDg kIfdf c;/ kf5{
!_ zf/Ll/s :jf:Yotfdf c;/(Effect on Physical well being): of}jg cj:yfdf ltj|¿kdf cfPsf]
zf/Ll/s kl/jt{gn] o'jfo'jltsf] :jf:Yosf] lgDglnlvt s'/fdf c;/ kf5{ M
• ylst x'g' (Fatigue)
• pbfl;gtf (Listlessness)
• /Qm cNktf (Anemia)
• kfrg zlSt sd x'g' (Loss of digestion)
s]6Lsf] dlxgfjf/Lsf] ;dodf (during the menstrual period) :
• 6fpsf] b'Vg] (Headaches)
• P]7g x'g] (Backaches cramps)

310
 • k]6 b'Vg] (Abdominal pain)
• j]xf]; x'g] (Fainting)
• jfGtf cfpg] (Vomiting)
• 5fnf lr8lr8fpg] (Skin irritation)
• xftuf]8f / uf]lnufF7f ;'lGgg] (Swelling of legs and ankles)
@_ clej[lt / Jojxf/df c;/ of}jg cj:yfdf cfPsf] tLa|
(Effects on attitude and behaviour):
zf/Ll/s kl/jt{gn] zf/Ll/s cj:yfdf÷:jf:Yodf dfq geP/ dgf]j[lTt / Jojxf/df klg c;/
kf5{ . of}jg cj:yfsf] kl/jt{gn] dgf]j[lQ / Jojxf/df k'¥ofPsf c;/nfO{ a'Fbfut ¿kdf o;/L
k|:t't ug{ ;lsG5M
!_ PsfGtdf a:g ?rfpg]÷PsfGtk|]dL (Desire for isolation)
• Day dreaming and sex enjoyment through masturbation
@_ ;dfh la/f]wLkg (Social Antagonism) M o; cj:yfsf s]6fs]6L
• c;xof]uL (Uncooperative)
• c;xdt (Disagreeable)
• c/fhs (Antagonistic)
#_ pRr ;+j]usf] cj:yf (Heightened emotionality)
• qmf]wL (Temper)
• ;Gsfxkg (Moodiness)
• lvGg÷ck|;Ggtf (Sulkiness)
• lr8lr8fxfkg (Irritability)
• gsf/fTds ;f]r (Negative Mood)
• b'MvL (Worry) / lrlGtt (Anxiety) x'G5g\ .
$_ cfTdljZjf;sf] sdL x'g' (Loss of self confidence)
%_ unt dfgl;s 5fk kg'{ (Psychological bad impression)
^_ Gof;|f] nfUg'÷lbUbf/Lkgf (Boredom)
&_ cTolws ljgd|tf (Excessive modesty) h:tf gsf/fTds 5fk b]vf kb{5g\ .
*= km/skm/s ;dodf kl/jSjtf cfpgfsf] c;/ (Effect of deviant Maturing)
of}g kl/kSjtf (Sex Maturing) ;a}nfO{ Ps} k6s ;'? x'Fb}g . h;/L Pp6} af]6df kmn]sf :ofp Ps} lbg jf
;dodf gkfs]/ km/skm/s ;dodf kfS5g . To;/L g} dflg;df of}g kl/kSjtf klg ;a}nfO{ Pp6}
;dodf b]vf gk/L km/s km/s ;dodf b]vf k5{ . cd]l/sfsf] W.S. Department of Health Education
and Welfare eGg] ;+:yfn] ;g\ !(&# df !! jif{b]lv !^ jif{;Ddsf s]6Ldf klxnf] /h:jnf b]vf kg]{
pd]/sf] ;j]{If0f u/]sf] lyof] .h;nfO{ tflnsf / /]vflrqdf tn lbOPsf] 5 .

311
 pd]/ (Age) kl/kSjtf b]vfkg]{÷k|yd /h:jnf
b]vf kg]{ k|ltzt (Age of Maturing)
!! jif{ @)∞
!@ jif{ $)∞
!# jif{ ^)∞
!$ jif{ *)∞
!% jif{ ()∞
!^ jif{ !))∞

Age
dflysf] tflnsf / /]vf lrqaf6 klg :ki6 x'G5 . of}g kl/kSjtf s]6fs]6Ldf km/s km/s ;dodf
cfpF5 . jf:tjdf km/s km/s ;dodf cfpg] kl/kSjtfn] s] c;/ k'¥ofpF5 t < cGo cf};t s]6fs]6Ldf
eGbf rfF8} kl/kSjtf cfpg]nfO{ k"j{ kl/kSj (Early Mature) / cf};t s]6fs]6L eGbf k5fl8 jf l9nf]
kl/kSjtf cfpg]nfO{ pQ/ kl/kSjtf (Late Mature) elgG5 . cf};t s]6fs]6L jf bf}t/L (Peer group)
eGbf rfF8} kl/kSjtf cfPsf cGo ;fly ;d"xeGbf cfkm"nfO{ leGg kfpF5g\ / ;d"xdf ldNg÷;dfof]hg ug{
s7Lg k5{ eg] l9nf] kl/kSj cfPsf cfkm\gf ;Fu}sf ;a} bf}t/L (Peer group) df kl/kSjtf cfO;Sof], d
df gcfpgfsf] sf/0f s] xf]nf < cfpFb}gcfpg] kf] xf]sL < cfPg eg] s] ug]{ < kl/kSjtf gcfPs} sf/0fn]
ljkl/t lnª\uL cfsif{0f ug{ g;lsg] xf]sL < ljjfx g} gx'g] xf]sL < cflb gfgfy/L sNkgf / k|Zg p7\g
yfN5g / o;n] ubf{ cToGt} lrlGtt aG5g\ . PsfGtdf a:g], 6f]nfO /xg], ems{g] h:tf gsf/fTds k|j[lQ
b]vfk5{g\ .To;}n] cf};t afnaflnsfsf] kl/kSjtf cfpg] ;dodf g} kl/kSjtf cfpg' /fd|f] dflgG5 .
(= rf;f]sf ;|f]t (Sources of Concern)
of}jg cj:yfdf cfPsf] zf/Ll/s, ;fdflhs / Jojxf/df cfPsf] kl/jt{gn] cfkm"nfO{ jo:sn] x]g]{
b[li6sf]0fdf cfPsf] kl/jt{gn] ljleGg ljifodf rf;f] (concern) j9\g yfN5 . of}jg cj:yfdf b]vfkg]{
;femf rf;f]nfO{ lgDg cg';f/ k|:t't ug{ ;lsG5M

312
rf;f]sf ;|f]t (Sources of Concern)

zf/Ll/s kl/jt{g ;DaGwL rf;f](Concern of}g pko'Sttf;DaGwL rf;f] (Concern about sex)
about physical change)
!= of}g cª\u (Sex organs) != cfsf/;DaGwL rf;f] (Concern about size)
@= z/L/sf] c;'xfpFlbnf]kg @= tf}n;DaGwL rf;f] (Concern about weight)
(Body disproportion)
#= e2fkg (Awkwardness) #= h]g]6]lnof;DaGwL rf;f] (Concern about Genitalia)
$= kl/kSjtfsf] ;do (Age of Maturity) $= ;xfos of}g ljz]iftf;DaGwL rf;f](Concnern
about secondary sex characteristics)
%= ;xfos of}g ljz]iftf
(Secondary Sex characteristics)
^= x:td}y'g (Masturbation)

!)= of}jg cj:yfsf ;ª\s6 (Hazards of Puberty)

dfgj hLjgsf x/]s r/0fdf ;ª\s6 b]vf k5{g\ . ;ª\s6d'St s'g} cj:yf 5}g . x/]sdf s'g} g s'g}
;ª\s6 b]vf kl/xfN5 . t/ km/s olt xf] sL x/]s r/0fdf b]vf kg]{ ;ª\s6 eg] km/s km/s x'G5g\ .
of}jg cj:yfdf b]vf kg]{ ;ª\s6 o; k|sf/ 5g\M
zf/Ll/s ;ª\s6 (Physical Hazards) dgf]j}1flgs ;ª\s6 (Psychological Hazards)
!= lj/fdLkg (Illness) != k|lts'n :jMwf/0ff (Unfavorable self-
@= b'3{6gf (Accident) concept)

#= cfTdxTof (Suicide) @= rfx]hlt pknlAw xfFl;n ug{ g;Sg' (Under

$= OG8f]qmfOg u|GyLsf] c;Gt'ngsf]
(Effects of indocrine imbalance)
– j[b\lw tGt'sf] ckof{Kttf
(Insufficient growth Hormone)
– of}g u|GyLsf] ckof{Kttf
(Insufficient Gonadal Hormones)
– of}g u|GyLsf] cTolws cfk"lt{
(Excessive supply of
Hormones)
achievement)
c;/ #= of}jg cj:yfdf cfpg] kl/jt{gsf] tof/L
gx'g' (Lack of preparation for puberty
change)
$= kl/jlt{t zf/Ll/s cj:yfnfO{ :jLsfg{ g;Sg'
(Lack of acceptance of changed body)
%= ;fdflhs :jLs[t ¿kdf ug'{kg]{ of}g e"ldsf
(Acceptance of socially approved sex role)
Gonadal ^= of}g kl/kSjtfdf ljrng b]lvg' (Deviations
in sexually maturing)

!!= of}jg cj:yfsf v'l;kg (Happiness of Puberty)

of}jg cj:yfdf b]vfkg]{ v'zLeGbf klg j]v';Lkg a9L b]lvG5g\ . of}jg cj:yfdf cfpg] zf/Ll/s
kl/jt{gn] / jo:ssf] cfkm'k|ltsf] ck]Iff k'/f ug{ ghfGgfn]÷g;Sgfn] w]/}h;f] ;do a]v';L /x] tfklg logL
;fly;d"xdf /xbf eg] v';L g} /xG5g\ . of}jg cj:yfsf s]6fs]6LnfO{ v';L /fVg pgLx¿n] u/]sf
lj|mofsnfk, Jojxf/nfO{ 3/ kl/jf/n] :jLsf/ u/]df jf ;dfhn] pgLx¿sf lj|mofsnfknfO{ :jLsf/
ul/lbPdf logL v';L /xG5g\ . To;}u/L cfkm\gf] pd]/;d"xdf cfkm\gf] pd]/ cg';f/sf] pknlAw k|fKt ub}{
hfg ;s]df logL v';L /xG5g\ .logLnfO{ ;flyefO cfkmGtn] dfof u/]sf] cg'e'lt u/]df klg v'zL /xG5g\ .
;f/f+zdf eGg'kbf{ pgLx¿sf lj|mofsnfknfO{ :jLs[lt k|fKt ePdf (Acceptance), cfkm\gf] pd]/ cg';f/
313
pknlAw xfl;n ug{ ;kmn ePdf (Achievement) / cfkmGtaf6 plrt dfof :g]x (Affection)k|fKt u/]df
v';L /xG5g\ . o;nfO{3As klg elgG5 . of}jg cj:yfsf s]6fs]6LnfO{ v';L /fVg oL 3As k|fKt ug{ ;xof]u
ug'{k5{ .
!@= a]v'l;kgsf] lgoGq0f (Control of Unhappiness)
of}jg cj:yfdf b]vfkg]{ a]v';L lgoGq0f ug]{ pkfo
!_ 3As k|fKt ug{ ;xof]u ug]{
@_ cfdf a'jf, lzIfs / ;flyefOn] ;fly;/xsf] Jojxf/ ug{],
#_ o; cj:yfsf s]6fs]6LnfO{ ;s];Dd :jf:Yo /xg÷/fVg db\wt ug{],
$_ pgLx¿sf zf/Ll/s ¿k /ªunfO{ g/fd|f] 9ª\un] cfnf]rgf gu/L lbg],
%_ pgLx¿n] b]vfPsf gsf/fTds Jojxf/nfO{ cfnf]rgf gug]{ c:yfoL 7fg]/ j]jf:tf ul/lbg],
^_ pgLx¿nfO{ ;xfg'e"ltk"0f{ Jojxf/ ug]{,
&_ ;dfhsf] d"No, dfGotf, cfbz{k|lt ;r]t agfO{ ;f]lx cg';f/sf] Jojxf/ k|bz{g ug{ dfu{lgb]{zg ug]{,
*_ cfdfa'af / lzIfsn] pgLx¿af6 a9L dxTjfsf+IfL geO{pgLx¿sf] pd]/ / Ifdtf cg';f/ pknlAwsf]
cfzf /fVg],
(_ pgLx¿n] ;kmntf k|fKt ug{ ;Sg] vfnsf sfo{ ug{ pTk|]l/t ug{] .
*=$-s_ lszf]/ cj:yfsf] kl/ro / ljsf;fTds kIf / l;sfO;Fu ;DalGwt ljz]iftf
!= kl/ro (Introduction)

lszf]/ cj:yfnfO{cª\u|]hLdf Adolescence elgG5 .Adolescence zAb latin efiffsf] Adolescere af6
lnPsf] xf] . h;sf] cy{ 'To grow to Maturity' cyjf kl/kSjtftkm{ a9\g' eGg] x'G5 . lszf]/ cj:yfdf
cfpg] kl/kSjtf eGgfn] zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s, ;fdflhs, ;+j]ufTds cflb ;Dk"0f{ ¿kdf cfpg] kl/kSjtf
eGg] a'lemG5 . ha dflg; x/]s b[li6n] jf ;du|tfdf kl/kSj x'G5 To;kl5 p;nfO{ Ps k|f}9nfO{ h:t}
;fdflhs dfGotf, lhDd]jf/L / clwsf/ k|bfg ul/G5 .oxfF kl/kSjtfsf] s'/f ubf{ ljleGg b]zsf]
kl/kSjtfsf] pd]/ km/s km/s x'g ;S5 . ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfn] kl/kSjtfsf] pd]/ !* jif{nfO{ dfg]sf]
5 .g]kfnn] @! jif{nfO{ dfg]sf] 5 . To:t} x/]ssf] km/skm/s x'G5 .lszf]/ cj:yfnfO{ klg Hurlock n] @
efudf ljefhg u/]sL 5g\M
!_ k"j{ lszf]/ cj:yf (Early Adolescence)M !# jif{ b]lv !& jif{;Ddsf] ;donfO{ k"j{ lszf]/ cj:yf
elgG5 . o; cj:yfdf d'Vo u/]/ of}lgs / zf/Ll/s kl/kSjtf (Sexually and Physically
Matureness) b]vfk5{ .

@_ pQ/ lszf]/ cj:yf (Late Adolescence): !& jif{b]lv !* jif{ ;Ddsf] cjlwnfO{ pQ/ lszf]/
cj:yf elgG5 . o; cj:yfdf cfP/ efjfTds, dfgl;s / ;fdflhs ¿kdf kl/kSjtf b]vfk5{ .
klxnf] cj:yfnfO{ dgf]j}1flgsn] s'v'/] j}+; cyjf 8/nfUbf] cj:yf (Terrible Teens) sf] ;+1f lbPsf
5g\ eg] bf];|f] cj:yfnfO{ of}jg cj:yf (Teenager) gfdfs/0f u/]sf 5g\ .oL b'O{ cj:yfaLr
vf;vf; leGgtf kfOg] ePsfn] g} b'O{ r/0fdf ljefhg ul/Psf] xf] .

314
@= lszf]/cj:yfsf ljsf;fTds sfo{ (Developmental Tasks of adolescence)

lszf]/ cj:yfsf k|d'v sfo{nfO{Hurlock n] lgDg cg';f/ x'g] atfPsL 5g\M

!_ cfkm\gf] pd]/ ;d"xsf s]6fs]6L b'j};Fu gofF / kl/kSj ;DaGw /fVg' (Achieving new and more
mature relation with agemates of both sexes)
@_ dlxnf / k'?ifsf] plrt of}g e"ldsf :jLsf/ ug'{ (Achieving a masculine and Feminine Social
role)
#_ cfkm\gf] zf/Ll/s :j¿knfO{ :jLsf/]/ cfkm\gf] z/L/nfO{ k|efjsf/L ¿kdf pkof]u ug{ ;Sg'
(Accepting one's physic and using one's body effectively)
$_ ;fdflhs¿kdf pQ/bfloTj jxg ug'{, Jojxf/sf] rfxgf ug'{ / xfFl;n ug'{ (Desiring, accepting and
achieving social responsible behaviour)
%_ cfkm\gf cfdfa'jf / cGo jo:saf6 ;+j]ufTds :jtGqtf k|fKt ug'{ (Achieving emotional
independence from parents and other adults)
^_ cfly{s hLjgsf] tof/L ug'{ (Preparing for economic career)
&_ Jojxf/nfO{ kyk|bz{g ug]{ lglZrt d"No / dfGotf tyf g}lts cfr/0f xfFl;n ug'{ (Acquiring a set
of values and an ethical system as a guide to behaviour developing an ideology)
*_ ljjfx / kfl/jfl/s hLjgsf nflu tof/L ug'{ (Preparing for marriage and family life)

#= lszf]/ cj:yfsf zf/Ll/s kl/jt{g (Physical changes duirng adolescence)

lszf]/ cj:yfdf cfpg] zf/Ll/s kl/jt{g M

cfGtl/s kl/jt{g (Internal Change) jfÅo kl/jt{g (External Change)

!= kfrg k|0ffnL (Digestive system) != prfO{ (Height)

@= ;~rf/ k|0ffnL (Circulatory system) @= tf}n (Weight)
#= Zjf;k|Zjf; k|0ffnL (Respiratory system) #= zf/Ll/s cg'kft (Body Proportion)
$= cGtM;|fj k|0ffnL (Endocrine system) $= of}g cª\u(Sex organs)
%= zf/Ll/s tGt' (Body tissue) %= uf}0f of}g ljz]iftf (Secondary Sex
^= dlitis (Brain) characteristics)

$= lszf]/ cj:yfsf ;+j]u (Emotionality of adolescence)

dfgj ljsf;sf ljleGg r/0fdf km/s km/s lsl;dsf ;+j]u b]vfkg]{ ub{5g\ . lszf]/ cj:yfdf b]vfkg]{
;+j]udf dfof, k|]d, pT;fx, ;xfg'e'lt, 3[0ff, 8/, lrGtf, Oiof{, cflb k|d'v x'g\ . ;du|df eGg'kbf{
;sf/fTds / gsf/fTds b'a} lsl;dsf ;+j]u b]vfk5{g\ . o; cj:yfdf b]vfkg]{ ;sf/fTds ;+j]un]
ljkl/t lnËk|lt cfsif{0f, cfkm\gf] :jM klxrfg vf]Hg], ;fdflhs lhDd]jf/L / pQ/bfloTj jxg ug{ k|]l/t
ug]{, cfly{s bIftf k|fKt ug]{ h:tf ;sf/fTds / ;fdflhs lj|mofsnfkdf nfUg pTk|]l/t ub{5 eg]
gsf/fTds ;+u]un] 3[0ff, å]if km}nfpg], g}/fZotf Nofpg], c;fdflhs lj|mofsnfk tkm{ cu|;/ x'g],
c;Gt'lnt / cfqmfds Jojxf/ k|bz{g ug]{tkm{ cu|;/ u/fpF5 . ;du|df lszf]/ cj:yfdf b]vfkg]{
;+j]ufTds lj|mofsnfk / ;+j]usf ljz]iftf o; k|sf/ 5g\M
315
!= lszf]/ cj:yfdf b]vf kg]{ ;j]u s'g} a]nf uxg / s'g} a]nf ;fdfGo / bljt (depressed) cj:yfdf
b]vfk5{g .
@= o; cj:yfdf b]vfkg]{ ;+j]u efj'stf;Fu ;DalGwt x'G5g\ .
#= o; cj:yfdf s]6fs]6Ldf ljkl/t lnËL cfsif{0f a9L x'G5 .
$= ;+j]u jftfj/0fcg';f/ ;fdfGo / hl6n b'a} lsl;dsf x'g ;S5g\ .
%= k|]dsf] a;df kbf{ cToGt} lgs6 kg]{ / 3[0ff ubf{ cToGt s8f ¿kdf k|:t't x'G5g\ .
^= of] ;do dfofsf] ;fu/df 8'Ag], /f]df~rs x'g] / cGofosf] ljb|f]x ug]{ :jefjsf x'G5g\ .
&= PSn} a:g ?rfpg], bf}t/L;Fu emu8f ug]{, pbfl;, lg/fzL, 8/kf]v / lrlGtt x'G5g\ .
*= o; cj:yfdf b]vfkg]{ ;+j]u kl/kSjtf, l;sfO, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts k/Dk/f / jftfj/0fåf/f
k|efljt x'G5g\ .
(= of] cj:yf cGo JolStnfO{ cfb/ ug]{ / c¿af6 klg ;f]xL ck]Iff /fVg] ;do xf] .
%= lszf]/ cj:yfsf] ;fdflhs kl/jt{g (Social Changes during adolescence)
x/]s cj:yfdf x'g] ;fdflhs kl/jt{g km/s km/s x'g] u5{g\ . lszf]/ cj:yfdf cGo cj:yf eGbf
;fdflhs ;dfof]hgdf sl7gfO k5{ . o; cj:yfdf ljkl/t lnËL cfsif{0f a9L x'G5 . ctM ljkl/t lnËL
;fly agfpg a9L ?rfpF5g\ . t/ 3/kl/jf/ / ljb\ofnodf o;sf nflu pko'Qm jftfj/0f
x'Fb}g÷kfpFb}gg . o;nfO{ ;d:ofsf ¿kdf lng] ub{5g\ . lszf]/ cj:fdf b]vfkg]{ d'Vo d'Vo ;fdflhs
kl/jt{g lgDgcg';f/ 5g\M
!= ;fly;d"xsf] a9\bf] k|efj (Increased peer group influence): o; cj:yfsf s]6fs]6L 3/kl/jf/df
eGbf a9L ;flyefO{;Fu ;d"xdf ;do latfpF5g\ . o;n] ubf{ o; pd]/df 3/kl/jf/sf ;b:osf] eGbf
a9L ;fly ;d"x bf}t/Lsf] Jojxf/, af]lnrfnL, ?rL cflbn] k|ToIf ¿kdf k|efj k5{ . o; a]nfdf
cfkm\gf 5f]/f5f]/L s:tf] ;fly;+utdf nfu]sf 5g\ eGg] s'/f x/]s ;r]t cfdfa'af, cleefjs /
lzIfsn] a'em\g cfjZos 5 . v/fa ;+ut k¥of] eg] w'd|kfg (Tobaco) dlb/fkfg (Alcohol),
nfu'kbfy{ (Drugs) cflb h:tf s'ntdf nfu]/ km:g ;S5g\ . oL ;fdu|Lsf] k|of]u ubf{ s:tf] xf]nf,
o;sf] :jfb s:tf] xf]nf eGg] sf}t'xn / ;flyefOsf] s/sfkn] w]/} s'ntdf km:g] u5{g\ To;}n] v/fa
;+utdf nfUg lbg' x'Gg . /fd|f] ;flysf] ;+ut k/]df /fd|f/fd|f afgL l;Sg] / c;n JolSt aGg
;S5g\ .
@= ;fdflhs Jojxf/df kl/jt{g (Change in Social behaviour): o; cj:yfdf of}jg cj:yfb]lv tLa|
a[l4 x'Fb} cfPsf] k|fylds of}g ljz]iftf / uf}0f of}g ljz]iftf (Primary Sex Characteristics and
Secondary Sex Characteristics) sf sf/0fn] Gonadal Hormons sf] tLa| a[l4n] ubf{ ljkl/t lnËL
cfsif{0f (Hetero Sexual attraction) cTolws a9L x'G5 . o; a]nfdf s]6fs]6Lsf] ;xL sf] unt sf]
/fd|/L 5'6o\ fpg ;Sg] eO{;s]sf x'G5g\ .To;}n] cfkm';Fu ldNg] ;fly;Fu 3'nldn eP/ /xg rfxG5g\ .
To;}u/L ljleGg ;fdflhs sfo{df ;+nUg x'g ?rfpF5g\ . ;'?;'?df ljleGg hfthflt, wd{, ;fdflhs–
cfly{s k[i7e"ld ePsf ;a};Fu /fd|f] tfbfTDotf ePklg kl5 uP/ ;a} 9+un] cfkm\gf] :t/ ldNg];Fu
dfq ;fly u5{g\ .

316
#= gofF ;fdflhs ;d"x (New Social Grouping): lszf]/ cj:yfdf cfO{k'Ubf afNosfnsf ;fly;+uL
la:tf/ la:tf/ 5'6\b} hfG5g\ / o; cj:yfsf] ;'?lt/ k"0f{ ¿kn] xl6;S5g\ . To;kl5 gofF ;fdflhs
;d"xsf] u7g x'g yfN5g\ .o; ;dodf u7g x'g] gofF ;d"x cflTdotfsf cfwf/df lgDgcg';f/ 5g\M
!_ 3lgi6 ;fly(Close Friends)
@_ lSnS; (Cliques)
#_ bn (Crowds)
$_ ;+ul7t ;d"x (Organized group)
%_ x'n (Gangs)
$= ;fly 5gf]6 ug]{ gofF dfGotf (New Values in Selection of Friends): lszf]/ cj:yfsf s]6fs]6Lsf]
;fly 5gf}6 ug]{ vf;} tof/L t x'Fb}g . cfkm\gf] 6f]n l5d]ssf], cfkm\gf] dg ldNg], Ifdtf ePsf /
p;n] cfkm'nfO{ ;'/lIft agfpg ;sf];\ To;nfO{ g} cfkm\gf] ;fly agfpg rfxG5g\ . h;n] cfkm\gf
;d:of Share u/f];\, hf];Fu cfkm\gf] ?rL, rfxgf ldN5, :t/ ldNg], ;dfg d"No ePsf, ;dembf/,
OdfGbf/, cfk;L ldqtfsf] aLrsf s'/f uf]klgotf /fVg ;Sg] JolStnfO{ g} ;flysf] ¿kdf 5gf]6 ug{
rfxG5g\ .
%= g]tf 5gf]6sf gofF dfGotf (New values in selection of Leader): ;Dk"0f{ k|f}9 / ;dfhsf] gh/ logL
/ logLsf lj|mofsnfkdfly x'g] x'Fbf logL cfkm\gf] g]tf jf cu'jf To:tf] JolSt xf];\ eGg] rfxG5g\ hf]
;dfhn] klg k|;+;f ug{ nfos xf];\ . o;sf nflu zf/Ll/s ;';+u7g ePsf], em§ x]bf{ g} c¿nfO{
k|efj kfg{ ;Sg], c¿nfO{ cfb/ ug{ hfGg], pRr ljrf/ ePsf], dxfg, c¿nfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ ;xof]uL
efjgf ePsf], ;d"xsf cGo ;b:o eGbf pRr af}l4s Ifdtf ePsf], kl/kSj, pRr s'n3/fgfsf],
cfsif{s klx/g nufPsf,] ;a}n] dg k/fPsf] JolStnfO{ g} cfkm\gf] g]tfsf] ¿kdf 5gf]6 ug{
rfxG5g\ .
^= ;fdflhs :jLs[ltsf] gofF dfGotf (New Values in Social acceptance): lszf]/ cj:yfsf
s]6fs]6Lsf Jojxf/ pgLx¿sf ;fly, bf}t/Ln] (peer group) To;a]nf dfGotf lbG5g\ (accept) jf
?rfpF5g\ h'g d"No dfGotf bf}t/L ;d"xsf] dfGotf ljkl/t gxf];\ .;dfhn] :jLs[lt lbg] Jojxf/ lgDg
5g\ M
• cfsif{s ¿k
• TofuL
• c¿nfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ efjgf ePsf]
• vf]hL ug{ ;Sg]
• Ifdtf ePsf]
• kfl/jfl/s ;fdflhs k[i7e"ld /fd|f] ePsf]
• ;fdflhs–cfly{s cj:yf /fd|f] ePsf]÷x'Fb} uPsf], u'0f jf Jojxf/nfO{ g} ;dfhn] :jLs[lt lbG5 .
• cfkm\gf ;+j]unfO{ lgoGq0f ug{ ;Sg]
• ;fdflhs d"No dfGotf cg'¿k rfxgf /fVg]
• jlxd'{vL JolStTj ePsf]
• ;TojfbL
• pRr JolStTj ePsf]

317
^= lszf]/ cj:yfdf kfl/jfl/s ;DaGwdf kl/jt{g (Change in Family Relationship during
adolescence)

dflg; / 3/kl/jf/ Ps csf{sf kof{ojfrL h:t} x'g\ . 3/kl/jf/sf] cg'kl:yltdf dflg;sf] hLjgsf]
kl/sNkgf klg ug{ ;lsb}g . afns kl/jf/df hGdG5, x's{G5, ;dfhsf ;fdflhs d"No dfGotf, ;+:sf/,
;fdflhs /xg;xg, ;dfhdf af]lng] efiff, ;fdflhs hLjg k4lt, hLjgz}nL ;f/f ;Dk"0f{ s'/f g}
3/kl/jf/n] l;sfpF5 .JolStnfO{ Pp6f ;fdfGo h}ljs k|f0fLaf6 dfgj agfpg] sfddf kl/jf/sf] 7"nf]
e"ldsf x'G5 . To;}u/L kl/jf/n] x/]s JolStnfO{ dfofddtf, :g]x, lzIff, ;'/Iff, dgf]/~hg, cfly{s
;+/If0fnufot ;Dk"0f{ s'/f lbPsf] x'G5 . ctM kl/jf/sf] x/]s JolStdf cld6 5fk x'G5 . kl/jf/sf
;b:oaLr Ps csf{df cToGt} 3lgi6 / ;'dw'/ ;DaGw x'G5 .h'g cGo :yfg / JolStaLr kfOb}g .o;n]
ubf{ x/]s aRrfdf klg cfkm\gf cfdfa'af, kl/jf/sf cGo dfGohg / ;b:ok|lt cufw :g]x / dfof ddtf
x'G5 .
hlthlt afnssf] pd]/ a9\b} hfG5 ToltTolt g} ljleGg JolSt;Fu ;Dks{ / ;DaGw a9\b} hfG5 hlthlt
JolSt;Fusf] ;Dks{ a9\b} hfG5, qmdzM tL JolStsf] k|efj klg kg{ yfN5 . hlthlt pd]/ a9\b} hfG5
pltplt afx\o dflg;sf] k|efj kb}{ hfg], of}jg cj:yf ;'? ePb]lv zf/Ll/s ¿kdf tLa| kl/jt{g cfpg],
To;}u/L ;fdflhs, ;+j]ufTds cflbsf] kl/jt{gn] ubf{ lszf]/ cj:yfdf cfO{ k'Ubf kfl/jfl/s ;DaGwdf
klg kl/jt{g cfpF5 . lszf]/ cj:yfsf] z'?df s]6fs]6Lsf] kfl/jfl/s ;DaGw s]xL dfqfdf lau|bf]
cj:yfdf x'G5 . o;/L ;DaGwdf sdL cfpg] d'Vo sf/0f a'emfOsf] sdL g} xf] . Pp6f k':tf / csf]{ k':tf
(Generation) aLrsf] ;fdflhs dfGotfdf kl/jt{g, z}lIfs, ;f+:s[lts kl/jt{g jf leGgtfn] ubf{
b[li6sf]0f km/skm/s x'G5 . cfdfa'jfn] afnaflnsf hGdfpg, x'sf{pg, kfngkf]if0f, lzIff–bLIff nufotsf
;Dk"0f{ s'/fsf] ljsf;df 7"nf] nufgL, Tofu / ;dk{0f u/]sf x'G5g\ . To;n] ubf{ cfkm\gf Kof/f ;GttLaf6
w]/} s'/fsf] cfzf u/]sf x'G5g\ / of] :jefljs klg xf] t/ s] rfFxL xf] eg] cfkm\gf ;Gtfgsf] pd]/,
pgLx?sf cfsf+Iff OR5f, pgLx¿sf] Ifdtf, plgx?sf ;d:of, jfWotf a'em\g g;Stf cfzf u/] cg';f/sf]
Jojxf/ kfpFb}gg\ . To;kl5 ;Gtfgk|lt cfkm\gf c;Gt'li6 JoQm ug{ / ugug ug{ yfN5g\ eg] csf{tkm{
lszf]/–lszf]/L cfkm\gf rfxgf, efjgf, ;d:of, cfkm"nfO{ a'em\g g;s]sf] u'gf;f ug{ yfN5g\ .
lszf]/ cj:yfsf] kfl/jfl/s ;DaGwnfO{ lgDg ltg efudf ljefhg u/L cWoog ug{ ;lsG5M
!= kfl/jfl/s lju|x (Family Friction): lszf]/ cj:yfsf ;'?sf jif{df kfl/jfl/s ;DaGw ;+3if{do
x'G5 . kfl/jfl/s ;DaGwdf sdL cfpg] d'Vod'Vo sf/0fdf lgDg cg';f/ pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5M
!_ Jojxf/sf] :t/ (Standard of behaviour)
@_ cg'zf;gsf] k4lt (Methods of discipline)
#_ gftfs'6'Da;Fusf] ;DaGw (Relationship with siblings)
$_ cfkm"df alnbfgLsf] efjgf a9L /flvg' (Feeling of Victimized)
%_ kl/jf/sf] cfsf/÷;+Vof (Family Size)
^_ ckl/kSj Jojxf/ (Immature behaviour)
&_ cfkmGtk|lt ljb|f]xL :jefj (Rebellion against relatives
*_ Latchkey problem
(_ s6' cfnf]rgf ug]{ k|j[lQ (Hyper critical attitude)
oL dflysf sf/0fn] ubf{ kfl/jfl/s ;DaGw tgfjo'Qm÷;+3if{do aGg hfG5g\ . h;n] ubf{ lszf]/
lszf]/L a9L cfnf]Ro aGb5g\ .

318
@= kfl/jfl/s ;DaGwdf ;'wf/ (Improvement in Family Relationship) : lszf]/lszf]/L ha lszf]/
cj:yfsf] k|f/lDes r/0f kf/ u5{g\ . To;k5fl8 qmlds ¿kdf kfl/jfl/s tgfj÷;+3if{ (Family
Friction) df ;'wf/ cfpg yfN5 . o;/L ;'wf/ cfpg] klxnf]M sf/0f t cfdfa'jfn] cfkm\gf ;GtltnfO{
la:tf/} la:tf/} afnaflnsf h:tf] gu/L clncln ;'ljwf (privileges) lb+b} hfg] / lszf]/lszf]/Lsf]
efjgf a'em\g yfN5g\ . To:t} bf];|f]M sf/0f gofF k':tfsf] ;fdflhs d"No, dfGotfnfO{ klg a'em\g
yfN5g\ eg] csf]{ tkm{ lszf]/ lszf]/Lsf] Jojxf/ klg qmdzM lhDd]jf/ / kl/kSj aGb}
hfG5 .lj:tf/ lj:tf/ cfqmfdskg, lr8lr8fxkg, c;fdflhs Jojxf/ / lj|mofsnfkdf ;'wf/ x'Fb}
hfG5 . To;kl5 kfl/jfl/s ;DaGw cfgGbbfos (Pleasanter) / ljGbf; (Relaxed) aGb} hfG5 .
#= kfl/jfl/s ;DaGwdf n}·Ls leGgtf (Sex difference in Family Relationship)M kl/jf/df lnËsf
cfwf/df km/s km/s Jojxf/ u/]sf] klg b]Vg kfOG5 . w]/} kl/jf/df 5f]/f / 5f]/Lk|lt 5'§f5'§}
wf/0ff ePsf] kfOG5 . o;sf] /fd|f] pbfx/0f xfd|} g]kfnL ;dfhnfO{ x]/] k'U5 . clzIff c1fgtf,
k/Dk/fjfbL / ?9LjfbL ;f]rn] ubf{ plQs} ;Gtfg ePklg vfg, nufpg, ;DklQ, dfof ddtf cflb
;Dk"0f{ s'/fdf 5f]/f / 5f]/Ldf e]befj u/]sf] kfOG5 . o;/L e]befj ug'{ ;Dk"0f{¿kn] cGofo /
cdfgjLo Jojxf/ xf] t/ cfhef]nL lzIff, r]tgf cflbsf] ljsf;n] o:tf] e]befj qmdzM 36\t} uPsf]
b]Vg ;lsG5 . h'g cToGt} ;sf/fTds / /fd|f] sbd xf] . 5f]/f5f]/Lk|ltsf] kl/jf/sf] ;DaGwsf] rrf{
ubf{ csf]{ cToGt} km/s vfnsf] t/ cfd dflg;df ;femf ¿kdf b]vf kg]{ dgf]j}1flgs k|j[lQ klg
Ps xf] .;fdfGotof afa'sf] em'sfj cyjf ddtf 5f]/Lk|lt /xG5 .o;nfO{ dgf]lj1fgdf "Electra
Complex" elgG5 eg] cfdfsf] em'sfj 5f]/fk|lt /xG5 . h;nfO{'Oedipus complex' elgG5 . of]
l;4fGt dgf]j}1flgsn] Electra eGg] s]6L / oedipus eGg] s]6fdf k/LIf0f u/]sf] x'gfn] log}sf]
gfdaf6 gfdfs/0f u/]sf] xf] . rfx] h] xf];\ of] dgfj}1flgs k|j[lQn] ubf{ cfdf–5f]/L / afa'–
5f]/faLrsf] ;DaGw obfsbf sdhf]/ aGg hfG5 . olb ;f}t]gL–cfdf (Step mother) ePsf] v08df
eg] 5]f/f5f]/L / ;f}t]gL cfdf b'a}aLr cToGt} sdhf]/ aGb5 . To;df klg cfdf–5f]/LaLrsf] ;DaGw
t emg} k'/} gsf/fTds g} aG5 .
&= lszf]/ cj:yfsf ?rL (Interests during Adolescence)

dflg;sf] ?rL pd]/, lnË, kfl/jfl/s jftfj/0f, ;fdflhs d"No–dfGotf, kfl/jfl/s ;fdflhs–cfly{s
:t/, JolStsf] jf}l4s Ifdtf, cfkm'n] kfPsf] / kfpg ;Sg] ;Defljt cj;/ cflbn] lgwf{/0f ub{5 . x/]s
JolStsf] j}olSts :jefj klg km/s km/s x'G5 . t/ olt x'Fbfx'Fb} klg lszf]/ cj:yfsf lszf]/lszf]/Ldf
;femf ¿kdf b]vfkg]{ d'Vod'Vo ?rL o; k|sf/ 5g\M
lszf]/ cj:yfsf ?rL (Interest of adolescence)

!= JolStut ?rL (Personal Interests)

– ¿kk|lt÷d'vfs[ltdf ?rL (Interests in appearance)

– klx/gdf÷kf]zfsdf ?rL (Interests in cloths)
– pknlAwdf ?rL (Interests in achievement)
– :jtGqtfdf ?rL (Interests in independence)
– ¿k}ofF÷k};fdf ?rL (Interests in money)

319
@= ;fdflhs ?rL (Social Interests)
– ef]h(Parties)
– dlb/fkfg(Drinks)
– nfu'kbfy{ ;]jg (Drugs)
– s'/fsfgL (Conversation)
– c¿nfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ (Helping others)
– ljZj36gf÷;d;fdlos (World affairs)
– cfnf]rgf / ;'wf/ (Criticism and Reforms)
#= dgf]/~hgfTds ?rL (Recreational Interests)
– v]ns'b(Games and sports)
– lbn jxnfpg] (Relaxing)
– ofqf(Travelling)
– ;f]v (Hobbies)
– g[To (Dance)
– rnlrq(Movies)
– k9\g] (Reading)
– lbjf:jKgf b]Vg' (Day dreaming)
– /]l8of]÷6]lnlehg (Radio and Television)
$= Jofj;flos ?rL (Vocational interests)
%= z}lIfs ?rL (Educational interests)
^= wfld{s ?rL (Religious interests)
*= lszf]/ cj:yfdfJolStTj kl/jt{g (Personality change during Adolescence)

dflg;sf] d"Nofª\sg g} p;sf] JolStTjsf] cfwf/df ug]{ ul/G5 .JolStTjsf] ljsf;df ljleGg s'/fn]
k|efj kfl//fv]sf] x'G5 . dflg;sf] JolStTjsf] ljsf; p;sf] j+zf0f'ut u'0f / jftfj/0fn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf]
x'G5 . j+zf0f'ut u'0f / jftfj/0fsf] kmn:j¿k :jMwf/0ff (Self concept) df kl/jt{g cfpg yfN5 .
dflg;sf] JolStTj lgdf{0f ug{df ljleGg kIfn] k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf ¿kdf k|efj kf/L /fv]sf] x'G5 .
JolStTj ljsf;nfO{ k|efj kfg]{ tTj (Factors effecting personality development)
– ¿k(Appearance)
– gfd / pkgfd (Name and Nickname)
– of}g pko'Qmtf (Sex appropriateness)
– kfl/jfl/s ;DaGw (Family Relationship)
– bf}t/L (Peers)
– cfsf+Iffsf] tx(Level of aspiration)

320
– cg'jf+lzs u'0f (Hereditary potential)
– jftfj/0fLo tTj (Environmental Factors)
– :jM wf/0ff (Self concept)
– kl/kSjtf(Maturity)
¿k(Appearance): dflg;sf] ¿kn] ubf{ JolStTj ljsf;df 7"nf] k|efj kf5{ . ;'?df hf];'s} dflg;n]
em\jf6\6 dflg;sf] ¿k g} x]5{ .c¿nfO{ cfsif{0f ug{ ;Sg], /fd|f] 5fk kfg{ ;Sg] ¿k ePdf o;n]
JolStTj ljsf;df ;sf/fTds e"ldsf v]Nb5 ;a}n] dg k/fp5\g . o;n] ubf{ p;nfO{ klg k|;Ggtf
5fpF5 t/ s'g} k|sf/sf] sdhf]/L ePdf cfkm'nfO{ lxgtfjf]w (Inferiority complex) x'g] u5{ . h;sf]
gsf/fTds k|efj JolStTj ljsf;df k5{ . To;}n] klxnf] / dxTjk"0f{ k|efj kfg]{ kIf ¿knfO{
lnOG5 .
gfd / pkgfd (Name and Nickname):JolStTj ljsf;df k|efj kfg]{ csf]{ dxTTjk"0f{ tTj JolStsf]
p;sf] gfd / pkgfd klg xf] . cfkm\gf] gfd, pkgfdn] ;fly;d"xdf ;sf/fTds 5fk kfg]{ ;a}sf
aLr nf]slk|o x'g] . cfkm\gf] jf:tljs klxrfg lbg ;Sg] gfd, pkgfd eof] eg] To;n] JolStTj
ljsf;df ;sf/fTds e"ldsf v]N5 cyjf JolStTj a9fpF5 . t/ o;sf] cnfjf cfkm\gf] ;flyefO
bf}t/Ldf g;'xfpFbf] gfd ePdf cfkm\gf] gfd, pkgfdsf sf/0f cfkm' ;flysf dfemdf xf:of:kb x'g]
ePdf cfkm'nfO{ lxgtfjf]w ug{ yfN5g\ . ;fyL ;d"xdf cfkm\gf] kl/ro glbg], pQm gfdsf sf/0fn]
cfkm'nfO{ nHhfg'e'lt x'g] h:t} h+unL, h'7], sfnL cflb pkgfd ePdf JolStTj ljsf;df gsf/fTds
c;/ kf5{ .To;}n] cfdfa'afn] / cGo ;/f]sf/jfnfn] afnaflnsfsf] gfd, pkgfd /fVtf ljrf/
k'¥ofP/ /fVg'k5{ .
n}·Ls pko'Qmtf (Sex appropriateness): dflg;sf] zf/Ll/s agfj6df lnËLo leGgtf x'G5 .
k'?ifsf] zf/Ll/s ;+/rgf / dlxnfsf] zf/Ll/s ;+/rgfdf Jofks leGgtf kfOG5 . x/]sJolStsf]
zf/Ll/s ;+/rgf cfkm\gf] lnËLo ljz]iftf emNsfpg] vfnsf] x'g'k5{ . s]6f eP cUnf], uDd k/]sf]
(Gaint) em\ofKk bfx|L h'Fuf cfPsf] z/L/ ePdf dg k/fp5g\ . To;}u/L s]6Lsf] 5ftL, k'7\7f km's]sf],
kftnf] (slim) ;nSs k/]sf] ;'8f}n z/L/, s6Ss l5g]sf] sDd/, nfdf]nfdf] s]z/fzL, ;'/Lnf] dL7f] /
;fgf] :j/ eP lnËLo ljz]iftf emNsg'sf] ;fy} ljkl/t lnËnfO{ cfsif{0f u5{ . t/ cfkm\gf] lnË
cg';f/sf] zf/Ll/s ;+/rgf gePdf cyjf cfkm\gf] lnËLo rl/q emNsfpg] Jojxf/ ug{ ghfg]df
o;sf] JolStTj ljsf;df gsf/fTds c;/ k5{ . h:t} s]6fsf] s]6Lsf] h:tf] ;fgf] :j/ eP, 5ftL,
cg'xf/df /f+} /fd|/L gcfP/, s]6Lsf] d'vdf h'Fuf cfpg', s]6fsf] h:tf cg'xf/, 5flt, k'7\7f, :j/
x'gfn] ljkl/t lnËnfO{ cfsif{0f ug{ g;Sg'sf] lk+8f x'G5 eg] csf]{tkm{ ;a}n] lh:Sofp5g\ . h;sf]
sf/0f lxgtfjf]w x'g], g}/fZotf cfpg] h:tf gsf/fTds c;/ kg{ hfG5 .
kfl/jfl/s ;DaGw(Family Relationship):JolStTj ljsf;df ;a}eGbf 7"nf] e"ldsf kl/jf/sf] /
kfl/jfl/s ;DaGwsf] x'G5 . ;'dw'/ kfl/jfl/s jftfj/0fdf x'ls{Psf s]6fs]6Lsf] ljsf; ck]Iffs[t
¿kdf kfl/jfl/s snx, emu8f, tgfj, cefj, c;Gt'li6sf] aLr x'ls{Psf] s]6fs]6Lsf] eGbf w]/} /fd|f]
x'G5 . kfl/jfl/s ;'dw'/ ;DaGw ePsf 3/kl/jf/df x'ls{Psf s]6fs]6L ;w}+ gofFgofF s'/f l;Sg
rfxg] lh1f;', k|;Gg, pT;flxt, ;Eo, lzi6, dL7f] af]nL ePsf cflb JolStTj ljsf;df ;sf/fTds
k|efj kfg]{ u'0f ePsf x'G5g\ . o:tf afnaflnsfnfO{ ;a}n] dg k/fp5g\ . h:tf];'s} jftfj/0fdf klg
rfF8} ;dfof]hg x'g ;Sg] x'G5g\ eg] kfl/jfl/s snx, czflGt, cefj / 56k6Ldf x'ls{Psf
321
s]6fs]6Lsf] :jefj ck|;Gg, lvGg, pbf;, lrlGtt, cGtd'{vL, w]/} gaf]Ng], PsfGtdf a:g dg k/fpg],
6f]nfO /xg], af]Nbf klg emls{P/ af]Ng], c;Eo / clzi6 x'G5g\ .o;sf] gsf/fTds k|efj JolStTj
ljsf;df k5{ .To;}n] kfl/jfl/s ;DaGw s:tf] 5 To;cg';f/ JolStsf] JolStTj ljsf; x'G5 .
bf}t/L (Peers):JolStTj ljsf;df k|efj kfg]{ csf]{ dxTjk"0f{ kIf ;fly;+utL klg xf] . bf}t/Lsf]
k|efj / bafan] JolStTj ljsf;df 7"nf] c;/ k5{ . o; cj:yfdf s]6fs]6L 3/kl/jf/df eGbf a9L
;flyefO, bf}t/L;Fu /xg] x'Fbf logLsf] Jojxf/df ;flyn] jf]n]sf] efiff, njfO, vjfO cflb s'/fsf]
k|ToIf k|efj k5{ . /fd|f] ;fly;+ut k/]df JolSt /fd|f] dflg; aG5 . v/fa ;fly;+ut k/]df r'/f]6
lkpg], /S;L vfg], nfu'kbfy{ jf b'Jo{;gdf km:g], xTof, lx+;f, rf]/L h:tf s'ntdf km:g];Ddsf] 36gf
x'g ;S5 . ljleGg cg';Gwfgaf6 ;fdflhs ck/fwgdf ;+nUg JolSt dWo] *) k|ltzteGbf a9L oxL
pd]/sf x'G5g\ eGg] b]vfPsf] 5 .ctM ;fly;d"xsf cfwf/df JolStsf] JolStTj aG5 .
cfsf+Iffsf] tx (Level of aspiration): x/]s dflg;sf cfkm\gf–cfkm\gf, cfsf+Iff x'G5g\ . x/]s
JolStn] cfkm\gf] af}l4s, zf/Ll/s Ifdtf, cfkm\gf] ;fdflhs–cfly{s :t/ / cfkm\gf] kx'Frdf ePsf]
s'/fsf] dfq cfsf+Iff /fVof] eg] ;a} ;lhn} k'/f x'Fb} hfG5g\ / To;n] JolStnfO{c¿ yk gofF s'/f
l;Sg pT;flxt agfpF5, ;w} k|;Gg d'b|fdf (Mode) x'G5 o;n] JolStTj ljsf;df ;sf/fTds k|efj
kfb{5 t/ w]/}h;f] JolSt To;df klg lszf]/ lszf]/L cjf:tljs / sfNklgs s'/f ;f]Rb5g\, cfkm\gf]
Ifdtf eGbf dfly cfkm\gf] kx'Fr aflx/sf cfsf+Iff af]s]/ lx8\b5g\ jf a9L dxfTjfsf+IfL eP eg]
p;sf OR5f k"/f x'g ;St}gg\ . h;sf] kmn:j¿kc¿nfO{ bf]if lbg], cfkm"nfO{ cefuL / b'MvL dx;';
ug{ yfN5g\ . ctM JolStsf] JolStTj ljsf; s:tf] x'g] eGg] s'/f p;sf] cfsf+Iffsf] tx (Level of
aspiration) df lge{/ ub{5 .

cg'j+zLsf (Hereditary potential):dflg;sf] zf/Ll/s agf}6, ¿k, /ª\u, prfO, af}l4s Ifdtf, ;+j]u
b]lv lnP/ JolStTj ljsf;nfO{ k|ToIf k|efj kfg]{ clwsf+z u'0f p;sf] j+zf0f'ut u'0faf6 k|efljt
ePsf] x'G5 . dflg; cUnf], xf]rf], sfnf]–uf]/f], a'l4dfg d'v{ cflb ;Dk"0f{ s'/f p;sf] j+zf0f'ut
u'0faf6 k|efljt x'g] s'/f x'g\ . dflg;sf] JolStTj /fd|f] x'gnfO{ s'n k/Dk/f klg /fd|f] x'g'k5{ .
afa'afh]sf] OHht, JolStTj ;fdflhs dfg ;Ddfg cflb ;a} s'/fsf cfwf/df g} dflg;sf] JolStTj
lgdf{0f x'G5 . zf/Ll/s ¿kn] ljsnfËs, ;fdflhs–cfly{s ¿kn] Go"g kl/jf/sf], lgr 3/fgsf]
dflg;n] rfx]/ klg ;dfhdf cfkm"nfO{ cjn ;fljt ug{ s7Lg x'G5 . ctM JolStTj ljsf;df
j+zf0f'sf] k|ToIf k|efj k5{ .
jftfj/0fLo tTj (Environmental Factors):dflg;sf] JolStTj ljsf;df j+zf0f'sf] hlt w]/} k|efj
k5{ jftfj/0fsf] klg Tolt g} k5{ . dflg;sf] j+zf0f'ut u'0f /fd|f] eP/ dfq x'Fb}g . pko'Qm
jftfj/0f gePdf cfkm'df ePsf u'0f tyf Ifdtfsf] lj:tf/ x'g kfpFb}g . 3/kl/jf/, ljb\ofno,
SofDk;, ljZjljb\ofno, ;d'bfosf] jftfj/0f /fd|f] / cg's'n ePdf To;sf] ;sf/fTds 5fk÷k|efj
JolStTj ljsf;df k5{ eg] 3/kl/jf/, ljb\ofno / afnssf] ;Dks{df cfpg] ;fly;+utL cflb
k|lts'n jf v/fa ePdf To;sf] gsf/fTds c;/ JolStTj ljsf;df klg kb{5 . h;/L /fd|f] aLh
eP/ klg /fd|f] df6f] gagfO emf/dfly 5l/lbof] eg] pAhlg lbg ;St}g To;/L g} j+zf0f' /fd|f] eP/
klg pko'Qm jftfj/0f jf cj;/ gkfPsf] v08df /fd|f] dflg; aGg ;St}g .

322
 :jMwf/0ff (Self concept):JolStsf]JolStTj ljsf; s:tf] x'g] xf] eGg] s'/f p;sf] :jM wf/0ffdf
klg lge{/ ub{5 . x/]s a:t', JolSt, 36gf;Fusf] cGt/lj|mof, cfkm" hlGdPsf] x'ls{Psf] ;dfh,
;fdflhs d"No, dfGotf, ;+:sf/ wd{, cfkm\gf] s'n k/Dk/f cflbsf cfwf/df JolStsf] :jMwf/0ff
lgdf{0f x'G5 oxL :jM wf/0ffsf cfwf/df x/]s JolSt / 36gfnfO{ u|x0f ug]{, ljZn]if0f ug]{ ub{5 .
p;n] x/]s a:t'nfO{ s;/L lnG5 jf u|x0f u5{ . To;sf cfwf/df p;sf] JolStTj lgdf{0f x'g]
ePsfn] JolStTj ljsf;df k|efj kfg]{ ljleGg tTj dWo] :jMwf/0ff klg Ps xf] .
kl/kSjtf (Maturity): kl/kSjtfn] g} JolStsf] af]nLrfnL Jojxf/df kl/:sf/ NofpF5 . dflg; ;'?df
sf] JolSt;Fu s;/L s'/f ug]{, s:tf] Jojxf/ ug]{, cfkm' s;/L k|:t't x'g] eGg] s'/f yfxf gkfP/
jo:s jf k|f}9n] cfzf u/]h:tf] Jojxf/ k|bz{g ug{ g;sL cfnf]Ro x'G5g\ . o:tf] cj:yf ljz]if u/]/
of}jg cj:yfb]lv ;'? eP/ lszf]/ cj:yfsf] ;'?;Dd hf/L /xG5 . t/ hlthlt pd]/ a9\b} hfG5
pltplt kl/kSjtf cfpF5 . s;}s;}df kl/kSjtf rfF8} cfpF5 o;nfO{ k"j{ kl/kSjtf (Early Mature)
elgG5 / s;}s;}df kl/kSjtf l9nf] cfpF5 o;nfO{ pQ/ kl/kSj (Late Mature) elgG5 .
kl/kSjtf rfF8} cfPdf rfF8} k|f}9n] cfzf u/]cg';f/sf] Jojxf/ ug{ ;kmn x'G5g\ h;sf] kmn:j¿k
rfF8} ;dfhdf 3'nd]n x'g, ;dfof]hg x'g ;S5g o;sf] JolStTj ljsf;df ;sf/fTds k|efj k5{
eg] pd]/cg';f/ kl/kSjtf gcfPdf cfnf]rgfsf] kfq aGg' k5{ . h;n] ubf{ gsf/fTds ;f]rsf]
ljsf; x'g], lxgtfjf]w x'G5 .o;sf] JolStTj ljsf;df gsf/fTds c;/ k5{ . To;f] t rfF8}
kl/kSjtfn] klg sltko cj:yfdf c;lhnf] NofpF5 .ctM plrt ;dodf kl/kSjtf cfpg' /fd|f]
x'G5 .
(= lszf]/ cj:yfsf v'l;kg (Happiness of adolescence)

of}jg cj:yf, lszf]/ cj:yf ;du|df tgfj, lrGtf, g}/fZotf / j]v';Ldf ljTg] ePsfn] o'jf
cj:yfsf, lszf]/ cj:yfsf v';L eGbf klg cgf}7f] h:tf] nfUg ;S5 . k|f/lDes lszf]/ cj:yf kf/
ul/;s]kl5 qmdzM lszf]/–lszf]/Ldf ePsf tgfj, lrGtf sd x'Fb} hfG5g\ .kfl/jfl/s ;DaGwdf klg
;'wf/ cfpF5 . k|f}9 jf jo:sn] klg cGo k|f}9nfO{ h:t} jf jo:s dflg;nfO{ h:t} ;flysf] h:tf]
Jojxf/ ug{ yfNb5g\ . ;fdflhs dfg;Ddfg klg qmdzM k|fKt ub}{ hfg yfN5g\ . logLn] u/]sf
Jojxf/ / lj|mofsnfknfO{ klg ;dfhn] ;fdflhs :jLs[lt k|bfg ub}{ hfG5 .pgLx¿n] z}lIfs If]qdf,
cfly{s If]qdf klg pd]/ cg';f/ pknlAw xfl;n ub}{ hfG5g\ . h;n] ubf{ yk gofF sfo{ ug{nfO{
xf};nf ldNg'sf] ;fy} cfTdljZjf;÷dgf]jn klg a9\b} hfG5 / ;a} s'/f a'em\g ;Sg] ePsfn]
Jojxf/klg kl/kSjtf tkm{ cu|;/ x'Fb} hfG5 . o;n] ubf{ k|f}9n] klg klxn]sf] h:tf] cfnf]rgf sd
ug{ yfN5g\ . kmn:j¿k ;a} If]qaf6 dfof, ddtf, :g]x klg kfpg yfN5g\ . o;/L x]bf{ pgLx¿n]
;fdflhs :jLs[lt;Gtf]ifhgs pknlAw/ cfkmGt tyf ;flyaf6 dfof :g]x cyjf k|fKt ug]{ ePsfn]
v';L /xG5g\ .
!)= lszf]/ cj:yfsf ;+s6 (Hazards of Adolescence)

x/]s cj:yfdf s'g} g s'g} k|sf/sf ;+s6 b]vf k5{g . t/ x/]s cj:yfdf cfpg] ;+s6 eg] km/s km/s
x'G5g\ . lszf]/ cj:yfdf cfpg] ;+s6nO{ klg cGo r/0fdf b]vfkg]{ ;+s6 h:t} d'Vo ¿kdf zf/Ll/s
;+s6 / dgfj}1flgs ;+s6 u/L b'O{ efudf ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 h'g o;k|sf/ 5M

323
 zf/Ll/s ;+s6 dgf]j}1flgs ;+s6
(Physical Hazards) (Psychological Hazards)
• cfTdxTof (Suicide) • ;fdflhs ¿kdf c:jLs[t Jojxf/ (Social
• zf/Ll/s sdhf]/L (Physical deffects) rejected behaviour)

- cfFvf 8]/f] (poor eyesight)

• of}g lj|mofsnfk (Sexual behaviour)
- sfg g;'Gg] (hearing loss)
• g}lts Jojxf/ (Moral behaviour)
- gldn]sf bfFt (crooked teeth)
• kfl/jfl/s ;DaGw (Family Relationship)
• Common obstacles to making transition to
• la/fdLkg (Illness) maturity
• lnËLo ljz]iftf gemNsfpg] zf/Ll/s - Poor Foundation
;+/rgf (A sex inappropriate body - Late Maturity
build Such as: Excessive Tallness for - Prolonged treatment a children
Girls, Pad/Cloth - Boys - Role changed
- Prolonged dependency

*=% l;sfOdf k|efj kfg{] tTTj

dfgj k|ltef k|:km'6gu/L dfgjsf clwstd ljsf;sf nflu l;sfO u/fpg' kb{5 . l;sfO x'gsf nflu
:jod\ JolStsf] cgj/t nufj / cEof; rflxG5 . l;sfOsf nflu cu|h JolSt, lzIfs cflbn] pko'St
jftfj/0f l;h{gfu/L JolSt leqsf] k|ltef clwstd ¿kdf ljsf; u/L lbP/ of]Uo / ;Ifd JolSt lgdf{0f
ug'{ u/fpg' kb{5 .
l;sfO hGdhft k|lj|mof xf] . dflg; hGd]/ gd?Gh]n;Dd s]xL g s]xL l;ls/x]sf] x'G5 . pko'St
jftfj/0fdf hLjgf]kof]uL, 1fg, l;k / clej[b\lw l;Sb5g\ / sltko JolStn] sltko s'/f :jtM l;Sb5g\
eg] sltko s'/fsf nflu tflnd jf k|lzIf0fsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . tflnd jf k|lzIf0fsf] dfWodaf6
afnaflnsfsf] cGt/lgxLt k|ltefnfO{ clwstd ljsf; u/L ;jf{]Qd dfgj lgdf{0f ug{' kb{5 . ljleGg
1fg, cg'ej tyf l;k cfh{g u/L ck]lIft Jojxf/ lgdf{0f u/fpg' l;sfOsf] nIo xf] . JolStleq /x]sf
cg]s k|sf/sf ;fdYo{nfO{ aflx/ lgsfnL clwstd ljsf; u/L Jojxf/df :yfoL kl/jt{g Nofpg'
l;sfOsf] sfd xf] . o; cy{df l;sfO Pp6f k|lj|mof dfq} xf] / nIo;Dd k'Ug] Pp6f dfWod xf] . l;sfOsf]
k|efjsfl/tfsf nflu s] l;sfpg] < eGg] k|Zgsf cfwf/df s;/L l;sfpg] < s;n] l;sfpg] < slxn]
l;sfpg] / s;nfO{ l;sfpg] eGg] s'/fdf pko'St Wofg k'¥ofpg' kb{5 . log} k|Zg pTt/sf] ;d'lrt
Joj:yfkg g} l;sfO k|lj|mof xf] .l;sfO k|lj|mofnfO{ ljleGg tTjn] k|efj kfl/x]sf x'G5g\ .pSt tTj
b]xfoadf]lhd /x]sf 5g\ M
!_ JolStut sf/stTj
lzIf0f l;sfO k|lj|mofsf] s]Gb|ljGb' :jod\ ljb\ofyL{{ x'g\ . ljb\ofyL{{sf] pd]/, ?rL, Ifdtf, cfjZostf, p;sf]
zf/Ll/s, af}b\lws, ;+j]ufTds kIfsf] ;fy} p;sf] jftfj/0f / j+zfg'ut u'0f l;sfO k|lj|mofdf k|efj kfg]{,
JolStut tTj x'g\ . afnaflnsfsf] zf/Ll/s ljsf;, af}b\lws ljsf; / ;+j]ufTds ljsf; ;sf/fTds

324
5g\ eg] p;sf] l;sfO klg ;'b[9 / ;sf/fTds x'g] cfzf ug{ ;lsG5 . o:tf kIf gsf/fTds 5g\ eg]
pgLx¿sf] l;sfO klg gsf/fTds x'g ;Sb5 .l;sfOdf k|efj kfg]{ d'Vo JolStut tTj M
s_ :jf:Yo v_ zf/Ll/s ;'u7g
u_ af}b\lws :t/ 3_ l;sf?sf] pd]/
ª_ l;sf?sf] cle?rL r_ OR5fzlSt
5_ ljifo af}b\lws ;fdYo{ h_ l;sf?sf] lnª\u
@_ dfgl;s sf/stTj
dfgl;stTjeGgfn] JolStsf] dl:tisn] ug]{ l;sfOsf] IfdtfnfO{ a'emfpFb5 . JolStlkR5] dfgl;s Ifdtfsf]
:t/ km/s km/s x'G5 . dfgl;s Ifdtfn] ts{ ug]{, ;Demg], ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg ug]{ tyf sNkgf ug]{,
u'0fsf] ljsf; x'G5 . j+zf0f'ut u'0f, pko'St 3/]n' tyf ;fdflhs jftfj/0f, kf]if0f, kfl/jfl/s cj:yf
z}lIfs:t/ tyf :jf:Yos/ zf/Ll/s cj:yfn] dfgl;s IfdtfnfO{ j[b\lw ug{ ;3fp k'¥ofpFb5 . h;sf]
kmn:j¿k JolStsf] af}b\lws ljsf;df 6]jf k'¥ofpFb5 .
#_ ;+j]ufTds ljsf;
dfof, k|]d, xif{, bof, cfgGb cflb ;'vbfoL ;+j]u / qmf]w, Oiof{, 8fxf cflb b'MvbfoL ;+j]u x'g\ . o:tf ;+j]u
w]/} k|of]u eof] eg] JolStnfO{ c;dfGo cj:yfdf k'¥ofpFb5 . t/ pko'St k|of]un] l;sfOdf yk xf};nf
k|bfg ub{5 . afnaflnsfsf] pd]/ cg';f/ ;+j]ufTds cj:yfdf kl/jt{g eO/xG5 . ;–;fgf afnaflnsfsf]
;+j]u lgolGqt / Ifl0fs x'G5 eg] 7"nf afnaflnsfsf] ;+j]u clgolGqt / c:jefljs klg x'g ;Sb5 .
t;y{ ;+j]usf] efj'stfnfO{ ljrf/ u/L l;sfO u/fpg' pko'St x'G5 .
$_ lzIfssf] JolStTj
lzIf0f l;sfO k|lj|mofdf ljb\ofno tx;Dd lzIfs gd'gfsf] ¿kdf /xG5g\ . ljb\ofyL{{sf] k|]/0ffsf] ;|f]t tyf
eljio lgdf{0fstf{ lzIfs ePsf] x'Fbf lzIfsdf x'g'kg]{ cfjZos u'0faf6 pm el/k"0f{ x'g' kb{5 . t;y{
lgDglnlvt u'0fn] el/k"0f{ JolStnfO{ JolStTjo'St lzIfs eGg ;lsG5 M
• ljifoj:t'df bIf
• lzIf0f ljlwdf lgk'0f{
• c;n g]t[Tj
• c;n pTk|]/s
• c;n ;fdflhs Jojxf/
• pT;fxL
• ;xof]uL / ldxg]tL
• /fd|f] :jf:Yo
• pTtd rl/q
• cfsif{s JolStTj
• af}b\lws ;fdYo{
• lzIf0f k|ljlw hfGg]

325
 • ;+j]ufTds ;Gt'ng
• g}ltsjfg\
• dgf]lj1fgsf] 1fg ePsf] cflb .
pk/f]Stcg';f/sf] JolStTj ePsf] lzIfsn] dfq s'zn Pjd\ ;kmn lzIf0f u/fpg ;kmn x'G5 .
%_ jftfj/0f
JolStsf] zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s, ;fdflhs tyf ;+j]ufTds kIfsf] ljsf;df c;/ kfg]{ ;Dk"0f{ cfk\mgf]
;]/f]km]/f]sf] cj:yfnfO{ jftfj/0f elgG5 . oxfF z}lIfs l;sfO jftfj/0fsf] k|;ª\usf] rrf{ ubf{ o;nfO{
k|efj kfg]{ d'Vo # j6f tTj 5g\ .
• ljb\ofnosf] jftfj/0f
• ljb\ofnosf] aflx/L jftfj/0f
• kfl/jfl/s jftfj/0f
/fd|f] l;sfO jftfj/0fsf] nflu zfGt ;'Gb/ / cfsif{s ejg, pko'St sIffsf]7f, kfgL, zf}rfnosf]
Joj:yf, xl/ofnL au}+rf, kof{Kt v]n d}bfg, k|z:t z}lIfs ;fdu|L, k':tsfno, rd]gfu[x, cfsif{s
JolStTj, tflnd k|fKt lzIfs, nugzLn ;xof]uL sd{rf/L cflbnfO{ /fd|f] jftfj/0f ePsf] ljb\ofno eGg
;lsG5 . ljb\ofnosf] aflx/L jftfj/0f cGtu{t, 3gfa:tLaf6 6f9f, Jo:t ;8s;Fu ghf]l8Psf], Wjlg,
w'jfF, kmf]xf]/ h:tf k|b'if0faf6 d'St, 3]/fjfn ePsf] sDkfp08 tyf zfGt / ;'/lIft jftfj/0f cflb
kb{5g\ .
3/kl/jf/ g} afnaflnsfsf] klxnf] ljb\ofno tyf cfdf k|yd lzlIfsf x'g\ . afnaflnsfsf] hLjg cf/De
3/af6 g} ;'? x'g] x'Fbf ldqtfk"0f{ Jojxf/, lzlIft / k|f]T;flxt afa'cfdf, zfGt jftfj/0f, cefj tyf
sl7gfO dx;'; gx'g] cj:yfn] pko'St 3/]n' l;sfO jftfj/0f tof/ kfg{ ;xof]u ub{5 .
^_ j+zf0f'j|md
cfk\mgf] cu|hk':tfaf6 bf];|f] k':tfnfO{ k|fKt u'0f jf ljz]iftfnfO{ j+zf0f'ut u'0f elgG5 . cfdfaf6 k|fKt
@# j6f qmf]df]hf]d / afa'af6 k|fKt @# j6f qmf]df]hf]d u/L @# hf]8f qmf]df]hf]ddf ePsf] j+z;"qn]
afnaflnsfsf] zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s, ;+j]ufTds / af}b\lws Ifdtf lgwf{/0f ub{5 . !^ cf}+ k':tf;Dd o:tf]
u'0f ;g]{ ePsfn] cfk\mgf cfdf–afa' h:tf] u'0f jf :jefjsf 5g\ 5f]/f5f]/Ldf klg ;f]xL u'0f jf :jefj
k|an ¿kdf b]lvG5 . j+zf0f'ut u'0f ckl/jt{gLo, hGdhft, jf k|fs[lts u'0f ePsfn] o;nfO{ x6fpg jf
lj:tf/ ug{ ;lsFb}g . o:tf] hGdhft u'0fdf hlt dfqfdf af}b\lws ;fdYo{tf x'G5, Tolt g} dfqfdf l;sfO
x'g] ub{5 . t;y{ j+zf0f'j|md l;sfOdf k|efj kfg]{ k|d'v sf/s tTj xf] .
pko'{St sf/s afx]s l;sfOdf lgDglnlvt tTjn] klg k|ToIf k/f]If k|efj kfb{5 M
!_ pTk|]/0ff @_ k'ga{n
#_ cEof; $_ lzIf0f ljlw
%_ :d[lt ^_ l;sfOsf] :yfgfGt/0f

326
*=^ pTk|]/0ffsf l;b\wfGt / ljb\ofyL{df pTk|]/0ff hufpg] pkfo
pTk|]/0ff(Motivation)
l;sfO jftfj/0fLo k|lj|mof xf] .cg's"n jftfj/0f ePdf k|efjsf/L l;sfO x'G5 . k|efjsf/L l;sfO x'gsf
nflu ljleGg tTjn] k|efj kfl//fv]sf] x'G5 .l;sfO x'gsf nflu l;sfO;Fu ;DalGwt ljleGg tTjsf]
e"ldsf x'G5 . k|efjsf/L l;sfO x'gnfO{ pTk|]/0ff x'g'kb{5 . ha;Dd pTk|]/0ff x'Fb}g, ta;Dd /fd|f] l;sfO
x'g ;Sb}g . To;}u/L k'ga{nsf] ;xL k|of]un] k|efjsf/L l;sfO x'gdf dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]n]sf] x'G5 . To:t}
l;sfO eGg] s'/f l;sf?sf] ug]{ cEof;df lge{/ ub{5 . hlt cEof; ug{ ;Sof], Tolt g} l;sfO :yfoL /
bL3{sflng aGb} hfG5 . To;f] t k|efjsf/L l;sfO x'g / gx'gdf l;Sg] JolSt :jo+df klg lge{/ ub{5 .
l;sf?sf] pd]/, lnª\u, zf/Ll/s cj:yf, af}b\lws Ifdtf, j+zf0f'ut u'0f cflb s'/fdf lge{/ ub{5 . oL ;a}
tTjn] l;sfOdf dxTTjk"0f{ k|efj kfl//fv]sf x'G5g\ .
pTk|]/0ffsf] cy{(Meaning of Motivation)
pTk|]/0ffnfO{ cª\u|]hLdf motivation elgG5 . cª\u|]hL zAb motivation n]l6g efiff 'movere' af6 cfPsf]
xf] .Latin zAb 'movere' sf] cy{ to move zflAbs cy{ ult lng' cyjf lj|mofzLn x'g' eGg] x'G5 . dflg;n]
s'g} klg sfd o:t} k|]/s (motive) n] ubf{ ub{5 . k|]/s gx'g] xf] eg] h;n] s'g} JolStdf lj|mof pTkGg
u/fpFb5 . cfkm\gf] nIo k|flKt geP;Dd To; lj|mofnfO{ Pp6f lglZrt lbzfdf hf/L /fVg] sfd ub{5 .
To;a]nf dfq clwstd l;sfO x'G5, h'g a]nf dfgl;s lj|moflzntf pRr x'G5 . dfgl;s lj|mof pRr
aGgdf pTk|]/0ffsf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf x'G5 . dflg;n] s'g} klg sfo{ k|]/slagf ug{ ;Sb}g . s'g} klg sfo{
ug'{sf k5fl8 s]xL g s]xL k|]/s cfjZos x'G5 . dflg;nfO{ lj|mofzLn u/fP/ l;Sg] s'/fdf nfUg
pT;flxt ug]{ sfo{nfO{ g} pTk|]/0ff elgG5 . k|]/0ffs} sf/0f l;sf?n] ljleGg lsl;dsf l;sfO ;kmn
tl/sfn] ;DkGg ub{5 . ljb\ofyL{{ k/LIffsf a]nfdf ;Dk"0f{ zlSt nufP/ d]xgt u/L k9\b5 . o;sf k5fl8
klg p;nfO{ pknlAwsf] cfzfn] sfd ul//fv]sf] x'G5 . pknlAwsf] cfzf eg]sf] k|]/s xf] . o:t} k|]/0ff
kfP/ dflg;n] ;fxl;s sfo{ klg ;kmntfk"j{s k"/f ub{5g\ . To:t} k|]/0ff kfP/ g} v]nf8Ln] v]n lhTg
;kmn x'G5g\ . k|]/0ffsf ;DaGwdf ljleGg ljåfgn] cf–cfkm\g} lsl;dn] kl/efiff lbPsf] kfOG5 . To;dWo]
s]xL kl/efiff oxfF pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 M
!= æk|]/0ff eGgfn] ljb\ofno lzIf0fdf ;'xfpFlbnf Jojxf/ hufpg, b[9 agfpg, hf/L /fVg / lgb]{lzt
ug{df s]lGb|t x'G5 .Æ - C.F. Skinner
@= æ:jMsfo{ k|j[lQ k|]/0ffsf] a[b\lw xf] .:jMsfo{ JolStTjsf] ljsf; xf] hf] JolSt ;d:of a9fpgsf ;§f
36fpg :jtGq x'G5 . k|]/0ff l:y/, slxNo} g6'lËg] km]/abn eO/xg] tyf hl6n x'G5 / vf;u/L
ljz]iftfsf] x'G5 .Æ - A.H. Maslow
#= æk|]/0ff To:tf] k|lj|mof xf], h;n] sfo{ cf/De ub{5, k|ulttkm{ pGd'v u/fpF5 / lj|mofsnfksf]
9fFrfnfO{ lgoldt u/fpF5 .Æ - P.T. Young
$= æclek|]/0ff sfo{ k|f/De ug]{, hf/L /fVg] / lgoldt ug]{ k|lj|mof xf] .Æ -C.W. Good
%= æpTk|]/0ff Tof] zf/Ll/s tyf dgf]j}1flgs cj:yf xf], h;n] s'g} sfo{ ug{sf nflu k|]l/t ub{5 .Æ
– Mc Dougall

327
^= æclek|]/0ff Ps ljz]if cfGtl/s zlSt xf], h;sf] lj|mofsnfk ;'? ug]{ / To;nfO{ hf/L /fVg] k|j[lQ
x'G5 .Æ - Guilford

pTk|]/0ffsf k|sf/ (Kinds of Motivation)

!= cfGtl/s jf ;sf/fTds pTk|]/0ff(Intrinsic or Positive motivation)

o; k|sf/sf] k|]/0ff JolStsf] cfkm+}leqaf6 plAhPsf] x'G5 . dflg;n] w]/}h;f] sfd cfkm}nfO{ ug{ dg nfu]/
cfkm\gf] :j]R5fn] ub{5 . o;/L cfkm}leqaf6 s'g} sfo{ ug{sf nflu pTk|]l/t eP/ s]xL ul/G5 eg] o:tf]
k|sf/sf] pTk|]/0ffnfO{ cfGtl/s jf ;sf/fTds pTk|]/0ff (intrinsic or positive motivation) elgG5 .o:tf]
sfo{ ubf{ JolStn] cfgGb, ;'v / ;Gtf]ifsf] cg'e"lt ub{5 . lzIfsn] ljleGg k|sf/sf sfo{j|mdsf] cfof]hgf
tyf l:yltsf] lgdf{0f u/L cfGtl/s jf ;sf/fTds pTk|]/0ff pTkGg ug{ ;Sb5 . s;}sf] s/sfklagf
:j]R5fn] ul/g] ePsfn] o;nfO{ ;sf/fTds pTk|]/0ff elgPsf] xf] . o; k|sf/sf] pTk|]/0ff geP dflg;
afFRg klg ;Sb}g . o;nfO{ k|fylds k|]/0ff, hGdhft tyf h}ljs k|]/0ff klg eGg] ul/G5 . h:t} ef]s,
ltvf{, lgGb|f, cf/fd, of}g rfxgf h:tf k|]/s cfkm}leqaf6 lgl:sPsf x'G5g\ . o;sf] k|efj dflg;df k|an
¿kn] k/]sf] x'G5 .
@= afWo k|]/0ff jf gsf/fTds pTk|]/0ff (Extrinsic or negative motivation)

o; k|sf/sf] k|]/0ff JolStsf] cfkm}af6 pTkGg eO{ cGo afx\o tTjsf] k|efjaf6 pTkGg x'G5 . ha s'g}
JolSt cfkm}leqaf6 s]xL ug{ pT;flxt x'Fb}g To; ;DaGwL s'g} sfo{ ug'{ p;sf nflu clt cfjZos /
pkof]uL x'G5 . o; cj:yfdf cGo afx\o k|]/0ff elgG5 . o:tf] vfnsf] k|]/0ffdf afnsn] s'g} klg sfo{
cfkm\gf] OR5fn] gu/L s'g} bf];|f] jf afx\o k|efjsf sf/0fn] ub{5 . o:tf] k|sf/sf] sfo{ ugf{n] p;sf]
lglZrt nIo k"/f x'G5 .lzIfsn] k|z+;f, lgGb|f, k'/:sf/, k|lt:kwf{ cflbsf] k|of]u u/]/ afnsdf pTk|+]/0ff
hufpg] sfd ul/G5 . o; k|sf/sf] k|]/0ffdf JolStsf] :j]R5fn] geOsg s;}sf] k|nf]eg, 8/, qf; jf
wDsLsf sf/0f s'g} sfo{ ug{ cu|;/ ePsf] x'G5 . of] afnssf] :jefljs lj|mofsnfkeGbf ljkl/t ePsfn]
o;nfO{ gsf/fTds k|]/0ff klg elgG5 . o;nfO{ s;}s;}n] ;xfos jf uf}0f pTk|]/0fff (Secondary
motivation) s[lqd jf dgf]j}1flgs pTk|]/0ff (Psychological motivation), ;fdflhs pTk|]/0ff (Social
motivation) eGg] u/]sf 5g\ . sltko o:tf s'/f x'G5g\ h'g s'/f afnsn] clgjfo{ ¿kdf l;Sg'kg]{ x'G5 .
gl;s]sf] v08df p;nfO{ 7"nf] Iflt jf gf]S;fgL x'G5 t/ ;–;fgf s]6fs]6Ln] cfkm\gf nflu cfjZos /
dxTjk"0f{ sfo{ 5gf]6 ug{ ;Sb}gg\ . o:tf] cj:yfdf o; lsl;dsf] afx\o pTk|]/0ff hufO{ pQm sfo{ ug{
nufOG5 . k|fylds pTk|]/0ffn] sfd ug{ g;s]sf] cj:yfdf of] pTk|]/0ff k|of]u ul/G5 .
k|]/ssf k|sf/ (Types of Motives)

;fdfGotofM xfd|f] ;dfhdf k|of]u x'g] d'Vo–d'Vo k|]/saf/]df oxfF rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 .
!= hGdhft k|]/s (Innate or inborn motives)

o; k|sf/sf] k|]/s dflg; hGdbf cfkm";Fu} lnP/ cfPsf] x'G5 . o;nfO{ s;}n] zf/Ll/s (Physiological) /
s;}n] k|fylds k|]/s (Primary motive) klg eGg] ub{5g\ . o; k|sf/sf] k|]/s hGdl;4 k|fKt x'G5 .

328
@= cflh{t k|]/s (Acquired Motives)

o;cGtu{t dflg;n] hGdhft ¿kdf lnP/ cfPsf :jefljs k|]/s geP/ l;sfOaf6 kl5 k|fKt u/]sf
k|]/s kb{5g\ . dflg; ljleGg k':ts, kqklqsf cWoog u/L k|fKt cg'ejaf6 k|efljt eP/, To:t}
;fyLefO;Fusf] e]63f6 / s'/fsfgLaf6 b]v]/, ;'g]/ jf ef]u]/ k|fKt ljleGg k|]/saf6 k|efljt eP/ ljleGg
sfo{df nfUb5 . o;/L kl5 jftfj/0faf6 k|fKt ?lr, cfbt, ;fd'bflostf, pknlAw k|lt:kwf{ h:tf s'/fn]
dflg;nfO{ ljleGg sfo{ ug{ cu|;/ agfpFb5 . o;nfO{ ;fdflhs, dgf]j}1flgs / JolStut k|]/s ljleGg
gfdn] lrGg] ul/G5 .
c_ JolStut k|]/s (Individual Motive): x/]s JolSt Ps csf]{df leGg jf km/s x'G5 . x/]ssf ?lr,
rfxgf, cfbt, hLjgsf nIo, clej[b\lw km/s–km/s x'G5g\ . o:tf cfkm\gf rfxgf k"/f ug{ dflg;
x/t/xn] /ftlbg nflu /fv]sf] x'G5 .log} rfxgf k"/f ug{ ljleGg lj|mofsnfkdf ;+nUg eP/ sfd ug{
afWo x'G5 . o:tf k|]/s JolStlkR5] km/s–km/s x'G5g\ . Pp6fnfO{ k|]/s ag]sf] JolSt jf j:t'
csf]{nfO{ k|]/s gaGg klg ;Sb5 .
cf_ ;fdflhs k|]/s(Social Motive): o; k|sf/sf] k|]/s hl6n lsl;dsf] x'G5 . o:tf] k|]/s ;fdflhs
cfbz{, l:ylt, ;DaGw cflbsf sf/0faf6 pTkGg x'G5 . o;n] JolStsf] Jojxf/df 7"nf] k|efj kf/]sf]
x'G5 . o; lsl;dsf] k|]/s b]z, sfn, kl/l:yltcg';f/ km/s–km/s x'G5 . o;cGtu{t cfTd ;'/Iff,
cfTd k|bz{g, lh1f;f, ;fdflhs dfg–ckdfg, ;fdflhs k|lti7f cflb kb{5g\ . oL ljleGg tTjn]
dflg;nfO{ ljleGg lj|mofsnfkdf lj|mofzLn u/fP/ nfUg afWo t'NofPsf] x'G5 . o:tf k|]/s ;dfhaf6
k|fKt x'g] ePsf]n] g} ;fdflhs k|]/s elgPsf] xf] .
sIffsf]7fdf k|of]u ul/g] pTk|]/0ff
!= cfjZostf(Need): ljb\ofyL{{nfO{ s'g} klg kf7 k9fpg' eGbf cufl8 Tof] kf7 kl9;s]kl5 p;nfO{ s]
p;nfO{ Tof] sLg cfjZos 5 . To;sf] af/]df klxn] g} cjut u/fOlbPdf pQm kf7 ?lr /fv]/ ;'G5
/ l;sfOk|lt pTk|]/0ff hufpg ;lsG5 . s'g} klg kf7 lzIf0f ug'{eGbf cufl8 pQm kf7sf] pb\b]Zo
:ki6 x'g'kb{5 / ljb\ofyL{{nfO{ pb\b]Zo s]lGb|t u/]/ lzIf0f ul/g'kb{5 . pb\b]Zo :ki6 eO;s]kl5
ljb\ofyL{{sf lj|mofsnfknfO{ klg pb\b]Zo :ki6 atfO{ pQm pb\b]Zo k|fKt ug{ k|f]T;flxt ug'{kb{5 .
@= nIof]Gd'v (Goal Orientation): ljb\ofyL{{nfO{ s'g} klg kf7 k9fpg' eGbf cufl8 Tof] kf7 kl9;s]kl5
p;nfO{ s] pknlAw xfl;n x'G5 . To;sf] af/]df klxn] g} cjut u/fO lbPdf pSt kf7 ?lr /f]v]/
;'G5 / l;sfOk|lt pTk|]/0ff hufpg ;lsG5 . s'g} klg kf7 lzIf0f ug'{eGbf cufl8 pQm kf7sf]
pb\b]Zo :ki6 eO;s]kl5 ljb\ofyL{{nfO{ pb\b]Zo s]lGb|t u/]/ lzIf0f ul/g'kb{5 . pb\b]Zo :ki6
eO;s]kl5 ljb\ofyL{{sf lj|mofsnfknfO{ klg pb\b]Zo :ki6 atfO{ pQm pb\b]Zo k|fKt ug{ k|f]T;flxt
ug'{kb{5 .
#= ?lr(Interest) :?lr eGgfn] s'g} JolSt, 36gf, ljifoj:t'nfO{ dg k/fpg' xf] . ?lr eGg] s'/f x/]s
JolStsf] km/s – km/s x'G5 . ?lr dflg;sf] ;fdflhs, cfly{s cj:yf, pd]/, lnª\uu, ef}uf]lns
cj:yf, JolStsf] jl/kl/sf] jftfj/0f cflb h:tf s'/fn] k|efj kf/]sf] x'G5 . cfkm"nfO{ ?lr nfu]sf]
sfd ug{ kfpFbf To;df rfF8} / ;lhnf];Fu ;kmntf k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 . ?lr gnfu]sf] ljifodf
dflg;n] Wofg lbP/ l;Sb}g h;sf] kmn:j¿k l;sfO pknlAw xfl;n x'Fb}g .;Lldlt pknlAw kfpg
klg w]/} ufx|f] x'G5 . xfdL k|efjsf/L lzIf0f ug'{kb{5 eGg] s'/f a'em\g' cfjZos 5 . k|efjsf/L
lzIf0f eGgfn] JolStsf] ?lr, rfxgf, cfkm\gf] Ifdtf / :t/cg';f/ l;Sg] cj;/ kfpg' xf] .
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$= pT;'stf(Curiosity): lzIfsn] lzIf0f ubf{ cfkm"n] k9fPsf] kf7df pT;'stf hufpg ;Sg'kb{5 .
o;eGbf k5fl8 ca s] cfpFb5 < ;/n] o; k5fl8 s] eGg' x'G5 < of] eGbf kl5 s] xf]nf < eGg]
h:tf sf}t'xn hufO/fVg ;s]sf v08df ljb\ofyL{{ lzIfsn] k9fPsf a]nfdf Psfu| eP/ Wofg lbO{
;'Gb5g\ / sIffdf pTk|]/0ff j[b\lw u/fpg ;lsG5 .
%= k|lt:kwf{(Competition): ;femf nIo k|fKt ug{sf nflu ljleGg JolSt / ;d"xsf] aLrdf x'g]
xf]8afhLnfO{ k|lt:kwf{ elgG5 . csf]{ zAbdf eGg] xf] eg] ;femf nIo k|fKt ug{sf nflu c¿sf] OR5f
gbafOsg c¿n] eGbf a9L / l56f] k|fKt ug]{ rfxgfn] ul/g] k|of; jf nIo k|flKtsf] bf}8df c¿nfO{
pl5gL cfkm" cufl8 hfg vf]Hg' k|lt:kwf{ xf] . k|lt:kwf{n] JolStnfO{ ;Ifd, sfo{k|lt nugzLn /
lj|mofzLn u/fpFb5 . sIffdf lzIf0f ubf{ lzIfsn] ljb\ofyL{{df :j:Yo k|lt:kwf{sf] efjgf
hufOlbg'kb{5 . o;f] ubf{ x/]sn] c¿eGbf cufl8 hfgnfO{ cfkm"nfO{ cToGt lj|mofzLn u/fpFb5g\ .
o;f] ubf{ x/]sn] c¿eGbf cufl8 hfgnfO{ cfkm"nfO{ cToGt lj|mofzLn u/fpFb5g\ . o;f] ug{ ;s]sf]
v08df sIff lzIf0fdf pTk|]/0ff a9fpg ;lsG5 .
^= kl/0ffdsf] 1fg(Knowledge of Result): ljb\ofyL{{ l;Sg] k|lj|mofdf nflu/xFbf ljleGg k|ltlj|mof jf
lj|mofsnfksf nflu sfo{ ul//fv]sf x'G5g\ . lzIfsn] pgLx¿sf lj|mofsnfk ;xL jf unt s] ePsf
5g\, a]nf a]nfdf hfgsf/L u/fpg'kb{5 . h;n] ubf{ ;xL k|ltlj|mofdf eP cem} a9L bf]xf]¥ofpg
k|f]T;flxt x'G5g\ eg] unt k|ltlj|mof ;Rofpg nflu kb{5g\ . o;/L cfkm"n] u/]sf] lj|mofsnfksf]
kl/0ffd yfxf kfpgfn] klg sIff lzIf0fdf pTk|]/0ff hufpg d2t ub{5 .
&= k'/:sf/ / b08(Reward and Punishment): sIff lzIf0fdf k'/:sf/ / b08sf] k|of]u u/]/ klg
pTk|]/0ff hufpg ;lsG5 . sIffdf ljb\ofyL{{n] /fd|f] sfd ubf{, /fd|f] lj|mofsnfkdf ;xefuL x'Fbf
:ofaf;L, k|z+;f, k'/:sf/ lbg] ug'{kb{5 . h;n] ubf{ pQm k'/:sf/n] sIffdf Wofg lbP/ l;sfOdf nfUg
k|f]T;flxt u5{ . sIffdf klxnf], bf];|f] x'g]nfO{ 5fqj[lQ, lgMz'Nsj[lQ cflb lbgfn] pQm s'/f k|fKt ug]{
pb\b]Zon] d]xgt u/]/ k9\g] u5{g eg] unt sfo{ ubf{ b08 jf ;hfo lbgfn] p;sf] v/fa / unt
lj|mofsnfk /f]s]/ l;sfOdf nfUg pT;flxt ub{5 .
*= k|z+;f / bf]iff/f]k0f(Praise and Blame): sIffdf lzIfsn] ljb\ofyL{{sf /fd|f lj|mofsnfknfO{ k|z+;f
ug'{kb{5 . /fd|f] sfd ubf{, ;f]w]sf k|Zgsf] ;xL hjfkm lbFbf, l;Sg] k|of; ubf{ k|z+;f ul/lbgfn] c¿
gofF sfo{ ug{ pT;flxt ub{5 eg] unt sfo{ u/]df k9fOdf Wofg glbP/ sd cª\s NofPdf jf km]n
u/]df pQm unt kl/0ffd cfpgfdf pgLx¿ bf]ifL ePsf] dx;'; u/fPdf pgLx¿ bf]ifLsf] cf/f]k
gnfuf];\ eg]/ sIffdf k9\bf Wofg lbP/ ;'Gg] ub{5g\ / o;n] sIff lzIf0fdf pTk|]/0ff hufpF5 .
(= pknlAw(Achievement): s'g} klg sfo{ k"/f ePkl5 To;af6 k|fKt x'g] k|ltkmn pknlAw xf] .
pknlAwsf] af/]df hfgsf/L u/fO{ lbP/ klg ljb\ofyL{{nfO{ l;sfOk|lt cfslif{t ug{ ;lsG5 . sIffdf
ljb\ofyL{{nfO{ pTk|]/0ff hufpg] ljleGg tTjdWo] ljb\ofyL{{n] k|fKt ug]{ pknlAw klg Ps xf] . sltko
cj:yfdf ljb\ofyL{{n] sIffdf k9fO/fv]sf] cj:yfdf Wofg glbg' jf k9fOdf cfslif{t gx'g'sf k5fl8
Tof] cfkm"n] l;ls/fv]sf] ljifoj:t'sf] cWoog k5fl8 jf Tof] l;sfO k|fKt u/]k5L cfkm"nfO{ s] kmfObf
x'G5 eGg] s'/f ga'em]/ klg pgLx¿ l;sfOk|lt rf;f] /fVb}gg\ . sIff lzIf0fdf pTk|]/0ff hufpg]
ljleGg pkfodWo] cfkm"n] k9fpg nfu]sf] kf7 jf ljifoj:t'sf] cWoogkZrft\ To;af6 k|fKt x'g]
pknlAw ljb\ofyL{{nfO{ :ki6 atfOlbg'kb{5 .
!)= cGj]if0f jf vf]h(Exploration): sIff lzIf0f u/fpFbf lzIfsn] vf]h ljlw k|of]u u/L lzIf0f u/]sf]
v08df pTk|]/0ff a9fpg ;lsG5 . ljb\ofyL{{ lzIfsn] eg]sf] ;'Gbf;'Gbf lbSs eO;s]sf x'G5g\, To;}n]
330
 lzIfsn] eg]sf s'/fk|lt Wofg glbg] x'G5 . csf]{ s'/f ljb\ofyL{{ lh1f;' :jefjsf x'G5g\ . ljleGg
s'/fsf af/]df hfgsf/L lng OR5's, kTtf nufpg'kg]{ u/L ljb\ofyL{{sf] ?lr, Ifdtf / :t/cg';f/sf
;d:of lbP/ l;Sg nufpg ;lsG5 . cfkm}n] u/]/ l;Sg kfpFbf s]6fs]6L l;Sg pT;flxt x'G5g\ .
o;/L cfkm}n] u/]/ l;s]sf] l;sfO :yfoL / bL3{sfnLg x'G5 . sIffdf s'g} s'/f l;sfpg' kbf{ ;s];Dd
ljb\ofyL{{sf] ;xeflutf u/fP/ pgLx¿ dfkm{t g} l;sfpg] ug'{kb{5 .
!!= ;xof]u (Cooperation): ;xof]u eGgfn] ;femf nIo k|fKt ug{sf nflu Ps cfk;df ldn]/ sfd ug'{
eGg] a'lemG5 . sIff lzIf0f ubf{ lzIfsn] ;xof]usf] jftfj/0fdf l;h{gf u/L lzIf0f ug{ ;s]sf
v08df l;sfOk|lt k|]l/t ug{ ;lsG5 . ljb\ofyL{{n] l;Sg rfxFbf rfxFb} klg slxn]sfxLF c;kmn x'g
;Sb5 .c;kmntfn] dflg;nfO{ knfoglt/ pGd'v u/fpFb5 . To;}n] ljb\ofyL{{n] ghfg]sf a]nfdf /
l;Sg rfxFbfrfxFb} c;kmn ePsf] a]nfdf l;Sg ;xof]u ug'{kb{5 . ;xof]un] JolStdf l;Sg] pT;fx
hufpFb5 . sIff lzIf0f ubf{ lzIfsn] hfGg] ljb\ofyL{{sf] ;xof]u lnP/ ghfGg] ljb\ofyL{{nfO{ l;Sg
;xof]u ug]{ jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug'{kb{5 . o;n] ubf{ hfGg] ljb\ofyL{{nfO{ cfTd ;Gt'li6 x'G5 / c¿ gofF
s'/f l;Sg pTk|]l/t x'G5g\ eg] sdhf]/ ljb\ofyL{{sf] klg dgf]an a9\b5 lzIfsn] l;Sg ;xof]u
ub{5g\ eGg] ljZjf; ePkl5 sdhf]/ ljb\ofyL{{df klg l;sfOk|lt rf;f] a9\g hfG5 .
sIffsf]7fdf pTk|]/0ff hufpg] sfo{df lzIfssf] e"ldsf
(Role of Teacher in Arousing Motivation in the Classroom)
ljb\ofyL{{nfO{ pTk|]/0ff hufpg lzIfsn] lgjf{x ug'{kg]{ e"ldsfnfO{ lgDglnlvt a'Fbfdf pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5M
!= cfkm"n] k9fpg] kf7nfO{ ?lrs/ agfP/ k|:t't ug{] .
@= sIffsf]7fsf] jftfj/0f cfsif{s / dgdf]xs agfpg] .
#= ljleGg ljb\ofyL{{nfO{ k|lt:kwf{sf] efjgf hufOlbg] .
$= s'g} klg kf7 k9fpFbf Tof] kf7 kl9;s]kl5 To;af6 k|fKt x'g] pknlAwsf] af/]df klxn] g} hfgsf/L
u/fOlbg] .
%= lzIfsn] ljb\ofyL{{nfO{ l;Sg] sfo{df ;xof]u ug{] .
^= lzIf0f ubf{ cfjZostfcg';f/ ;sf/fTds, gsf/fTds k'ga{nsf] k|of]u ug]{ .
&= /fd|f] sfd ug]{nfO{ k'/:sf/ / g/fd|f] sfd ug]{nfO{ b08sf] k|of]u ug]{ .
*= ljb\ofyL{{df d}n] klg l;Sg ;S5' eGg] efjgfsf] ljsf; cyjf lh1f;f hufOlbg] .
(= lzIf0f ubf{ ljb\ofyL{{df c¿ o; kl5 s] eGg' x'G5 xf]nf < ca o;kl5 s] cfpF5 xf]nf < eGg]
sf}t'xntf hufO/fVg] .
!)= lzIf0f ubf{ /fd|f / cfsif{s lzIf0f ;fdu|Lsf] k|of]u u/L lzIf0f ug]{ .
!!= l;sfOsf] nIo klxn] g} atfOlbg] .

331
 kl/R5]b M gf}
ljb\ofno ;'zf;g / z}lIfs Joj:yfkg

(=!=ljb\ofno ;'zf;g

(=!=! ljb\ofno ;'zf;gsf] cjwf/0ff

-s_ ;'zf;g (Governance)sf] kl/ro
• cª\u|]hL zAb 'governance' nfO{ sltkon] zf;g, sltkon] :jzf;g jf zf;g / sltkon]
;'zf;g eg]/ klg k|of]u ug]{ u/]sf]
• k/Dk/fut …zf;g’ zAbn] lgod sfg'gsf] kfngf ug]{ u/fpg] Jojl:yt sfo{ eGg] a'emfpg]
• zAbsf]zdf 'governance' zAbsf] cy{ ;+:yf ;~rfng ug]{ lj|mofsnfk jf ;~rfng ug]{ tf}/
tl/sf (activity or the mannar of governing) eGg] kfOGf]
• cfhef]ln Governance zAbsf] cy{–/fHosf] Joj:yfkg ug{ cfly{s, /fhgLlts / k|zf;lgs
clwsf/sf] k|of]u ug]{ sfo{sf ¿kdf lng vf]lhPsf]
• Governance zAb ;g\ !(() sf] bzskl5 a9L k|rngdf cfPsf] o;nfO{ good governance,
school governance or development governance cflb ¿kdf JofVof ug]{ u/]sf] kfOGf]
• ;xeflutfd"ns zf;g k4lt / clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f tyf ;+jw{g
• /fHo ;~rfng hgtfsf] ;xeflutfdf x'g] sfg'gL j}wtf÷Joj:yf
• hgrfxgf k"/f ug]{ ;/sf/L bfloTj
• cfly{s, /fhgLlts, k|zf;lgs clwsf/sf] k|of]u
• kf/bzL{, lhDd]jf/L / hjfkmb]xL /fHo ;~rfng
• ;dfgtf / ;fdflhs Gofo Pjd\ ljlwsf] zf;gsf] k|jw{g
• ljb\ofno ;'zf;gn] ljb\ofnonfO{ lgb]{lzt ug]{ / nIotkm{ pGd'v u/fpg] k|0ffnLnfO{
a'emfpg]
• z}lIfs sfo{ / ultljlwnfO{ Effective, Efficient, Economy, Equitable, Accountable,
Transparent, Participatory, Inclusive & Decentralized agfpg School Governance sf]
cjwf/0ff cufl8 cfPsf]
• ljb\ofnosf] k|zf;lgs, Joj:yfksLo, z}lIfs tyf cGo lg/LIf0f, ;'kl/j]If0f / cg'udgsf]
Joj:yf ug]{ sfo{ ljb\ofno zf;gsf cjojleq kg]{
• ljb\ofnodf cfwfl/t ljs]Gb|Ls[t Joj:yfkg, ljb\ofno–;d'bfo ;xeflutf, :yfgLo
pTt/bfloTj h:tf kIfdf zf;sLo Joj:yf k|efjsf/L agfpg' ljb\ofno zf;g xf] .

332
-v_ ljb\ofno ;'zf;gsf] kl/ro
o;/L lgisif{df eGg'kbf{ ljb\ofno ;'zf;g ljb\ofnoaf6 k|bfg ul/g] z}lIfs ;]jf k|jfx tyf
z}lIfs sfo{snfkx¿ :yfgLo cfjZostf, rfxgf, ?lr Pj+ ultcg';f/ ck]lIft nIo / p2]Zo
k|flKt ug]{ sfo{ xf] .
ljb\ofno ;'zf;gsf d'Vo tTTjx¿
• ;xeflutfd"nstf (Participation)
• pTt/bfloTj (Accountability)
• hjfkmb]lxtf (Responsiveness)
• ;dtf / ;dfj]lztf (Equity & Inclusion)
• k|efjsf/L / ;Ifd÷bIftf (Effective & Efficient)
• ;xdlt s]lGb|ttf (Consensus–oriented)
• ljs]Gb|Ls/0f÷:jfoTttf (Decentralization)
ljb\ofno ;'zf;gsf lgsfo jf zf;sLo cª\ux¿
!= s]Gb|Lo jf ;+3Lo tx MdlGqkl/ifb\, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u, cy{ dGqfno, lzIfs ;]jf
cfof]u,lzIff, lj1fg tyf k|ljlw dGqfno / cGtu{tsf s]Gb|Lo lgsfox¿ h:t} kf=lj=s],
z}=h=lj=s=, k=lg=sf, /fli6«o k/LIff af]8{, z}lIfs u'0f:t/ k/LIf0f s]Gb|, lzIfs lstfavfgf
cflb o; txdf kg]{ .
@= dWojtL{ tx M;fljsdf If]= lz= lg= / jt{dfg cEof;df k|fb]lzs txnfO{ o; txdf /fVg
lng ;lsGf] .
#= lhNnf tx ÷:yfgLo tx Mljb\ofno ;'zf;gsf] d'Vo sfof{Gjog txsf ¿kdf ;fljsdf
lh=lz=sf, ;|f]t s]Gb| / ljb\ofno /x]sfdf xfn lzIff ljsf;tyf ;dGjo PsfO, ufpFkflnsf
jf gu/kflnsf, ufpF jf gu/ lzIff ;ldlt, Pj+ ljb\ofnodf lj=Jo=;=, lz=c=;ª\3, k|=c=
tyf lzIfs sd{rf/Lljb\ofno ;'zf;gsf cª\usf ¿kdf /x]sf] .
$= u}/;/sf/L / ;fd'bflos cGo ;+:yfx¿ Msfg'gL x}l;otn] sfo{ gug]{ eP klg ljb\ofno
;'zf;gdf gLlt lgdf{0fb]lv sfof{Gjogdf ;xhLs/0f ug]{, hgr]tgf clej[l4 ug]{, jx;
k}/jL ug]{, sfo{df u}/;/sf/L tyf ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t ;+:yfsf] e"ldsf /xGf] u/]sf]. h:t}
ljleGg /fhgLlts bn,lzIfs o'lgog, ljBfyL ;ª\u7g, bft[ lgsfo, u}/;/sf/L Pj+ wfld{s
;+:yf cflbsf] klg dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf /xg] .
ljb\ofno–;'zf;gsf ;"rs
!= s]Gb| jf ;+3Lo txsf ;"rs
– u'0f:t/Lo kf7\oj|mdsf] Joj:yf
– kf=k' sf] ;dodf pknAwtf
– cfjZos ;|f]t tyf z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|Lsf] Joj:yf
– u'0f:t/Lo lzIfs cfk"lt{ cflb
333
 @= lhNnf tx÷ :yfgLo tx
– k|efjsf/L cg'udg ;'kl/j]If0f
– cfjZos ;"rgf, hfgsf/L k|bfg
– lzIfs lgo'lSt, ;?jf, j[lQ ljsf;
– z}lIfs sfo{j|md / lzIfs d"Nofª\sg
– ;dodf tnj eQf cflb lbg' nufot
#= ljb\ofnotx
– lgoldttf, ;do kfng
– lgoldt a}7s / ;dLIff
– z}lIfs ;fdu|L Joj:yfkg
– dd{t ;Def/ / ;b'kof]u
– cg'udg ;'k/Lj]If0f
– lg0f{o / sfof{Gjog
– ;fdflhs n]vfk/LIf0f
– :yfgLo z}lIfs of]hgf lgdf{0f / sfof{Gjognufot
(=!=@ s]Gb|Ls[t tyf ljs]lGb|t ljb\ofno ;'zf;g
s]Gb|Ls[t ljb\ofno ;'zf;g
• cGt/f{li6«o ¿kf ljb\ofno ;'zf;g (Governance) sf nflu s]Gb|Ls[t tyf ljs]lGb|t b'j}
k|sf/sf zf;sLo cEof; x'g] u/]sf] .
• s]Gb|Ls[t zf;sLo Joj:yfdf ;a} lj|mofsnfkx¿ s]Gb|af6 ul/Gf] . h:t} lg0f{o k|lj|mof
of]hgf, lgdf{0f, sfo{j|md ljsf;, z}lIfs lj|mofsnfk ljsf;, ;fwg ;|f]tsf] ;ª\sng /
jfF8kmfF8 cflb ;a} sfo{ s]Gb|af6 x'G5g\ jf s]Gb| lgb]{lzt x'Gf] .
• lzIfs lgo'lSt ;?jf, j9'jf nufot Joj:yfkg, tflnd, u'0f:t/, lgwf{/0f, d"Nofª\sg cflb
;a} kIfdf s]Gb|sf] lg0f{o /xg] .s]xL ;Lldt clwsf/ dfq ljb\ofnonfO{ k|bfg ul/Psf]
x'Gf] .s]jn sfo{fGjogsf nflu ljb\ofno lhDd]jf/ x'Gf] .
s]Gb|Ls[t ljb\ofno ;'zf;gsf /fd|f kIf
• ;|f]tsf] –kof{Kt k|jfx x'g]
• /0fgLlt– kl/jt{gdf ;xhtf /xg]
• jh]6 ;Ldf kl/jt{gdf ;'ljwf x'g]
• k|0ffnLdfly ;'b[9 lgoGq0f /xg]
• z}lIfs cj;/ lj:tf/ x'g]
• PstGqfTds lgoGq0f /xg] cflb
a]kmfObf ÷b'j{n kIf
• s]Gb|df cTolws cfly{s sfo{jf]em x'g]
• nfut ;fem]bf/Lsf] cefj x'g]

334
 • ;|f]tsf] b'¿kof]u x'g ;Sg]
• pQ/bfloTj / lhDd]jf/Lsf] sdL x'g]
• ;/f]sf/jfnfdf :jfldTj efjsf] cefj /xg]
• z}lIfs k|0ffnLdf c;dfgtf x'g]
• :yfgLo txdf c;Gtf]if /xg] cflb
ljs]lGb|t ljb\ofno ;'zf;g
• sGb|Ls[t cjwf/0ff ljk/Lt lg0f{o k|lj|mof nufot of]hgf tyf sfo{j|md lgdf{0f÷ljsf;,
;fwg ;|f]tsf] ;ª\sng / jfF8kmfF8 lg0f{o sfof{Gjog cflb ug]{ clwsf/ ljb\ofnonfO{ lbOGf]
zf;sLo k4lt
• ljs]lGb|s[t ljb\ofno zf;gdf ckgTj;lxt lg0f{o k|s[ofdf cleefjs jf hgtfsf] ;fy{s
;xeflutf /xg]
• o; k4ltdf nIo k|flKtdf ;a}nfO{ k|ltjb\w agfpg], k];fut sfo{bIftf / sfo{s'zntf
a9fpg], ljb\ofno / lzIfsnfO{ cfkm\gflj|mofsnfkk|lt hjfkmb]xL / pTt/bfoL agfpg] x'gfn]
;du|df ljb\ofnosf] k|efjsfl/tf a9fpg ;xof]u k'Ug] .
ljs]lGb|t ljb\ofno ;'zf;gsf kmfObf
• :yfgLo ;xeflutf clej[l4 x'g]
• pQ/bfloTj / hjfkmb]lxtf af]w x'g]
• ;|f]tsf] clwstd kl/rfng / ;b'kof]u x'g]
• ;Ifd Joj:yfkg x'g]
• nfut ;xeflutf÷;fem]bf/L a9\g]
• z}lIfs u'0f:t/ j[l4df ;xof]u x'g]
• :yfgLo z}lIfs g]t[Tj ljsf; x'g]
• lg0f{o oyfy{ / jf:tljs x'g]
• ;~rfngdf ;xhtf x'g]
• kf/blz{tf, ;/sf/nfO{ hgtf glhs k'¥ofpg]
a]kmfObf
• ljb\ofno ;a}sf] t/ s;}sf] klg gx'g ;Sg]
• :yfgLo /fhgLltsf] k|ToIf k|efj kfg{ ;Sg]
• ljleGg lgsfolar k|ToIf ;dGjosf] cefj x'g ;Sg]
• Joj:yfkgdf hl6ntf cfpg ;Sg]
• cfGtl/s ;Ifdtfdf lu/fj6 cfpg ;Sg]
jt{dfg cj:yf
g]kfnsf] jt{dfg ;+3Lo zf;g k4ltn] sIff )—!@ sf] ljb\ofno lzIffsf] Joj:yfkg :yfgLo
txnfO{ k|bfg u/]sf] kl/j]zdf o; cEof;nfO{ ljs]lGb|s[t ljb\ofno zf;g jf Joj:yfkgsf]
gd'gf dfGg ;lsG5 .t;y{ of] Ps dxTjk"0f{ k|of; ePsfn] o;sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogsf
nflu ;a} ;/f]sf/jfnf ;r]t / hfu?s x'g'kg]{ x'G5 . o;sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogsf nflu
:yfgLo txdf lgDgfg';f/sf] Ifdtf / sfo{Jojxf/ cjnDjg ug{ h?/L b]lvG5 M
335
 • ;xeflutfd"ns lg0f{o k|lj|mof / sfo{ ;+:s[lt ljsf; ug{
• cleefjs ;d'bfosf] ;fy{s ;xeflutf a9fpg]
• :yfgLo txsf] ;fwg ;|f]tsf] ;ª\sng / jfF8kmfF8 ug{]
• pko'St lzIf0f l;sfO jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug{ tof/ ug{]
• sfof{Gjog /0fgLlt tyf sfo{of]hgf lgdf{0f / k|of]u ug{ tof/ ug{]
• hjfkmb]lxtfsf] 9fFrf lgdf{0f / k|of]u ug{ tof/ ug{]
• :yfgLo tx / ljb\ofno cfkm}]n] vision & mission tof/ ug]{
• ;d'bfo–ljb\ofno lar c?n] ;DaGw ljsf; ug]{
• lg/Gt/ cg'udg, lg/LIf0f / k[i7kf]if0f÷;'wf/df hf]8 lbg]
o;cufl8 ljb\ofnosf] zf;g k|0ffnL d"nt s]Gb|Ls[t zf;g k|0ffnLaf6 lgb]{lzt x'Fb} :yfgLo
txdf lh=lz=sf= / ljb\ofnox¿nfO{ sfof{Gjog txsf] lhDd]jf/ agfpg vf]lhPsf] xf] . tyflk
:yfgLo :t/sf] zf;g÷;'zf;g k|0ffnL k|efjsf/L x'g g;Sbf ;fd'bflos ljb\ofnok|lt
;d'bfosf] cf:yf / ljZjf; j|mdz M u'Db} uPsf] cj:yf 5 . To;}n] klg jt{dfg g]kfnsf]
;+ljwfgn] k|f/lDes afn lzIffb]lv sIff !@ ;Ddsf] lzIffsf] lhDd]jf/L :yfgLo tx cyf{t\ ufpF
kflnsf / gu/kflnsfnfO{ ;'Dk]sf] cj:yf 5 . o; cj:yfdf :yfgLo txsf] Ifdtf ePdf
k|efjsf/L x'g hfg] t/ Ifdtf sdhf]/ ePdf ljb\ofno zf;g emg\ sdhf]/ x'g ;Sg] b]lvG5 .
o; kl/j]zdf nufgL j[l4, k];fut Ifdtf ljsf; / sfof{Gjog, ef}lts ;'wf/, u'0f:t/ dfgs
;"rs lgwf{/0f / k|of]usf ;fyljb\ofnonfO{ :jtGqtf k|bfg ub}{ hjfkmb]xL ;+oGqsf] ljsf; ug]{,
cg'udg ;'kl/j]If0fdf s8fO ug]{, ;d'bfo ;xeflutfsf] ;'lglZrttf, ;d"x sfo{df
ljZjf;,:yfgLo txsf] Ifdtf ljsf;, g]t[Tj ljsf; h:tf sfo{df hf]8 lbg h?/L b]lvG5 .
(=!=# z}lIfs g]t[Tjsf] cjwf/0ff / k|of]u
-s_ g]t[Tjsf] kl/ro
"Only the burning lamp will burn another lamp"
• s'g} ;+:yfsf] nIo k|flKt ug]{ l;nl;nfdf cfkm\gfcg'ofoLx¿nfO{ k|efljt ug]{ snf, l;k,
Ifdtf, bIftf g} g]t[Tj xf] .
• dflg;nfO{ k|]l/t ug]{, kyk|bz{g ug]{, Jojl:yt ug]{ of]Uotf Ifdtf / tTk/tf x'g' g} g]t[Tj
xf] .
• Leadership = Vision + Commitment + Hardwork
• Leadership is an art to motive people–Helingworth
• g]t[Tj eg]sf] ljZjf; lbnfpg] Ps To:tf] k|lj|mof xf], h;df Pp6f JolSt -g]tf_ n] ;d"xsf]
p2]Zo k|flKtsf nflu ;d"x ;b:o / cGo JolStx¿nfO{ ;d]t lj|mofzLn agfpF5 – hf]g
uf8{g/
• g]t[Tj eg]sf] cGo JolStnfO{ kl/rfng ug]{ / pgLx¿sf] k|oTgnfO{ nIotkm{ lgb]{lzt ug]{
tyf pgLx¿af6 ck]lIft nIo k"/f ug{ k|efj kfg]{ k|lqmof xf] – Hodge/Johnson
• ;fd"lxs p2]Zo k|flKtsf nflu kl/l:yltcg';f/ cg'ofoLx¿nfO{ k|efljt kfg{ ;Sg] Ifdtf jf
u'0fnfO{ g]t[Tj elgG5 – G.R. Terry
336
-v_ g]t[Tj ;DaGwL s]xL ;}4flGts dfGotf÷cjwf/0ffx¿
!= g]t[Tjsf l;4fGtx¿
-s_ u'0fl;4fGt(Trait Theory)
• o;k|sf/sf] g]t[Tjdf g]t[Tj cg'ofoLeGbf leGg x'G5 eGg] dfGg], k|jt{s M Chester
Bernard cflb
• g]t[Tjdf /xg] u'0f hGdhft ¿kf x'g] s'/fdf ljZjf; ug]{
• 7"nf] dfG5] g]tf x'G5 eGg] wf/0ff /fVg]
• o;k|sf/sf] g]t[Tjdf af}l4s ljåtf, pQ/bfloTj, e/ kg{ ;Sg] Ifdtf, df}lnstf,
;fdflhs ;xeflutf tyf ;fdflhs dof{bf h:tf ljz]iftf x'g]
• pTk|]l/t, h]xgbf/ x;Lv';L, pBdzLn, cfTd ljZjf; h:tf u'0f x'g] ck]Iff
-v_ kl/l:ylthGo l;4fGt(Contengency Theory)
• kl/l:yltn] g]t[Tj÷g]tf lgdf{0f u5{ eGg] ljZjf; ug]{ l;4fGt
• kl/l:yltsf] ;fdgf ;xh 9ª\uaf6 ug{ ;Sg] g]t[Tj g} jf:tljs g]tf x'G5 eGg]
dfGotf
• o;k|sf/sf] g]t[Tjdf:jt:km"t{ ;DaGw, ldqtf, ;xof]uLsf] ljrf/nfO{ ;Ddfg, v'nf
;~rf/df ljZjf; ug]{ Ifdtf x'g] ljZjf; ug]{
• g]t[Tjdf;xof]uLsf] ljrf/sf] sb/ / ;xeflutfd"ns lg0f{o u5{ eGg] x'g] ljZjf;
ug]{
• o; l;4fGtn] of]hgf, ;+u7g, lgb]{zg, ;d:of ;dfwfg / :ki6 e"ldsfsf] ls6fgL /
;dGjodf hf]8 lbg]
-u_ Jojxf/jfbL l;4fGt(Behavioural Theory)
• o; l;4fGtn]cfr/0fsf cfwf/df g]t[Tj dfGg] cyf{t g]t[Tjsf] k|efjsfl/tf
cfr/0fdf e/ kg]{
• cg'ofoL s]Gb|L (People Central) x'g' g} g]t[Tjsf] k|d'v u'0f dfGg]
• o; l;4fGtsf d'Vo cfwf/ Ohio state Leadership studies, University of Michigan
studeis & Robert, Blank & Jane mounton sf] management grid dflgg] .
-3_ g]t[Tjsf] cj:yfut l;4fGt(Situational theory)
• o; l;4fGtsf] d'Vo dfGotf M g]t[Tjsf] k|efjsfl/tf tTsfnLg cj:yf / kl/l:yltdf
e/ kg]{
• ;a} :yfg, ;do / kl/l:yltdf ;dfg g]t[Tjn] sfd gnfUg] ePsfn] cj:yf cg';f/
g]tfn] sfd ug'{kg]{ dfGotf
• ljBdfg jftfj/0f / cj:yfn] g]t[TjnfO{ k|efj kfg]{ / ;f]cg';f/ rNg ;Sg] g]t[Tj
;kmn x'g] dfGotf /fVg]
g]t[Tj;DaGwL gjLg cjwf/0ffn] cfw'lgs g]t[TjnfO{ cfsif{s jf r'DasLo g]t[Tj(Charismatic
leadership),¿kfGt/0f g]t[Tj(Transformational leadership), sNkgfzLn÷:jKgzLn g]t[Tj (Visionary
leadership)h:tf cflb ¿kf x]g]{ u/]sf] kfOG5 .;du|df cfw'lgs g]t[Tjdf b]xfosf ljz]iftf ck]Iff
ul/G5 M
337
 • A visionary – b"/bzL{
• Proactive – cu|ufdL
• Persistent – h:tf];'s} sl7gfOdf klg sfd ug{ ;Sg]
• Purposeful – p2]Zod"ns
• People oriented – hgtf÷;/f]sf/d'vL
• Technology oriented – k|ljlwk|lt ;r]t
• Socially conscious – ;dfhk|lt ;r]t

-u_ g]t[Tjsf k|sf/ jf g]t[Tj z}nL

g]t[Tj z}nLnfO{ d"ntM # k|sf/df ljefhg ul/Psf] kfOG5M–
!= lg/+s'z jf tfgfzfxL g]t[Tj z}nL lg/+s'z g]tf Mlg/+s'z g]tfn] ;Dk"0f{ clwsf/ tyf
pQ/bfloTj cfkm}+df s]lGb|t u/]sf] x'G5 . o; k|sf/sf] g]t[Tjn] dftxtsf dflg;x¿;+u
ljrf/–ljdz{ ug]{, pgLx¿sf efjgf Pjd\ ljrf/x¿sf] sb/ ug]{ h:tf sfo{ gu/L tNnf
txsf dflg;nfO{ cfb]z tyf lgb]{zg lbg] sfddfq ub{5 . g]tfsf] gLlt lgod lgb]{zg
unt jf v/fa h] eP klg lgzt{ kfngf u/fOG5 . dftxtsf sd{rf/L jf sfl/GbfnfO{
d]l;gsf ¿kdf sfddf nufpg] g]t[Tj lg/+s'z g]t[Tj xf] .
@= k|hftflGqs jf ;xeflutfd"ns g]t[Tj Mo; k|sf/sf] g]tfn] cfkm\gf] sfo{ dftxtsf
JolQmx¿nfO{ ljZjf;df lnP/, pgLx¿;Fu ljrf/–ljdz{ / 5nkmn u/]/, pgLx¿sf] plrt
ljrf/ / efjgfsf] sb/ u/]/ sfo{;Dkfbg ub{5 . gLltx¿ th'{df ubf{ ;fd"lxs 5nkmn
ug]{, ;d"xsf] :jLs[lt lng], ;fd"lxs ¿kdf lg0f{o ug]{ ub{5g\ . o;df bf]xf]/f] ;~rf/ x'G5 .
lg0f{o k|lqmofdf tNnf txsf sd{rf/Lsf] klg ;xeflutf x'G5 . tNnf] txsf] u'gf;f]
;'lgG5 . o; k4ltdf clwsf/ zlQm, lg0f{o k|lqmof ljs]lGb|t x'G5 . ;Nnfx ;'emfj,
5nkmn, e]63f6nfO{ k|fyldstf lbOG5 .
#= :jtGq jf cx:tIf]kL g]t[Tj Mo; k|sf/sf] g]t[Tjn] dftxtsf ;a} JolQm of]Uo 5g\ /
pgLx¿n] ;a} sfo{x¿ s'zntf;fy ug{ ;S5g\ eGg] s'/fdf ljZjf; /fVb5 . g]tfn]
;d"xsf] sfo{df x:tIf]k ub}{g . ;Dk"0f{ sfo{;d"xnfO{ 5fl8lbG5 . o;df g]tfn] dWo:y tyf
;dGjosf] ¿kdf dfq sfd ub{5 . k|To]s sd{rf/LnfO{ cfkm\g} 9+udf sfd ug]{, ;f]r–ljrf/
ug]{ :jtGqtf lbOPsf] x'G5 . ;d"x cfkm}+n] sfo{k4lt lgwf{/0f u/L ;+:yfsf] ljlwcGtu{t
p2]Zo k|fKt ug]{ k|of; ub{5g\ . t/ cfnf]rsx¿ o:tf] 5f8f g]t[Tjn] sfo{s'zntfdf x|f;
cfpF5 klg eGg] ub{5g\ .
lg/ª\s'z, k|hftflGqs / :jtGq g]t[Tjlar km/s
lg/+s'z g]t[Tj k|hftflGqs g]t[Tj :jtGq g]t[Tj
g]tf cfkm}+n] ;d:t gLlt lgdf{0f cg'ofoL;Fu;Nnfx, 5nkmn, gLlt lgdf{0fdf g]t[Tjsf] sd
/ lgwf{/0f ub{5 . ljrf/–ljdz{ u/L gLlt lgdf{0f x:tIf]k x'G5 .
lgwf{/0f ub{5 .

338
 lg/+s'z g]t[Tj k|hftflGqs g]t[Tj :jtGq g]t[Tj
g]tfdfg} ;Dk"0f{ clwsf/ clwsf/ dftxtdf ;d]t ljs]lGb|t clwsf/ k|of]udf
s]lGb|t x'G5 . ul/G5 . cg'ofoL :jtGq x'G5g\ .
k/Dk/fut ¿kdf Hofb} nf]slk|o jt{dfg cj:yfdf Hofb} nf]slk|o jt{dfgdf o;sf] sd
z}nL xf] . z}nL xf] . nf]slk|otf /x]sf] 5 .
lg0f{o k|lqmof sd k|efjsf/L lg0f{o k|lqmof Hofb} k|efjsf/L lg0f{o k|lqmof g]t[Tjn]
x'G5 . x'G5 . dftxtdf 5f8\g] x'Fbfdftxtdf
e/ kb{5 .
g]tf cfkm}+n] cg'ofoLsf] sfo{ lgwf{/0fdf cg'ofoL;Fu sfo{ lgwf{/0fdf g]tf 6f9f
sfo{ lgwf{/0f ub{5 . k/fdz{ ;Nnfx ;'emfj lnOG5 . /xG5 .
cg'ofoLdf s'07f lg/fzf cg'ofoLdf sfo{ ug{ k"0f{ :jtGqtf x'g]
c;Gtf]if, 8/ / afWotf x'G5 . pT;fx, ;Gtf]if :j]R5fk"j{s x'Fbfdgf]dfgL jf 5f8f klg
sfo{ ug]{ wf/0ff x'G5 . x'g ;S5 .
c;Ifd JolQmnfO{ ;d]t ;d]6]/ o;n] pTkfbg a9fpg] / cg';Gwfg pGd'v sfo{df a9L
sfddf nbfpg ;lsg] / cg'ofoLaLr ;DaGw ljsf; ug]{ . pkof]uL .
pTkfbsTj a9\g] .
-u_ z}lIfs g]t[Tj
lzIff;DaGwL of]hgf, Joj:yfkg,kf7\oj|md, lzIfs tflnd, lzIf0f l;sfO, ;'kl/j]If0f, cg'udg,
k/LIff, d"Nof+sg nufotsf ;du| kIfdf g]t[TjbfoL e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{ JolStTjnfO{ z}lIfs
g]t[Tj eGg ;lsG5 .cfhsf] lzIffsf] cfjZostf eg]sf] ljljwtfdf Pstfsf ;fy b]zsf]
k'gMlgdf{0fdf ;3fpg' xf] . o;sf nflu ;d[4, cfw'lgs / Gofosf] g]kfn lgdf{0fsf nflu
cfw'lgs lrGtgaf6 bLlIft / ;fdflhs ¿kfGt/0fk|lt k|lta4 gful/s cfjZos kb{5 .
:jfjnDaL / cfGdlge{/ tyf sfdsf] ;+;f/df ljZjdf ljSg ;Sg] hgzlQm pTkfbg ug{ cfhsf]
lzIffsf] d'Vo r'gf}tL aGg uPsf] / lubf]{ d"No dfGotfsf] hu]gf{ ub}{ cfkm\gf] df}lns ljz]iftfo'St
;fdflhs d"No dfGotfsf] ;+/If0f / ;+jw{g klg p:t} 68\sf/f] r'gf}tL /xg uPsf] 5 . lzIffn]
b]zsf] ;du| ljsf;df ;Gbe{df ;'zf;gsf] k|jw{g, ;]jf k|jfxdf k|efjsfl/tf / ;dfj]zL ;dfh
lgdf{0fsf sfo{df ;xhLs/0f ug'{ k/]sf kl/j]zdf o:tf sfo{sf g]t[Tj z}lIfs If]qsf g]tfn] ug{
;Sg' kb{5 . k/Dk/fut / 6fn6'n] g]t[Tjaf6 o:tf sfo{ ug{ ;Dej eO/x]sf] 5}g .
d"nt M dfly k|:t't g]t[Tj ;DaGwL l;4fGt / cjwf/0ffdf plNnlvt ljz]iftf z}lIfs g]t[Tjdf
klg x'g'k5{ . pSt u'0fsf ;fy} ;fdfGotof z}lIfs g]t[Tjdf z}lIfs ;+:yfk|lt ;dlk{t /xg],
cg'zfl;t, dof{lbt Jojxf/ k|bz{g, ;fd"lxs efjgfsf] sb/ ug]{, c¿sf] ljZjf; lhTg ;Sg],
cfkm\gf] k];f÷sfo{nfO{ dof{lbt agfpg], cj;/sf] ;b'kof]u ug]{, r'gf}tLdf ;fdgf ug]{,
;/f]sf/jfnfx¿nfO{ ;Gt'li6 lbg], cfkm" dflysfnfO{ ljZjf; lbnfpg] / tnsfsf] e/f];f k|fKt
ug]{, ;xfosnfO{ dfof ug]{, sfdsf] ;Ddfg / >dsf] OHht ug]{, pknlAw k|lt uj{÷uf}/j ug]{,
339
 cu|ufdL, p2]Zod"ns, b"/bzL{, ;]jfd'vL÷;]jfu|fxL s]lGb|t, cfw'lgs k|ljlwk|lt ;r]t / ;Ifd
h:tf u'0fx¿sf] ck]Iff ul/G5 . ultzLn g]t[Tj k|bfg ug]{ l;k,of]hgf l;k, lg0f{o l;k, dfgjLo
l;k,;+u7gfTds l;k, k|fljlws l;k, ljjfb ;'Nemfpg] l;k, ;~rf/ l;k, ljZn]if0ffTds l;k,
pTk|]l/t ug]{ l;k h:tf g]t[Tj l;k ePsf] JolSt dfq z}lIfs g]tf dflgG5 .
z}lIfs g]t[Tjsf gjLgtd cjwf/0ff
-s_ z}Ifl0fs g]t[Tj(Instructional Leadership): ljBfyL{ l;sfOnfO{ s]Gb|laGb' /fVg], lg/Gt/
k];fut ljsf;df ljZjf;, lglZrt z}Ifl0fs nIodf s]lGb|t x'g], ljBfyL{nfO{ kof{Kt ;'ljwf
;]jf k|jfx ug]{, sfo{d}qL jftfj/0f l;h{gf, pko'St l;sfO jftfj/0f, k|efjsf/L lzIf0f /
u'0f:t/Lo lzIffdf hf]8 lbg] g]t[Tjz}Ifl0fs g]t[Tj xf] .
-v_ ;dfj]zL g]t[Tj(Inclusive Leadership): o; k|sf/sf] g]t[Tjdf k];fut :jfoQtf / ;d"xsf]
g}ltstf, cfGtl/s ;dGjo / ;DaGw ;''b[9, cGt/j}olSts ;DaGw sl;nf], ;/f]sf/jfnf
;xof]u ;+oGq, z}lIfs d"No / ;+:s[ltsf] kfngdf ljZjf; ug]{ ;d"x÷;xg]t[Tj, ljtl/t
g]t[Tj h:tf u'0f g]t[Tjut u'0f x'G5g\ . o:tf] g]t[Tjn] ;xeflutfd"ns Joj:yfkg,
;fd"lxs / ;Nnfxsf/L lg0f{o k|lj|mof, cfGtl/s ;dGjodf cfwfl/t Joj:yfkgdf hf]8
lbG5 .
-u_ ¿kfGtl/t g]t[Tj(Transformational Leadership):af}l4s pQ]hgf tyf JolStut ljj]s
k|bfg ug{ ;Sg] v'aL /fVg] g]t[TjnfO{ ¿kfGtl/t g]t[TjelgG5 . o; k|sf/sf] g]t[Tjn] z}lIfs
kl/jt{gdf ljZjf; ug]{ / k|lta4 /xg], cfkm\gf] Wo]o, b"/b[li6 (Mission, vision) lnP/ cufl8
a9\g], lg0f{o k|lj|mofdf ;dtf, lje]b/lxt / ;dflhs rfxgfdf cfwfl/t x'g], g}lts d"No /
l;4fGt kfngf ug]{, bIftf / glthfdf hf]8 lbg] ub{5g\ .
-3_ ljlgdo g]t[Tj(Transactioanl Leadership): o; k|sf/sf] g]t[Tjdf g]tf / cg'ofoLlar
;dGjo / ulx/f] cGt/lj|mof ug]{, k|fKt ;/;'emfj cfbfg k|bfg ug]{, ;x'lnot, k'/:sf/ /
dgf]j}1flgs pTk|]/0ff k|bfg ug]{, yk ldlxg]t / k|of;af6 /fd|f] glthf Nofpg k|of; ug]{,
jx'k];fut cj;/, ;dfg'kflts g]t[Tj, ;DaGw ;+/rgfsf] lgoGq0f cflb u'0fn] el/k"0f{
x'G5 .
-ª_ cGt/lj|mofTds g]t[Tj(Interactive Leadership): o; k|sf/sf] g]t[Tjn] ljb\ofnosf] ;"Id /
j[xt\ kIfsf af/]df 1fg, ljb\ofno ;~rfngsf] k|efjsf/L df]8n, ;d:of ;dfwfg
;+oGqsf] k|of]u, ;xsfo{ / ;dGjo, ;~rf/ / k|ltj]bg, sfo{d'vL g]t[Tj, sfo{ljj/0f /
e"ldsfdf ljlzi6Ls/0f, k|To]ssf] sfo{ljjj/0f / ;f]sf] cg'udgdf hf]8 lbG5 .
dfly plNnlvt g]t[Tjsf] gjLgtd b[li6sf]0fn] :ki6 u5{ ls z}lIfs g]t[Tj klg cfw'lgs ;do
kl/j]zsf] k|hftflGqs, ultzLn, ¿kfGt/0f ug{ ;Sg], ljZjf; lhTg ;Sg] / Online leadership
k|bfg ug{ ;Sg], ;femf / cGt/;f+:s[lts x'g h?/L 5 .
z}lIfs g]t[Tj s:tf] x'g'k5{ <
;fdfGotof z}lIfs g][Tjdf lgDg u'0fx¿sf] ck]Iff ul/G5 M
• z}lIfs ;+:yfk|lt ;dlk{t /xg] / g}ltstf k|lt em'Sg]
340
 • ;fd"lxs efjgfsf] sb/ ug]{
• cfkm\gf] k];f÷sfo{nfO{ dof{lbt agfpg] / lglxt :jfy{ g/fVg]
• cj;/sf] ;b'kof]u ug]{ / r'gf}tLdf ;fdgf ug]{
• ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿nfO{ ;Gt'li6 lbg]
• Psk6ssf] uNtL ;'wf/ ug]{ df}sf lbg] / af/Daf/sf] uNtLnfO{ b08 lbg]
• Odfgbf/nfO{ k'/:s[t ug]{
• cfkm" dflysfnfO{ ljZjf; lbnfpg], tnsfsf] e/f];f k|fKt ug]{, ;xfosnfO{ dfof ug]{
• sfdsf] ;Ddfg / >dsf] OHht ug]{
• pknlAw k|lt uj{÷uf}/j ug]{
• cfkm" gd'gf agL c¿nfO{ To:t} af6f] lxF8\g k|]l/t ug]{
z}lIfs g]t[Tj k|hftflGqs z}nLsf] x'g'k5{ . lzIffdf d"nt M s'g} rfdTsfl/s g]tf eGbf klg
¿kfGt/0fjfbL / ;d"x g]t[Tj ljsf; ug{ cfjZos x'G5 . cfkm\gf] JolStut Ifdtf jf v'jLaf6
c¿nfO{ cfkm\gfsfo{k|lt ;xdt u/fpg] jf k|efljt t'Nofpg ;Sg] Ifdtf z}lIfs g]t[Tjdf
vf]lhG5 . To:t} lzIff eg]sf] Psn sfo{ geO{ ;d"x sfo{ ePsfn] z}lIfs g]t[Tj d"nt M ;d"x
g]t[Tj x'g'k5{ .
z}lIfs g]t[Tjsf] k|of]u
jt{dfg kl/j]zdf z}lIfs g]t[Tjdf /x]sf JolStx¿n] gofF gofFr'gf}tLx¿sf] ;fdgf ul//xg' k/]sf]
5 . ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] tLj|td ljsf;, r]tgfz}nLdf cfPsf] kl/jt{g cflbn] g]t[TjnfO{ r'gf}tL
lbO/x]sf 5g\ . To;}n] cfhsf] g]t[Tjn] cfkm"nfO{ ;docg';f/ kl/jt{g og{ ;Sg'k5{ . p;sf
nflu z}lIfs g]t[Tjn] b]xfoadf]lhd ?kfGt/0f ug'{k5{ M
• ;+:yfsf nflu k|efjsf/L g]t[Tj (Effective leader)
• g]t[Tj clwsf/sf] ;Gt'ng ug'{ (Managing power)
• cfk;L ljZjf;sf] ljsf; (Developing trust)
• g}lts g]t[Tjsf] cfjZostf (Moral Leadership)
• ;~hfnleq} g]t[Tj -cgnfOgdf e]l6g] _ - Online leadership)
• cg'ofoLsf] Ifdtf clej[l4 (Empowering employee)
• cGt/;f+:s[lts g]t[Tj (Cross–cultural leadership)
• gfos g]t[Tjsf] cGTo (Demise of Heroic leadership)
z}lIfs g]t[Tjdf cfjZos u'0f ljsf;sf nflu g]t[Tj txdf sfo{ ug]{ hgzlStsf] Ifdtf ljsf;
/ To;sf] ;xL k|of]u ug{ cfjZos x'G5 . g]t[Tjsf] Ifdtf ljsf; / To;sf] k|of]usf nflu lgDg
sfo{ ug{ ;lsG5 M
• g]t[Tj ljsf;;DaGwL sfo{zfnf, uf]i7L, a}7s, 5nkmn tyf cGt/lj|mof sfo{j|md
• g]t[Tj l;k ljsf; tflnd M h:t} k|=c= tflnd, Joj:yfks tflnd cflb

341
 • k];fut tflnd – ;DalGwt g]t[Tjn] ug'{kg]{ k];fut 1fg, l;k Ifdtf
• k];fut cg'ej cfbfg k|bfg
• Jofj;flos hjfkmb]lxtf, pQ/bfloTjk|lt k|lta4tfsf] ljsf;
• :jfWoog / :jcEof; ug{ pTk|]l/t ug]{, jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug]{
• cfw'lgs ;"rgf k|ljlwsf ;fwgsf] pkof]u
• sfo{d"ns ;"rgf k|ljlwsf ;fwgsf] pkof]u
• /fd|f sfd ug{]{nfO{ yk pTk|]/0ff, pRr dgf]jn k|bfg .
o;/L jt{dfg ;dodf z}lIfs g]t[TjnfO{ ;xL ¿kdf ljsf; ub}{ lzIff If]qdf b]lvPsf
;d;fdlos ;d:of, sdL sdhf]/L Go"gLs/0f ub}{ j}1flgs / u'0f:t/Lo lzIffk|lt k|lta4
z}lIfs g]t[Tjsf] ljsf; / k|of]u ug{ ;s]df lzIffdf ;d;fdlos ;'wf/sf] ck]Iff x'g ;Sg]
ljZjf; lng ;lsG5 .
(=!=$ ljb\ofno l;sfO ;ª\u7g (Learning Organization–LO)
kl/ro
ljb\ofnonfO{ l;sfOsf] dxTTjk"0f{ ynf]sf ¿kdf ljsf; ug]{ d'Vo Wo]o /fv]/ cfPsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{
ljb\ofno l;sfO ;ª\u7gsf ¿kdf lnOG5 . of] cjwf/0ff ;g\ !(() sf] bzskl5 a9L k|rf/
k|;f/df cfPsf] xf] .of] cjwf/0ffsf ;"qfwf/sf ¿kdf Peter senge nfO{ lng] ul/G5 . of] ljb\ofnosf]
pTklQ / ljsf;nfO{ g} l;sfO ;ª\u7gsf] ljsf;sf ¿kdf lng] cjwf/0ff xf] . of] cjwf/0ffn]
k|efjsf/L ;]jf k|jfx, lglb{i6 nIo k|flKt, 1fgfTds sfo{ jftfj/0f, l;h{gfTds l;sfO jftfj/0f
l;h{gf ub}{ kl/jlt{t ;Gbe{ cg'¿k ;ª\u7gnfO{ k|lt:kwL{ / glthfd"ns agfpg] clek|foaf6 cfPsf]
xf]. ljb\ofno eg]sf] s'g} zf;g, k|zf;g ;~rfng ug]{ ;+:yf geP/ of] Pp6f l;Sg] l;sfpg]
k|fl1s ;+:yf xf] . To;}n] jt{dfg ;dodf ljb\ofnonfO{lzIfsn] cfkm\gf] 1fg vGofpg] / ljBfyL{sf]
lbdfudf eg]{ ;+:yfsf ¿kdf glnO{ o;sf] Joj:yfksLo kIfdf ;d]t l;sfO ;+:yfsf ¿kdf
Joj:yfkg ug]{ cjwf/0fsf ¿kdf ljb\ofnonfO{ lng yflnPsf] 5 . cyf{t\ ljb\ofno
Joj:yfkg÷k|zf;g ubf{ klg ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf dfWodaf6 ljb\ofnonfO{l;sfO ;ª\u7gsf ¿kdf s;/L
ljsf; ug]{ eGg] gjLgtd rf;f]sf ;fy of] cjwf/0ffcufl8 ;fl/Psf] xf] .o;sf nflu ljb\ofnosf k|=
c= lzIfsnufot Joj:yfkg kIf lzIf0f l;sfO lj|mofsnfksf nflu ;Ifd Pjd\ lhDd]jf/ agfpg'kg]{
cjwf/0ff ;fy cufl8 ;fl/Psf] xf] .
ljb\ofnol;sfO ;ª\u7g x'gsf nflu cfjZos kIfx¿
d"ntM ljb\ofno l;sfO ;ª\u7gsf ¿kdf ljsf; ug{ ;DalGwt kIfdf d"ntM lgDglnlvt ljlzi6
ljz]iftfx¿ x'g'kg]{ dfGotf ljåfgx¿ /fVb5g\ M
!= JolStut lgk'0ftf (Personal mastery)
@= dfgl;s gd'gf÷sfo{ 9fFrf (Mental model)
#= ;femf b[li6sf]0fsf] lgdf{0f (Shared vision)
$= ;d"x l;sfO (Team learning)
342
 %= k4ltut ;f]r÷Jojl:yt ;f]r (Systems thinking)
pko'{St dfGotfx¿ Jojxf/df k|fKt ug{;+:yfut ;+:s[ltsf] klxrfg, k'/fgf] dfGotf (myth) af6
cufl8 a9\g] Ifdtf,gofF tf}/ tl/sf af]w ug]{ / wf/0f ug]{ ;Ifdtf, gofF ;f]r ljsf;÷Ifdtf,
;ª\u7gfTds phf{ ljsf; ug]{ v'jL, ;w} l;Sg ;Sg] Ifdtf cfh{g, cfkm\gf] k];fk|lt ckgTj lnFb} j[lQ
ljsf;, cfh s] eO/x]5, s] gofF cfO/x]5 eg]/ a'em\g] Ifdtf ljsf; h:tf l;kx¿ k|fKt ug{
cfjZos x'G5 . o;sf nflu ;r]tgf sfo{qmd ;~rfng, ;xhLs/0fo'St jftfj/0fsf] l;h{gf,
pko'St g]t[Tj ljsf;, ;xhLs/0f, lg/Gt/ l;sfO cfjZos x'G5 . To:t} ;+:yfut ;+/rgfnfO{
nlrnf] agfpg'k5{ . cGj]if0ffTds k|jw{gfTds sfo{nfO{ a9fjf lbg] ;"rgfnfO{ ;a}sf] kx'Frof]Uo
agfpg], JolStut tyf ;+:yfut l;sfOsf] cj;/ k|bfg ug]{ ug'{k5{ . v'nf, ;x[boL ;xof]uL /
ultzLn g]t[Tj, ;d"x sfo{df ljZjf;, ;xsfof{Tds sfo{ ;+:s[lt cjnDag ug'{k5{ . o;f] x'g] ;s]df
dfq l;sfO ;+:yfsf ¿kdf ljb\ofno ljsf; x'g ;Sg] dfGotf o; cjwf/0ffn] /fVb5 .
ljb\ofnol;sfO ;ª\u7g x'gsf nflu cfjZos s]xL ;'gf}nf lgodx¿ (Golden rules)
8f= cfgGb kf}8]nn] ;+:yfnfO{ l;sfO ;+u7gsf ¿kdf ljsf; ug{ b]xfosf ;'gf}nf lgodsf] kfngf
x'gkg]{ pNn]v ug'{ePsf] 5 M
!= kl/jt{gsf nflu ;w}F cu|;/tf lng]
@= k|of]unfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug]{, uNtLaf6 l;Sg]
#= ;kmntf / c;kmntf b'j} ;~rf/ ug]{
$= cfkm\gf/fosf] ;w}F k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{, lg/Gt/ d"Nofª\sg ug]{ / /fd|f / g/fd|f b'j} cg'udg
cfbfg k|bfg ug]{
%= cfkm\gf] sfo{ If]qsf] jftfj/0faf6 l;Sg]
^= ;xof]uL ;xofqLaf6 l;Sg] jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug]{
&= ;w} l;sfOnfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug]{ / ;a}sf] l;sfOnfO{ ;Ddfg ug]{
*= ;'/Iffsf] cg'e"lt k|bfg ug]{
ljb\ofnonfO{ l;sfO ;ª\u7g agfpg ;lsg] sfo{x¿
!= hgzlSt ljsf;Mo; cjwf/0ff cg';f/ ljb\ofnonfO{ l;sfO ;ª\u7gsf ¿kdf ljsf; ug{
JolStut l;k, ;Ifdtf ljsf; ug]{, ;xof]u ;+:s[lt ljsf; ug]{ / Psn] csf]{af6 l;Sg] / cf–
cfkm\gf] sfo{Ifdtf, sfo{s'zntf, clej[l4 ug]{ h:tf k|z:t df}sf k|bfg ug'{k5{ .
@= 1fgsf] cfbfg k|bfgMPsfk;df l;s]sf 1fg, l;k z}lIfs ;+:yfdf v'nf ¿kdf cfbfgk|bfg
ug'{k5{ . ;"rgfsf] lgjf{w k|jfxn] z}lIfs pTkfbsTj a9\g hfg] / Psfk;df k"0f{ ljZjf;sf]
jftfj/0f l;h{gf x'Fbf ljb\ofno l;sfO ;ª\u7gs. ¿kf ljsf/ ug{ dbt k'U5 .
#= ;d"x sfo{ / ;fdflhs cGt/lj|mofMo; cjwf/0ffsf] sfo{ k|lj|mofn] ;d"xsfo{df hf]8 lbg] lbg]
ePsfn] u'0f:t/Lo ;]jf k|jfx / ljb\ofnosf ;d:of ;dfwfgdf ;d"x sfo{nfO{ hf]8
lbg'k5{ .;d"x sfo{, ;xsfof{Tds sfo{ jftfj/0fn] ;fdflhs cGt/lj|mof

343
 a9fpF5 .ljb\ofnonfO{ l;sfO ;ª\u7gsf] Ps ljlzi6 rl/qsf ¿kdf ;fdflhs cGt/lj|mofnfO{
a9fjf lbg'k5{ .
$= pRr dgf]jn÷pRr pTk|]/0ff Mo; cjwf/0f cg';f/ sfd ubf{ ;a}sf] ;Ddfg x'g], uNtLaf6
l;sfO ug{ k|f]T;flxt ug]{, sfd, ljrf/ / k|jt{gfTds sfo{sf] sb/ ul/Gf] ePsfn] o;af6
;ª\u7gdf sfo{ ug]{ ;a}sf]] pRr dgf]an /xg hfG5 .
%= nlrnf] sfo{ jftfj/0f Mo; cjwf/0ffsf] sfo{ k|lj|mofs7f]/ geO{ nlrnf] ;+/rgfsf] x'g] /
Pp6fsf] e"ldsf csf]{n] klg lgjf{x ug{ kfpg] x'Fbf Ps csf{jf6 l;Sg] kof{Kt cj;/ k|bfg
ul/Gf'k5{ .
^= l;h{gfTds lzIfs sd{rf/LMl;sfO jftfj/0f, pRr dgf]jn / pTk|]/0ff, ;Ifdtf ljsf; ub}{
lzIfs / sd{rf/Lx¿ a9L l;h{gfTds aGg'k5{ . kl/jt{gd'vL sfo{ ;+:s[lt cjnDag ub}{
l;h{gfTds x'Fb} hfg] / kl/jlt{t ;Gbe{ cg';f/ ;ª\u7gnfO{ r':t Pj+ b'?:t /fVg e/dUb'/
k|of;/t /xg'k5{ .
&= ;/f]sf/jfnf;Fusf] c;n ;DaGwMl;sfO;ª\u7gsf ¿kdf ljsf; x'g] ljb\ofnox¿n];]jfu|fxL jf
;/f]sf/jfnfsf] ;Gt'li6nfO{ klxnf] k|fyldstf lbg'k5{ . o;af6 ljb\ofno ;d'bfo /fd|f] ;DaGw
x'G5 .;fy} ljb\ofnosf k|To]s ultljlw / lj|mofsnfkdf ;d'bfosf] ;fy{s ;xeflutf x'Gf hfG5 .
*= k|jt{gfTds sfo{Mz}lIfs ;+:yfdf x/]s JolStnfO{ gofF gofF ljrf/ Nofpg] sfo{nfO{ :jfut /
k|f]T;fxg ul/Gf'k5{ . o;af6 z}lIfs ;+:yfsf sfo{df l;h{gfTdstf, /rgfTdstf / gjk|jt{g x'g
hfFbf ljb\ofno l;sfO ;ª\u7gsf ¿kdf ljsf; x'G5 .
(= sl7gfO / cj/f]wx¿ Go"gLs/0fMo:tf z}lIfs ;+:yfleqsf] sfo{ ;+:s[lt, sfo{ k|lj|mof, ;d'bfosf]
;DaGw, lg0f{o k|lj|mofdf ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutf, ultzLn g]t[Tj h:tf rl/q /xg'k5{ . o;f] x'g
g;s]df ;+:yfdf sltko ;dodf cj/f]w / sl7gfO cfpg ;S5g\ .
!)= plrt d"Nofª\sg / k|f]T;fxgMo:tf z}lIfs ;+:yfdf sfo{ ;Dkfbgdf cfwfl/t d"Nofª\sg cjnDag
ul/g] ePsfn] ;kmn sfd ug]{nfO{ yk k|f]T;fxg k|fKt x'G5 . t;y{ sd Ifdtf ePsfnfO{ klg
pRr pknlAwsf nflu ;Ifdtf ljsf; ug{ nflu kg]{ cj:yf l;h{gf x'Gf] jftfj/0f l;h{gf
ug'{k5{ .
ljb\ofnonfO{ l;sfO ;+:yfsf ¿kdf ljsf; ug]{ cGo pkfox¿
• ljb\ofnonfO{ l;sfO ;+:yf agfpg jt{dfg l;sfOsf] cj:yf klxrfg u/L l;sfO 9fFrf
lgdf{0f ug]{
• l;sfOdf nufgL ug]{ / l;sfO k|lj|mofsf nflu g]t[Tj k|bfg ug]{]
• l;sfO cj;/ clej[l4 ug{ /0fgLltut of]hgf lgdf{0f u/L sfof{Gjo ug]{
• l;sfOdf kfFrcf]6f d'Vo d"No (Core Value, Systemic Thinking, Personal Mastery, Mental
Model, Shared Vision & Team Learning) sf] k|of]u sfo{ Jojxf/df ptfg]{
• l;sfO ;+:s[lt ljsf; ug]{ jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug]{
• ljb\ofnodf sfo{/t hgzlSt / ltgsf] tTk/tf / OR5fzlSt a9fpg]

344
 • JolStut ;Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ub}{ ;d"x sfo{ ;+:s[lt ljsf; ug]{
• ;ª\u7gsf] ;+/rgfnfO{ ;f]kgj|mlds (Hierarchical) eGbf ;dtnLo :j¿k(Falttering) k|bfg
ug]{
• ljutaf6 s] l;lsof] eg]/ sfo{ k'g/fjnf]sg ub}{ lg/Gt/ l;Sb} k|of]u ub}{ hfg] / gjLgtd
vf]h sfo{df tNnLg x'g]
• c;n cEof;sf] l;sfO, 1fg, l;ksf] plrt k|of]u / ¿kfGt/0f ug]{
• cGt/lj|mofTds, ;xeflutfTds / ;xsfof{Tds sfo{ ;+:s[ltnfO{ Jojxf/df Nofpg]
• ljb\ofnosf ;a} JolStnfO{ sfo{ k|lj|mofdf ;lj|mo ¿kdf ;xefuL u/fpg] / kb;f]kfgLo
;+/rgf lj:yflkt ug]{
• k|of{Kt dfqfdf ;"rgf k|jfx / k|jf]wLs/0f ug]{
• pTkGg ePsf / x'g ;Sg] hf]lvd klxrfg u/L cfjZostf cu|;/ Go"gLs/0f ub}{ hfg]
o;/L jt{dfg ;don] NofPsf] 1fg, l;k / ljz]if u/L ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] tLj|td ljsf;n] ubf{ dflg;
:jlge{/tf a9\b} uPsf] / 3/d} a;]/ g} ljB'tLo dfWodaf6 w]/} 1fg l;k k|fKt x'g ;Sg] ePsfn]
ljb\ofnonfO{ l;sfO ;+ª\u7gsf ¿kdf ljsl;t ug'{ r'gf}tLk"0f{ g} b]lvG5 . jt{dfg cj:yfdf cb[Zo
ljb\ofno(Virtual school), 6]lnsIffsf]7f h:tf k|fljlwn] ljb\ofno lzIffnfO{ r'gf}tL lbO/x]sf] /
gjLgtd ljljw Joj:yfksLo l;4fGtx¿ k|of]u eO/x]sf] ;Gbe{df :yfgLo df}lns l;k, k|ljlw /
hf]z hfFu/nfO{ hf]ufO{ kl/l:yltcg';f/ ltgsf]] ;d'lrt pkof]u / k|of]u ug{ ;s]df dfq
ljb\ofnonfO{ l;sfO ;ª\u7g ¿kdf ljsf; ug{ ;lsg] b]lvG5 .
(=!=% ;ª\3Lotfdf lzIff
-s_ ;ª\3Lotfsf] kl/ro
hf]xfG; cNy'l;odnfO{ ;ª\3Lo cjwf/0ffsf] lktfsf ¿kdf lnOG5 . cfkm\gf] ;x/ OD8]gnfO{
k|mfG;af6 :jtGq /fVg pgn] of] cjwf/0ff ;g\ !^)# df NofPsf lyP . vf; u/]/ pgn]
k|mfG;af6 cfkm\gf] ;x/ :jtGq x'g'k5{, hgtfn] cfkm\gf] cfjZostf cfkm} k"/f ug{ / cf/fdbfoL
hLjgofkg ug{ kfpg'k5{ eGg] cjwf/0ff cl3 ;f/] .To;} cjwf/0ffn] kl5 ;ª\3Lo :j¿ksf]
l;h{gf ePsf] dflgG5 .;ª\3Lo ;+/rgfnfO{ oL ljleGg lsl;dn] ltg efudf afF8]sf] kfOG5 .
/fHo / s]Gb|;Fusf] ;DaGw / clwsf/sf] jfF8kmfF8;d]tnfO{ cfwf/ dfg]/ of] ljefhg u/]sf]
kfOG5 .h:t} M
• bf]xf]/f] ;ª\3Lo ;+/rgf M bf]xf]/f] ;ª\3Lo ;+/rgfdf /fHo / s]Gb| b'j}sf] cfkm\gf] sfd :jtGq
¿kn] ug{] ePsfn] sfddf bf]xf]/f]kgf x'G5 .j]lNhod, c:6]«lnof a|flhn / l:jh/nfG8 o;
ju{df k5{g\ .
• k|lt:kwf{Tds ;ª\3Lo ;+/rgf M k|lt:kwf{Tds ;ª\3Lo ;+/rgf cg';f/sf] sfd afF8kmFf8
ul/Psf] x'G5 . w]/} s'/fx¿ s]Gb| / /fHolar af8kmFf8 ul/Psf] x'G5 .hd{gL, blIf0f clk|msf,
Sofgf8f o; ju{df k5{g\ .

345
 • cfb]zfTds ;ª\3Lo ;+/rgf M cfb]zfg';f/ rNg] ;ª\3fTds ;+/rgfnfO{ cfb]zfTds ;ª\3Lo
;+/rgf elgG5 . of] gfd dfqsf] ;ª\3Lo ;+/rgf xf] .s]Gb|n] lbPsf clwsf/ dfq k|fb]lzs
/fHo;Fu x'G5 . cl:6«of, dn]l;of, d]lS;sf] cflb o; ju{df k5{g\ .
o;/L x]bf{ /fHox¿ PsfTds jf ;ª\3Lo ;+/rgfdf /x]sf] kfOG5 . a]nfot h:tf] ;+/rgf ePsf]
b]z PsfTds xf] eg] cd]l/sf h:tf] ;ª\3Lo ;+/rgf ePsf] ;ª\3fTds b]z xf] . ef/t
cw{;ª\3fTds ;ª\3Lo ;+/rgf ePsf] b]z xf] eg] blIf0f clk|msfsf] h:tf] b]z ;x;ª\3fTds
;ª\3Lo ;+/rgf ePsf] b]z xf] . ;ª\3Lo ;+/rgfsf] ljsf; vf; u/]/ ;|f]t ;fwgsf] pkof]u,
pQ/bfloTjsf] lgjf{x, s]Gb|;Fusf] ;DaGw, l5d]sL ;ª\3Lo /fHo;Fusf] lgs6tf cflbx¿sf
cfwf/df x'g] u/]sf] kfOG5 . ;ª\3Lo ;+/rgfdfkm{t b]zdf zf;g ;~rfng ePdf b]zsf] ;du|
ljsf;df klg tLj|tf cfpg] ljZjf; klg ug{] ul/G5 .;ª\3Lotfsf cfkm\g} kmfObf / a]kmfObfx¿
x'G5g\ . zlQmsf] ljs]lGb|t eO{ tNnf] tx;Dd k'Ug', :yfgLo g]t[Tjsf] ljsf;sf] cj;/ k|fKt x'g',
nf]stGqsf] cEof; k"0f{ ¿kdf x'Gf', ;/sf/ / hgtfsf larsf] ;DaGw glhs x'g', ljljwtfnfO{
;d]6\g ;lsGf' cflb ;ª\3Lotfsf kmfObf x'g\ . To:t} ;ª\3Lotfsf a]kmfObf klg 5g\ . h:t} M of]
dxª\uf] k|0ffnL x'g'sf ;fy} o;n] If]qLo c;dfgtf emg\ a9fpg ;S5 . hftLo / wfld{s
kIfx¿nfO{ :ki6 ¿kdf ;Daf]wg ug{ g;s]df b]z 6'lqmg] ;Defjgf;d]t /xg] u5{ . ;fDk|bflos
/ hftLo åGåsf] ;Defjgf /xGf'sf ;fy} k|fGtLo / :yfgLo ;fdGtjfbsf] pbo x'g ;S5 .To;}n]
;fdflhs ;+/rgfnfO{ ultnf] agfpg cfjZos x'G5 .
• ;ª\3Lo zf;g k|0ffnL ;ª\3Lo u0f/fHo, :jfoQ zf;g k|0ffnL / k|fGtLo zf;g cflb gfdn]
klg a''lemGf]
• ljleGg ef}uf]lns If]q, hg;+Vof Pjd\ hfthflt / ltgsf efiff, wd{, ;+:s[lt cflbsf
cfwf/df b]znfO{ ljleGg /fHox¿df ljefhg ug]{ sfo{nfO{ ;ª\3Lo zf;g k|0ffnL elgGf]
• ;ª\3Lo zf;g k|0ffnLdf;+3Lo txsf ;fy} ljleGg gfdsf k|fb]lzs / :yfgLo txxx¿ /xGf] /
tL k|To]s txleq ;a} hfthfltsf dflg;n] ;dfg ¿kn] a;f]af; ug{ kfpg]
• k|To]s txsf ;/sf/n] cf–cfkm\gf] txsf] ljsf;sf nflu sfg'g agfpg / cfkm\gf] txsf]
cfDbfgL cfkm\g} ljsf;df vr{ ug{ ;Sg] .
• ;a} :yfgLo tx / k|fb]lzs /fHox¿nfO{ ;~rfng, ;dGjo / ;Lldt lgb]{zg ug]{ s]Gb|Lo
;/sf/n] klg ug]{
• s]Gb|Lo ;/sf/n] /fli6«o Pstf, ef}uf]lns cv08tfsf] ;+/If0f, /fli6«o ;'/Iff, s]Gb|Lo of]hgf,
j}b]lzs ;DaGw a9fpg] h:tf sfo{sf ;fy} sdhf]/ /fHonfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ cflb sfo{x¿ ug]{
cfdlgjf{rgsf] dfWodaf6 s]Gb|Lo tyf k|fb]lzs ;/sf/sf] u7g ul/Gf] . k|To]s k|b]z ;~rfng
ug{ 5'§f5'§} k|fGtLo jf k|fb]lzs /fHo ;/sf/sf] u7g ul/G5 eg] b]zsf ;a} /fHonfO{ ;~rfng
ug]{ Pp6} s]Gb|Lo ;/sf/ /xG5 .
;ª\3Lo k|0ffnLsf ;jn / b'j{n kIfx¿
b]znfO{ ljleGg /fHox¿df ljefhg gul/sg Pp6} s]Gb| jf /fhwfgLaf6 /fHo ;~rfng ug]{
Joj:yfnfO{ PsfTds zf;g k|0ffnL elgG5 . PsfTds zf;g k|0ffnL dg k/fpg]x¿n] g]kfnsf
;Gbe{df ;ª\3Lo zf;g k|0ffnLdfly lgDgfg';f/sf bf]if yf]kg]{ u/]sf 5g\ M
346
 • olt ;fgf] b]z g]kfn cfkm}Fdf Pp6f /fHo hqf] dfq 5 . o;nfO{ /fHox¿df ljefhg ubf{
b]z ljleGg ;fgf 6'qmfx¿df kl/0ft x'g ;S5 .
• ;ª\3Lo zf;g k|0ffnL] lgs} dxª\uf] x'G5 .;fgf] /fHo g]kfndf klg &^! cf]6f ;/sf/ ePsfn]
lgs} dxª\uf] x'g] b]lvG5 .
• ljleGg hft–hflt, wd{–;+:s[lt / /Lltl/jfhsf] ;femf km"naf/Lleq u[xo'4 / j}dgZo
rln/xg ;S5 .
• s'g} k|b]zdf ljb]zL x:tIf]k x'g ;S5 .
• kxf8L / lxdfnL If]q afx'No k|b]zx¿df cfDbfgLsf] ;|f]t /fd|f] gx'Fbf cfly{s ;ª\s6 kg]{
;Defjgf /xG5 .
;ª\3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGq g]kfnsf] d"n ;+/rgf ;ª\3, k|b]z / :yfgLo tx u/L ltg txsf]
x'g] Joj:yf 5 . ;ª\3Lo zf;g Joj:yf dg k/fpg]x¿n] lgDgfg';f/sf ts{ cufl8 ;fg{] u/]sf
5g\ M
• k|To]s /fHodf a;f]af; ug]{ hgtfx¿ a9L clwsf/ ;DkGg x'G5g\ .
• cfkm\gf]] /fHodf ePsf k|fs[lts ;fwg ;|f]tsf] pkof]u u/L pBf]uwGbfx¿ vf]n]/ /fHonfO{
rfF8} ljsl;t agfpg] cj;/ ldN5 .
• Ps /fHo / csf]{ /fHosf lar ljsf;sf] nflu k|lt:kwf{ a9\g] x'Fbf b]z ljsf;df ;xof]u
k'U5 .
• s]Gb|Lo ;/sf/sf] sfo{ ;~rfng ug{ klg ;xh / ;lhnf] x'G5 .
• cfkm"n] lt/]sf] s/ cfkm\g} /fHosf] ljsf;df :jtGq ¿kn] vr{ ug{ kfOG5 .
h]xf;\ ;ª\3Lo ;+/rgfsf] ljsf; vf; u/]/ ;|f]t ;fwgsf] pkof]u, pQ/bfloTjsf] lgjf{x,
s]Gb|;Fusf] ;DaGw, l5d]sL ;ª\3Lo /fHo;Fusf] lgs6tf cflbx¿sf cfwf/df x'g] u/]sf] kfOG5 .
;ª\3Lo ;+/rgfdfkm{t b]zdf zf;g ;~rfng ePdf b]zsf] ;du| ljsf;df klg tLj|tf cfpg]
ljZjf; klg ug{] ul/G5 .
-v_ ;ª\3Lotfdf lzIff
Dffly pNn]v ul/Psf] ;ª\3Lotfsf] cjwf/0ffn] s] :ki6 ub{5 eg] s]Gb|Lo txdf /x]sf clwsf+z
clwsf/ k|fGt tyf :yfgLo txdf x:tfGt/0f ug'{÷ljs]lGb|t ug'{ ;ª\3Lotfsf] d"n
dfGotf÷cjwf/0ff ePsf] :ki6 x'G5 . oxL cjwf/0ff cg';f/ g]kfnsf] jt{dfg ;+ljwfgsf]
lzIff;DaGwL sfo{If]q b]xfo adf]lhd Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 M
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgdf lzIff;DaGwL Joj:yf
dfgj ePs} gftfn] x/]s dflg;n] pko'Qm ;dodf pko'Qm 9ª\un] lzIff kfpg' o;sf] g};lu{s
clwsf/ xf] . clxn]sf] ax'k|lt:kwL{ ;dodf hLjgofkg ug{ ;Ifd x'gsf nflu klg lzIff
cfwf/e"t cfjZostf ePsfn] lzIffnfO{ df}lns xssf ¿kdf lnOPsf] 5 .g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg -
@)&@_ n] wf/f #! Dff lzIff;DaGwL xssf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . o; cl3sf ;+ljwfgdWo] @)^#
;fnsf] ;+ljwfgn] lzIff 5'6\6} g/fvL lzIff tyf ;+:s[lt;DaGwL xsdf lzIff /flvPsf] lyof] eg]
@)$& ;fnsf] ;+ljwfgdf ;+:s[lt tyf lzIff;DaGwL xssf] Joj:yf Ps} 7fpFdf ul/Psf]
347
 lyof] .jt{dfg ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f #! Dff lzIff;DaGwL df}lns xssf] 5'6\6} /fv]/ lgDgfg';f/
Jojl:yt ul/Psf] 5 M
lzIff ;DaGwL xs -wf/f #!_
pkwf/f -!_ k|To]s gful/snfO{ cfwf/e"t lzIffdf kx'Frsf] xs x'g] 5 .
pkwf/f -@_ k|To]s gful/snfO{ /fHoaf6 cfwf/e"t tx;Ddsf] lzIff clgjfo{ / lgMz'Ns tyf
dfWolds tx;Ddsf] lzIff lgMz'Ns kfpg] xs x'g] 5 .
pkwf/f -#_ ckfª\utf ePsf / cfly{s ¿kn] ljkGg gful/snfO{ sfg'g adf]lhd lgMz'Ns pRr
lzIff kfpg] xs x'g] 5 .
pkwf/f -$_ b[li6ljxLg gful/snfO{ a]|nlnlk tyf alx/f / :j/ jf af]nfO ;DaGwL ckfª\utf
ePsf gful/snfO{ ;f+s]lts efiffsf] dfWodaf6 sfg'g adf]lhd lgMz'Ns lzIff
kfpg] xs x'g] 5 .
pkwf/f -%_ g]kfndf a;f]af; ug]{ k|To]s g]kfnL ;d'bfonfO{ sfg'g adf]lhd cfkm\gf] dft[efiffdf
lzIff kfpg] / To;sf nflu ljb\ofno tyf z}lIfs ;+:yf vf]Ng] / ;~rfng ug]{ xs
x'g] 5 .
cGo df}lns xsdf lzIff ;DaGwL Joj:yf
!= afnaflnsfsf] xs -wf/f #(_
• pkwf/f -@_ k|To]s afnaflnsfnfO{ kl/jf/ tyf /fHoaf6 lzIff, :jf:Yo, kfng kf]if0f,
plrt :ofxf/, v]ns'b, dgf]/~hg tyf ;jf{+uL0f JolQmTj ljsf;sf] xs x'g] 5 .
• pkwf/f -#_ k|To]s afnaflnsfnfO{ k|f/lDes afn ljsf; tyf afn ;xeflutfsf] xs
x'g] 5 .
@= blntsf] xs -wf/f $)_
• pkwf/f -@_ blnt ljBfyL{nfO{ k|fyldsb]lv pRr lzIff;Dd sfg'g adf]lhd 5fqj[lQ
;lxt lgMz'Ns lzIffsf] Joj:yf ul/g]] 5 . k|fljlws / Jofj;flos pRr lzIffdf
blntsf nflu sfg'g adf]lhd ljz]if Joj:yf ul/g] 5 .
#= ;fdflhs Gofosf] xs -wf/f $@_
• pkwf/f -@_ cfly{s ¿kn] ljkGg tyf nf]kf]Gd'v ;d'bfosf gful/ssf] ;+/If0f, pTyfg,
;zStLs/0f / ljsf;sf nflu lzIff, :jf:Yo, cfjf;, /f]huf/L, vfBfGg / ;fdflhs
;'/Iffdf ljz]if cj;/ tyf nfe kfpg] xs x'g] 5 .
• pkwf/f -%_ g]kfndf cu|ufdL nf]stflGqs kl/jt{gsf]] nflu ePsf ;a} hg cfGbf]ng,
;z:q ;ª\3if{ / qmflGtsf qmddf hLjg pT;u{ ug]{ zxLbsf kl/jf/, a]kQf kfl/Psf
JolQmsf kl/jf/, nf]stGqsf of]4f, åGåkLl8t / lj:yflkt, ckf+utf ePsf JolQm, 3fOt]
tyf kLl8tnfO{ Gofo Pj+ plrt ;Ddfg ;lxt lzIff, :jf:Yo, /f]huf/L, cfjf; /
;fdflhs ;'/Iffdf sfg'g adf]lhd k|fyldstfsf ;fy cj;/ kfpg] xs x'g] 5 .

348
/fHosf] lgb]{zs l;4fGt tyf gLlt tyf bfloTj cGtu{t ePsf lzIff;DaGwL Joj:yfx¿
/fHosf gLltx¿ -wf/f %!_
/fHosf gLlt cGtu{t lzIff;DaGwL gLltx¿ ægful/ssf cfwf/e"t cfjZostf ;DaGwL gLltÆ
df pNn]v ul/Psf 5g\ . To; afx]s cGo s]xL gLltx¿ klg lzIff;Fu ;DalGwt b]lVg5g\ pSt
gLltdf plNnlvt lzIff;DaGwL gLltut Joj:yf o; k|sf/ 5g\ M
-r_ ljsf; ;DaGwL gLlt
-$_ j}1flgs cWoog cg';Gwfg Pj+ lj1fg / k|ljlwsf] cfljisf/, pGgog / ljsf;df
nufgL clej[l4 ug]{] tyf j}1flgs, k|fljlws, af}l4s / ljlzi6 k|ltefx¿sf] ;+/If0f
ug]{,
-h_ gful/ssf cfwf/e"t cfjZostf ;DaGwL gLlt
-!_ lzIffnfO{ j}1flgs, k|fljlws, Joj;flos, l;kd"ns /f]huf/d"ns Pj+ hgd'vL
agfpFb} ;Ifd, k|lt:kwL{, g}lts Pj+ /fli6«o lxtk|lt ;dlk{t hgzlQm tof/ ug]{,
-@_ lzIff If]qdf /fHosf] nufgL clej[l4 ub}{ lzIffdf ePsf] lghL If]qsf]
nufgLnfO{ lgodg / Joj:yfkg u/L ;]jfd"ns agfpg],
-#_ pRr lzIffnfO{ ;xh, u'0f:t/Lo / kx'Fr of]Uo agfO{ qmdz M lgMz'Ns agfpFb} n}hfg],
-$_ gful/ssf] JolStTj ljsf;sf nflu ;fd'bflos ;"rgf s]Gb| / k':tsfnosf] :yfkgf /
k|jw{g ug]{ .
-`_ ;fdflhs Gofo / ;dfj]zLs/0f ;DaGwL gLlt
-&_ /fli6«o ljsf;df o'jf ;xeflutf clej[l4 ub}{ /fhgLlts, cfly{s, ;fdflhs /
;f+:s[lts clwsf/x¿sf] k"0f{ pkof]usf] jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug]{, o'jfsf] ;zQmLs/0f /
ljsf;sf nflu lzIff, :jf:Yo, /f]huf/L nufotsf If]qdf ljz]if cj;/ k|bfg ub}{
JolQmTj ljsf; ug{] tyf /fHosf] ;jf+{uL0f ljsf;df of]ubfgsf nflu pko'Qm cj;/
k|bfg ug]{,
o;/L g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn] lzIffnfO{ clwsf/sf ¿kdf :yflkt ug'{sf ;fy} ljleGg ju{, ;d'bfo,
lnª\u, If]qsf dflg;nfO{ ;dtfsf ;fy ;dfgtfdf n}hfg] ;fwgsf ¿kdf lzIffnfO{ lnOPsf]
5.
lzIff;DaGwL clwsf/ If]q
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)&@ n] /fHosf] ;+/rgf / /fHozlQmsf] afF8kmfF8 ubf{ lzIff ;DaGwL
clwsf/ If]q b]xfo adf]lhd afF8kmfF8 u/]sf] 5 M
j|m=;+= /fHosf] ;+/rgf clwsf/ If]q
!= ;ª\3sf] clwsf/ If]q -cg';"rL %_ s]Gb|Lo ljZjljb\ofno, s]Gb|Lo :t/sf k|1f k|lti7fg,
ljZjljb\ofno dfkb08 / lgodg, s]Gb|Lo k':tsfno

349
 @= k|b]zsf] clwsf/ If]q -cg';"rL ^_ k|b]z ljZjljb\ofno, pRr lzIff, k':tsfno /
;ª\u|fxno
#= :yfgLo txsf] clwsf/ If]q cfwf/e"t / dfWolds lzIff
-cg';"rL – *_
$= ;ª\3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txsf] ;femf lzIff, v]ns'b / kqklqsf
clwsf/ If]q -cg';"rL – (_
dfly plNnlvt clwsf/ If]q;DaGwL Joj:yfn] s] b]vfpF5 eg] cfwf/e"t / dfWolds lzIffsf]
;Dk"0f{ lhDd]jf/L :yfgLo txdf lbOPsf] 5 . :yfgLo txn] lzIff;DaGwL sfg'g agfpg], ah]6
Joj:yf ug]{, z}lIfs Joj:yfkg, cg'udg d"Nofª\sg nufotsf ;Dk"0f{ clwsf/ k|of]u ug{ kfpg]
u/L clwsf/ x:tfGt/0f ePsf] b]lvG5 .
jt{dfg :yfgLo ;/sf/ ;~rfng P]g, @)&$ df lzIff ;DaGwL Joj:yf
P]gdf ePsf lzIff;DaGwL k|fjwfgx¿
-s_ pkdxfgu/kflnsf x'g cfjZos k"jf{wf/sf ¿kdf pkdxfgu/kflnsfsf nflu pRr:t/Lo
lzIff tyf k|fljlws lzIffsf] ;'ljwf ePsf] / dxfgu/kflnsf x'g :gftsf]Q/ tx;Ddsf]
cWoog ;+:yf ePsf] / k|fljlws lzIffno x'g'kg]{ Joj:yf /x]sf]
-v_ ufpFkflnsf tyf gu/kflnsfsf] lzIff;DaGwL clwsf/
cfwf/e"t / dfWolds lzIff
-!_ k|f/lDes afn ljsf; tyf lzIff, cfwf/e"t lzIff, cleefjs lzIff, cgf}krfl/s
lzIff, v'nf tyf j}slNks lg/Gt/ l;sfO, ;fd'bflos l;sfO / ljz]if lzIff ;DaGwL
gLlt, sfg'g, dfkb08, of]hgf th'{df, sfof{Gjog, cg'udg, d"Nof°g / lgodg,
-@_ ;fd'bflos, ;+:yfut, u'7L / ;xsf/L ljb\ofno :yfkgf, cg'dlt, ;~rfng,
Joj:yfkg tyf lgodg,
-#_ k|fljlws lzIff tyf Jofj;flos tflndsf] of]hgf th'{df, ;~rfng, cg'dlt,
cg'udg, d"Nof°g / lgodg,
-$_ dft[efiffdf lzIff lbg] ljb\ofnosf] cg'dlt, cg'udg tyf lgodg,
-%_ uflePsf jf aGb ul/Psf ljb\ofnox¿sf] ;DklQ Joj:yfkg,
-^_ ufpF tyf gu/ lzIff ;ldlt u7g tyf Joj:yfkg,
-&_ ljb\ofno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt u7g tyf Joj:yfkg,
-*_ ljb\ofnosf] gfdfs/0f,
-(_ ;fd'bflos ljb\ofnosf] hUufsf] :jfldTj, ;DklQsf] clen]v, ;+/If0f / Joj:yfkg,
-!)_ ljb\ofnosf] u'0f:t/ clej[l4 tyf kf7\o;fdu|Lsf] ljt/0f,
-!!_ ;fd'bflosljb\ofnosf] lzIfs tyf sd{rf/Lsf] b/aGbL ldnfg,
-!@_ ljb\ofnosf] gS;f°g, cg'dlt, :jLs[lt, ;dfof]hg tyf lgodg,
350
 -!#_ ;fd'bflos ljb\ofnosf] z}lIfs k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f, dd{t ;Def/, ;~rfng / Joj:yfkg
-!$_ cfwf/e"t txsf] k/LIff ;~rfng, cg'udg tyf Joj:yfkg,
-!%_ ljBfyL{ l;sfO{ pknlAwsf] k/LIf0f / Joj:yfkg,
-!^_ lgMz'Ns lzIff, ljBfyL{ k|f]T;fxg tyf 5fqj[lQsf] Joj:yfkg,
-!&_ 6Ø';g, sf]lr· h:tf ljb\ofno aflx/ x'g] cWofkg ;]jfsf] cg'dlt tyf lgodg,
-!*_ :yfgLo:t/sf] z}lIfs 1fg, l;k / k|ljlwsf] ;+/If0f, k|j4{g / :t/Ls/0f,
-!(_ :yfgLo k':tsfno / jfrgfnosf] ;~rfng tyf Joj:yfkg,
-@)_ dfWolds tx;Ddsf] z}lIfs sfo{j|mdsf] ;dGjo / lgodg,
-@!_ ;fd'bflos ljb\ofnonfO{ lbg] cg'bfg tyf ;f]sf] ah]6 Joj:yfkg, ljb\ofnosf] cfo
Joosf] n]vf cg'zf;g sfod, cg'udg / lgodg,
-@@_ lzIf0f l;sfO, lzIfs / sd{rf/Lsf] tflnd tyf Ifdtf ljsf;,
-@#_ cltl/Qm z}lIfs lqmofsnfksf] ;~rfng .
-u_ j8f ;ldltsf] sfo{
-!_ afn pBfgsf] Joj:yf ug]{,
-@_ cgf}krfl/s lzIff sfo{j|md, lzz' :ofxf/ tyf k|f/lDes afn ljsf; s]Gb| ;~rfng /
Joj:yfkg ug]{,
-#_ k':tsfno, jfrgfno, ;fd'bflos l;sfO s]Gb|, afnSna tyf afn;~hfnsf] ;~rfng
/ Joj:yfkg ug]{,
-$_ :yfgLo ;d'bfosf rf8kj{, efiff ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf;sf] nflu snf, gf6s,
hgr]tgfd"ns tyf ;f+:s[lts sfo{j|md ug]{ u/fpg],
-%_ :yfgLo df}lnstf emlNsg] ;f+:s[lts /Lltl/jfhnfO{ ;+/If0f tyf k|j4{g ug]{,
-^_ j8fleq v]ns'b k"jf{wf/sf] ljsf; ug]{,
-&_ cGt/ljb\ofno tyf Snj dfkm{t v]ns'b sfo{qmdsf] ;~rfng ug]{ u/fpg],
-*_ j8fnfO{ afnd}qL agfpg],
-(_ j8fleq cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ¿kdf kl5 k/]sf dlxnf, afnaflnsf, blnt, ckf·tf
ePsf JolQm, h]i7 gful/s, cNk;ª\Vos, ;LdfGts[t ;d'bfosf] clen]v /fvL
;fdflhs / cfly{s pTyfg ;DaGwL sfd ug]{ .
(=!=^ ;fdflhs k/LIf0f
;fdflhs k/LIf0fsf] kl/ro
;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf ;jfndf cy{k"0f{ ;xeflutf Pj+ ;fd"lxs lg0f{odf cfwfl/t hg;xeflutf,
kf/blz{tf tyf ;fj{hlgsLs/0f, ax'b[li6sf]0f cyf{t\ jx';fy h:tf cfwf/e"t l;4fGt af]s]/ ;fdflhs
k/LIf0fsf] ;'?jft ePsf] xf] . ;dfhåf/f ;fdflhs ljsf; lgdf{0f tyf ;fd'bflos sfo{df 7Ls
9ª\un] sfo{ eP gePsf] ;DaGwdf k/LIf0f ug]{ sfo{nfO{ ;fdflhs k/LIf0f elgG5 .
351
cfkm\gf;/f]sf/afnfx¿ tyf nlIft ;d'bfoaf6 eP u/]sf] sfdsf] k|ult, glthf / pknlAwsf
cltl/St vr{ ul/Psf] /sd / cfkm\gflqmofsnfkx¿sf] cg'df]bg ug'{ u/fpg] p2]Zon] ;Dk"0f{
;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] nlIft ;d'bfo, ufpFsf cu'jf, ;/sf/L lgsfo, bftf, kqsf/ cfkm} ;a} o;
k|lqmofdf ;+nUg eO{ xfnsf] jf:tljs tyf eljio ;'wf/ ug'{kg]{ s'/fsf] nflu ul/g] k/LIf0f g}
;fdflhs k/LIf0f xf] .

ljb\ofnosf] ;fdflhs k/LIf0f s] xf] <

ljb\ofnosf ;Dk"0f{ ultljlwx¿df ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] k|ToIf ;+nUgtf /xg' kg]{ / pgLx¿sf]
hfgsf/Ldf /xg' kg]{ dfGotf cg'¿k ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] ;+nUgtfdf ljb\ofnosf cfjlws ultljlwsf]
;d'lrt k/LIf0f u/L To;sf] l/kf]l6{ª ug]{ sfo{ xf] .
ljb\ofnodf;fdflhs k/LIf0f lsg <
• ljb\ofnoJoj:yfkg / k|zf;gdf ;'zf;gnfO{ clej[l4 ug{
• ljb\ofnox/]s ultljlwdf kf/blz{tf Nofpg,
• ljb\ofnodf pknAw ;|f]t ;fwfgsf] pRrtd pkof]u ug{,
• ljb\ofnosf x/]s sfo{ / ultljlwk|lt ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] ckgTjsf] efjgf ljsf; ug{,
• ljb\ofnosf sfo{k|lt ljb\ofno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt tyf k|=c=, lzIfssf] pQ/bfloTj hfu[t
u/fpg,
• ljb\ofnosf] jt{dfg cj:yfsf] l:ylt ljZn]if0f ug{,
• ljb\ofnosf] efjL sfo{lbzf klxrfg ug{,
• ljb\ofno of]hgf lgdf{0f / sfof{Gjog / cg'udgdf ;fd'bflos ;+nUgtf a9fpg .

ljb\ofno :t/df ;fdflhs k/LIf0f;DaGwL Joj:yf

lzIff lgodfjnL, @)%( sf] lgod !&!s= n] ljb\ofnosf] sfdsf/jfxLsf] P]g tyf lgodfjnL
cg';f/ eP gePsf] ;DaGwdf k|To]s jif{ d"Nofª\sg ug{ b]xfosf] Pj+ ;fdflhs k/LIf0f ;ldlt /xg]
Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 M
-s_ lzIfs cleefjs ;+3sf] cWoIf ;+of]hs
-v_ ljb\ofnodf cWoog/t ljwfly{x¿sf cleefjsx¿ dWo] ! hgf dlxnf
cleefjs ;d]t kg]{ u/L lzIfs cleefjs ;+3n] tf]s]sf] @ hgf ;b:o
-u_ ljb\ofno /x]sf] ;DalGwt a8fsf] j8fWoIf ;b:o
-3_ lzIfs cleefjs ;+3n] tf]s]sf] :yfgLo a'l4hLjL dWo] ! hgf ;b:o
-3=!_ljb\ofnosf] pRrtd sIffdf cWoog/t k|yd 5fq jf 5fqf ;b:o
-ª_ k|wfgfWofksn] tf]s]sf] ;DalGwt ljb\ofnosf] ! hgf lzIfs ;b:o ;lrj
o; ;ldltn] ljb\ofnodf afnSna u7g ePsf] cj:yfdf Snasf Ps hgf 5fqf kg]{ u/L @ hgf
k|ltlglw / afnSna u7g gePsf] cj:yfdf ljb\ofnodf cWoog/t ljBfyL{x¿dWo] ;a}eGbf
352
dflyNnf] sIffdf pTs[i6 c+s k|fKt ug]{ Ps hgf 5fqf / Ps hgf 5fq u/L b'O{hgfnfO{ clgjfo{
¿kdf cfdGq0f ug'{ kg]{ Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 .
;fdflhs k/LIf0f ;ldltsf] sfo{ k|lj|mof
!= ;ldltaf6 ;fdflhs k/LIf0f lgb]{lzsf adf]lhd ljifoj:t'sf] l:ylt ljZn]if0f u/]/,
@= k|f/lDes k|ltj]bg tof/L ug]{,
#= ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] e]nf cfof]hgf ug]{,
$= ;/f]sf/jfnf ;d"xdf d:of}bf k|ltj]bg k|:t'lt, 5nkmn / k[i7kf]if0f lng],
%= ;/f]sf/jfnfaf6 k|fKt k[i7kf]if0fsf] ;dfof]hg ug]{,
^= clGtd k|ltj]bg tof/L ug]{,
&= k|ltj]bg ;Dk|]if0f / cfbfgk|bfg ug]{,
*= k|ltj]bg k]; ug]{ .
;fdflhs k/LIf0f u/fpFbf Wofg lbg'kg]{ kIfx¿
!= ;fdflhs k/LIf0fsf nflu tf]lsPsf] 9fFrfsf] kmf/fd k|of]u ug]{
@= ljb\ofno ;'wf/ of]hgf, jflif{s sfo{ of]hgf / cGo clen]vgsf] cj:yf
#= ljBfyL{ egf{, ljb\ofnosf] afn d}qL jftfj/0f
$= jflif{s l;sfO pknlAw :t/
%= ljBfyL{ / lzIfs clen]v / lgoldttf
^= z}lIfs ;fdu|Lsf] pknAwtf, lzIf0f l;sfOdf o;sf] k|of]u / Joj:yfkg
&= ef}lts Joj:yfkg -hUuf, ejg, sIffsf]7f, v]nd}bfg, vfg]kfgL, zf}rfno, k':tsfno
nufot_
*= ljb\ofnosf] cfDbfgL / vr{ ljZn]if0f
(= lzIfs–ljBfyL{, ljBfyL{–ljBfyL{, ljb\ofno–;d'bfo ;DaGw, ;fd'bflos ;+3;+:yf;Fusf]
;DaGw / ;dGjo
!)= cg'udg -ljleGg txaf6 ePsf cg'udg / ltgsf ;'emfj sfof{Gjog_ k|ltj]bg
!!= n]vf k/LIfsn] lbPsf] n]vf k/LIf0fsf] k|ltj]bg
;fdflhs k/LIf0fkZrftsf sfo{{x¿
• ;fdflhs k/LIf0f ;ldltn] cfkm\gf] ljb\ofnosf] ;fdflhs k/LIf0f u/L ;f]sf] k|ltj]bg
ljb\ofno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt / ljb\ofno lg/LIfsnfO{ ;/f]sf/jfnfsf] e]nf ;DkGg ePsf]
ldltn] c;f]h !% ut] leqdf pknAw u/fpg' kg]{,

353
 • ljb\ofnoaf6 k|fKt x'g cfPsf] k|ltj]bg ;DalGwt ljb\ofno lg/LIfsn] cWoog u/L cfkm\gf]
k|ltlqmof;d]t ;dfj]z u/L sflt{s !% ut] leq ;DalGwt ufpFkflnsf jf gu/kflnsf /
lzIff ljsf; tyf ;dGjo PsfOdf k]; ug'{kg]{,
• ;DalGwt ufpFkflnsf jf gu/kflnsf / lzIff ljsf; tyf ;dGjo PsfOn] cfkm\gf]
sfo{If]qsf ljb\ofnox¿df ul/Psf] ;fdflhs k/LIf0fsf] ;dli6ut k|ltj]bg
k';d;fGtleqdf tof/ u/L ljZn]if0f ug'{kg]{ .
• k|ltj]bgsf ;DaGwdf ;DalGwt lgsfoaf6 k|fKt k|ltlj|mofsf af/]df ljb\ofnodf 5nkmn /
cfjZos sf/afxL ug]{ .
(=@= z}lIfs Joj:yfkg
(=@=! z}lIfs Joj:yfkgsf] kl/ro / l;4fGt
-s_ z}lIfs Joj:yfkgsf] kl/ro
• Joj:yfkg eg]sf] JolQm jf ;d"xnfO{ lglb{i6 nIo jf p2]Zo k|fKt ug{ ;fd"lxs ¿kdf sfd
ug]{ jftfj/0f tof/ ug]{ sfo{ xf] .
• z}Ifl0fs ;+:yfleq ;fd"lxs efjgfsf] ljsf; u/L z}lIfs p2]Zo k|fKt ug]{ sfo{df pko'Qm
jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug]{ sfo{nfO{ z}lIfs Joj:yfkgsf ¿kdf lng ;lsGf] .
• u'0ffTds lzIff k|bfg ug{sf nflu ljb\ofnodf dfgjLo, ef}lts / cfly{s ;|f]tx¿sf] ;d'lrt
kl/rfng u/L k"j{ lgwf{l/t p2]Zo k"/f ug]{ sfo{ z}lIfs Joj:yfkgdf kb{5 .
• z}lIfs Joj:yfkgdf lzIfs ljBfyL{ sd{rf/Lsf] Joj:yfkgsf ;fy} ef}lts ljsf; lgdf{0f Pj+
sIffsf]7fsf] Joj:yfkg h:tf sfo{x¿ kb{5g\ .
• z}lIfs Joj:yfkgdf lzIf0f l;sfO k|lqmofnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg ul/g] sIffsf]7fleqsf
Joj:yfksLo sfo{x¿nfO{ klg lng ;lsG5 .
s]xL ljåfg\x¿sf z}lIfs JoJf:yfkg;DaGwL egfO
-!_ sfo{ ;~rfngdf c¿ JolQmTjsf] ;+nUgtf u/fO{ sfo{ ;DkGg ug{' z}lIfs Joj:yfkgxf]
– k|fylds kf7\oqmd lbUbz{g,@)%)
-@_ z}lIfs Joj:yfkg afnssf] a[l4 / ljsf;nfO{ k|efljt ug{] ;Dk"0f{ tTjx¿sf] cWoog /
;'wf/ ug{] d'Vo Pp6f bIf k|fljlws ;]jf xf] - Burton& Bruckner
-#_ æz}lIfs k|zf;g -Joj:yfkg_df lzIf0f Ps l;sfOdf cfwfl/t nIox¿ tyf gLltx¿sf]
ljsf;df ;xfotf ug{ lzIf0fl;sfOsf] pko'Qm sfo{qmdsf] ljsf;df pTk|]l/t ug{ /
lzIf0fl;sfO / sfo{sf] ;~rfng ug{] sd{rf/L / ;fdu|Lx¿sf] Joj:yfkg ug{] s'/fx¿;d]t
;dfj]z x'G5g\ – Campbell/ ;fyLx¿
-$_ z}lIfs Joj:yfkg eg]sf] lzIfsx¿sf] ljsf;sf nflu ;dGjo ug{' / lgb{]lzt ug{' xf]
–Brigs and Just man.
lgisif{df z}lIfs Joj:yfkgsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ lgDglnlvt a'Fbfn] cem :ki6 kfb{5g\ M
354
 • z}lIfs Joj:yfkgsf] d"n s]Gb|ljGb' lzIf0f l;sfO lqmofsnfksf] k|efjsfl/tf xf] .
• z}lIfs Joj:yfkg Ps lglZrt k|lqmof xf] . o;leq of]hgf, ;+u7g, sfof{Gjog, lgoGq0f,
;dGjo h:tf sfo{ kb{5g\ .
• o;df cGt/lqmof Pjd\ ultzLn PsLs[t k|lqmofx¿ x'G5g\ .

• z}lIfs Joj:yfkg Ps sfo{qmdd'vL k4lt xf] . o;n] dfgjLo ;|f]t ljsf; u/fp“5 .
• z}lIfs Joj:yfkg Ps k];fut ;fd"lxs sfo{ xf] .
• z}lIfs Joj:yfkg snf Pjd\ lj1fg b'j} xf] .

-v_ Joj:yfkgsf l;4fGtx¿

• l;4fGt eg]sf] s'g} ljifodf ljrf/ ljdz{, cWoog cg';Gwfg / ljZn]if0f u/L ;f/ lgsfNg
ul/g] j}1flgs k|lj|mof xf] .
• Joj:yfkgsf l;4fGtn] Joj:yfkgdf sfo{s'zntf a9fpg], Joj:yfkg k|lj|mofdf ;'wf/ ug]{,
;Lldt ;fwgn] pRrtd pknlAw xfl;n ug]{, Joj:yfkg sfo{nfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg d2t
ug]{, sfo{ut bIftf clej[l4sf dfu{ k|z:t ug]{ h:tf sfo{df hf]8 lbG5 .
• s]xL Joj:yfkgsf l;4fGtx¿nfO{ tn pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

-!_ j]]}1flgs Joj:yfkgsf] l;4fGt(Scientific Management Theory)

• j}1flgs Joj:yfkgsf] l;4fGtsf] k|ltkfbg ug]{ JolQm F.W. Taylor x'g\ .6]n/n]
k|ltkfbg u/]sf] j}1flgs Joj:yfkgsf] l;4fGtnfO{ yk of]ubfg ug]{ lj4fgx¿df k|mfGs
P08 lnlnPg lunay{, ljlnod Pr= n]lkmÍj]n, x]g/L UofG6, x\ofl/Í Od;{g nufot
/x]sf 5g\ .
• pgn] cf}Bf]lus If]qsf] Joj:yfkgsf] ;'wf/ s;/L ug]{ eGg] ;Gbe{df Joj:yfkgsf]
Ifdtf s;/L a9fpg],s;/L cf};teGbf a9L pTkfbg a9fpg], To;sf nflu sfdbf/nfO{
s;/L ;'ljwf lbg] h:tf ljifodf lrGtg u/]sf lyP .
• cWoogaf6 Joj:yfkgsf] klxnf] nIo g} /f]huf/bftf / /f]huf/stf{sf] clwstd
;d[l4sf] ;'/Iff ug'{ xf] eGg] lgisif{ lgsfn] .pgn] ;f] nIo xfl;n ug{ rf/j6f l;4fGt
cufl8 ;f/]sf lyP M
!= j}1flgs sfo{sf] ljsf;
@= sfdbf/sf] j}1flgs5gf]6 / ljsf;
#= j}1flgs¿kdf 5gf]6 ul/Psf / tflnd k|fKt JolQmaf6} sfd u/fpg'kg]{
$= Joj:yfkg / sfdbf/lar sfo{ / lhDd]jf/Lsf] ljefhg
• j}1flgs Joj:yfkgsf] l;4fGtnfO{ ;f/f+zdf lgDgfg';f/ pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 M
Joj:yfkgn] pTkfbg / pTkfbsTj a9fpg hf]8 lbg'k5{ .
sfdbf/nfO{ ank"j{s kl/rfng ug'{x'Fb}g .
sfdbf/ / Joj:yfkglar ;xsfo{ x'g'k5{ .
355
 jf:tljs pTkfbg vr{ / ;Defljt pTkfbg vr{sf larsf] b'/L sd ug'{
Joj:yfkgsf] sfd xf] .
Ifdtf / pTkfbg j9fpg kfl/>flds / cfly{s ;'ljwf a9fpg'k5{ .
d]l;g, Hofjn / pks/0fx¿ :t/Lo ePdf dfq pTkfbg / pTkfbsTj j[l4 x'G5 .
sfdnfO{ ;–;fgf] PsfOdf ljefhg u/L ;do ;lsg] u/L sfddf nufpg'k5{ .
o;/L of] l;4fGtn] sfo{;Dkfbgsf] :t/nfO{ j}1flgs agfpg'kg]{, sfdaf6 a9L k|ltkmn lgsfNg
ljleGg pks/0fsf] k|of]u ug'{kg]{, j}1flgs tna tyf ;'ljwf h:tf ljifodf Wofg lbg'kg]{
nufotsf s'/fx¿df hf]8 lbPsf] kfOG5 .To:t} sfdsf] dfkb08 tf]Sg], sfdsf] j}1flgs
d"Nof+sg ljlwsf] k|of]u, ;do / ultsf] cWoog, tnj tyf cGo ;'ljwf, j[l4 pTkfbg:t/df
;'wf/ cflb ljifoj:t' o; l;4fGtdf hf]8 lbPsf] 5 .
-@_ Joj:yfkgsf] ;fdfGo k|zf;sLo l;4fGt(General Administrative Theory of Management)
• o; l;4fGtsf] g]t[Tj Henry Fayoln] u/]sf] lyP .
• o; l;4fGtn] j}1flgs Joj:yfkgsf] l;4fGtn] eg]h:t} Pp6f pBf]uleqsf] jftfj/0f
cGtu{t dfgjLo kIfnfO{ dfq geO{ ;du| ;+u7gnfO{ g} Joj:yfkgsf] kIfleq kfpg'kg]{
s'/fdf hf]8 lbPsf] kfOG5 .
• km]of]nsf] l;4fGtn] Joj:yfkgnfO{ k|lqmofsf] ¿kdf cWoog ug'{kg]{, Joj:yfksdf
;}4flGts u'0f / l;k cfjZos kg]{ h:tf s'/fdf hf]8 lbG5 .
• pgn] Joj:yfksLo lqmofsnfknfO{ of]hgf, ;+u7g, cfb]z, ;dGjo / lgoGq0f u/L kfFr
efudf ljefhg u/]sf 5g\ .
• HenryFayoln] Joj:yfkgsf lgDgfg';f/sf !$ j6f Principles k|ltkfbg u/]sf lyP M
!= sfo{ljefhg -Division of Work_
@= clwsf/ / pQ/bfloTj -Authority and Responsibility_
#= cfb]zdf Pstf -Unity of Command_
$= cf1fkfng -Discipline_
%= tna ;'ljwf -Remuneration_
^= sfo{>[+vnf -Scalar Chain_
&= cfb]z -Order_
*= ;dtf -Equity_
(= ;]jfsf] :yfloTj -Stability and Tenure of Personnel _
!)= k|of;÷tbf?stf -Initiative_
!!= ;xof]usf] efjgf -Espirit de corps_
!@= lgb]{zgdf Pstf -Unity of Direction _
!#= s]Gb|Ls/0f -Centralization _
356
 !$= ;fd"lxs lxtsf] nflu JolQmut lxtsf] ;dk{0f -Subordination of Individual Interest
to General Interest_
oL l;4fGtx¿ cfh;Dd klg ;+;f/e/sf Joj:yfkg / ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf If]qdf s'g} g
s'g} ¿kdf k|of]u x'Fb} cfPsf] kfOG5 .
-#_ sd{rf/LtGqLo l;4fGt(Bureaucracy Theory)
• o; l;4fGtsf k|ltkfbs hd{g ;dfhzf:qL DofS; j]a/x'g\ .
• pgsf] of] l;4fGt ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf If]qdf cfbz{ ;ª\u7gsf] vf]hLsf ;Gbe{df
dxTjk"0f{ dflgG5 . o; l;4fGtcg';f/ sd{rf/LtGq pTkfbg (Production) /
pTkfbsTj(Productivity)a9fpg] ;+:yf xf] .
• j]j/sf cg';f/ sfof{nodf sfd ug]{ kbflwsf/L klg JolQmut ¿kdf :jtGq /
;Demf}tfsf] cfwf/df sfof{nosf] kbdf lgo'Qm ePsf x'G5g\ .sd{rf/Lsf]] kb:yfkg /
lgo'lQm lghsf] k|fljlws of]Uotfsf] cfwf/df x'G5 . pgLx¿sf] k|zf;sLo sfo{ k];fut
¿kdf /xg] / pgLx¿sf] sfo{nfO{ lgoldt / lglZrt tnasf] cfwf/df pTk|l/t
ul/Psf] x'G5 .
• j]j/n] sd{rf/LtGqsf] ;+u7gnfO{ Legal Rational System sf] ¿kdf j0f{g u/]sf 5g\ .
• j]j/n] clwsf/ k|fKt ug]{ ;|f]tx¿sf ljifodf rrf{ ub}{ cfbz{ Joj:yfkg jf ;+u7gn]
sfg'gL j}wflgs clwsf/sf] k|of]u ug]{ clwsf/sf ;|f]tx¿ k/Dk/fut clwsf/ -
Traditional Authority_, rdTsfl/s clwsf/ -Charismatic Authority_ / sfg'gL j}wflgs
clwsf/ -Legal Rational Authority_ u/L # k|sf/sf 5g\ .
• j]j/sf cg';f/ sd{rf/LtGqdf lgDglnlvt tTjx¿ /x]sf x'G5g\ M
!= lgj}{olQmttf -Impersonality _
@= lgod sfg'gsf] kl/kfngf -Rules and Regulation_
#= txut >[+vnf -Hierarchy_
$= bIftfsf] If]q -Sphere of Competence_
%= lghL / ;fj{hlgs p2]Zo -Personal and Public Ends_
^= lnlvt b:tfj]h -Written Document_
j]j/sf] sd{rf/LtGq;DaGwL cjwf/0ffn] Joj:yfkgsf] ljsf; / ;+u7gsf] ;~rfngdf
dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg lbPsf] dflgG5 . To;}n] of] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g / Joj:yfkgsf If]qdf
cfh;Dd klg k|of]udf /x]sf] b]lvG5 .;du|df sd{rf/LtGq lgod, sfg'gdf k|ltj4,
of]Uotf k|0ffnLaf6 ;~rflnt eP tfklgFacelessness, Anonymity, Red Tapeh:tf cf/f]k
nfUg] u/]sf x'g\ . of] l;4fGtdf ;fdflhs kIfnfO{ Wofg glbOPsf], kl/jt{gnfO{ cfTd;ft\
ug{ g;Sg] eg]/ klg cfnf]rgf ul/G5 . lgod / k|lqmofn] :j]R5frf/L, s7f]/ /
gf]s/zfxLtGqnfO{ a9fjf u/]sf] cf/f]k klg nfUg] u/]sf] kfOG5 .

357
-$_ dfgj ;DaGw l;4fGt(Human Relation Theory)
• of] l;4fGtsf k|d'v k|ltkfbs ON6g dfof] x'g\ . o;nfO{ New Classical Theory klg
elgg] .
• o; l;4fGtn] ;+u7gdf dfgj dgf]lj1fgsf] dxTjk"0f{ k|efj k/]sf] x'G5 eGg] dfGotf
/fV5 .To;}n] o;nfO{ Jojxf/jfbL l;4fGtsf¿kdf klg x]g]{ ul/G5 .
• j}1flgs Joj:yfkg nufotsf l;4fGtn] df}lb|s kIf / ;'ljwfdf a9L hf]8 lbPsfn]
pSt s'/fsf] v08g ub}{ dfgj d]l;g xf]Ogg\ / dflg;df df}lb|s s'/fn] dfq sfo{k|]/0ff
hufpg ;Sb}g eGg] dfGotf /fV5 .
• dfof] / pgsf ;dy{sx¿n] o; ;DaGwL klxnf] cg';Gwfg xfj{8{ ljZjljb\ofnodf
Joj:yfkgsf] ljleGg kIfh:t} ef}lts, ;fdflhs, dgf]j}1flgs, zf/Ll/s lqmofsnfkx¿
cflbsf] af/]df u/]sf lyP .
• o; cWoogn] dflg;;Fu plrt dfgjLo ;DaGw /fVbf pTkfbg a9\g] s'/f kQf nufof] .
h:t} M dfof]n] g;{sf] dfWodaf6 ljleGg ;"rgfx¿ k|fKt ub}{ pgn] !) ldg]6df @
ldg]6sf] ;do cf/fdsf] ;dosf] ¿kdf 5'6\ofP . o;sf] glthf pT;fxk|b b]lvPkl5
lj:tf/} of] k4lt ef}lts ysfg x6fpg cGo If]qdf klg nfu" ul/of] . o;sf] kl/0ffd
klg ;Gtf]ifk|b g} b]lvof] . o;af6 sfdbf/df pbf;Lkg x6\g uO{ yk pTkfbsTj a9]sf]
lyof] .
• xfy|f]g cWoogaf6 ;xeflutfd"ns k/LIf0f ub{} dlxnf sfdbf/x¿nfO{ ;fdflhs
PsfOsf] ¿kdf ;dfj]z ub}{ sfdbf/sf] ;d"xnfO{ ;fdflhs jftfj/0fsf] cfef; lbOPsf]
/ Joj:yfksLo Jojxf/df kl/jt{g ul/Psf] lyof] .
• o; l;4fGtaf6 ;'k/efOh/nfO{ xflsdh:tf] geO{ pm;Fu sfdbf/n] ;Nnfx lng ;Sg],
sfdbf/x¿sf] s'/f ;xfg'e"ltk"j{s ljrf/ ug]{, dgdf nfu]sf s'/f :jtGq ¿kdf eGg
kfpg] / sfdbf/ tyf Joj:yfkslar cGt/a}olQms ;DaGw :yflkt ub}{ ;fyLefOsf]
;DaGw :yflkt u/fP/ cWoog ubf{ sfo{ ;Gt'li6n] pTkfbsTj j[l4 ePsf] k'li6 eof] .
• of] l;4fGtn] kQf nUfPsf s'/fx¿nfO{ ;f/f+zdf o; k|sf/ 5 M
− ;+u7gdf cgf}krfl/s ;d"xsf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf /xG5
− sfdbf/– sfdbf/, sfdbf/–Joj:yfkslar dgf]j}1flgs ;Dks{ / sfdbf/sf]
cfjZostf k"lt{ x'g] jftfj/0faf6 dfq} Joj:yfkgsf] cfjZostf k"lt{ x'g] .
− dflg;sf] ;fdflhs ;DaGw / dfgl;s ;Gt'li6n] pTkfbgdf c;/ kfb{5, .
− ;kmn Joj:yfkgsf nflu ;fdflhs l;k rflxG5, .
• dfgjLo ;DaGw l;4fGtsf lgisif{nfO{ lgDgfg';f/ pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 M
− ;ª\u7g oflGqs cjwf/0ff xf]Og, ultzLn cjwf/0ff xf], of] t ;hLj dflg;af6
lgld{t x'G5 eGg] wf/0ff k|:t't .
− ;ª\u7gfTds ljsf;sf] d"n cfwf/ JolQm tyf ;d"xsf] dgf]j}1flgs tyf ;fdflhs
kIf xf] eGg] dfGotf .
358
 − dgf]efjgf, JolQmut dgf]j[lQ, cgf}krfl/s ;d"x cflb sf/0fn] ;ª\u7gfTds
ljsf;df kl/jt{gsf/L e"ldsf v]Ng] lgisif{ .
-%_ k|0ffnL l;4fGt(System Theory)
• k|ltkfbs Talcot Parson åf/f 1923 kZrft ljsf; ePsf] cjwf/0ffn] ;+u7gnfO{ Input,
Output/Conversion Machinesf] ¿kdf lnPsf],
• ;+u7gsf] Sub-system df ePsf] kl/jt{gn] ;+u7gsf] k"/f k|0ffnLdf g} c;/ kfg]{
dfGotf
• o; cl3sf l;4fGtn] d"ntM ;+/rgf, k|ljlw, ;fdflhs tyf dgf]j}1flgs s]lGb|t
/x]sfdf o; l;4fGtsf] PsLs[t tl/sfn] ;ª\u7gsf] cWoog (Totality) ul/g'kg]{ s'/fn]
dfGotf kfpg yfn]sf] .
• lgoldt ;DaGwsf] ;"qdf cfj4 k|0ffnLsf cª\u / To;sf cjojx¿, k|lj|mofx¿larsf]
cfk;L cGt/lge{/tf k|0ffnLdf l;lh{t jftfj/0f / cf;kf;sf] jftfj/0fsf]
cGt/lge{/tfaf6 hf]l8Psf] x'G5 eGg] dfGotf .
• k|0ffnL afXo jftfj/0f;Fu cGt/lqmof ub{5, t/ cfGtl/s jftfj/0fn] klg v'Nnf tyf
aGb jftfj/0f;Fu cGt/lqmof ug'{kg]{ x'Fbf o;af6 ;ª\u7gfTds ljsf;df dxTTjk"0f{
of]ubfg k'u]sf] .
-^_ kl/l:yltsLo l;4fGt(Ecological/Centigency Theory)
• l/U;af6 k|ltkflbt t'ngfTds b[li6sf]0f klg elgg] Prijmatic Model df cfwfl/t
l;4fGt .
• ;ª\u7gn] ;dfh;Fu cGt/lqmof ug'{kg]{ x'Fbf ;ª\u7g ;dfhsf] df}h'bf cj:yfaf6
k|efljt x'G5 . b]zsf] ;fdflhs cj:yfcg';f/ :j¿k lgwf{/0f x'G5, h;df h8jt,
;"qjt dfkb08 kfpg ;lsFb}g .
• s'g} klg b]zsf] ;ª\u7gsf] cj:yf x]g{ ;j{k|yd To; b]zsf] ;fdflhs cj:yfsf]
ljZn]if0f x'g'k5{ . oxL ljZn]if0fsf] lgisif{af6 ;ª\u7g lgb]{lzt x'G5 .ctM ;ª\u7gfTds
ljsf;sf] dxTjk"0f{ ;}4flGts kIf kl/l:yltsLo kIf xf] .
• Joj:yfkgsf] l;4fGt h'g;'s} kl/l:yltdf nfu" ug{ ;lsg] x'g'k5{ .
• Situational Variables sf ¿kdf ;+u7gsf] cfsf/, sfdsf] :ki6tf÷hl6ntf, k|zf;ssf]
tx / clwsf/, JolQmut leGgtf, k'/:sf/ k|0ffnL / jftfj/0fLo leGgtfsf] dfqf
cflbnfO{ lnOg] .
(=@=@ ;xeflutfTds Joj:yfkg
-s_ kl/ro
• ;fdfGotof ;DalGwt ;a} vfn] ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] cy{k"0f{ ;xeflutfdf cfwfl/t
Joj:yfkgnfO{ ;xeflutfTds Joj:yfkg elgG5 .

359
 • lzIff If]qsf ;a} vfn] ;xofqLx¿ h:t} lzIfs, ljBfyL{, cleefjs, lzIff Joj:yfks,
lj=lg=, ;|f]t JolStsf ;fy} :yfgLo ;/sf/, hgk|ltlglw,j'l4hLjL,;dfh;]jLnufot
u}/;/sf/L tyf ;fdflhs ;ª\3 ;+:yf cflb ;a}sf] ;xeflutfdf x'g] Joj:yfkgnfO{
;xeflutfTds Joj:yfkg elgG5 .
• oL ;a}sf] ;fy{s ;xeflutfdf x'g]of]hgf lgdf{0f, ;fwg ;|f]tsf] Joj:yfkg, sfof{Gjog,
cg'udg d"Nofª\sg nufotsf kIfdf ;xsfo{ ug]{ Joj:yfksLo b[li6sf]0f ;xeflutfTds
Joj:yfkg xf] .
• o;df ;+:yfut ;DaGw :yfkgf ug'{, ck]lIft z}lIfs pknlAw xfl;n ug'{, cfjZos ;fwg
;|f]tsf] ;ª\sng / kl/rfng ug'{, k|ToIf ;/f]sf/ /fVg] cleefjs tyf cGo :yfgLo
lgsfosf] ;fd"lxs ;fem]bf/LnfO{ hf]8 lbOG5 .
-v_ ;xeflutfsf tl/sf / ljlwx¿
;xeflutfTds Joj:yfkgsftl/sfx¿
• ;fy{s pkl:ylt / ;xeflutf eP/
• x/]s k|sf/sf lg0f{odf ;xefuL eP/
• a}7s cflbdf efu lnP/, 5nkmndf efu lnP/, k[i7kf]if0f lbP/
• ;fwg ;|f]t >d cflb nufgL u/]/
• ;]jf pkof]u u/]/
• sfd, st{Jo, clwsf/ afF8kmfF8 u/]/
• ;]jf k|jfx k|lj|mofdf k|ToIf ;xefuL eP/
• ;xsfo{ u/]/, ;xsfo{ ug{ k|]l/t u/]/

ljlwx¿
!= ljb\ofno lzIff k4lt / sd{rf/LtGqn] v'nfkg b]vfP/ pko'St jftfj/0f l;h{gf u/]/
@= ljleGg tx÷If]qsf JolStsf] ;xsfo{ / ;xeflutf a9fP/
#= k4lt cfkm} a9L ;xeflutfTds k|s[ltsf] eP/,
$= ;fwg ;|f]t;lxt clwsf/ tNnf txdf ljs]Gb|Ls/0f u/]/,
%= ljleGg k|sf/sf ;fe]mbf/lar zlStsf] ;Gt'ng u/]/
^= ;xeflutfnfO{ cy{k"0f{, jf:tljs / Jofjxfl/s agfP/ .
pSt sfo{sf nflu ;/f]sf/jfnfnfO{ ;r]tLs/0f ug]{, Ifdtf a9fpg], k4lt / pkk4ltk|ltsf]
kx'Fr a9fpg], plrt ;xof]u k4lt ljsf; ug]{, ;a} txdf ;xeflutfTds ljsf; k4lt
cjnDjg ug]{, /0fgLlts of]hgf lgdf{0f u/L sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg], Ifdtf ljsf; ug]{,
;zStLs/0f ug]{ h:tf pkfud cfjZos x'G5g\ .
(=@=# ljb\ofno Joj:yfkgdf pTt/bfloTj, hjfkmb]lxtf / ;xeflutf

360
z}lIfs b[li6n] dfgjLo, ef}lts, cfly{s / k|ljlwut ;|f]t ;fwg k|of]u / kl/rfng u/L kf7\oj|mdåf/f
lglb{i6 z}lIfs p2]Zo k|flKtsf nflu pRrtd l;sfO pknlAw xfl;n u/]sf ljBfyL{ pTkfbg ug]{
u/fpg] ;du| sfo{nfO{ z}lIfs Joj:yfkg elgG5 . o;df pknAw ef}lts, dfgjLo cfly{s tyf
k|ljlwut ;|f]t ;fwg ;+sng, kl/rfng / ;dGjo ul/G5 . o:tf] sfo{ ubf{ pQ/bfloTj, hjfkmb]lxtf
/ ;xeflutfn] Joj:yfkgsf] k|efjsfl/tfdf k|ToIf k|efj kfb{5 .ljb\ofnosf sfd, st{Jo clwsf/
nufot ljleGg txsf z}lIfs k|zf;ssf sfd st{Jo clwsf/ df}h'bf P]g sfg'gdf Jojl:yt 5g\ .
o; k|sf/sf gLltut / sfg'gL Joj:yf eP klg xfd|f z}lIfs ;+:yf÷lgsfo / ljb\ofnon] ck]lIft
¿kdf hjfkmb]xL, pQ/bfoL eP/ ;xeflutfd"ns / glhtfd"ns sfo{ ug{ g;Sbf ;du| z}lIfs
u'0f:t/ ck]lIft ¿kdf clej[l4 x'g g;s]sf] cj:yf 5 . t;y{ ljb\ofno Joj:yfkgnfO{ ;'b[9
agfpg ljb\ofno Joj:yfkgnfO{ hjfkmb]xL, pTt/bfoL / ;xeflutfd"ns agfpg h?/L 5 .
ljb\ofno Joj:yfkgdf pQ/bfloTj
ljb\ofno Joj:yfkg eg]sf] Pp6} sfo{ / k|lj|mofsf ¿kdf /x]sf leGg leGg p2]Zo, d"No, dfGotf
ljZjf; ePsf JolSt / ;d"xx¿nfO{ pknAw ;fwg, ;|f]t / k|ljlwsf dfWodaf6 lglb{i6 p2]Zo
k|flKtsf nflu ;dGjofTds ¿kdf kl/rfng u/L ljBfyL{df pRrtd l;sfO pknlAw k|fKt ug]{
sfo{df hjfkmb]lxtf k"/f u/fpg' ePsfn] ljb\ofno Joj:yfkgsf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf /xG5 .
pQ/bfloTj M
• Answerability is one's actions or behaviour
• lzIfssf] ;Gbe{df cleefjs tyf ljBfyL{sf] cfjZostf ck]Iff cg'/f]w tyf dfuk|ltsf]
u|x0fzLntf Responsiveness xf] eg] lhDd]jf/L ;DkGg ul/;s]kl5 To;af6 k|fKt
kl/l:yltsf] bfloTj af]Sg] sfo{ Answerability or pQ/bfloTjxf] .
• pQ/bfloTjeg]sf] kbflwsf/Lx¿åf/f cfkm\gf] clwsf/ / st{Josf] ;Dkfbgsf af/]df
hjfkmb]xL lng], tT;DaGwL cfnf]rgf k|lt ;r]t /xg] / c;kmntf, c;Ifdtf / c¿x¿nfO{
wf]sf x'g uPsf]df cfkm"n] ;DalGwt kIfx¿k|lt hjfkmb]xL :jLsf/ ug{' g} pQ/bfloTj
:jLsf/ ug'{ xf] -o'Pg8LkL_ .
hjfkmb]lxtf M
• Accountablity = Responsiveness + Responsbility + Answerability
• hjfkmb]lxtf ˜ u|x0fzLntf ± lhDd]jf/L ± pQ/bfloTj
• cfk"mn] ;Dkfbg ug'{kg]{ jf sfo{ lhDd]jf/Lk|lt cfk"meGbf dflyNnf] tx, tNnf] tx jf ;dfg
tx jf ;/f]sf/jfnfk|lt lhDd]jf/Lsf ;fy hjfkm, jf :ki6Ls/0f lbg'kg]{ sfo{nfO{
hjfkmb]lxtf elgg]
• cfk\mgf] sfo{k|lt pQ/bfoL / hjfkmb]xLtf af]w u/L kfngf ug]{ sfo{
• hjfkmb]lxtfnfO{ sfdk|lt lhDd]jf/ agfpg'sf ;fy} sfdk|lt ;Ddfg u/fpF5 .

;xeflutf M
• cfk"mnfO{ tf]lsPsf] lhDd]jf/Lk|lt ?lrk"j{s ;lj|motf k"j{s efu lng] sfo{

361
 • ;Da4 ;a} kbflwsf/Ln] lgjf{x ug'{kg]{ lhDd]jf/Lsf nflu ;r]ttfk"j{s ;xefuL x'g] cj;/
k|fKt ug'{ / ToxfF cfkm\gf ljrf/ / efjgf :jtGqtfk"j{s /fVg kfpg] cj;/ klg
;xeflutfsf] kIf xf] .
• ;xeflutf eg]sf] pkl:ylt jf ;+nUgtf dfq x}g, To;sf nflu ultzLn jf ;lj|motfk"j{s
efu lng], /fo JoSt ug]{, lg0f{o lgdf{0fdf ;+nUg x'g], lg0f{o sfof{Gjogsf nflu lhDd]jf/
aGg];Ddsf sfo{ ;xeflutfn] ;d]6\g]
ljb\ofno Joj:yfkgdf pTt/bfloTj, hjfkmb]lxtf / ;xeflutf a9fpg] pkfox¿
ljb\ofno Joj:yfkgnfO{ pQ/bfoL, hjfkmb]xL / ;xeflutfd"ns agfpg ljleGg k|of;x¿ ePsf
5g\ . o;sf nflu df}h'bf z}lIfs gLlt tyf P]g lgodx¿åf/f lzIff dGqfno, s]Gb|Lo txsf lgsfo
b]lv If]q / lhNnf :t/sf sfof{no x'Fb} ljb\ofno tx;Dddsf k|zf;s, Joj:yfks, k|=c=, lzIfs,
sd{rf/L ;a}sf nflu st{Jo, clwsf/ / bfloTjx¿ Jojl:yt ul/Psf 5g\ . t/ klg tL ;a}n] cf–
cfkm\gf] If]qaf6 ck]lIft ¿kdf cf–cfkm\gf] pQ/bfloTj / hjfkmb]lxtf k'/f gubf{ ;du| z}lIfs If]qn]
ck]lIft pknlAw xfl;n ug{ ;s}sf] 5}g .t;y{ ljb\ofno Joj:yfkgnfO{ ;'b[9 agfpg ljb\ofno
Joj:yfkgnfO{ hjfkmb]xL, pTt/bfoL / ;xeflutfd"ns agfpgnflu b]xfosf pkfo cjnDjg ug{
;lsG5 M
!= Joj:yfksLo bIftf clej[l4 Mljb\ofno Joj:yfkgnfO{ pQ/bfoL / hjfkmb]xL agfpg g;Sg'
klg z}lIfs ljsf;sf] Pp6f cj/f]w xf] . t;y{ Joj:yfkg kIfsf] ;'wf/ ug{ ;dosf] ;d'lrt
k|of]u ug]{,cfly{s Joj:yfkg kf/bzL{ Pj+ k|efjsf/L agfpg] / :yfgLo ;|f]t ;fwgsf] clwstd
k|of]u ug'{k5{ .lzIfs, ljBfyL{ / cleefjslarsf] lqkIfLo ;DaGwaf6 ljBfyL{ l;sfOdf hf]8
lbg],;dodf kf7\ok':ts, kf7\o;fdu|L pknAw u/fpg kxn ug]{, lgoldttf, kf/blz{tf,
;dGjonfO{ hf]8 lbg] h:tf sfo{n] klg bIftf clej[l4 x'G5 .
@= k|rlnt P]g lgodsf] kl/kfngf Mljb\ofno Joj:yfkg hjfkmb]xL / pQ/bfoL agfpg ;/sf/n]
agfPsf P]g lgod, kl/kqsf ;fy} ljb\ofno Joj:yfkg ;ldltn] u/]sf lg0f{o k|efjsf/L ¿kdf
sfof{Gjog ug'{kb{5 . P]g lgodsf] kl/kfngf u/L cfkm"nfO{ lgoldt / cg's"n /fVg] k|of;
ug'{kb{5 .
#= sfo{s'zntf, sfo{k|efjsfl/tf MJoj:yfkgn] cfkm"nfO{ tf]lsPsf pQ/bfloTj / hjfkmb]lxtf k"/f
ug{ ;Sg'kb{5 . o;f] ePdf dfq z}lIfs ;'wf/df ;xof]u k'Ug hfG5 . t;y{ Joj:yfkgn]
kf/blz{tf, bIftf, sfo{s'zntf, sfo{k|efjsfl/tf k'/f ug'{kb{5 .cfkm"eGbf hfGg] JolQmsf] ;xfotf
lng],gof“ gof“ k|ljlwx¿ ckgfP/ k9fpg] jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug]{, ljb\ofnodf x'g] a}7s, e]nf,
uf]i7Lx¿ tof/Lsf ;fy ug]{ ,sfdsf] k|fyldstf tf]Sg] / ;dosf] Joj:yfkg ug]{ / cfkm"
k|hftflGqs eP/ b]vfpg] h:tf sfo{n] sfo{s'zntf, sfo{k|efjsfl/tf NofpF5 .
$= cGo pkfox¿M;du|df ljb\ofnosf] Joj:yfkgsf nflu ljb\ofno, lzIfs / cleefjs nufot
;/f]sf/fjfnfn] b]xfosf] e"ldsfdf Wofg k'¥ofpg' k5{ M
• lzIf0fdf ;'wf/ Nofpg lzIf0fsf ;an / b'a{n kIfsf] klxrfg u/L ;an kIfsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f
/ b'a{n kIfsf] ;'wf/ ug{ cfjZos x'G5 . o;sf nflu k|c, ljlg, lzIff ljsf; tyf ;dGjo

362
 PsfO, :yfgLo ;/sf/ nufot u};;, :yfgLo ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutfd"ns Joj:yfkg ;'b[9
ug]{ .
• ljb\ofno Joj:yfkgnfO{ kl/0ffdd'vL agfpg] 1fg l;k / Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ug{ gofF
k|j]zLnfO{ tflnd / j[lQ ljsf;sf cj;/ lbg], lzIfssf] k];fut ljsf; ug{ d]G6l/ª ;]jf
lbg] / ;]jf/t tflnd / k'gtf{huLs/0f tflnd lbg] .
• k|efjsf/L l;sfOsf nflu ljBfyL{sf] Ifdtf klxrfg u/L tbg';f/sf] lzIf0f k|lqmof
ckgfpg], ax'af}l4s lzIf0f ljlw k|of]u u/L lzIf0f ug]{, afns]lGb|t÷ljBfyL{s]lGb|t lzIf0f
ljlw k|of]u ug]{ ug'{k5{ .
• ljb\ofnosf] ;jf{ª\uL0f ljsf;sf nflu ljb\ofno / ;a}vfn] ;/f]sf/jfnflar ;'dw'/ ;DaGw
:yfkgf / ljsf; ug{ ;s] dfq clwsf+z z}lIfs Joj:yfkgsf sfo{ k|efjsf/L x'g ;Sg] .
• ljb\ofnon] / ljz]if u/L lzIfs ju{n] cfGtl/s åGå Joj:yfkgsf s'/f a'em]/ åGå
Joj:yfkg u/L lzIf0f l;sfOsf] jftfj/0fnfO{ åGåsf] gsf/fTds c;/af6 d'Qm /fVg] l;k /
Ifdtf ljsf; ug{ cTofjZos ePsf] 5 .
• z}lIfs ljsf;sf nflu sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf pko'{Qm sfo{qmdx¿ ljb\ofno, :yfgLo ;/sf/ /
;d'bfo ldn]/ k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ug{] .
(=@=$ :jJoj:yfkg, åGå Joj:yfkg, ljkt\ Joj:yfkg / ;do Joj:yfkg
-s_ :jJoj:yfkg
kl/ro
zflAbs cy{df :jJoj:yfkg cyf{t\ Self Management eg]sf] cfkm"n] cfkm}nfO{ Jojl:yt ¿kdf
Joj:yfkg ug]{ sfo{ xf] .:jJoj:yfkg Pp6f gjLg cjwf/0ff klg xf] . c¿åf/f lgb]{lzt
afWofTds lsl;dsf] Joj:yfkgn] ck]lIft glthf÷kl/0ffd k|fKt ug{ sl7g eO/x]sf] kl/k|]Iodf
cfkm\gf] sfo{ k|efjsfl/tfsf nflu cfkm}åf/f Joj:yfkg ug]{ cjwf/0ff cufl8 cfPsf] xf] .
bjfjd"ns, yf]kl/Psf] / cfb]zfTds Joj:yfkg ;a} JolStsf] :jefj, k|s[lt, Ifdtf, bIftf
cg's"n gx'g] ePsfn] JolStsf] j}olSts cj:yfnfO{ b[li6ut u/L ;DalGwt JolStn] g} cfkm\gf]
cj:yf, Ifdtf cg';f/ cfkm\gf] sfdnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg] u/L ul/Psf] Joj:yfkg
:jJoj:yfkg xf] .
lzIfssf k];fut bIftfdWo] :jJoj:yfkg klg Ps xf] . lzIfsn] cfkm"nfO{ bIftfk"j{s
Joj:yfkg u/L lzIf0f l;sfO k|lj|mofnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg] ;Gbe{df :jJoj:yfkg cfjZos
x'G5 .sIffsf]7fsf] Joj:yfkg nufot lzIf0f l;sfOdf pko'St jftfj/0f l;h{gf u/L
ljBfyL{nfO{ pTk|]l/t u/L pRr l;sfO pknlAw xfl;n ug{ u/fpg lzIfssf] :jJoj:yfkg
cfjZos x'G5 . u/]/ l;Sg], l;s]/ ug]{, cfTdd"Nofª\sg ub}{ ;'wf/ ug]{, :j;'kl/j]If0f ug]{ h:tf
sfo{n] :jJoj:yfkgnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg ;S5 . cfkm\gf sfo{df lzIfs :jo+n] k|z:t cEof;,
cWofkg, cg';Gwfg, ;dosf] ;b'kof]u ug{ ;Sg'kb{5 . o;/L h'g sfdsf nflu h;nfO{
lhDd]jf/ agfOPsf] 5, pm :jod\n] cfkm\gf] st{Jo af]w u/L cfkm\gf] sfo{ lhDd]jf/LnfO{

363
Jojl:yt / k|efjsf/L ¿kdf u'0f:t/Lo agfpg] ;du| Joj:yfksLo sfo{ k4ltnfO{
:jJoj:yfkg elgG5 .
:jJoj:yfkgsf p2]Zox¿
• j}olSts 1fg, l;k, cg'ej / Ifdtf clej[l4 ug'{,
• JolStsf] u'0f, Ifdtf, ?lr cg';f/sf] :jJoj:yfkg ug'{,
• cfTdd"Nofª\sg, :j;'kl/j]If0f h:tf sfo{df hf]8 lbg',
• lhDd]jf/L, hjfkmb]xLk|lt ;r]t u/fpg',
• cfTdhfu/0f, cfTd k|lzIf0f ug'{ .
• sfd st{Jo / clwsf/k|lt k|lta4 agfpg',
• ;sf/fTds k|j[lQ ljsf;df hf]8 lbg',
• Joj:yfksLo ;d:ofsf r'gf}tL ;fdgf ug'{,
• Joj:yfkgdf Jofjxfl/stf / ljlw;Ddt ;dfwfg lgsfNg',
• ;d:of ;dfwfgdf leGgleGg l;k÷bIftfsf] k|of]u ug'{,
• gjLgtd dfGotf / k|ljlw k|of]udf Nofpg,

:jJoj:yfkgsf ljlw jf pkfox¿

Pp6f lzIfsn] cfkm"n] cfkm}+nfO{ :jJoj:yfkg ug{ lgDgfg';f/sf ljlw jf pkfox¿ cjnDag
ug'{ kb{5 M
!= :j l;sfO(Self Learning): Pp6f lzIfs lg/Gt/ l;sfOdf nflu/xg'k5{ .cfkm\gf nflu
cfjZos x/]s k|sf/sf 1fg, l;k k|fKt ug'{ cfkm}+ lj|mofzLn x'g'k5{ .
@= :j–pQ/bfoL÷:j–hjfkmb]xL(Self Responsibility): cfkm"nfO{ tf]lsPsf] sfo{ lhDd]jf/Lk|lt
b[9 / k|lta4 eO{ cfkm\gf sfo{sf ;kmntf÷c;kmntfk|lt lhDd]jf/L lng'
hjfkmb]lxtf÷pQ/bfoL x'g' xf] . ;kmn, ;Ifd lzIfsn] cfkm\gf sfo{k|lt lhDd]jf/ /
pQ/bfoL x'g' ;a}eGbf dxTTjk"0f{ Joj:yfksLo kf6f] xf] .
#= :j–cg'zf;g(Self discipline): cfkm}n] cfkm}nfO{ cg'zfl;t agfpg' :j–cg'zf;g xf] . x/]s
lzIfsn] cfkm" cg'zfl;t eO{ c¿nfO{ cg'zfl;t x'g gd'gf jf pbfx/0f aGg ;Sg' k5{ .
$= :j ;'wf/(Self Correction): cfkm\gf] sfo{ k|lj|mofdf lg/Gt/ ;'wf/sf pkfo cjnDag
ug'{k5{ .cfkm\gf cg'ej, ca cg'udg tyf afÅo JolStaf6 k|fKt pko'St k[i7kf]if0f
;d]tsf cfwf/df cfkm\gf sdL sdhf]/L ;'wf/ ub}{ pTs[i6tf k|fKt ug{ lg/Gt/ nfUg]
Joj:yfksLo u'0f :j–;'wf/ xf] .sfo{ ub}{ hfFbf k|fKt cg'ej tyf k[i7kf]if0fsf cfwf/
cfkm\gf sfo{df lg/Gt/ ;'wf/ ub}{ vfl/g' k5{ .
%= :j–cg'udg(Self monitoring): cg'udg eGg] ljlQs} cfkm"n] ul/g] cg'udg eGg] a'emfOsf
ljk/Lt cfkm"n] cfkm}nfO{ cg'udg u/L cfjZos ;'wf/ ug'{ s'zn / ;Ifd lzIfssf] d'Vo
Joj:yfksLo u'0f xf] .
364
 ^= :j–pTk|]l/t(Self motivation): pTk|]l/t gx'g] JolStn] cfkm\gf] lhDd]jf/L /fd|f];Fu k"/f ug{
;Sb}g . ;Ifd lzIfs x'g pm ;w}+ cfkm}åf/f pTk|]l/t x'g ;Sg' k5{ .
&= :j–hfu?s(Self Wareness): c;n lzIfs ;w}+ l;Sg hfu?s, ;r]t tyf lj|mofzLn x'g]
ub{5 . cfkm}n] cfkm}nfO{ Joj:yfkg ug]{ Pp6f dxTTjk"0f{ kIf eg] hfu?stf klg xf] .
*= :j ljZjf;÷cfTdljZjf;(Self-belief): Pp6f s'zn / ;Ifd lzIfs x'g ;j{k|yd cfkm"n]
cfkm}nfO{ ljZjf; ug'{k5{ . d hfGb5', d ug{ ;S5' eGg] b[9 cfTdljZjf;af6 ;w}+ pTk|]l/t
x'g'k5{ .
(= :j–;|f]tk"0f{tf(Self Resourcefullness): clxn]sf] ;dodf x/]s ldg]6df gofF gofF s'/fx¿
k|sfzdf cfO/x]sf x'G5g\ . ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] pRrtd ljsf;n] x/]s If0fdf cfpg] gofF
s'/faf6 cBfjlws x'g, cflwsfl/s 1fg l;k k|bfg ug{ lzIfs cfkm}df ;|f]tk"0f{ x'g'k5{ .
!)= :j–pknlAw(Self-achievement): x/]s lzIfsn] lglb{i6 p2]Zo / nIo k|fKt ug{ ;w}+
lj|mofzLn /xg'k5{ . ck]lIft k|flKtsf nflu lg/Gt/ k|ltj4 / lj|mofzLn x'g'k5{ .
-v_ åGå Joj:yfkg
åGåsf] kl/ro
dflg;x¿, ;d"xx¿ jf ljrf/x¿sf larsf] ljjfbsf] cj:yf g} åGå xf] .ljleGg dflg; jf
;d'bfolar cldNbf p2]Zox¿sf] k|flKt jf s'g} kIfn] csf]{ kIfk|lt ;fwg ;|f]t / ;'ljwf cflbsf]
ljt/0fdf c;xdlt hgfO{ dgd'6fj ug'{ åGå xf] . c;Gt'i6 rfxgf, km/s cjwf/0ff / d"No
dfGotf, k|lt:kwL{ ?lr, unt ;"rgf cflb åGåsf sf/0f x'g ;Sb5g\ .Ps jf ;f] eGbf a9L
JolSt jf ;d"xn] csf]{ JolSt jf ;d"xsf] :jfy{, nIo jf p2]Zo k|fKt ug{ glbg' jf cfkm\gf]
:jfy{ k"lt{sf nflu k|of; ubf{ csf{nfO{ jfwf cj/f]w ug]{ p2]Zod"ns k|of;x¿sf] k|of;sf] csf]{
gfd g} åGå xf] .
åGåk|ltsf] dfGotf
• k/Dk/fut cjwf/0ff M åGå v/fa xf], o;n] ljgf; lgDTofpF5, cfpg lbg' x'Fb}g, o;nfO{
tTsfn} bafpg' k5{ kG5fpg' k5{ eGg] dfGotf lnOg] u/]sf] .
• cfw'lgs cjwf/0ff M of] k|fs[lts s'/f xf], o;nfO{ bafpg' x'Fb}g, Joj:yfkg ug'{kb{5, åGån]
;sf/fTds s'/f klg NofpF5 eGg] dfGotf /fVg] . of] gjLg cjwf/0ff xf] .
åGåsf sf/0fx¿
:jfyL{ k|j[lQ, ljj]sxLg lg0f{o, JolQm tyf ;d'bfolar w|'jLs/0f x'g', u}/ lhDd]jf/L cfr/0f
k|bz{g ug'{, z+sf / cljZjf; l;h{gf x'g', lx+;fTds sfo{ x'g' cflbn] klg åGå l;h{gf
ug{;S5 .s'g} klg ;+:yfdf Joj:yfkg kIfn] ljZjf; u'dfpg', e|i6frf/ ug'{, clwsf/sf]
b'¿kof]u ug'{ h:tf sf/0fn] åGå cfpg ;Sb5 eg] ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts, hftLo wfld{s cflb
åGån] klg z}lIfs ;+:yfnfO{ åGåsf] l;sf/ agfpg ;Sb5 . jf:tjdf dfgjLo åGåsf] sf/0f
JolQmsf] cfkm\g} cxd\ / c;lxi0f' Jojxf/ klg xf] .
åGåsf d'Vo sf/0fx¿
365
 • ?lr / rfxgf;DaGwL åGå
• tYofª\s / ;"rgf;DaGwL åGå
• cfk;L ;DaGwsf ljifodf cfpg] åGå
• d"No dfGotf;DaGwL åGå
• ;+/rgf;DaGwL åGå
• /fhgLlts ljrf/wf/f
åGå l;h{gf x'gfsf cGo sf/0fx¿df j}olQms c;dfgtf, ck|efjsf/L ;~rf/, e"ldsfdf
c;dfgtf, Joj:yfksLo sdhf]/L, afXo bafa,sfo{k|lqmofdf /x]sf c:ki6tf, ;+u7gfTds 9fFrf
/ cGo sf/0f klg x'g ;S5g\ .
z}lIfs ;+:yf jf ljb\ofnodf kfOg] åGåx¿
!= JolSt cfkm} leqsf] åGå(Inter personal conflict)
• zlSt, clwsf/ k|flKtsf nflu cfkm}leq cGt/åGå l;h{gf x'g]
• cfkm"leq lxgtfaf]w x'g', c¿sf] O{Zof{ 8fxf ug]{ k|j[lQ

@= JolSt–JolStlarsf] åGå(Intra personal conflict)

• ;fwg, ;|f]t, cj;/ / clwsf/sf nflu JolSt–JolStlar åGå x'g]
• ;+:yf ;xL ¿kdf rNg g;Sg'

#= ;d"xleqsf] åGå(Inter group conflict)

• ;?jf, a9'jf, tflndf cflbsf nflu ;d"xut nljª x'g'
• /fhgLlts nljª ug'{

$= ;d"x–;d"xlar åGå(Intra group Conflict)

• /fhgLlts :jfy{sf sf/0f åGå l;h{gf x'g'
• sd{rf/L / lzIfslar, :yfoL / c:yfoLlar åGå
• ;]jf, ;'ljwfsf nflu åGå x'g'

%= ;ª\u7gfTds åGå(Organization conflict)

• ljb\ofno / Joj:yfkg ;ldltlar ;|f]ts]Gb| / ljb\ofnolar lhlzsf / ljb\ofnolar
åGå x'g'
• p2]Zodf km/s kg'{, gLltut lg0f{o, ;'ljwf ljt/0f cflbdf åGå x'g' .

ljb\ofnosf åGå Joj:yfkg ug]{ d'Vo pkfo

• ;d:of ;dfwfg ug]{ M åGåsf] vf; sf/0f jf ;d:of kQf nufO{ ;d:of ;dfwfg ug]{ .
• ;~rf/ k|jfx ug]{ M s'g} unt ;"rgf jf hfgsf/Lsf sf/0f åGå l;h{gf ePsf] eP ;"rgf jf
hfgsf/L k|jfx ug]{ .
• ;fwg ;|f]t / ;'ljwfsf] kf/bzL{ / Jofjxfl/s ljt/0f / pkof]u ug]{ .
366
 • dxTTjfsf+IfL nIo lgwf{/0f – åGå/t kIflar cfk;L ;dGjo gePdf xfl;n x'g g;Sg] u/L
nIo lgwf{/0f ug]{ .
• ;|f]tsf cfsf/ a9fpg] – ah]6, j[lQ ljsf;, cj;/sf] ef}lts ;'ljwf cflb a9fpg] .
• dfgjLo kIfdf ;'wf/, dfgjLo ;DaGw / Jojxf/ ;'wf/ ug{ ;dfnf]rgf, cfTd cfnf]rgf ug]{,
wf]Okmf]O ug]{ u/fpg] .
• ;+/rgfTds kIfdf ;'wf/ – ;+u7gfTds k'g;{+/rgf ug]{, ;?jf ug]{, ;dGjo ug]{ u/fpg] .

sIffsf]7fdf x'g ;Sg] åGåx¿

åGå ljleGg sf/0fn] l;h{gf x'G5 . sIff sf]7fdf l;h{gf x'g] åGå km/s x'g ;S5g\ tyflk åGåsf
k|s[lt p:t} x'g ;S5g\ . sIffsf]7fdf b]lvg ;Sg] åGåx¿ o;k|sf/ x'g ;S5g\ M
• ljleGg ;+:s[lt / d"No / dfGotfaf6 cfPsf s]6fs]6L sIffdf x'g] ePsfn] åGå l;h{gf x'g
;S5
• pd]/ ;d"xsf sf/0f cfpg] ckl/kSjtf, rfF8} l/;fpg] cflb sf/0f klg åGå l;h{gf x'g
;S5 .
• hfGg] / ghfGg] ljBfyL{lar åGå x'g ;S5
• lzIfs / ljBfyL{lar lzIf0fsf ;Gbe{df åGå x'g ;S5
• s]6f / s]6L -n}ª\lus b[li6_ n] åGå l;h{gf x'g ;S5
• ;Sg] / g;Sg] cyf{t\ wgL / ul/alar åGå l;h{gf x'g ;S5
• lzIfssf] Jojxf/df sf/0f åGå l;h{gf x'g ;S5 . h:t} M kIfkftk"0f{ Jojxf/, k"jf{u|x cflb .
• If]qLotf, ;fDk|bflostf, /fhgLlts cf:yfn] klg åGå lgDTofpF5
• ck|efjsf/L ;~rf/sf sf/0f åGå l;h{gf x'g ;Sg]
• j}olSts ljZjf;, ljrf/, dfGotf, dgf]j[lQn] klg åGå x'g ;S5
åGå Joj:yfkgdf lzIfssf] e"ldsf
ljBfyL{;Fu ;Fu} /xg], a:g], cGt/lqmof ug]{ h:tf sfo{af6 ljBfyL{nfO{ glhsaf6 lzIfsn] lrGg]
/ ljBfyL{n] klg lzIfsnfO{ lrGb5g\ . To;}n] ljb\ofno tyf sIffsf]7fdf l;h{gf x'g] x/]s
k|sf/sf åGå Joj:yfkgdf lzIfssf] dxTTjk"0f{ e"ldsf /xg] ub{5 .ljb\ofno / sIffsf]7f ;Dj4
åGå ;dfwfg ug{ lzIfsn] lgDgfg';f/sf e"ldsf v]Ng ;Sb5 M
• tTsfn b]lvPsf d"ne"t ;d:ofsf] klxrfg u/L ;d:of ;dfwfg ug]{
• åGån] a]d]n Nofpg] ePsfn] a]dd]nsf sf/0f kQf nufO{ b'O{ kIflar ;DaGw glhSofpg]
• ;f}xfb{ sfo{ jftfj/0f l;h{gf u/]/klg åGå x6fpg ;Sg]
• kf/blz{tf / ;'zf;gsf dfGotfx¿ cjnDjg ug]{ u/fpg] Joj:yf ug]{ .
• dflyNnf] / tNnf] tx÷ju{ jf sIffsflar /x]sf] dgf]j}1flgs lje]b x6fpg]
• k|fKt cj;/ afF8kmfF8 ug]{ kf/bzL{ gLlt jf dfkb08 agfP/ ljt/0f ug]{,
• ;do ;dodf :6fkm a}7s u/L jf:tljstf af]w u/fpg]
• ;~rf/ k|0ffnLnfO{ ljZj;gLo / k|efjsf/L agfpg]
• lzIfs, sd{rf/L, cleefjs, ljBfyL{, ;d'bfolar lgGt/ cGt/lqmof ;+jfb / ;xsfo{ ug]{
• u'gf;f] ;'Gg] :yfoL ;+oGqsf] ljsf; ug]{
• pko'St b08 / k'/:sf/sf] Joj:yf ug]{
367
 o;/L åGå Joj:yfkgdf Pp6f lzIfsn] g]t[Tjstf{, ;xhstf{, ;xof]uL, cflb txaf6 e"ldsf
lgjf{x ug{ ;S5 . o;n] ubf{ c¿nfO{ åGåaf6 Go"gLs/0f ug{, åGå ;dfwfg ug{ / åGå g} l;h{gf
x'g glbg] jftfj/0f aGg ;Sb5 .
-u_ ljkt\ Joj:yfkg
-!_ ljkt\sf] kl/ro
ljkt\ eg]sf] ;fdfGotof s'g} k|fs[lts jf dfgjåf/f l;lh{t jf lgld{t 36gfx¿sf] kl/0ffd
:j¿k cfpg] kl/0ffd xf] . o;nfO{ Ps cfsl:ds 36gf klg elgG5, h;n] hgwgsf]
;fwg ;|f]tsf] 7'nf] Iflt k'¥ofpg'sf ;fy} ;fdflhs hghLjgdf k|lts'n c;/ kfb{5 .
o;af6 l;lh{t x'g] kl/l:yltnfO{ dfgj ;d'bfon] cfkm\g} :yfgLo Ifdtf / ;fwg ;|f]tsf]
k|of]u u/L wfGg g;Sg] ePsf]n] klg o;nfO{ ljkt\ elgPsf] xf] . h:t} e"sDk, Hjfnfd'vL,
af9L klx/f], cfFwL a]x/L, x'/L, cl;gf, r6\ofª cflb .ljkt\ Joj:yfkgsf nflu /fli6«o /
cGt/fli6«o :t/sf] ;xof]u cfjZos x'G5 . ;a} 36gfnfO{ ljkt\ elgFb}g . s]xL 3/ jf
JolStnfO{ dfq k|efj kfg]{ u/L cfPsf] ck|Tofl;t 36gfnfO{ b'3{6gf elgG5 . ljkt\ xf]
xf]Og eGg] s'/f lgDg lnlvt # cf]6f tTjsf cfwf/df lgSof]{n ul/G5 M
!= k|sf]k, hf]lvd / ;ª\s6 cfzGgtf -;ª\s6sf] ;Defjgf_
• k|sf]kMk|fs[lts tyf dfgjhGo sf/0faf6 s'g} klg 7fpFdf 36\g ;Sg] cfsl:ds
36gf jf kl/36gf k|sf]k xf] . o;n] cfly{s, ef}lts tyf dfgjLo Iflt /
;fdflhs hghLjgdf k|lts'n c;/ k'¥ofpF5 .
• hf]lvd M k|sf]ksf] sf/0faf6 pTkGg x'g;Sg] ljkt\n] Nofpg] Ifltsf] ;Defjgf
hf]lvd xf] .
• ;+s6 cf;Ggtf M hflvd k/]sf / ljkt\sf] rk]6fdf kg{ ;Sg] ;Dk"{0f k|fs[lts jf
dfgj l;lh{t ef}lts ;+/rgf, hLjhGt' dflg; cflbnfO{ ;ª\s6 cf;Ggtf cj:yf
elgG5 .
h:t}M sf7df8f}df s'g} klg j]nf e"sDk hfg ;S5, Tof] k|sf]k xf] . e"sDkaf6
sf7df8f+} pkTosf ;Dk"0f{ ef}lts ;+/rgf / dfgj j:tLdf kg{ ;Sg] Iflt hf]lvd xf]
eg] o;df ;a}eGbf k|efljt x'g ;Sg] sdhf]/ ef}lts ;+/rgf, jfSnf] dfgj j:tL
cflb ;+ª\s6 cf;Ggtf xf] . ;ª\s6 cf;GgtfnfO{ ;ª\s6sf] ;Defjgf klg elgG5 .
@= wghgsf] Jofks Iflt
#= ;fdflhs hghLjgdf k|lts'n c;/
-@_ ljkt\sf k|sf/
!= k|fs[lts ljkt\÷ljklQ M k[YjLsf] ;txleq jf aflx/sf ljleGg k|sf/sf k|ltlqmof,
k|lqmofd'vL{, af9L klx/f], x'/L jtf; cltb[li6, cgfj[li6, v8]/L, r6\ofª, ;'gfdL, cfFwL
a]/L, cl;gf lxdtfn lj:jkmf]6g, e"Ifo cflb

368
 @= dfgj l;{lht ljkt\÷ljklQ M dfgjLo sfo{sf sf/0faf6 7"nf] hgwgsf] Iflt eO{
;fdflhs hghLjgdf k|lts"n c;/ kfg]{ 36gf . h:t}– afFw eTsg', ufpF g} 8'afgdf
kg'{, hª\un ljgf; eP/ klx/f] hfg', cfuf] nfuL, u[xo'b\w, dxfdf/L cf0fljs e6\6L
lj:kmf]6, xftkft b'3{6gf, d?e"dLs/0f, hnjfo' kl/jt{g cflb .
-#_ ljkt\df ;fjwfgL÷ljkt\ Joj:yfkg
;fdfGotof ljkt\jf6 x'g] Iflt sd ug{, ljkt\sf] j]nf ;'/lIft /xg / ljkt\kl5 x'g] cK7f/f]
l:yltsf] ;fdgf ug]{ jfgL kfg{ ul/g] k"j{ tof/L cfjZos l;k / ;r]tgf k|fKt ug]{ k|lqmof
ljkt\ Joj:yfkg xf] .ljkt\ cfpg'k"j{ ckgfOg] ;fjwfgLn] xfd|f] hgwgsf] w]/} ;'/Iff x'g
;S5 . tyflk sltko ljkt\ dflg;n] grfx]/ / yfx} gkfO cfpF5g\ . h:t} M @)&@ j}zfv
!@ ut] 7'nf] e"sDk / tTkZrft w]/} k/fsDkgn] 7'nf] wghgsf] Iflt eof] . of] dfgjsf]
lgoGq0f aflx/sf] ljklQ xf] . o:tf b}jL ljkQLaf6 hf]lug k"j{ ;fjwfgLn] hgwgsf] Ifltdf
sdL NofpF5 . oxfF s]xL pbfx/0f k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 –
ljkt\ ljkt\ cfpg'k"j{ ljkt\sf] ;dodf ljkt\kZrft\
af9L gbLdf kfgL a9\b} cfPsf] ;ª\s]t x]g]{ / gbL lsgf/af6 ;'/lIft gbLdf af9L 36]kl5 dfq
;r]t ag]/ a:g], :yfgtkm{ hfg] 3/ kmls{g]
klx/f] nuftf/ a9L kfgL kl//x]df, Tof] 7fpF ;'/lIft :yfgtkm{ hfg] klx/f] hfg] vt/f sd
5f8]/ ;'/lIft :yfg tkm{ hfg], ePkl5 dfq 3/ kmls{g]
cfunfuL cfuff]nfO{ ;fjwfgLk"j{s k|of]u ug]{, ;kl/jf/ 3/af6 aflx/ gofF 3/ agfpg ;xof]u
wf/f, Ogf/, sn cflbsf] Joj:yf lgl:sg] lng] lbg]
ldnfpg],
89]nf] jghª\undf ufO{j:t' tyf dflg;nfO{ 89]nf] nfu]sf] If]qeGbf hª\unsf] ;'/Iff Joj:yf
k|j]z lgz]if ug]{ 6f9f /xg] cem s8f agfpg]
o;/L ljkt\ cfpg'eGbf cufl8 / k5fl8 ;fjwfgLk"j{s ul/g] sfo{nfO{ ljkt\ Joj:yfkg elgG5 .
ljkt\ cfpg'eGbf cufl8sf] Joj:yfkg
ljleGg /f]u tyf b'3{6gfx¿ dflg;s} c;fjwfgLn] ubf{ x'G5 . To;}n] cfkm\gf x/]s lj|mofsnfkx¿
;fjwfgLk"j{s ;~rfng ug'{k5{ .cfpg jf ;Sg] ljktsf af/]df ;r]t ePdf ljktsf] k|efj sd
x'G5 . :jf:Yok|lt ;r]t /xg], ;/;kmfOdf Wofg lbg] / ljleGg sfo{df ;fjwfgL ckgfpg] xf] eg]
ljkt\ cfOnfUg] ;Defjgf s]xL sd x'G5 .
ljkt\ cfPkl5sf] Joj:yfkg
s'g} klg /f]u jf b'3{6gf ;DaGwL ljkt\ cfOnfu]df ;fjwfgLk"j{s sfd ug'{k5{ .ljktaf6 ePsf]
36gfsf] c;/ Go"gLs/0f ug]{ / ljkt\ sd ug{] pkfox¿sf] vf]hL ug'{ k5{ . h:t} la/fdL tyf
3fOt]x¿nfO{ c:ktfn k'¥ofpg] sfddf ;a}n] ;xof]u ug'{ k5{ .
-$_ ljkt\ Joj:yfkgdf lzIff
ljkt\ Joj:yfkgsf ljleGg sfo{dWo] lzIf0f l;sfO Joj:yfkg klg Ps xf] .ljkt\ kZrft\
ul/g] lzIf0f ;DaGwL sfo{nfO{ cfkt\sfnLg lzIff klg eGg] ul/G5 . cfkt\sfnLg lzIff
369
 ;fdfGotof 36gf 36]sf] rf/ ;ftfleq ;'? ul/g] lzIff tyf To;sf nflu ul/g] cfaZos
Joj:yfkgnfO{ a'em\g'k5{ . o:tf] lzIff ;~rfngsf nflu ;j{k|yd tTsfnsf] cfjZostfsf]
b'|t d"Nofª\sg (Rapid assessment) tyf /fxtsf sfo{ ul/G5 . o; qmddf lzIffsf nflu
c:yfoL l;sfO s]Gb| (TLC) :yfkgf ug'{k5{ . o:tf l;sfO s]Gb|df ;'?df dgf];fdflhs
k/fdz{sf sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ul/G5 . ljkt\ k~rft\sf]] lzIf0f l;sfO Joj:yfkg ubf{
b]xfosf Joj:yfsLo sfo{df Wofg lbg' k5{ M
• ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutfdf ;+nUgtf
• kl/l:yltsf] ljZn]if0f
• ;/n kx'Fr / l;sfO jftfj/0f
• lgoldt k7g kf7g
• lzIff gLlt / ;dGjo
ljleGg ljkt\dWo] tn e"sDk kZrftsf] ljb\ofno Joj:yfkgsf af/]df pNn]v ul/Psf]
5.
e"sDkkZrft\sf] ljb\ofno Joj:yfkg
e"sDk kZrft\ ;fdfGo hLjgnfO{ ;'rf¿ agfpg / Go"gtd ¿kdf Jojl:yt l;sfO jftfj/0f
agfpg ljb\ofno ;~rfng ug{ cfjZos x'G5 .ljb\ofno hfFbf afnaflnsfnfO{ ;fdfGo hLjg tyf
lbgrof{df kmsf{pg dbt u5{ . ;'/lIft ljb\ofnon] pgLx¿nfO{ ;'/Iffsf] cg'e"lt lbG5 .ljb\ofno
hfFbf afnaflnsfn] ;fyLx¿;Fu v]Ng tyf /dfOnf] ug{ cj;/ kfpF5g\ h;n] ubf{ pgLx¿df JofKt
tgfj sd x'G5 .
afnaflnsfx¿n] e"sDk, :jf:Yo, ;'/Iff, ;+/If0f tyf ;/;kmfOdf af/]df k/fdz{ tyf hfgsf/L
kfpF5g\ . To:t} afnaflnsfsf] l;sfO k|lj|mof Jojl:yt x'G5 . afnaflnsfn] :j:y tyf ;'/lIft /xg]
hfgsf/L tyf ;Gb]zx¿ kfpF5g\ . To;} u/L afnaflnsf dfkm{t\ ljleGg ;d'bfo;Dd k'¥ofpg
;lsG5 . t/ ;/sf/åf/f vl6Psf k|fljlwsåf/f d"Nofª\sg u/L ;'/lIft /x]sf] lg/LIf0f k|df0fkq tyf
xl/of] em08f kfPsf ljb\ofno afnaflnsfsf nflu ;'/lIft :yfg ePsfn] o:tf ljb\ofnodf dfq
afnaflnsf k7fpg ;lsG5 . olb ljb\ofno c;'/lIft jf elTsPsf] eP ;'/lIft 7fpFdf agfOPsf
c:yfoL l;sfO s]Gb|klg afnaflnsfsf] nflu ;'/lIft :yfg x'g\ .
t/ /ftf] em08f ePsf ljb\ofno ejgdf sIff ;~rfng ug'{xFb}g . ;fy} ljb\ofnosf] ;+/rgf
elTsPsf jf Iflt k'u]sf] ljb\ofnodf sIff ;~rfng ug'{x'Fb}g . ;'/lIft g/x]sf tyf xl/of] em08f
gkfPsf] ljb\ofnox¿n] v'nf tyf ;'/lIft 7fpFdf agfOPsf c:yfoL l;sfO :yfg, kfn, tyf cGo
;'/lIft :yfgdf l;sfO ultljlw ;~rfng ug{ ;lsG5 .
xl/of] em08f ePsf ejg tyf c:yfoL l;sfO s]Gb| ck'u ePsfdf ljleGg ;q -h:t} M laxfgL, lbjf_
df ljefhg u/]/ sIff ;~rfng ug{ ;lsG5 .
dgf];fdflhs k|fylds k/fdz{
• 7"nf] k|fs[lts k|sf]k jf ljklQkl5 afnaflnsfdf vfgf vfg gdfGg], ;'Tg 8/fpg],
cleefjs;Fu hltv]/ klg 6fFl;P/ a:g], lb;f–lk;fa ug{ hfg klg 8/fpg], hltv]/ klg
b'lvt tyf dlng cg'xf/df b]lvg], 6f]nfpg], af/Daf/ cflTt/xg], ;fyLx¿;Fu v]Ng gdfGg],
;kgfdf t;{g] h:tf dgf];fdflhs ;d:ofx¿ b]lvg ;S5g\ .

370
 • afnaflnsfx¿n] b]vfpg] o:tf k|ltlj|mofx¿ pgLx¿n] cg'ej ug'{ k/]sf] csNkgLo 36gfn]
lgDTofPsf] ;fdfGo k|ltlj|mofx¿ x'g\ .
• oL k|ltlj|mofx¿ dxfe"sDk hfFbfsf] a]nfsf] h:t} jf Tof] eGbf klg a9\b} uPsf] cg'ej ePdf
afnaflnsfx¿df dgf]j}1flgs ;d:of ;'? ePsf] x'g;Sb5 .
afnaflnsfx¿ k|lt Vofn ug'{kg]{ s'/fx¿
• afnaflnsfx¿sf] cg'ej ;'Gg] ljz]if u/]/ ljkt\ cfOkbf{ pgLx¿ sxfF lyP, s:tf] cg'ej
ul//x]sf lyP To; af/]df 5nkmn ug]{, pgLx¿sf] cg'ej ;'lglbg] / To;sf] sf/0f / k|efj
af/] pgLx¿nfO{ k|i6 kfl/lbg' kb{5 . pgLx¿sf] lh1f;fnfO{ emsf]{ gdflgsg a'emfO
lbg'kb{5 .
• kLl8tx¿ dWo] sf]xL l/;fpg], emu8f ug]{, ?g] eP tfklg To;nfO{ cGoyf glng],
• pgLx¿;Fu} a:g], dfof ug]{, cª\ufnf] dfg]{, s'/f ug]{, pgLx¿sf] s'/f ;'Gg] .
• ;Dej 5 eg] 8«Oªx¿ ug{ lbg], k]lG6ª ug]{ lbg] .
• s]6fs]6Lx¿n] dgk/fpg] v]nx¿ v]Ng] cj;/ lbg], v]Ng dbt ug]{ .
• afnaflnsfx¿;Fu ljkt\df dfG5] dl//x]sf], 3/x¿ eTs]sf jf b'3{6gf ePsf s'/fsfgLx¿
ug'{eGbf /dfOnf s'/f tyf lj|mofsnfktkm{ pgLx¿sf] dgnfO{ s]lGb|t u/fpg' /fd|f] x'G5 .
• laktkl5 klg hLjg ;kmn agfPsf tyf agfpg ;lsg] pbfx/0f tyf tl/sfx¿ af/]
atfOlbg'k5{ .
• jt{dfg cj:yfsf] af]w u/fpFb} k"j{jt hLjgdf kms{g dbt ug]{ M e"ldsf, bfloTj Pjd\
st{Joaf/] hfgsf/L u/fpg] .
• ljb\ofno hfg] afnaflnsfx¿sf] xsdf hlt;Sbf] l56f] ljb\ofno hfg] jftfj/0f ldnfpg]
tfsL pgLx¿df d]/f ;fyL klg 5g\ / k"j{jt hLjgdf kms{g dbt ub{5 .
• cleefjsx¿nfO{ klg 3/df afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ ug'{kg]{ Jojxf/sf] af/]df a'emfpg k5{ .
• s]xL lbg jf s]xL xKtfkl5 o:tf c;/x¿ cfkm} sd x'Fb} hfG5g\ .
• ;d:ofx¿ a9\b} uPdf yk ;xof]usf nflu dgf]lrlsT;s tyf dgf]ljb\, dgf]k/fdz{bftf;Fu
;xof]u lng h?/L x'G5 .
• a9L k|efljt afnaflnsfx¿sf] klxrfg u/L dgf]k/fdz{ ;]jf;d]t pknAw u/fpg cfjZos
x'G5 .
-3_ ;do Joj:yfkg
ædf}sf cfpF5 kv{Fb}gÆ "Time and Tide wait for none"
;do Joj:yfkgn] k|To]s JolQm jf ;+:yfsf k|To]s lqmofsnfksf nflu lglZrt ;do tf]Sg],
tf]lsPsf] ;Ldfleq} ;f] sfo{ k"/f ug{] / k|fKt cj;/x¿sf] ;b'kof]u ug{] ;DaGwL k|lqmofnfO{
hgfpFb5 .s'g} klg JolSt jf ;+3;+:yfn] cfkm\gf p2]Zo kl/k"lt{sf nflu rflxg] ;do lgwf{/0f
ug'{kb{5 . tf]lsPsf] cjlwleq tf]lsPsf sfo{ ug{ g;s]df lhDd]jf/L jxg ug{] dfly pko'Qm sf/jfxL
ug{ jf ;r]t u/fpg'kg{] x'G5g\ . ;do Joj:yfkgsf b[li6n] ;donfO{ tLg k|sf/df afF8\g ;lsG5 M

371
 -s_ k|d'v lgb{]lzt ;do
-v_ k|0ffnL lgb{]lzt ;do
-u_ :jlgb{]lzt ;do
s'g} klg ;+:yf ;+u7gsf] p2]Zo kl/k"lt{df ;do Joj:yfkgsf] clt g} dxTTj /x]sf] x'G5 . ;dosf]
s'zn Joj:yfkgaf6 tgfj Joj:yfkg ;d]t x'g ;S5 . ;dosf] ;xL ;b'kof]u ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yfks
g} s'zn Joj:yfks xf] . 7Ls ;dodf 7Ls sfo{ ug{ ;s]df sfo{sf] u'0f:t/, pTkfbg b/ a9\g'sf
;fy} nfut 36\g] / nfe jf pknlAw a9\g] ;Defjgf /xG5 .;dosf] /fd|/L ;b'kof]u ug{] Joj:yfks
jf lzIfs ;kmn x'g ;Sb5 . ljleGg sfo{nfO{ ;dosf] n]vfhf]vf u/L lgwf{l/t sfo{ lgwf{l/t
;dodf k"/f ug{ ;Sg' ;xL ;dosf] ;b'kof]u xf] . ;do ljtfpg' 7"nf] s'/f xf]Og ;dosf] 7Ls k|of]u
jf ;b'kof]u 7"nf] s'/f xf], o;n] k|fyldstf lgwf{/0f u/L sfdnfO{ dxTTj / sd dxTTj lbP/ sfo{
;DkGg ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpF5 .
;do Joj:yfkgsf s]xL l;4fGtx¿
;do Joj:yfkgsf ;Gbe{df ljleGg l;4fGtx¿sf] klg k|of]u ePsf] kfOG5 . h:t} M
-!_ ;do Joj:yfkgdfLEADSTheory
L - List the Activity -ug'{kg]{ sfdsf] ;"rL tof/ ug]{_
E - Estimate the Time -k|To]s sfdsf nflu nfUg] ;do cg'dfg ug]{_
A - Allocation -;do ljt/0f ug]{, afF8\g], cfsl:ds sfdsf nflu $)% ;do 5'§Øfpg]_
D - Decide -k|fyldstfsf cfwf/df ;do lgwf{/0f÷lglZrt ug]{_
S - Scheduled -ef]ln ug'{kg]{ sfdsf] ;"rL cfh} tof/ ug]{_

-@_ sfo{sf] dxTTj cg';f/ ;do Joj:yfkg ug]{ l;4fGt

• Critical most be done.
• Important should be done.
• Optional may be performe or deligated.

;do Joj:yfkgsf cfwf/e"t kIfx¿

(!) nIo÷p2]Zodf :ki6tf(Goal Clearity):;ª\u7g÷;+:yfsf] nIo÷p2]Zocg';f/ cfkm\gf]
sfo{ lhDd]jf/L jdf]lhd ;do Joj:yfkg ug'{k5{ . nIo k|flKtsf nflu cfkm\gf] /
c¿sf] bfloTj, lhDd]jf/L / ;x;DaGwsf af/]df :ki6 eO{ ;do Joj:yfkg ug'{k5{ .
(@) Joj:yfksLo ;ts{tf(Managerial Awareness): s'g} klg Joj:yfksn] lgDglnlvt #
s'/fsf ;r]ttf ckgfpFb} ;do Joj:yf ug'{k5{ M
-s_ sfo{ z}nL(Work Style): ;ª\u7gsf] p2]Zo k|flKtsf nflu ;+:yfdf sfo{/t
hgzlStsf] sfo{ k|j[lQ, hfu?stf, lhDd]jf/L af]w / sfo{tTk/tfnfO{ Wofg lbO{
;do Joj:yfkg ug'{kg]{ .

372
 -v_ sfd ug]{ afgL(Working Habits): sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{k|lt rf;f], ?lr, hjfkmb]lxtf
af]w, ;sf/fTds ;f]r cflbnfO{ b[li6ut u/L ;do Joj:yfkgdf Wofg lbg'kg]{ .
-u_ JolStut u'0f(Personal Traits): sd{rf/Lsf hfu?stf, pT;fx, w}o{, ;Gt'li6–
c;Gt'li6, lg/fzf, kb / zlSt k|bz{g cflb kIfnfO{ Wofg lbFb} ;do Joj:yfkgdf
Wofg lbg' kg{] .
(#) pkof]uL sfo{sf] 1fg(Knowledge of the Stealers): pkof]uL / dxTTjk"0f{ sfddf ;o
vr{ ug{] t/ cgfjZos / cg'Tkfbs sfo{df ;do vr{ ug'{ x'Fb}g . To;}n] ljgf p2]Zo
w]/} a}7s ug]{, nfdf] a}7s ug]{, cgfjZos k[i7e"ld afWg] / JofVof u/L ;do latfpg],
cgfjZos nfdf] kmf]g jftf{ ug]{, c:ki6 / cw'/f] ;~rf/, sfo{df afwf, lg0f{o lgdf{0fdf
l9nfO h:tf k|j[lQn] ;do v]/ hfg] ub{5 .
o;/L ;do Joj:yfkgdf ;+:yfsf] p2]Zo, ;+:yfdf sfo{/t hgzlQm / sfo{af]em ;d]tsf cfwf/df
pknAw ;donfO{ pRrtd pkof]u u/L JolSt / ;+u7gsf] sfo{df sfo{k|efjsfl/tf Nofpg ;do
Joj:yfkgsf] / dxTTjk"0f{ e"ldsf /xG5 .
;do Joj:yfkgsf k|ljlwx¿
s'g} klg ;+3;+:yfsf] sfo{df k|efjsfl/tf Nofpgsf nflu ;do Joj:yfkg ul/G5 . ;dosf]
a9LeGbf a9L ;b'kof]u s;/L ug]{ eGg] ;DaGwdf ljleGg tl/sf ckgfpg ;lsG5 . Joj:yfkgdf
;'wf/ Nofpg lglZrt cf}hf/ Pjd\ k|ljlwsf] k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .s]xL k|d'v tl/sfx¿ o; k|sf/
5g\ M
-s_ leQ]kfqf]sf] k|of]u
-v_ e]63f6 k'l:tsf jf 8fo/Lsf] k|of]u
-u_ ;fwf/0f :dfl/sf (Reminders)
-3_ df}Hbft ;do Joj:yfkg
;do Joj:yfkg ug]{ ljlw
;do Joj:yfkgsf] cToGt dxTTjk"0f{ cf}hf/ eg]sf] df}Hbft ;do Joj:yfkg xf] . dflg;n] cfkm\gf]
;do k|efjsf/L 9ª\un] Joj:yfkg ug{'eGbf klxn] jt{dfgdf s;/L ;do lalt/x]sf] 5 yfxf kfpg] /
o;sf nflu lj:t[t ljZn]if0f ug{'kb{5 . o:tf] ljZn]if0f ug]{ ;fwg g} df}Hbft ;do Joj:yfkg xf] .
o;df sfd ;'? ePsf] ;do / sfd /f]lsPsf] ;do;d]t pNn]v u/L ;do ljZn]if0f ul/G5 .
;du|df ;do Joj:yfkgsf ljlwx¿ o;k|sf/ 5g\ M
!= sfdnfO{ ljleGg r/0fdf ljefhg ug'{
@= j}olSts ¿kdf ;dosf] Joj:yfkg ug'{
#= ug'{kg]{ sfdsf] ;"rL / k|fyldstf to ug'{
$= cfw'lgs k|ljlwsf] k|of]u
%= ;+u7g / sfo{ k|lj|mofdf ;'wf/
^= cfr/0f ;'wf/
373
cGo cj:yfdf ;fwf/0f :df/s -6]a'n kfqf] jf 8fo/Ldf l6kf]6_ sf] k|of]u u/]/ klg ;dosf] ;b'kof]u
ul/G5 .
z}lIfs ;+:yfdf ;do Joj:yfkg
z}lIfs If]qdf t ;dosf] clt dxTTjk"0f{ e"ldsf /x]sf] x'G5g\ . k7gkf7g sfo{df ;donfO{ Wofg
lbOPg eg] kf7\oqmdn] ck]Iff u/]sf p2]Zo k"/f gx'g] / ;du| ul/Psf] nufgL v]/f hfg]
x'G5 .ljb\ofnosf x/]s lqmofsnfkdf ;do Joj:yfkg ug{' clgjfo{ x'G5 . jflif{s, dfl;s, PsfO /
b}lgs lzIf0f of]hgf tyf b}lgs sfo{tflnsfsf] ;docg';f/ x/]s z}Ifl0fs ultljlw ;~rfng ug{
cfjZos x'G5 .To:tf of]hgfdf ug]{ sfo{, To;sf nflu pknAw x'g] ;do / ;do ;Ldf lglZrt u/L
;dodf sfo{ eO/x] g/x]sf] cg'udg ;'kl/j]If0f ub}{ ;xL dfu{bz{g ug{ h?/L x'G5 .olb ;dosf] ;xL
;b'kof]u ul/Pg eg] Pp6fsf] uNtLsf] c;/ w]/} ;+Vofdf /x]sf ljBfyL{ ju{nfO{ kg{] x'G5 . t;y{
lzIf0f;DaGwL x/]s lqmofsnfkdf ;do Joj:yfkg ug{' lgtfGt h?/L x'G5 . ;fdfGotof ;do
Joj:yfkg ubf{ lgDg s'/fnfO{ a'‰g h?/L x'G5 M
-s_ cfkm\gf] ;dosf] ;xL n]vfhf]vf u/L of]hgf lgdf{0f ug{]
-v_ s'g sfdsf nflu slt ;do nfUg] xf] ;f]sf] ljZn]if0ffTds clen]v /fVg]
-u_ sfdsf] dxTTj, k|s[lt / ;dosf] cfjZostfnfO{ Wofg lbO{ k|fyldstf qmd lgwf{/0f ug{]
-3_ lgwf{l/t k|fyldstf qmdsf] k|efjsf/L 9ª\un] sfof{Gjog ug{]
-ª_ ;do Joj:yfkgdf nIo lglZrt / :ki6 kfg{]
-r_ sfo{z}nL, sfo{afgL / JolQmut c;Gt'li6 h:tf s'/fx¿nfO{ ljz]if Wofg lbg]
-5_ ljgf p2]Zo nfdf] a}7s jf s'/fsfgL gug{] .
k|efjsf/L ;do Joj:yfkgsf nflu dfu{bz{gx¿
• c¿nfO{ cfkm\gf] ;do j/jfbL ug{ glbg]
• dxTTjk"0f{ sfdsf nflu w]/} ;do art ug{]
• ;dosf] nfut hfGg] k|of; ug{]
• sl7g sfd klxn] ug{]
• sfd ;Sg] clGtd Dofb tf]Sg]
• dxTTjk"0f{ sfuhft 5'§ØfP/ /fVg]
• cfkm" PSn}n] ug{ g;Sg] sfd clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg ug{]
• ;dosf] ;xL ;b'kof]u ug{ ljleGg ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] k|of]u ug{]

(=@=% lzIfs Joj:yfkg / k];fut ljsf;

-s_ lzIfs Joj:yfkg
• lzIfs kb :jLs[ltb]lv cjsfz;Ddsf lzIfssf egf{, 5gf]6, ;?jf, a9'jf, j[lTt ljsf;,
cjsf; nufot lzIfssf] ;]jf ;t{;DaGwL ;Dk"0f{ Joj:yfksLo sfo{sf] ;dli6 lzIfs
Joj:yfkg xf] .
374
• gofF ljb\ofno :yfkgf x'Fbf, gofF b/jGbL ylkFbf, lzIfssf] d[To' x'Fbf, a9'jf x'Fbf cflb sf/0fn]
kb l/St x'g hfG5 . To:tf l/St kbx¿df pko'St lzIfssf] egf{, 5gf]6, lgo'lSt /
kb:yfkgf ug]{, lzIfssf] Ifdtf ljsf; ug]{, j[lQ ljsf;sf cj;/ lbg], ;?jf a9'jf ug]{ /
cjsfz tyf cjsfzkZrft\sf] Joj:yfksLo sfo{nfO{ PsLs[t ¿kdf lzIfs Joj:yfkg
elgG5 .
• lzIfs Joj:yfkgsf s]xL d'Vo kIfsf af/]df tn rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 .
-c_ lzIfs egf{ / 5gf]6
!= egf{
lzIf0f ;+:yfdf cfjZos kg]{ lzIfs kbsf] ;"rgfsf] dfWodaf6 k|TofzLsf ¿kdf
k|]l/t u/fpg], cfslif{t u/fpg] sfo{ g} egf{ xf] . o;nfO{ l/Qm kbsf] k"lt{sf nflu
of]Uo JolQm 5gf]6 ug{ ;lsg] u/L kof{Kt ;+Vofdf ;Defljt pDd]bjf/x¿sf] klxrfg /
cfsif{0f ug]{ sfo{ klg eGg ;lsG5 . egf{, 5gf]6 / lgo'lQm h:tf zAbx¿ Ps
cfk;df ;DalGwt b]lvP tfklg tL zAbn] lzIfs k|zf;gdf leGg cy{ jf]w
u/fpF5 .oxfF egf{nfO{ lgDgfg';f/ lng ;lsG5 M
• lzIfs Joj:yfkgcGtu{t k|flKt (Acquitition part) sf] dxTTjk"0f{ kIf
• l/Qm kbdf pko'Qm ;dodf pko'Qm JolQm kQf nufpg] k|lj|mof
• l/Qm kbdf sfd ug{ cfjZos of]Uotf k"/f ePsf JolQmx¿nfO{ k|lt:kwf{Tds
k|lj|mofdf cfpg cfsif{0f ug]{ sfo{ .
• l/Qm kbx¿df ;+efljt pDd]bjf/ kQf nufpg] sfo{ .
egf{sf k|sf/
• gsf/fTds egf{(Negative Recruitment): lglZrt k|lj|mofsf cfwf/df 5gf]6
ePkl5sf k/LIff pQL0f{ u/]kl5 of]Uo 5 egL ljZjf; ul/g] . cfj]bg u/]sf] dWo]
pTs[i6 5fGg] k|lj|mof .
• ;sf/fTds egf{(Positive Recruitment): s'g} z}lIfs l8u|Ldf pRr c° k|fKt ug]{nfO{
of]Uo JolQm egL ljZjf; u/L ;f]em} lgo'lQm ul/g] k|lj|mof . o;sf] of]UotfnfO{
k'gk'{li6 ug]{ k/LIff lnOFb}g .
@= 5gf]6
lzIfsnfO{ ;+u7gleq k|j]z u/fpg] l;nl;nfdf lnOg] lnlvt Pj+ df}lvs -cGtjf{tf{_
k/LIff kZrft\sf] lg0f{o g} 5gf]6 k|lqmof xf] .5gf]6 eGgfn] pknAw of]Uo
JolQmx¿dWo]af6 rog ul/g] k|lqmof xf] / of] lgo'lQmsf] cf}krfl/s sfo{ xf] . t;y{
egf{, k/LIff ;~rfng, k|df0fLs/0f / 5gf]6 sfo{nfO{ qmda4 ¿kdf Pskl5 csf]{ u/L
;~rfng ul/g'k5{ .
-cf_ lzIfs egf{ -5gf]6_ ;DaGwL Joj:Yff
lzIfssf] egf{ / 5gf]6 nufotsf ;]jf ;t{;DaGwL Joj:yf lzIfff P]g @)@*, lzIff
lgodfjnL, @)%( / lzIfs ;]jf cfof]u lgodfjnL, @)%& df Jojl:yt ul/Psf] 5 .
375
 lzIfssf] :yfoL lgo'lStsf nflu l;kmfl/; ug{ lzIfs ;]jf cfof]usf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .
cfof]un] lzIff P]g lgoddf /x]sf k|fjwfgcg';f/ lzIfs kbdf :yfoL lgo'lStsf nflu
l;kmfl/; u5{ . ;du|df lzIff lgodfjnL, @)%( df ljb\ofno lzIff ;]jfsf] u7g ug]{
Joj:yf ub}{ lzIfssf ;]jf ;t{;DaGwL Joj:yfx¿ u/]sf] 5 . lzIfs ;]jf cfof]u
lgodfjnL, @)%& n] :yfoL lzIfs kbk"lt{sf nflu lnlvt tyf cGtjf{tf{sf dfWodaf6
l;kmfl/; ug]{ sfd lzIfs ;]jf cfof]unfO{ lbOPsf] 5 . lzIfs egf{ / 5gf]6sf nflu
lgodfjnL / lzIfs ;]jf cfof]u lgdfojnLn] ljleGg b]xfosf Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 M
• l/St kbsf] ljj/0f lh=lz=sf= -xfn lzIff ljsf; tyf ;dGjo PsfO _ af6 lzIff
ljefu x'Fb} lzIfs ;]jf cfof]udf k7fOg],
• dfu cg';f/ lzIfs ;]jf cfof]un] tf]lsPsf of]Uotf k'u]sf pDd]bjf/nfO{ cfj]bg
cfJxfg ug]{,
• k|fKt cfj]bg cg';f/ lnlvt / cGtjf{tf{ k/LIffaf6 pko'St pDd]bjf/ 5gf]6 ug]{,
• of]Uotf j|md cg';f/ 5gf]6 tyf pDd]bjf/nfO{ :yfoL lgo'lStsf nflu lzIff
ljefudfkm{t If]=lz=lg= k7fpg] . If]=lz=lg=n] lhNnf lzIff sfof{no k7fpg],
• lhNnf lzIff clwsf/Ln] :yfoL lgo'lSt ug]{,
• :yfoL lgo'lSt ePsf lzIfssf] ;?jf lhlzsfn] ug]{,
• lzIfssf] Ifdtf ljsf; cflb sfo{ ljb\ofno / lhlzsf / tflnd s]Gb|x¿, ;|f]t
s]Gb|af6 x'g],
b|i6Jo M xfn lzIff dGqfnosf] k'g;{+/rgf eO/x]sfn] lzIff ljefu, If]=lz=lg= / lh=lz=sf=sf sfo{x¿df
kl/jt{g x'g] . h:t}M lh=lz=sf=nfO{ lzIff ljsf; tyf ;dGjo PsfO agfOPsf] 5 .
-O_ lzIfssf] ;?jf / a9'jf
!= lzIfssf] ;?jf
s'g} kbdf ;dfg txsf] Ps kbaf6 csf]{ kbdf :yfgfGt/0f u/L kbk"lt{ ul/g] k4ltnfO{
;?jf elgG5 . ljljw vfnsf cg'ej, l;k, 1fg lbnfpg] p2]Zosf ;fy ;?jfnfO{
cfGtl/s kbk"lt{sf] ;zQm dfWodsf] ¿kdf cjnDag ug]{ ul/Psf] kfOG5 . ;?jf :j}lR5s
tyf ;/sf/L gLlt cg';f/ jfWofTds klg x'g ;S5 . t/ lzIff P]g, @)@* n] lzIfssf]
;?jf ;DaGwdf b]xfosf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 M
bkmf !^h= lzIfssf] ;?jfM
-!_ ;?jf x'g rfxg] lzIfsn] tf]lsPadf]lhdsf] kmf/fd e/L ;DalGwt lhNnf lzIff
sfof{nodf lgj]bg lbg'kg]{5 .
-@_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd lgj]bg k|fKt ePdf lhNnf lzIff clwsf/Ln] b/aGbL l/Qm /
ljifo ldNg] b]lvPdf To:tf] lzIfsnfO{ ;?jf ug{ ;Sg]5 . t/ To;/L ;?jf ubf{
lgj]bs sfo{/t :yfgsf] lhNnf lzIff clwsf/Lsf] ;xdlt lng'kg]{5 .

376
 -#_ pkbkmf -!_ / -@_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg Pp6} ljb\ofnodf kfFr jif{
;]jf cjlw k"/f u/]sf] :yfoL lzIfsnfO{ tf]lsP adf]lhdsf] dfkb08sf] cfwf/df lhNnf
lzIff clwsf/Ln] cfkm\gf] lhNnf leqsf], If]qLo lgb{]zsn] cfkm\gf] If]qleqsf] / lzIff
ljefun] g]kfnsf] s'g} klg ljb\ofnodf ;?jf ug{ ;Sg]5 . t/ b/aGbL ldnfg ubf{ jf
ljz]if sf/0fjz s'g} lzIfsnfO{ s'g} ljb\ofnoaf6 ;?jf gu/L gx'g] ePdf To:tf]
lzIfssf] Pp6} ljb\ofnodf kfFr jif{ ;]jf cjlw k"/f gePsf] ePklg sf/0f v'nfO{ o;
bkmf adf]lhd ;?jf ug{ afwf kg{] 5}g .
-$_ pkbkmf -#_ adf]lhd ;?jf ubf{ lhNnf lzIff clwsf/Ln] If]qLo lzIff lgb]{zssf],
If]qLo lzIff lgb]{zsn] lzIff ljefusf] / lzIff ljefun] lzIff dGqfnosf] k"j{ :jLs[lt
lng'kg]{5 .
@= lzIfssf] a9'jf
a9'jf lzIfs jf sd{rf/Lsf] nflu pknlAw, pGglt / k|]/0ffsf] ljifo xf] eg] s'g} lgsfosf]
nflu lhDd]jf/, of]Uo, ;Ifd / d]xgtL sd{rf/L k|fKt ug'{÷x'g' xf] .
a9'jf eg]sf] M
• sfd, st{Jo, clwsf/ / Ifltk"lt{ (Compensation) Pj+ ;'ljwfdf j[l4 x'g',
• dflyNnf] kb, tx jf >f]0fLdf pSng' -j[lt ljsf;sf] dflyNnf] v'8\lsnfdf k|j]z ug'{_
• sfdsf] lhDd]jf/L, tnj / r'gf}tL a9\g',

a9'jfsf] p2]Zo -cfjZostf kg]{ sf/0f_

• lzIfs÷sd{rf/LnfO{ pTk|]l/t u/L sfddf ;dlk{t u/fpg',
• pko'Qm tyf of]Uo JolQmnfO{ aflx/ hfgaf6 /f]Sg',
• k|lt:kwL{ Pj+ sfo{s'zn hgzlQm tof/ ug{',
• lgsfo÷;+u7gsf] pTkfbsTj a9fpg',
• r'gf}tL;Fu ;fdgf ug{',
• g]t[Tj ljsf; ug{',

a9'jfsf] ;fdfGo l;4fGt÷tl/sf

• h]i7tfsf] l;4fGt (Promotion by Seniority)
• of]Uotfsf] l;4fGt (Promotion by Merit)
• ldl>t l;4fGt (Promotion by Seniority and Merit)
;fljssf] eGbf tx, ;f]cg';f/sf] lhDd]jf/L Pj+ cfly{s ;'ljwfsf] a9f]Q/L x'g' jf ;fljssf]
kbaf6 dflyNnf] txdf jf j[lQ /]vfdf k|j]z ug'{nfO{ a9'jf elgG5 . a9'jf ;Fu;Fu}
;DalGwt sd{rf/Lsf] kbLo x}l;ot, clwsf/, lhDd]jf/L, sfo{If]q, tnj, ;'ljwf h:tf
s'/fx¿df a9f]Q/L x'G5 . lzIfs÷sd{rf/L]sf] a9'jf k4ltnfO{ b]xfo cg';f/ juL{s[t ug{
;lsG5 M

377
-s_ cfGtl/s k|ltof]lutfTds k/LIffaf6 a9'jf M;]jfleq tf]lsPsf] of]Uotf k'u]sf ;DalGwt
;]jf ;d"xsf lzIfs sd{rf/Llar cfGtl/s k/LIffsf] dfWodaf6 pTs[i6 7x¥ofPsfnfO{
l/Qm dflyNnf] kbdf a9'jf ug]{ k4lt .
-v_ sfo{Ifdtfdf cfwfl/t a9'jf M k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd a9'jfsf] nflu ;DefJo
pDd]b\jf/ eO;s]sf Ps tx d'lgsf lzIfs÷sd{rf/LdWo]af6 sfo{ ;Dkfbg /
sfo{s'zntfsf] cfwf/df l/Qm dflyNnf] kbdf a9'jf ug]{ k4lt .
-u_ Ho]i7tfdf cfwfl/t a9'jf M Pp6} ;]jfdf ;a}eGbf a9L ;]jf u/]sf] lzIfs sd{rf/LnfO{
;]jf cjlwsf] cfwf/df dflyNnf] l/Qm kbdf a9'jf u/L kbk"lt{ ul/g] k4lt .
-3_ ldl>t cfwf/df a9'jf Ml/Qm dflyNnf] kbdf a9'jf ug]{ cfwf/sf] ¿kdf sfo{ ;Dkfbg
/ Ho]i7tf b'j}nfO{ cjnDag ul/Psf] k4lt .
-ª_ :jtM a9'jf M gsf/fTds ;"rLdf k/]sf afx]s lglZrt cjlw k"/f u/]kl5 :jrflnt
¿kdf dflyNnf] kbdf a9'jf x'g] k4lt .
-r_ ;dfg txdf ;]jf ;d"x kl/jt{gaf6 x'g] a9'jf M;]jfsf] l/Qm dflyNnf] kbdf csf]{ ;]jf
;d"x kl/jt{gsf] dfWodaf6 kbf]Gglt ul/g] k4lt .
lzIfs a9'jf ;DaGwL Joj:yf
lzIfs a9'jf ;DaGwdf lzIfs ;]jf cfof]u lgodfjnL, @)%& df b]xfosf] Joj:yf ul/Psf]
5M
lgod @&= a9'jfsf] lgldQ ;DefJo pDd]bjf/ aGg ;Sg]
a9'jfsf] nflu pDd]bjf/ x'g ;DalGwt >]0fL÷txdf kf“r z}lIfs ;qsf] gf]s/L cjlw k"/f
u/]sf] :yfoL lzIfs x'g'kg]{5 . t/ b]xfosf] cj:yfdf b]xfosf] cjlwe/ s'g} klg lzIfs
a9'jfsf] nflu pDd]bjf/ x'g kfpg] 5}gM–
-s_ lgnDag ePsfdf lgnDag ePsf] cjlwe/,
-v_ a9'jf /f]Ssf ul/Psfdf /f]Ssf ePsf] cjlwe/,
-u_ tNnf] kbdf 36'jf u/]sfdf 36'jf ePsf] ldltn] b'O{ jif{;Dd,
-3_ tna j[l4 -u|]8_ /f]Ssf ePsf]df /f]Ssf ePsf] ldltn] Ps jif{;Dd .
lgod @*= a9'jfsf] nflu kb lgwf{/0f / a9'jfsf] cfwf/
-!_ k|fylds, lgDgdfWolds / dfWolds txsf] k|yd / låtLo >]0fLsf] l/Qm kbdWo] @%
k|ltzt cfGtl/s k|ltof]lutfTds k/LIff / &% k|ltzt sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nofª\sgsf]
cfwf/df a9'jfåf/f k"lt{ ul/g]5 .
-@_ cfof]un] lzIfsnfO{ a9'jfsf] nflu l;kmfl/; ubf{ lghsf] sfo{ Ifdtfsf] cfwf/df
ug]{5 / lzIfssf] sfo{ Ifdtfsf] d"Nof+sg ubf{ b]xfoadf]lhd a9Ldf !)) c+s
lbOg]5M–
• gf]s/Lsf] Ho]i7tfafkt – #% c+s
378
 • z}lIfs of]Uotfafkt – @) c+s
• tflndafkt – !) c+s
• sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nof+sgafkt

-!_ cWofkg u/sf] ;DalGwt ljifodf ljBfyL{n] k|fKt u/]sf]

pknlAwjfkt – !% c+s
-@_ lzIf0f sfo{;“u ;DalGwt ljifodf cg';Gwfg u/]jfkt –% c+s
-#_ ljz]if lhDd]jf/Ljfkt –% c+s
-$_ sfo{ ;Dkfbgsf] cfwf/df ;'j/Lj]Ifs / k'g/fjnf]sg ;ldltn]
u/]sf] d"Nofª\sgjfkt –!) c+s
-#_ cfof]un] pklgod -@_ adf]lhd d"Nofª\sg u/L ;a}eGbf a9L c+s k|fKt ug]{
lzIfsnfO{ ;a}eGbf klxn] a9'jfsf] nflu l;kmfl/; ug'{kg]{5 . ;dfg c+s k|fKt
ug]{ lzIfssf] xsdf gf]s/Lsf] Ho]i7tfsf] cfwf/df a9'jfsf] nflu l;kmfl/;
ul/g]5 .
o;/L l;kmfl/; ePsf] lzIfssf] a9'jf lgo'lSt ;DalGwt lhNnfsf] lhNnf lzIff clwsf/Ln]
lbg] Joj:yf 5 .
a9'jf ;DaGwL ljz]if Joj:yf
lgod #(= a9'jf;DaGwL ljz]if Joj:yf
-!_ lzIfs ;]jf cfof]u lgodfjnLdf cGoq h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg s'g} klg
txsf] >]0fLdf lzIfs kbdf :yfoL lgo'lQm eO{ ;f]xL txsf] ;f]xL >]0fLaf6 lgj[Qe/0f
kfpg] u/L clgjfo{ cjsfz kfpg] lzIfsnfO{ Ps dlxgf cufj} ;f]xL txsf] dflyNnf]
>]0fLdf a9'jf ug{sf] nflu cfof]un] l;kmfl/; ug]{5 .
-@_ pklgod -!_ adf]lhd cjsfz kfpg] lzIfsn] cfkm"n] cjsfz kfpg] ldlteGbf 5
dlxgf cufj} cfjZos sfuhft ;+nUg u/L ;DalGwt lhNnf lzIff sfof{nodf
lgj]bg lbg'kg]{5 .
-@s_ pklgod -@_ adf]lhd k|fKt ePsf] lgj]bg;lxtsf] sfuhft 5fglag ubf{ lgj]bg lbg]
lzIfsnfO{ a9'jf ug{ ldNg] b]lvPdf lhNnf lzIff clwsf/Ln] To:tf] lzIfs cjsfz
x'g'eGbf gAa] lbg cufj} cfof]udf ;f] lgj]bg k7fpg'kg]{5 .
-@v_ pklgod -@s_ adf]lhd k|fKt ePsf] lgj]bg;lxtsf] sfuhft 5fglag ubf{ lgj]bg
lbg] lzIfsnfO{ a9'jf ug{ pko'Qm b]lvPdf cfof]un] To:tf] lzIfsnfO{ pklgod -!_
adf]lhd a9'jf ug{ ;DalGwt lhNnf lzIff sfof{nodf l;kmfl/; ug'{kg]{5 .
-@u_ pklgod -@v_ adf]lhd cfof]uaf6 l;kmfl/; eO{ cfPdf lhNnf lzIff clwsf/Ln]
lgj]bg lbg] lzIfsnfO{ cjsfz x'g'eGbf Ps dlxgf cl3 ;f]xL txsf] Ps tx dflysf]
>]0fLdf a9'jf ug'{kg]{5 .

379
 -#_ pklgod -!_ adf]lhd a9'jf ubf{ :jtM ljz]if kb l;h{gf ePsf] dflgg]5 / To:tf]
lzIfsn] ;]jfaf6 cjsfz kfPkl5 ;f] a9'jf ePsf] kb :jtM vf/]h eO{ ;fljs kb
sfod /xg]5 .
-$_ o; lgod adf]lhd a9'jf x'g s'g} lzIfsn] lgj]bg glbPsf] eP tfklg To:tf]
lzIfs;“u ;DalGwt sfuhftsf] cfwf/df cfof]un] a'9'jfsf nflu l;kmfl/z u/]sf]
lzIfsnfO{ lzIfs lstfavfgfn] Ps >]0fL dflysf] tna /sdaf6 lx;fa u/L
lgj[Qe/0f lgwf{/0f ug'{ kg{]5 .

-v_ lzIfs Joj:yfkgdf b]lvPsf ;d:of / ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿

;d:of
• lzIfs ;]jfsf] bL3{sfnLg gLltsf] cefj h:t} j[lQ ljsf;sf kIfx¿ cg'dfgof]Uo
ePgg\,;]jf zt{df af/Daf/ kl/jt{g eO/xg],j[lQ ljsf; of]hgf gx'g',
• sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nofª\sg j:t'ut, j}1flgs / k|efjsf/L gx'g',
• cWoog tflnd cjnf]sg cflbdf cj;/sf] c;dfgtf ljt/0f,
• ;a} ;]jf, tflnd, k'/:sf/ cflb kIfnfO{ sf=;=d"=df cfj4 ug{ g;lsPsf],
• tfnLdsf] 1fg l;k Jojxf/df nfu' gx'g',
• sfo{ljj/0f gx'g' / sfo{k|lt hjfkmb]xLtf / pQ/bfloTj Go"g x'g',
• ;?jf / a9'jfsf] cfwf/x¿ s7f]/ x'g', ;a} vfn] lzIfsnfO{ Pp6} cfwf/df d"Nofª\sg ul/g',
• tna ;'ljwf ckof{Kt
• lgodg lgsfosf] e"ldsf sdhf]/ / /fhgLlts ¿kdf clws ;]jfsf] ;'/Iff,
• cTolws /fhgLlts/0f xfjL x'Fbf lzIffdf To;sf] k|ToIf k|efj k/]sf],
• hjfkmb]lxtf / lhDd]jf/L jxgdf sdL, cg'udg ;'kl/j]If0f Hofb} lkmtnf]
• d"Nofª\sgsf ;"rsx¿ j:t'k/s, dfkgof]UoeGbf cJofjxfl/s ePsf],
• ;]jfu|fxLaf6 d"Nofª\sg ul/g] ;+oGq cfwf/ / dfkb08 aGg g;s]sf],
• Personal Value Effect d"Nofª\sg, Biasness a9L ePsf],

;dfwfg
• lzIfs ;]jfsf] bL3{sfnLg gLlt Nofpg'kg]{ /j[lQ ljsf;sf nIo cg'dfg of]Uo agfpg],
• ;]jf ;t{nfO{ z}lIfs u'0f:t/;Fu cfjb\w ug]{,
• cWoog tflndnfO{ kf/bzL{ / j:t'lgi7 agfpg],
• lzIfsnfO{ pQ/bfoL / hjfkmb]xL agfpg] / cg'udg ;'kl/j]If0fnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg],
• /fhgLlts/0fsf] cGTo ug]{,/fhgLlts kf6L{sf] ;b:o lng] lzIfsnfO{ ;]jfaf6 x6fpg] .

380
 • d"Nofª\sgsf kIfx¿ sfo{ lglb{i6 / sfo{ ;Da4 x'g'k5{ . d"Nofª\sgsf cfwf/x¿ sfo{
ljj/0f tyf sfo{ ;Dkfbg of]hgf;Fu cfj4 ul/g'kb{5 . ljleGg tx / >]0fLdf km/s–km/s
cfwf/ lnOg'k5{ .
• cjnf]sgof]Uo Jojxf/nfO{ j[lQ ljsf;df ;d]l6g'kb{5 . d"Nofª\sg stf{ / ;DalGwt
lzIfssf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg dfkb08x¿k|lt ;xdt x'g'kb{5 . cfjlws ¿kdf 5nkmn
eO/xg'k5{ . sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nofª\sgdf cb[Zo dflg;x¿sf] k|ltlglwŒj x6fpg'k5{ .
• sfo{ ;Dkfbg glthf÷pknlAw;"rsnfO{ a9'jfsf] ;fy} ;?jf, tflnd cflb ax'kIfLo ljifo;Fu
cfj4 ul/g'k5{ .
• l;sfO pknlAwnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg Feedback lbg] Joj:yfkg x'g'k5{, gful/sn] ;d]t
d"Nofª\sg ug{ ;Sg] u/L ;dfj]z ul/g'kb{5 .
• u'0f:t/ d"Nofª\sg ;"rsx¿ (CREAM) Clear, Relevant, Economy, Adequate / Measurable
agfO pknlAw d"Nofª\sg ug]{ .
• sfdsf] k|s[ltcg';f/ sf=;=d'=sf] c+s km/s km/s x'g'kb{5, ;a} sfdsf] nIo tf]Sg] .
• Ifdtf;Fu;Fu} bIftf / glthfnfO{ dxTTj lbg'k5{ .
• sfo{ ;+j4 sfo{ljj/0f ;"rsf+ssf] cfwf/df dfq} d"Nofª\sg u/]/ a9'jf ug]{ cflb.

-u_ lzIfssf] k];fut ljsf;

lzIf0f Ps k];f xf] . lzIf0f k];f Ps k|fljlws sfo{ xf] . h'g;'s} k|fljlws sfo{ ;DkGg ug{sf
nflu s'g} g s'g} k|sf/sf] ljz]if l;k / bIftfsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . To:t} lzIf0fnfO{ k|fljlws
¿k lbg lzIfsdf ljz]if k|sf/sf] of]Uotf, Ifdtf / tflndsf] cfjZostf kb{5 .Pp6f lzIfs
Jofj;flos ¿kdf bIf x'g jf p;df k];fut bIftf x'g lzIf0f l;k, z}lIfs k|lqmofsf] 1fg,
z}lIfs ;fdu|L / ljlwx¿sf] 1fg, ljBfyL{ d"Nof+sg l;k, lzIf0f of]hgf lgdf{0f / k|of]u;DaGwL
l;ksf ;fy} sIffsf]7fdf ;dflxt lzIf0f ug]{ / lzIf0f k];fk|lt ;sf/fTds b[li6sf]0f x'g
cfjZos x'G5 .
lzIfssf] k];fut ljsf; eg]sf] s] xf] <
• k];fut sfo{s'zntf clej[l4 ug{ cfjZos 1fg, l;k tyf clej[l4sf] lg/Gt/ ljsf; ug{]
/ lglb{i6 nIo k"/f ug{] u/L ;Ifd lzIf0f l;sfO sfo{ ;~rfngsf nflu cfjZos bIftf
ljsf; ug{] sfo{
• lzIf0fl;sfOsf] If]qdf ljsf; ePsf gofF gofF ljlw, k|ljlw, z}nL / tl/sfaf/] cBfjlws
u/fpg] tl/sf
• lzIfsn] lzIf0f l;sfOsf] If]qdf ljsf; ePsf gofF gofF z}nL, k|ljlw / cEof;af/]
cfk"mnfO{ cBfjlws u/fpg] sfo{
• lzIfssf] k];fut Ifdtf ljsf; ug{ cWoog, tflnd / uf]i7Ldf ;xefuL x'g] sfo{
• lzIfssf] j[l4 ljsf;sf] cfwf/ -k];fsf] ljsf; u/L lzIfsnfO{ bIf, lj1, ljz]if1sf] ¿kdf
ljsf; ug{] pkfo_

381
 lzIfsnfO{ k];fut ljsf;sf] cfjZostf
clxn]sf] j}1flgs o'udf x/]s lbg gof“–gof“ s'/fsf] cfljisf/ eO/x]sf] 5 / ljleGg
ljwfx¿df gof“–gof“ cfljisf/n] gof“–gof“ 1fg / l;ksf] j[l4 eO/x]sf] 5 . To;}n] x/]s
JolQmn] cfkm\gf] ljifo / k];f;DaGwL 1fg / l;kdf ;a}n] gjLgtd hfgsf/L /fVg h?/L
x'G5 . lzIf0f k];fdf klg ljljw gof“–gof“ 1fg / l;k cfO/x]sf x'G5g\ . To:t} kf7Øqmd,
kf7ok':ts klg kl/jt{g eO/x]sf x'G5g\ . gof“ ljifoj:t'sf af/]df 1fg, l;k cfh{g ug{
lzIfsnfO{ k];fut ljsf; ug{ cfjZos x'G5 . lzIfssf] k];fut j[l4 ug{ lzIfsx¿df
gjLgtd hfgsf/L lbO{ pgLx¿df 1fg, l;k tyf clej[lQ a9fpg cfjZos x'G5 . o;sf
nflu s'g} g s'g} k|sf/sf tflnd uf]i7L, k'gtf{huL tflnd, k|lzIf0f cflb cfjZos x'G5 .
lzIfssf] sIff ;DalGwt bIftf, ljb\ofno ;DalGwt bIftf, ljBfyL{ ;DalGwt bIftf / ;d'bfo
;DalGwt bIftf a9fpg p;nfO{ ljleGg k|sf/sf tflnd cflbsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . ;Ifd,
bIf / s'zn lzIfs eO{ u'0f:t/Lo lzIff k|bfg ug{sf nflu lzIfssf] lg/Gt/ k];fut ljsf;
clgjfo{ dflgG5 . jt{dfg ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] o'udf t lbgx'F gofF gofF s'/fx¿ cfO/xg] / k'/fgf
s'/f af;L x'Fb} hfg] kl/j]zn] klg lzIfssf] k];fut ljsf; lg/Gt/ cfjZos b]lvPsf]
5 .;f/f+zdf eGg'kbf{ k];fut bIftf jf ljsf;sf] nflu b]xfosf 1fg, l;k, Ifdtfsf nflu
lzIfsnfO{ k];fut ljsf;sf] cfjZostf kb{5 M
• tflndaf6 k|fKt 1fg l;k k|of]u ug{ / gjk|jt{g / cg'ej cfbfgk|bfg ug{
• lgoldttf kfngf ug{ / pRr g}ltstf sfod /fVg
• ;do;“u kl/jt{g / kl/dfh{g ug{ /cBfjlwsx'g
• l;h{gfTds, cfTdljZjf;L / ;|f]t k"0f{ x'g
• k|jt{gfTds 1fg, l;k k|fKt ug{ / lg/Gt/ l;sfO / k|of]u ug{
• /dfOnf] / x“;L v';L /xg / Joj:yfksLo l;k a9fpg
• s'zntf / bIftf k|fKt ug{ / 1fg / sfo{Ifdtf k|fKt ug{
• gofF ;xhLs/0f l;k k|fKt ug{

-3_ lzIfssf] k];fut ljsf;sf pkfox¿ / ltgsf] k|of]u

g]kfndf lzIfssf] k];fut ljsf;sf nflu ljleGg cEof;x¿ ul/Psf 5g\ . o;sf nflu
lgDgfg';f/sf k|of; x'g] u/]sf 5g\ M
• z}lIfs of]Uotf clej[l4
• lzIfs tflnd sfo{j|md ;~rfng
• lzIfs k|lzIf0f, uf]i7L, ;]ldgf/, sfo{zfnf ;~rfng
• kl/kq, lgb]{zg
• ljleGg ;ef, a}7s, 5nkmn / cGt/lj|mof cfof]hgf
• ;'kl/j]If0fLo ;xof]u cfbfg k|bfg
• bf]xf]/f ;~rf/ k|0ffnLsf] cEof;

382
• ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] k|of]u
• k];fut cg'ej cfbfg k|bfg
• ;Gbe{ tyf ;|f]t ;fdu|Lsf] pkof]u
• sDKo'6/ nufotsf ljB'tLo ;fdu|Lsf] pkof]u
• cg'udg, ;'kl/j]If0f / d"Nofª\sg
• :jfWoog, vf]h, sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfg
• k];fut cGtj}{olSts ;DaGw / ;~rf/

lzIfsn] cfkm\g} k|of;af6 k];fut ljsf; ug{ ;Sg] pkfo

• z}lIfs of]Uotf a9fpg]
• tflnd tyf k|lzIf0fdf efu lng]
• k];fut cg';Gwfg sfo{ ug{] -sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfg, kl/of]hgf sfo{_
• ;"rgf ;~rf/ tyf k|ljlwsf] k|of]u jf dfk{mt :jMcb\ofjlws x'g]
• lzIf0f l;sfOdf ;'wf/ ug{ ;xsdL{;Fu 5nkmn cGt/lj|mof u/L team learning a9fpg]
• ljBfyL{sf] l;sfO pknlAwsf] lgoldt ljZn]if0f ug{] / k[i7kf]if0f lng]
• ;|f]t÷;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lsf] cWoog ug{]
• cfk"mn] c¿sf] sIff cjnf]sg ug{] / c¿nfO{ cfkm\gf] sIff cjnf]sg ug{ nufO k[i7kf]if0f
lng] lbg]
• kf7\oj|md, lzIfs lgb{]lzsf cflb cWoog u/L To;nfO{ cfGtl/sLs/0f ug{]
• lzIf0fl;sfO;Fu ;DalGwt n]v /rgf k|sflzt u/L k[i7kf]if0f lng] lbg] .

lzIfssf] k];fut df]8\o'nsf] ;+/rgf

o; sfo{j|mddf lzIfs Pjd\ ljb\ofnoaf6 k|:t't ul/Psf k7gkf7g;DaGwL ljljw ;d:of Pjd\
yk k];fut ;xof]usf] cfjZostfnfO{ ;Dk"0f{ ¿kdf kl/k"lt{ ug{ b]xfosf cGt/ ;DalGwt /
PsLs[t tLgcf]6f efux¿sf] ;+of]hgaf6 ljljwtfo'Qm !) sfo{ lbg] df]8\o'n ljsf; ul/Psf]
lyof] . k];fut cfjZostfnfO{ ltgsf] k|s[ltcg';f/ tLg cf]6} efux¿af6 ;Daf]wg ug]{ u/L
df]8\o'n ;fdu|L lgdf{0f Pjd\ ;~rfng ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf ul/Psf] / oL tLg efux¿ Pscsf{sf]
kl/k"/s ePsfn] tL ;a}sf] ;~rfngaf6 dfq Pp6f df]8\o'nn] k"0f{tf kfpg] ck]Iff lyof] . ;fy}
k|To]s lzIfsn] o:tf tLg cf]6f !) sfo{ lbg] :jtGq df]8\o'n k"/f u/]kl5 dfq Ps dlxgf
a/fa/sf] lzIfs k];fut ljsf; k|df0fkq k|fKt ug{] Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] .
lzIfssf] k];fut ljsf; df]8\o'n ;+/rgf
-s_ efu–!M tflnd– sfo{zfnf(Training-workshop): of] efu % lbg;Dd k|To]s l6lk8L xadf
;xefuL lzIfsx¿ / ljz]if1÷k|lzIfs lar km]; 6' km]; df]8af6 ;~rflnt .

383
 -v_ efu–@M :jfWoog cEof;(Self-study exercise): klxnf] efu ;~rfng eP kZrft of]
efu ;fdfGotof @) b]lv #) lbgleq # lbg sfo{ef/ a/fa/sf] s]l86 kfpg] u/L k|To]s
;xefuL lzIfsn] cfkm\g} ljb\ofnodf tf]lsPsf sfo{x¿ ;Dkfbg u/L ;DkGg ug'{kg]{ .
-u_ efu–#M z}lIfs k/fdz{(Instructional Counselling): of] efudf bf];|f] cjlw k"/f eP nut}
k|To]s xasf k|lzIfsåf/f b'O{ lbg;Dd ;xefuLx¿ sfo{/t ljb\ofnod} e|d0f u/L
ltgLx¿n] bf];|f] efu cGtu{t ;Dkfbg u/]sf sfo{sf] cj:yf÷k|ltj]bg d"Nof+sg tyf
Ph]G8fdf cfwfl/t a}7s ;~rfng ug'{kg]{ / To;sf cfwf/df l6lk8L df]8\o'n ;DkGg
k|df0fkq hf/L ug]{ Joj:yf /x]sf] lyof] .
-ª_ lzIfs ;Ifdtf k|f¿k, @)&@
lzIfs k];fut ljsf;sf] ljutsf] cEof;
ljutdf lzIfs k];fut ljsf;sf nflu nfdf] tyf 5f]6f cjlwsf ljleGg tflnd x'g] u/]sf
lyP . k];fut ljsf;sf cGo dfWodsf] vf;} pkof]u x'g;s]sf] lyPg .ljb\ofno If]q ;'wf/
sfo{j|md -@)^^–&@_ df dfq lzIfssf] k];fut ljsf;sf nflu ljleGg dfWodaf6 l;sfO x'g]
u/L lgDgcg';f/sf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] M
• Ps lzIfsn] kfFr jif{sf] cjlw leq kfpg] #) lbg cjlwsf] tflndnfO{ !), !) lbgsf ltg
df]8\o'ndf sfof{Gjog ul/Psf] .
• b; lbgsf] Ps df]8\o'nsf] tflnd k'/f ug{ z}lIfs tflnd s]Gb| jf ;|f]t s]Gb|af6 ;~rfng
ul/g] kfFr lbgsf] tflnd, ltg sfo{ lbg a/fa/sf] ljb\ofnodf ul/g] cEof; jf kl/of]hgf
sfo{ / k|lzIfs jf lj1n] sfo{ If]qd} cfP/ lbg] b'O{ sfo{ lbg a/fa/sf] ;xof]u / k/fdz{sf]
Joj:yf ul/Psf] .
• ltg cf]6} df]8\o'nsf tflnd dfudf cfwfl/t x'g] Joj:yf /x]sf] . o;sf nflu lzIfsn]
lzIf0f l;sfOsf j|mddf cg'ej u/]sf ;d:ofsf cfwf/df cfkm"nfO{ cfjZos tflndsf]
dfu ug]{ / z}lIfs tflnd s]Gb| jf ;|f]t s]Gb|n] ;f] dfusf cfwf/df kfFr lbgsf] tflnd sf];{
tyf tflnd ;fdu|L ljsf; u/L] tflnd ;~rfng ug]{ ul/Psf] .
xfn;Ddsf cg'ej / z}lIfs tflnd s]Gb|sf jl/i7 k|lzIfs tyf lzIfs k|ltlglw;Fu ;do
;dodf ePsf 5nkmn tyf cGt/lj|mofaf6 k|fKt ;'emfj tyf k|ltlj|mofsf cfwf/df xfn
;~rfngdf /x]sf] lzIfs k];fut ljsf;sf] sfo{j|md -@)^^—&@_ df cfjZos ;'wf/ /
kl/dfh{g u/L cfufdL lbgsf nflu lgDgfg';f/sf] lzIfs k];fut ljsf;sf] k|f¿k to ul/Psf]
5.
lzIfs k];fut ljsf;sf p2]Zo
!= lzIfs k];fut ljsf;nfO{ cfjZostfdf cfwfl/t / glthfd'vL agfO{ lzIfs bIftf /
pTk|]/0ffdf ;'wf/ ug]{ .

384
@= lzIfssf] :jk|oTgdf k];fut bIftfdf ;'wf/ NofO lzIf0f Jojxf/df b]lvg] kl/jt{g
Nofpg] .
#= lzIf0f l;sfO k|lj|mofnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg ;xof]u u/L ljBfyL{sf] z}lIfs pknlAwdf
pNn]Vo ;'wf/ Nofpg] .
lzIfs k];fut ljsf;sf cfwf/
!= lzIfs k];fut ljsf;sf nflu ljleGg dfWodM tflndsf ljleGg sfo{j|md, ljb\ofnodf
ul/g] cEof;, :jk|oTgdf cfwfl/t l;sfO, lzIfs g]6 jls{ª / cg'ej cfbfg k|bfgsf]
kof{Kt pkof]u ul/g] 5 .
@= tflnd sfo{j|md ljb\ofno lzIffsf] kf7\oj|md ;Dab\w :t/Ls[t tflnd sf];{ / :yfgLo
cfjZostfsf If]qdf cfwfl/t x'g] 5 .
#= ljb\ofnodf ul/g] cEof; sfo{nfO{ tflnd sfo{j|mdsf] cleGg cª\u agfOg] 5 .
$= tflnd sfo{j|mdsf nflu k|lzIfs tof/LnfO{ Jojl:yt ug]{ .
%= :jfWofog, vf]h, gjLgtd\ k|of]u u/L k];fut ljsf; / k|efjsf/L lzIf0f l;sfOdf
nflukg]{ lzIfsnfO{ k|f]T;fxg / sb/ ul/g] 5 .
^= lzIfs k];fut ljsf;df ;~rf/ k|ljlwsf] pkof]u a9fOg] 5 .
lzIfs k];fut ljsf;sf sfo{j|md
!= lzIfs tflnd M -s_ k|df0fLs/0f tflnd, -v_ k'gtf{huL tflnd, -u_ :yfgLo cfjZostfdf
cfwfl/t df]8\o'n/ tflnd
@= :jk|oTgdf cfwfl/t l;sfO
#= cg'ej cfbfg k|bfgsf sfo{j|md
k|df0fLs/0f tflnd
-s_ tflndsf cfwf/
!= k|df0fLs/0f tflndnfO{ lzIfs k];fut bIftf clej[b\lwsf ;fy} j[lTt ljsf;sf]
cj;/;Fu cfab\w ul/g] 5 / lzIff lgodfjnL tyf lzIfs ;]jf cfof]u lgodfjnLsf]
k|fjwfgaf6 tf]lsP adf]lhd j[lTt ljsf;sf lgldTt cª\s kfpg]] Joj:yf x'g]5 .
@= k|df0fLs/0f tflndsf] ;~rfng :t/Ls[t tflnd sf];{ tyf tflnd ;fdu|Lsf cfwf/df
x'g]5 .
#= k|df0fLs/0f tflnddf lzIfsnfO{ cfkm"n] cWofkg ug]{ ljifosf cltl/St k];fut
ljsf; tyf :yfgLo cfjZostfsf If]q;Fu ;DalGwt tflnd 5gf]6sf] cj;/ /xg] 5 .

385
 $= k|df0fLs/0f tflndsf] k|efjsfl/tfsf lgldTt kf7\oj|md / ;fdu|L ljsf; tyf
:jLs[lt, k|lzIfs ljsf; tyf tflnd ;~rfngdf :jLs[t k|lj|mofsf] cjnDag ul/g]
5 . o:tf tflnd z}lIfs tflnd s]Gb| tyf cu'jf ;|f]t s]Gb| h:tf tflnd k|bfos
;+:yfx¿af6 ;~rfng ul/g]5 . cu'jf ;|f]t s]Gb|x¿ dfkm{t ;~rfng x'g] tflnddf
z}lIfs tflnd s]Gb|x¿n] cfjZos ;dGjo ug]{5g\ .
-v_ tflndsf] ;+/rgf
!= k|df0fLs/0f tflnd #) lbgsf] x'g]5 / !%÷ !% lbg u/]/ b'O{ r/0fdf ;~rfng x'g]5 .
@= b'j} r/0fsf tflndnfO{ !) lbgsf] klxnf] v08 / kfFr lbgsf] bf];|f] v08 u/]/ b'O{
v08df ljeSt ul/g] 5 .
#= b; lbgsf] klxnf] v08sf] tflnd tflnd k|bfos ;+:yfdf ;~rfng ul/g]5 .
$= b; lbgsf] tflnd kl5 ;xefuL lzIfsn] cfkm\g} ljb\ofnodf uP/ cEof; lzIf0f jf
cEof; sfo{ u/L k|ltj]bg tof/ ug'{kg]{ 5 . o; sfo{sfnfO{ bf];|f] v08sf] kfFr sfo{
lbg a/fa/sf] l;sfO cg'ej dflgg] 5 .
व यालयमा

ता लम के मा ता लम के मा

व यालयमा
आधा रत-१० दन _ आधा रत(१०( दन)

पिहलो चरण दो ो चरण

%= ;xefuL lzIfsn] ljb\ofno kms]{sf] $% lbg leq ;DalGwt z}lIfs tflnd s]Gb|df
lglb{i6 9fFrfdf bf];|f] v08sf] cEof; sfo{sf] k|ltj]bg k]; ug'{kg]{ 5 .
^= tflnd sfo{df ;xeflutf, !) lbgsf] tflndsf] lnlvt k/LIff / ljb\ofnodf ul/g]
cEof; sfo{sf] k|ltj]bgsf cfwf/df ;xefuL lzIfssf] d"Nofª\sg x'g]5 /
tflndsf] cª\s lbOg] 5.
&= klxnf] r/0fsf b'j} v08df ;kmn ;xefuL lzIfsnfO{ bf];|f] r/0fsf] tflnddf
;xefuL u/fOg] 5 .

386
(=# sIffsf]7f Joj:yfkg / lzIf0f

(=#=! sIff sf]7f Joj:yfkgsf] cjwf/0ff / cfw'lgs sIffsf]7f Joj:yfkg

sIffsf]7f Joj:yfkg
• sIffsf]7fleq l;sf?n] l;Sgsf nflu pko'Qm jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug]{ sfo{nfO{ sIffsf]7f
Joj:yfkg elgG5 .
• Ps c;n sIffsf]7fsf] Joj:yfkg cGt/ut ljBfyL{sf] pko'Qm Joj:yfkg, ljBfyL{n] ug]{
lqmofsnfksf] Joj:yfkg, afnd}qL lzIf0f lqmofsnfk, z}lIfs ;fdu|Lsf] plrt Joj:yfkg,
x]/rfx / ;'/Iff Joj:yf, :j:ys/ / /dfOnf] jftfj/0f, pko'Qm ;hfj6 / ;]tf]kf6L, ;"rgf
kf6Lsf] pko'Qmtf, ljBfyL{ lgld{t ;fdu|Lsf] /vfO Joj:yfkg, afnd}qL ef}lts /
dgf]j}1flgs jftfj/0f cflb.
sIffsf]7f Joj:yfkgsf] dxQ\j/cfjZostf
!= sIffsf]7fdf l;sf? cg's"nsf] l;sfO jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug{
@= sIffsf]7fdf pko'St a;fO Joj:yfkg ug{
#= sIffsf]7fdf ef}lts, z}Ifl0fs, dgf]j}1flgs tj/n] l;sf? cg's"nsf] jftfj/0f sfod ug{
$= lzIf0f l;sfOnfO{ a9L pknlAwd"ns l;h{gfTds, ?lrs/ tyf Jojxfl/s agfpg
%= l;sf?nfO{ l;sfO k|lt ;lqmotf a9fpg
cfw'lgs sIffsf]7f Joj:yfkg
ljb\ofyL{sf] ?lr, Ifdtf, cfjZostf, Jojxf/s'zn l;ksf] ljsf; tyf ljljwtfsf] Joj:yfkg ub}{
ljb\ofyL{sf] cfkm\gf] ult / Ifdtfcg';f/ cfsif{s / ;"rgf k|ljlw o'St tl/sfn] afnd}qL
jftfj/0fsf] l;h{gf u/L Jojxfl/s / lbuf] l;sfOsf] nflu sIffsf]7f Joj:yfkg ug]{ k|lqmof g}
cfw'lgs sIffsf]7f Joj:yfkg xf] .
cfw'lgs sIffsf]7f Joj:yfkgsf kIfx¿
!= sIffsf]7fdf z}Ifl0fs tyf ;f+u7lgs Joj:yfkg
@=ljb\ofyL{sf] ;d"x lgdf{0f / k|of]u
#= z}lIfs ;fdu|Lsf] ;+sng,lgdf{0f, k|of]u / e08f/0f
$= sIffsf]7fsf] ef}lts k"jf{wf/sf] Joj:yfkg, k|of]uzfnf Joj:yfkg
%=afnd}qL jftfj/0fsf] l;h{gf
^= ljljwtf Joj:yfkg
&= ;+rf/, k[i7kf]if0f / pkrf/fTds lzIf0f
*=a;fOsf] ;d'lrt Joj:yfkg

387
 (= dgf]j}1flgs tyf åGå Joj:yfkg
!)= clen]vg Joj:yfkg
(=#=@ pkrf/fTds lzIf0f kb\wlt
pkrf/fTds lzIf0f kb\wlt
lzIf0f l;sfOsf] qmddf k5fl8 kg{ uPsf jf l;sfOdf ljz]if ;d:of b]lvPsf afnaflnsfnfO{ cGo
ljb\ofyL{x¿n] l;sfO u/] cg'?k x'g] u/L ljlzi6 z}nL, tl/sf, ljlwsf] k|of]u u/L ;dfg?kdf l;sfO
xfl;n u/fpg] u/L lzIf0f ug]{ kb\wlt g} pkrf/fTds lzIf0f kb\wlt xf] .
l;sf?sf l;sfO ;d:ofx¿ s] s] x'g ;S5g\ <
• sdhf]/ :d/0f zlSt x'g], sd Wofgfsif{0f, sdhf]/ ;'em a'em Ifdtf
• l;sfO k|ltsf] sd cfsif{0f, cfTd ljZjf;df sdL / Go"g ck]Iffsf] cj:yf, sdhf]/ ;d:of
;dfwfg Ifdtf
• lgb]{zg u|x0f ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtfdf ;d:of M eg]sf] eGbf km/s 9Fuaf6 a'em\g] cj:yf
• gofF cjwf/0ff a'em\gdf sl7gfO, l;sfOnfO{ Jojxf/df k|bz{g ug{df ;d:of
• lbOPsf] ;d:of ;DkGg ug{ a9L ;do nfUg]
• l;sfOsf ljlwdf km/skgf, l;sfO ultdf km/skg
• eflifs ;d:of
• kfl/jfl/s ;d:of -lzIff, :jf:Yo, cfly{s cj:yf cflb_

sdhf]/ :d/0f zlSt ePsf afnaflnsfsf]] ;d:of s;/L ;dfwfg ug{ ;lsG5 <
• l;sfO, ljrf/, ts{ cflbnfO{ k6s k6s bf]xf]/\ofpg]
• a9L cEof; u/fpg], l;sfO eP gePsf] lg/Gt/ cg'udg ug]{
• l;sfOsfnflu yk cfslif{t ug]{ -k|;+zf, ;Ddfg, k[i7kf]if0f, 9f8; k|bfg u/]/_
• u/]/ l;Sg] cEof;sf] dfqf a9fpg], l;sf?nfO{ glhsaf6 cjnf]sg ug]{, l;sf?sf ljrf/
;d:of Wofgk"j{s ;'Gg]
• l;sf?nfO{ ljrf/ ug{, ts{ ug{, sIff sfo{df ;xeflu x'g k|f}T;fxg ug]{, a9L dfof ug]{
pkrf/fTds lzIf0fsf k|lj|mof
!= lzIf0fsf nflu k"j{ tof/L ug]{ M l;sfO ;d:ofsf] klxrfg, l;sfO cfjZostfsf] 5gf]6 ug]{
@= ljljw lzIf0f l;sfO lj|mofsnfk ljsf; Mljb\ofyL{sf] l;sfO ;d:of / rfxgfcg';f/ leGg
leGg k|sf/sf l;sfO lj|mofsnfk ljsf; ug]{
#= cy{k"0f{ l;sfO jftfj/0f ljsf; M JolStut l;sfO tyf cg'ejsf] cfbfg k|bfg dfkm{t\
l;sfO jftfj/0fnfO{ cy{k"0f{ agfpg]

388
 $= leGg z}Ifl0fs /0fgLlt ljsf; / pkof]u M pbfx/0fdf cfwfl/t lzIf0f /0fgLlt cjnDag
ug]{, l;sf?nfO{ l;sfOk|lt ;lj|mo agfpg k|f]T;flxt ug]{, z}lIfs ;fdu|Ldf cfwfl/t lzIf0f
sfo{ ug]{, v]n tyf lj|mofsnfkdf cfwfl/t lzIf0f ug]{, cltl/St kf7\o;fdu|L pknAw
u/fpg] / sltko cj:Yffdf ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlwdfkm{t lzIf0f ug]{
%= :ki6 lgb]{zg k|bfg ug]{ Ml;sf?df /x]sf] låljwf x6fpg lzIfsn] :ki6 lgb]{zg lbg],
pgLx¿n] a'em\g] efiff k|of]u ug]{, l;sfO lj|mofsnfk ;~rfng ug]{, l;sfOsf r/0f,
cEof;sf r/0f cflbsf af/]df :ki6 kfg]{
^= l;sf?sf] l;sfO k|ltsf] cfsif{0fdf a9fjf ug]{ M ljifoj:t'sf] ;dfof]hg, l;sfO
lj|mofsfnksf] ljljwtf, l;sfO ;d:ofdf cfwfl/t lzIf0f, lg/Gt/ ;xof]u / k[i7kf]if0f,
;d:of;dfwfgdf ;lj|motf hgfpFb} l;sf?nfO{ l;sfO k|lt cfslif{t ug]{
&= l;sfO k|lj|mofdf s]lGb|t x'g] M l;sfO k|lj|mofsf ;lj|mo eP gePsf] cj:yfsf] cjnf]sg
ug]{ / ;lj|moagfpg k'g/fjnLs/0f ug]{, ;xof]u, k[i7kf]if0f / k/fdz{sf] dfqfdf a[l4 ug]{,
l;sfO ;Ifdtfcg';f/ lzIf0f z}nL cjnDag ug]{, l;sf?sf] l;sfO pknlAwdf s]lGb|t x'g],
ljlw, ;xhLs/0f,l;sf?k|ltsf] kxF'r / cfjZos ;xof]udf cfwfl/t l;sfO k|lj|mofsf]
cjnDag .
*= d'Vo d'Vo a'Fbf, l;sfO cflbnfO{ ;f/f+zdf k|:t't ug]{
(= l;sfOsf] cEof;sf nflu u[xsfo{ lbg] o;df cfjZos k[i7kf]if0f k|bfg u/L l;sfO
pknlAw xfl;n ePsf] cj:yf ;'lglZrt ug]{
pkrf/fTds z}Ifl0fs /0fgLlt
!= JolSt JolStdf cfwfl/t lzIf0f M JolStsf l;sfO ;d:of / cfjZostfdf cfwfl/t eO
k|To]s JolStsf nflu cnu cnu lzIf0f l;sfO lj|mofsnfk ;~rfng ug]{ . lg/Gt/ ?kdf
l;sfO ;d:ofsf af/]df 5nkmn ug]{
@= ;xkf7L ;xof]udf cfwfl/t lzIf0f M
• ljb\ofyL{ lzIfs cjwf/0ffcg';f/ pRr l;sfO pknlAw ePsf ljb\ofyL{nfO{ lzIfssf
?kdf sfo{lhDd]jf/L k|bfg u/L l;sfO lj|mofsnfk ;~rfng ug]{ .
• ;d"x lzIf0f jf JolStut ;xof]u /0fgLlt dfkm{t l;sf?n] cfk\mgf ;fyLnfO{ ;xof]u
ug]{ . sIffsf]7fdf / sIffsf]7fjflx/sf] jftfj/0fdf ;d]t of] /0fgLlt cjnDag
ug]{,o;sfnflu lzIfsn] lzIf0f l;sfOdf ;xhLs/0f ug]{ ljb\ofyL{nfO{ ;"Id lzIf0f u/L
tof/L ug'{ /fd|f] x'G5 .
#= k'/:s[t ug]{ of]hgf sfof{Gjog ug]{ Msltko cj:yfdf l;sf?sf] l;sfOdf ;'wf/sf nflu k'/:sf/
ug]{ /0fgLlt klg pkof]uL x'G5 . t;y{ ;kmntfsf] nflu k'/:s[t ub}{ l;sfOk|lt yk cfslif{t ug]{ .
$= l;sf?sf cGo Jojxf/sf] Joj:yfkg M sd ;do lbg], ;dodf ljb\ofno gcfpg],
ljb\ofnoaf6 l56f] efUg], u[xsfo{ gug]{, l;sfOdf sd Wofg lbg] h:tf Jojxf/k|lt ;r]t
eO cfjZos /]vb]v ub}{ ;d:of ;dfwfgdf ;lj|mo x'g] .

389
 %= lzIfs cleefjs ;DaGw lj:tf/ ug]{ Mcleefjs;Fu 3lgi6 ;DaGw :yflkt ug]{, l;sf?sf
l;sfO ;d:of, l;sfOdf ePsf] k|ultsf] lg/Gt/ l/kf]l6{ª ug]{, cleefjsn] v]Ng kg]{ e"ldsf cflb
klxrfg u/L sfo{Jojxf/df Nofpg db\bt ug]{
^= cGo lzIfs tyf lj1x¿;Fusf] ;xsfo{ / ;dGjo Ml;sfO ;d:of ;dfwfg, k/fdz{ / ;Nnfxsf
nflu cfkm\gf cGo ;xsdL{ lzIfs ;fyL tyf pknAw cGo lj1;Fu ;xsfo{ tyf ;dGjosf]
cj:yf l;h{gf u/L pkrf/fTds lzIf0fsfo{nfO{ yk k|efjsf/L agfpg]
(=#=# ljljwtf Joj:yfkgM eflifs, ;fdflhs, l;sfO Ifdtf, af}bl\ wstf, zf/Ll/s tyfdfgl;s
cj:yf
ljljwtf Joj:yfkg -Diversity Management_
• ljljwtf Joj:yfkg eg]sf] Pp6f o:tf] :jLsfo{of]Uo jftfj/0fsf] ;[hgf ug]{ sfo{ xf] hxfF
;Dk"0f{ ljBfyL{ tyf lzIfsnfO{ ;Ddfg / OHhtsf ;fy Jojxf/ ul/G5 / ljljwtfnfO{ ;xif{
:jLsf/ u/L dxTj lbOG5, cfk;L ;xsfo{, ;xof]u d]nldnfk ;xdlt / Pstfa4 eO
nIok|flKtsf nflu ;a}n] cfcfkm\gf] e"ldsf / pQ/bfloTj lgjf{x ub{5g\ .
• sIffsf]7fdf x'g] ljljwtfsf :j?kx¿/ljwfx¿nfO{ lgDgfg';f/ pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5M
!= n}+lustf -Gender_: dlxnf / k'?ifsf af/]df ;dfhn] l;h{gf u/]sf] lje]b cyf{t\
;fdflhs ln+u
@= hfthftL -Caste_: k/Dk/fb]lvg} ljleGg cfwf/df hflt ljefhg x'Fb} cfPsf] h:tf]M
a|fXd0f, If]qL, g]jf/, du/, 7fs'/ cflb .
#= hghflt -Ethnic_: cfkm\gf]dft[efiff / k/Dk/fut /Lltl/jfh ePsf] t/ rf/ j0f{sf] lxGb'
a0ff{>d Joj:yf leq gkg]{ hfltx¿ .
$= efiff -Language_: g]kfnL afx]s cGo dft[efiffx¿ h:tf] u'?, du/, yf?, ef]hk'/L ,
d}lynL, g]jf/L cflb .
%= ckf+utf -Disability_: JolQmsf] zf/Ll/s jf dfgl;s sf/0faf6 k"0f{ jf cf+lzs?kdf
z/L/sf c+ux¿ k|of]u ug{ g;Sg] .
^= wfld{s / ;f+:s[lts -Religious and Cultural_: sIffsf]7fdf leGg leGg ;f+:s[lts /
wfld{s k[i7e"ld ePsf ljBfyL{x¿ x'G5g .
&= l;sfO z}nL -Learning Styles_: ljBfyL{sf] l;Sg] z}nL km/s km/s x'G5 h:tf] s;}n]
;'g]/, s;}n] u/]/ l;Sg] x'G5g\ .
*= l;sfO Ifdtf / cIfdtf -Learning abilities and disabilities_: sIffsf]7fdf s'g} ljnIf0f
k|ltef / s'g}nfO{ ljz]if ;xof]u rflxg] x'G5 .
(= ;+j]ufTds cj:yf -Emotional State_: ljBfyL{sf] ;+j]ufTds cj:yf klxrfg u/L
cfjZos k/fdz{ lbP/ ;xof]u ug{'k5{ .
!)= afn>lds / afndhb'/ -Child labour and child worker_: afnaflnsfnfO{ pgLx¿sf]
lzIff / ljsf;df c;/ k'Ug] u/L sfddf nufOG5 eg] To;nfO{ afn>d elgG5 .
390
 afnaflnsfx¿sf] a[l4 / lzIffdf xfgL k'Ug] u/L Hofnf sdfpg] jf kl/jf/nfO{ ;3fpg]
sfddf pgLx¿nfO{ nufpGg kfOGg .
eflifs Joj:yfkg
• g]kfndf !@# dft[efiffx¿ 5g\ / tL ;a}nfO{ /fi6« efiff elgG5 .
• dft[efiffdf lzIf0f tyf lzIff kfpg] clwsf/ lj=;+= @)&@ df hf/L ePsf] g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg
sf] efu ! / # df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
• ax'eflifslzIff sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog lgb]{lzsf, @)^^ hf/L ul/Psf]5 .
• sIffsf]7fdf ljljw dft[efiff af]Ng] ljBfyL{x¿ 5g\ eg] ;f]xL efiffaf6 lzIf0f l;sfOsf]
jftfj/0f ;[hgf u/L pgLx¿n] a'‰g] efiffdf lzIf0f l;sfO ug]{ k|lqmof g} sIffsf]7fsf]
eflifs Joj:yfkg xf] .
eflifs Joj:yfkgsf pkfo
• eflifs ljljwtfaf6 pTkGg sl7gfO klxrfg u/L cGo ;fyLx¿;Fu af]nrfn /xg;xg
cGt/lqmof ug]{ kl/j]z tof/ kfg]{ / k|of]ufTds cEof;df hf]8 lbg] .
• ljleGg eflifs k[i7e"ld ePsf ljBfyL{x¿n] cGo dft[efiff l;Sbf q'l6 ug]{ ;Defljt
If]qx¿sf] lg/\Sof}n ug]{ .
• ljz]if u/L k|ToIf ljlw ;+/rgfTds ljlw / ;+1fgfTds ljlwsf] pkof]u plrt lsl;dn] ug]{ .
• ;Dej eP;Dd ljBfyL{x¿sf dft[efiffaf6 klg k|z:t lzIf0f ;fdu|Lx¿ h'6fpg] .
• cEof;fTds sfo{x¿df hf]8 lbg] / lzIf0fdf >Job[Zo ;fdu|L, låeflifs kf7\o;fdu|L k|of]u
ug]{ .
• ljBfyL{ lzIfs ;DaGw a9L 3lgi7 agfpg] k|of; ug]{ .
• ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ ;s];Dd a9L eflifs Jojxf/df ;lqmo agfpg] .
• ljBfyL{sf] :t/ cg's"nsf k|ltof]lutfTds eflifs sfo{qmdx¿ ;+rfng ub}{ hfg] .

g]kfnL efiff ga'‰g] afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ g]kfnL efiff l;sfpg] tl/sf

• g]kfnL efiffdf k|of]u ul/g] cIf/, zAb / jfSo ;DaGwdf lzIf0f ug{ >Job[Zo ;fdu|Lx¿sf]
k|of]udf Jofks hf]8 lbg] .
• d}lynL, tfdfª, u'?ª / z]kf{ ;d"x lgdf{0f u/L k|To]s ;d"xdf g]kfnL /fd|f] af]Ng]
ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ ;d"x g]tf agfO 5nkmn u/fpg] .
• ;xof]ufTds l;sfO l;4fGtsf] k|of]u ug]{ / cEof;d"ns lqmofsnfkdf hf]8 lbg] .
• ljBfyL{x¿n] g]kfnL efiff l;Sg] sl7gfOsf If]qx¿ klxrfg u/L cg's/0f, cg'jfb /
s'/fsfgL, ;:j/ / df}gk7gdf cEof;, df}lvs tyf lnlvt?kdf zAbsf] k|of]u, cEof; /
k'g/fj[lQ, yk z}lIfs ;fdu|Lsf] k|of]u, yk sIffsfo{ / u[xsfo{ h:tf lqmofsnfkx¿df hf]8
lbg] .
• cg'z/0f ljlw, cEof; ljlw / k|Zgf]Q/ ljlwsf] k|of]u ug]{ .

391
 • g]kfnL efiff lzIf0f ubf{ zAbfy{ lzIf0fdf hf]8 lbg] h:t}M lrq jf j:t'åf/f zAbsf] cy{
atfpg], kof{ojfrL zAb, cfzosf] j0f{g, ljkl/tfyL{ zAbåf/f zAbfy{ lzIf0f, jfSodf zAbsf]
k|of]u h:tf lqmofsnfk ckgfpg] .
sIffsf]7fdf ;fdflhs ljljwtf klxrfg ug{'kg]{ sf/0fx¿
• ljBfyL{x¿sf] kfl/jfl/s, wfld{s, cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts, eflifs kl/j]z a'emL ;f]xL
cg'?k pgLx¿nfO{ ;xof]u ug{ .
• ljBfyL{x¿sf] k[i7e"ldsf sf/0fn] kfg]{ c;/nfO{ sd ug{ dgf]j}1flgs lsl;dsf] lg/fs/0f
k|lqmof ckgfO z}lIfs:t/ a9fpg
• ljBfyL{x¿sf] cj:yf a'emL lzIf0f l;sfOdf k|f]T;fxg / pTk|]/0ff k|bfg ug{ .
• ;a} ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ c?sf] efiff, wd{, ;+:s[lt, k/Dk/f cflbnfO{ cfb/ ug]{ efjgf a9fpg .
• hft, hflt, hghflt, k]zf, ju{ nufotsf ;dfhsf ;a} kIfk|lt ;dfg / ;Ddfghgs
Jojxf/ ug]{ k/Dk/fsf] ljsf; u/fpg
• b[li6ljlxg, ckf+u, alx/f, ;':tdgl:ylt ePsfx¿sf] efjgfsf] sb/ ub}{ ltgLx¿nfO{ cGo
;fdfGo JolQm;/xsf] Jojxf/ u/L pgLx¿sf] cfTdljZjf; a9fpg .
• ljleGg ;fdflhs kl/j]zaf6 cfPsf ljBfyL{x¿aLr x'g] åGå lg/fs/0f ug{ .
• ljBfyL{x¿sf] k9fO 5f8\g], sIffaf6 efUg] cflb sf/0f kQf nufO o; qmdnfO{ sd ug{ .

;fdflhs ljljwtf Joj:yfkg ug]{ pkfox¿

• e]befjk"0f{ jfSo zAbsf] k|of]u / To; lsl;dsf] Jojxf/ gb]vfpg] .
• czQm ckf+u hftLo n}+lus wfld{s ;f+:s[lts cflb lx;fan] e]befjd'Qm jftfj/0f ;[hgf
ug]{ .
• ;fdflhs ljljwtfnfO{ ;dfgtf tyf ;Ddfgk"0f{ Jojxf/ ug]{ ljifodf ljBfno kl/jf/ /
ljBfyL{x¿aLrdf 5nkmn u/fO To;k|lt ;sf/fTds wf/0ff ljsf; u/fpg] .
• k|wfgfWofks tyf lzIfsn] ;a}k|lt ;sf/fTds b[li6sf]0f /fVg] .
• 5'jf5't e]befj cflb sfNklgs / ;dfhlj/f]wL s'/fx¿ x'g eGg] wf/0ff hufpg] .
• hflt efiff wd{ ;+:s[ltsf cfwf/df s;}k|lt gsf/fTds wf/0ff /fVg] af]Ng] lh:Sofpg] gug]{ /
To;af/] c?nfO{ klg ;Demfpg]
• ckf+u cNkb[li6 ;':t>j0f ePsf ljBfyL{x¿sf] klxrfg u/L a;fO Joj:yf pgLx¿ cg's"n
agfpg] .
• cfTdk|ToIfLs/0f ljsf;df ;xof]u k'of{pg 5fq5fqfx¿nfO{ ;xof]u ;fdflhs sfo{ /
:jod;]jfdf nfUg k|f]T;fxg ug]{ .
• sdhf]/ czQm ckf+u b[li6ljlxg cflbk|lt ;xof]u ug]{ jftfj/0f agfO ;xof]u ubf{ k|z+;f
ug]{ .

392
 • sIfflqmofsnfkdf ;a}nfO{;dfg ;xeflutf u/fpg] / kl/l:yltcg';f/ sdhf]/ czQm
cflbnfO{ pgLx¿n] u/]sf sfo{sf] k|z+;f ub}{ k|f]T;fxg ug]{ .
• ;a}sf wd{ ;+:s[ltk|lt ;Ddfg ug]{ / pgLx¿sf /fd|f s'/fx¿nfO{ phfu/ u/L To;k|lt
;Ddfgsf] efjgf hufpg] .
• ljBfyL{x¿sf] kfl/jfl/s cfly{s cflb k[i7e"ldsf] hfgsf/L /fvL ;xof]u / ;b\efj /fVg] .
• afnaflnsfx¿sf] JolQmut ljleGgtfsf] sb/ ug]{ tyf ;xof]ufTds sIff jftfj/0f agfpg]
/ ;xof]ufTds l;sfOnfO{ a9fjf lbg] .
• sIffsf]7fsf] lzIf0f l;sfOdf ;a} ljBfyL{x¿sf] ;dfg pRr / ;lqmo ;xeflutf ;'lglZrt
ug]{ lzIf0f ljlw / tl/sfx¿ cjnDag ug]{ .
• ljBfyL{x¿sf] ;dfg tyf ;lqmo ;xeflutfdf ljBfnodf ljBfyL{ cfrf/;+lxtf /
lzIfsx¿sf] ;dfg ;xeflutfdf lzIfs cfrf/ ;+lxtf agfO nfu" ug]{ .
• ljBfnodf eod'Qm l;sfO jftfj/0f ;'lglZrt ug]{ .
sIffsf]7fdf ljljwtf Joj:yfkg ug]{ tl/sfx¿
• ljBfyL{x¿sf] ;fdflhs, kfl/jfl/s, wfld{s, ;f+:s[lts / cfly{s k[i7e"ldsf] hfgsf/Lsf]
clen]vLs/0f u/]/ .
• ;+j]ufTds cj:yf klxrfg u/]/ .
• ljBfyL{x¿sf] l;sfOsf] ult kQf nufP/ .
• ljBfyL{x¿n] ug]{ q'l6If]q klxrfg u/L s'g eflifs kl/jf/af6 cfPsf] xf] hfgsf/L lnP/ .
• ljBfyL{x¿sf] b}lgs lqmofsnfksf] cjnf]sg u/L ;fyLx¿;Fusf] Jojxf/, vfhf vfg] k|lqmof,
z}nL, ;+ut, ;d"x lgdf{0f, v]Ng] ;d"x cflbsf] cjnf]sg u/]/ .
• sIffdf ljBfyL{x¿sf] a;fOsf] cj:yf klxrfg u/]/ .
• sIffdf af]n]sf], z}Ifl0fs kf6Ldf n]v]sf], ;'Gg] ,b]Vg] k|lqmof s] s:tf] 5 klxrfg u/]/ .
• b]Vg] / ;'Gg] Ifdtfsf] klxrfg k|lqmof ckgfP/ o;sf nflu :jf:YosdL{af6 ;xof]u lnP/ .

sIffsf]7fdf n}+lus ljljwtf Joj:yfkg ug]{ tl/sfx¿

• sIffsf]7fdf 5fq5fqfsf] a;fO ldnfpg], ;a} ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ pgLx¿ cfkm}+n] l;Sg] cj;/
lbg] .
• ;d"x lgdf{0f ubf{ ;a} k[i7e"ldsf ljBfyL{x¿sf] ;xeflutfdf u/fpg], sfo{ ljefhg /
g]t[Tjsf] x]/km]/ ug]{ .
• sIffsf]7fsf] lgod kfngfdf lgikIftf /fVg], ;a} lqmofsnfkdf ;a}n] ;xefuL x'g'kg]{ lgod
agfpg] .
• sIffsf]7fsf] jftfj/0f /dfOnf], ;xh / ;'/IffTds agfpg], n}+lus ;dfxLs/0fsf] efiff k|of]u
ug]{ .

393
 • n}+lus e]befj/lxt pbfx/0fx¿ k|:t't ug]{, cltl/Qm lqmofsnfkdf ;a}nfO{ ;xefuL
u/fpg] .
• ljBfnodf n}+lus d'4fx¿sf] ax; Pjd\ 5nkmn u/fpg] tyf h]08/ lje]b x6fpg k|f]T;fxg
k'/:sf/sf] Joj:yf ug]{ .
• 5fqfx¿nfO{ l;sfO lqmofsnfkdf clws ;l/s u/fP/ tyf l;sfOnfO{ cy{k"0f{ agfO cfk;L
;Ddfg k|bfg ug]{ .
l;sfO Ifdtf Joj:yfkg
• sIffsf]7fdf tLj| a'l4, dWod a'l4 / dGb a'l4sf afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ Wofg lbP/ ;a} k|s[ltsf
afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ ;dfg?kdf l;sfO u/fpg] k4lt g} l;sfO Ifdtf Joj:yfkg xf] .
• dfly pNn]lvt ltg vfnsf ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ slxn]sfFxL 5'§f5'§} / slxn] sfxL ldl>t?kdf
/fvL l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ug{ ;lsG5 .
• pkrf/fTds lzIf0fsf] nflu 5'§f5'§} ;d"x pko'Qm dflgG5 eg] ;xof]ufTds l;sfO l;4fGt
cg';f/ ldl>t ;d"xdf ;xhLs/0f ug{'nfO{ pko'Qm dflgG5 .
• o;sf] nflu lzIfsn] ;fd"lxs?kdf ;xhstf{sf] e"ldsf v]nL ljBfyL{sf k|ltlqmof cg'ej
a'‰g] pgLx¿sf] ?lr cfjZostf / Ifdtfcg';f/ u[xsfo{, sIffsfo{, kl/of]hgf sfo{df ;l/s
u/fpg' k5{ .
• Ifdtfcg';f/ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ug]{ pko'Qm cfw'lgs tl/sf g} ;xf]ufTds l;sfO pkfud
xf] .
zf/Ll/s tyf dfgl;s Joj:yfkg
• zf/Ll/s ckf+utf, b[li6 ljxLgtf, ;':t dgl:ylt, dfgl;s /f]uL
• ;+rf/ ;DaGwL ckf+utf, rfn ;DaGwL ckf+utf, ;':t dgl:ylt, ax' ckf+utf

zf/Ll/s tyf lx8\8'n ug{df ;d:of / r'gf}tLx¿

;d:of / r'gf}tLx¿M
• :s"n kl/;/df lgjf{w lx8\8'n
• ljz]if a:g] Joj:yf
• cfkm} n]Vg
• ;xh ¿kdf ;+rf/ ug{
• vfgf, kfgL / rkL{sf] Joj:yf
• cltl/Qm lqmofsnfk

;dfwfgsf pkfox¿ M
• ef}lts jftfj/0fdf ;'wf/
• ;xof]uL ;fdu|Lsf] Joj:yf

394
 • ljz]if d]r / 6]a'nsf] Joj:yf
• c¿ a}slNks Joj:yf
• ;+s]t af]8{sf] k|of]u
• ;xof]uLsf] Joj:yf
• ljz]if lqmofsnfksf] 5gf]6
• k/fdz{
>j0f / af]nL ;DaGwL ;d:of / r'gf}tLx¿
;d:of / r'gf}tLx¿ M
• ;'g]/ / af]n]/ ;+rf/ ug{
• Wofg cfsif{0f u/fpg
• JofVof u/]/ a'´fpg

;dfwfgsf pkfox¿
• ;f+s]ltssf] efiffaf6 lzIf0f l;sfO
• sIffsf]7f / a;fOdf ;'wf/
• af]8{df a9L n]Vg]
• cfFvfn] b]Vg] u/L Ozf/f ug]{ jf hLpdf 5'g]
• ;xfos ;fdu|Lsf] k|of]u
• bf]efif]sf] Joj:yf

dfgl;s tyf af}l4s ;DaGwL ;d:of / r'gf}tLx¿

;d:of / r'gf}tLx¿
• l;sfOdf l9nfO÷;':t -n]vg, k9\g, ;D‰g, a'‰g_
• pgLx¿sf] Jojxf/df ;d:of — rsrs]÷ zfGt÷cfqmds
• k/LIff lbg
• cltl/Qm lqmofsnfk
• cfjt hfjt

;dfwfgsf pkfox¿
• sIffsf]7f / a;fOsf] Joj:yf
• yf]/} yf]/} / bf]xf]¥ofO l;sfpg]
• lzIf0f ;fdu|Lsf] a9L k|of]u
• ljz]if lqmofsnfksf] 5gf]6 / k|f]T;fxg
• ;xof]uLsf] Joj:yf

395
 • k/fdz{
b[li6 ;DaGwL ;d:of / r'gf}tL
;d:of / r'gf}tLx¿
• af]8{df n]v]sf] s'/fx¿ k9\g
• ;fdfGo lstfj k9\g
• k/LIff lbg
• cltl/St lqmofsnfk
• lgjfw{ ¿kdf lx8\8'n ug{

;dfwfgsf pkfox¿
• ef}lts jftfj/0fdf ;'wf/
• k|i6 ;'lgg] u/L af]Ng', k9\g'
• a|]nsf] l;sfO
• a|]n kf7\o k':ts Joj:yf
• k/LIffsf] n]vg sfo{df ;xof]u
• :jod cg'ejsf] cj;/
• cltl/Qm lqmofsnfksf] plrt 5gf]6
• k/fdz{

ax'af}l4stf
• zflAbs/eflifs a'l4
• tfls{s/ul0ftLo a'l4
• b[Zo a'l4
• zf/Ll/s
• ;+uLt a'l4
• alxd{'vL a'l4
• cGt/d'vL a'l4
• k|fs[lts a'l4

zflAbs / eflifs a'l4

• efiffut?kdf lgk"0f{
• :ki6?kdf af]Ng c?n] eg]sf s'/fx¿ 7Ls?kdf ;'Gg k':ts k9\g / n]Vg ;Sg]
• ;+rf/ l;k ePsf]
• k9]sf s'/f a'‰g / a'emfpg ;Sg]

396
 • tfls{s/ ul0ftLo a'l4
• s'g} klg ljifok|ltsf] ;f]rfO ts{k"0f{ x'g]
• tYosf] cfwf/df cfkm\gf] wf/0ff /fVg]
• ul0ftLo ;d:ofx¿ ;dfwfg ug{df ljz]if ?lr /fVg]
• sDKo'6/ Sofns'n]6/ cflbsf] k|of]u ug{df ?lr /fVg]
• s'g} klg s'/f 5f]6s/Ldf k|:t't ug]{
• sfd u/fO Jojl:yt x'g]
• ;"Id >[+vnfsf] klxrfg ug{ k|oTglzn x'g]
• ;d"xLs[t ug{ / ul0ftLo cfwf/e"t k|lqmofdf nfUg /dfpg]
b[Zo a'l4
• lrq gS;f tflnsf k9\g ?rfpg]
• j:t'l:yltsf] dfgl;s lrqf+sg ug{ ?rfpg]
• ;lqmo?kdf sNkgf ug]{
• zf/Ll/s a'l4
• zf/Ll/s sfd ug{ ?rfpg]
• zf/Ll/s cEof; v]n cflbdf /dfpg]
• JoQm k|ltlqmof k|lzlIft k|sf/sf] x'g]
• 5f]P/ l;Sg ?rfpg]
• cEof; / cf/fdk|lt ;r]t x'g]
• ;do ;r]ts x'g]
• cfkm}+n] u/]/ l;Sg]

;+uLt a'l4
• ;+uLtk|lt Hofb} cfslif{t x'g]
• sljtf Znf]s uLt w'g cflb a/fa/ u'gu'gfO/xg]
• ;+uLtsf pks/0f;Fu v]Ng a9L ?rfpg]
• wfld{s k':tssf Znf]sx¿ s07fu| kfg]{
• efj's x'g]
• s'g} klg a]nf tTsfn uLt ufpg ;Sg]
• k|fs[lts a'l4
• k|fs[lts 36gf tyf j:t';Fu ;DaGw /fVg ?rfpg]
• 3'dlkm/ ug{ dg k/fpg]
• j[Qlrq x]g{ :ynut cjnf]sg ug{ dg k/fpg]

397
 • 3/aflx/sf] ;+;f/nfO dg k/fpg]
alxd{'vL a'l4
• ;d"xdf 3'nldn x'g]
• ;xof]uL efjgfsf x'g]
• c? ;fyL agfpg]
• c?sf] egfOsf] sb/ ug]{ / ;Gt'lnt?kdf lg0f{o ug]{
• k/f]ksf/L x'g]
• a}7s 5nkmnsf] cfof]hgf ug]{
• cGt/d'vL a'l4
• PSn} a:g ?rfpg]
• yf]/} af]Ng]
• a9L ;f]Rg]
• PSn} k9\g]
• ;d"xdf a:g g?rfpg]
• cfkm\g} hLjgnfO a9L dxTj lbg]
• c?af6 k[i7kf]if0f lng grfxg] / :jod\ pTk|]l/t x'g]

(=#=$ z}Ifl0fs ;ª\u7g M sIff lzIf0f, ax'sIff lzIf0f, ljifo lzIf0f / ax'sIff
ax':t/(MGML)lzIf0f
sIff lzIf0f(Grade Teaching)
• Pp6f lzIfsn] Pp6f sIffsf ;a} ljifox¿ cWofkg ug]{ k|0ffnLnfO{ sIff lzIf0f elgG5 .
• o; k|sf/sf] lzIf0fdf Pp6f lzIfsnfO{ Pp6f sIffsf] cWofkg ug{sf] nflu ;Dk"0f{ lhDdf
lbOPsf] x'G5 .
• o:tf] lzIf0f k|fylds txsf tNnf sIffx¿df pkof]uL dflgG5 .
• cfjZostf cg';f/ lzIfsn] sIffsf]7fsf] Joj:yfkg u/L ljleGg ljifox¿ cWofkg ug]{
ub{5g\ .
• ljleGg ljifonfO{ lydfl6s ljlw cg';f/ cGt/;DaGw :yflkt u/L l;sfO u/fpg ;lsG5 .
• ljb\ofyL{sf] JolStut ljleGgtfsf] cfwf/df lzIf0f ug{ ;lsG5 .

398
sIff lzIf0fsf kmfObfx¿
• lzIfs / ljb\ofyL{aLr 3lgi6 ;DaGw x'g], lzIfsnfO{ k|To]s ljb\ofyL{sf ?lr, Ifdtf,
cfjZostf, afgL Jojxf/ yfxf x'g\ ePsfn] j}olSts leGgtf cg';f/ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ug{
;lsg] .
• Pp6f lzIfsn] lbge/ ;a} ljifo cWofkg ug]{ xF'bf cfjZostf cg';f/ s'g} ljifonfO{ a9L
;do / s'g} ljifonfO{ sd ;do lbO lzIf0f ug{ ;lsG5 cyf{t\ nlrnf] l;sfO kb\wlt k|of]u
x'G5 .
• lzIfsdf sIffut lhDd]jf/L af]w tyf ckgTjaf]w x'G5 .
• lzIfs cleefjssf] ?kdf /xg] / ljb\ofyL{x¿nfO{ cg'zfl;t agfpg ;lhnf] x'G5 .

sIff lzIf0fsf a]kmfObfx¿

• lzIfssf] b/aGbL sd xF'bf sIff lzIf0f ug{ g;lsg] .
• lzIfs ljbf jf la/fdL xF'bf sIff vfnL x'g] .
• Pp6} lzIfs ;a} ljifodf kf]Vt gx'g] tyf ;a} ljifo k9fpg g;lsg] / ;a} ljifodf lgk'0f
lzIfs kfpg g;lsg] .
• ljb\ofyL{ ;+Vof w]/} / sIffsf]7f ;fgf] eP k|efjsf/L gx'g] .
• lzIfs sdhf]/ / hjfkmb]xL x'g g;s] sIffs} pknlAwdf afwf k'Ug] .
• ljleGg ljifox¿larsf] ;dGjo u/L lzIf0f ug{ sl7gfO x'g] .

ax'sIff lzIf0f(Multigrade Teaching)

• Pp6f lzIfsn] b'O{ jf b'O{ eGbf a9L sIffsf ljb\ofyL{x¿nfO{ Pp6} sIffdf /fv]/ Pp6}
;dodf cWofkg ug]{ k|0ffnLnfO{ ax'sIff lzIf0f elgG5 .
• ;fdfGotof o;/L lzIf0f ubf{ ljleGg sIffsf ljb\ofyL{x¿nfO{ sIffut ;d"x agfO lzIf0f
ug{ ;lsg] x'G5 .
• ljb\ofyL{ ;+Vof sd / lzIfs ;+Vof klg sd ePsf] cj:yfdf ax'sIff lzIf0f k|efjsf/L
dflgG5 .
• Afx'sIff lzIf0fsf] nflu lzIfsdf ljz]if sf}zn, /0fgLlt, tl/sf, k|ljlwsf] 1fg eO{ k|of]u
ug{ ;Sg] l;k x'g' k5{ .
ax'sIff lzIf0fsf kmfObfx¿M
• lzIfs ;+Vof sd x'Fbf klg k|efjsf/L?kdf lzIf0f ug{ ;lsg]
• ljBfyL{x¿df ;xof]ufTds efjgfsf] ljsf; x'g] / ;xof]ufTds l;sfO ;'lglZrt x'g]
• ljBfyL{x¿sf] pknlAw:t/ cg';f/ sIff r9fpg jflif{s k/LIff klv{ /xg' gkg]{
• ef}lts ;'ljwf ;|f]t ;fwgsf] cefjdf klg l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ug{ l;sg]

ax'sIff lzIf0fsf j]kmfObfx¿M

• bIf / tflnd k|fKt lzIfs gePdf l;sfO k|efjsf/L gx'g]
399
 • ljleGg sIffsf ljleGt :t/ Ifdtfsf ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ :t/ lgwf{/0f u/L l;sfO pknlAwsf]
;'lglZrtf k|bfg ug{ sl7gfO
• ljleGg sIffsf ljleGg l;sfO Ifdtf ePsf ljBfyL{x¿sf] nflu 5'§f5'§} lqmofsnfksf]
ljsf; u/L l;sfO ;xhLs/0f u/fpg sl7gfO
• ax'sIff lzIf0fsf] nflu sfo{tflnsf lgdf{0f ug{ sl7gfO x'g'sf] ;fy} sfof{Gjogdf sl7gfO

ax'sIff lzIf0fsf] nflu sIffsf]7fsf] Joj:yfkg

• ax'sIff lzIf0fsf] nflu sIffsf]7f Go"gtd ;'ljwfo'Qm x'g'kg]{,
• sIffsf]7f cfgGbbfos tyf ljleGg lqmofsnfk ;~rfng ug{ kof{Kt 7fpF ePsf] x'g'kg]{,
• b'O{ eGbf a9L sIffsf ljb\ofyL{{x¿ Pp6} sIffsf]7fdf a:g'kbf{ leQfdf /flvg] rf6{, gS;f
tyf cGo ;fdu|L 6fF:g] 7fpF, a'n]l6g af]8{, k':ts /fVg] tvtf cflb lrhx¿ sIffut ¿kdf
5'§ofpg' kg]{,
• ;d"xut ¿kdf lzIf0f ubf{ lzIf0f ;d"x lgdf{0f u/L ;d"x g]tf 5fGg] / ;a}nfO{ kfn}kfnf]
lbg] Joj:yf ug]{,
• ljb\ofyL{{sf] a;fO Joj:yf, l;sfOg] ljifoj:t' / u/fOg] lqmofsnfkdf e/ kb{5 . h:t} M
sIffsf ;a} ljb\ofyL{{x¿nfO{ Pp6} ljifoj:t'x¿ lbg'kg]{ / JolQmut ¿kdf lqmofsnfk
u/fpg] eP kª\lQma4 a;fO / ;d"xut lqmofsnfk u/fpg] eP ;d"xtu a;fOsf] Joj:yf
ug]{ .
• ljleGg sIffsf ljb\ofyL{{nfO{ ljleGg kª\lQmdf ldnfP/ kª\lQma4 a;fOsf] Joj:yf ug{],
• sfnf]kf6L / cGo z}lIfs ;fdu|L ;a}n] b]Vg ;lsg] 7fpFdf cfFvfsf] b[li6sf] ;txdf /fVg],
• s'g} klg Ps lzIf0f ljlw÷tl/sfn] ;a} lqmofsnfksf] nflu sfd gug]{ x'gfn] lzIfsn]
ljleGg k|sf/sf] 1fg, wf/0ff tyf ;Lk lbg ljleGg k|sf/sf lzIf0f ljlw ckgfpg] .
• lzIf0f ljlwdf 5nkmn ljlw, df}lvs tyf lnlvt cEof; ljlw, cGj]if0f ljlw, e"ldsf,
clego ljlw, v]n ljlw, k|bz{g ljlw, sfo{df cfwfl/t lzIf0f ljlw, kl/of]hgf sfo{ ug]{, x]g]{
/ l;sf] ug]{ ljlw / ;d"x sfo{ ljlw cflb cfPtfklg ljBdfg\ kl/l:ylt, ljb\ofyL{{sf] ?lr /
cfjZostf, pknAw ef}lts ;'ljwf tyf ;fdu|L tyf cWoog ug'{kg]{ ljifoj:t' cflbsf]
cfwf/df pko'{Qm Ps jf PseGbf a9L jf ldl>t lzIf0f ljlwsf] 5gf]6 u/L k|of]u ug]{ .
• a'x'sIff lzIf0fdf a9L k|of]u ul/g] ljlw ;d"x lzIf0f ljlw ePsfn] sIffleq ljb\ofyL{{nfO{
ljleGg ;d"xdf ljefhg ug]{ .
• ljb\ofyL{{nfO{ ;dfg Ifdtf, ldl>t Ifdtf, ;dfg pd]/, cfk;L d]n tyf lzIfsnfO{ ;lhnf]
x'g] u/L ljleGg ;d"xdf afF8\g] .
ljifo lzIf0f(Subject Teaching)
• Pp6f lzIfsn] cfkm\gf] ljifo ljleGg sIffdf uP/ lzIf0f ug]{ k|0ffnLnfO{ ljifo lzIf0f
elgG5 .cyf{t\ leGbfleGb} ljifo leGbf leGb} lzIfsn] cWofkg u/fpg] Joj:yf g} ljifo
lzIf0f xf] .

400
 • o; k|sf/sf] lzIf0fdf lzIfssf] ljifout lj1tfsf] k|of]u x'g] tyf l;sf?n] bIf ljifout
lzIfsaf6 l;Sg] cj;/ k|fKt x'G5 .
• ljifo lzIf0f k|fylds txsf sIffdf eGbf dflyNnf] txsf] sIffdf k|efjsf/L dflgG5 .
ljifo lzIf0fsf kmfObf / j]kmfObf
ljifo lzIf0fsf kmfObfx¿
• cfkm\gf] ljifodf bIf / lj1 x'g] / k|fl1s?kn] ;Ifd
• s'g} Pp6f ljifosf] lzIfs sdhf]/ eP cGo ljifodf c;/ gkg]{
• ljifout bIftfsf] sf/0f l;sfOdf ljljw k|sf/sf ljlw tl/sf pkfud k|of]u x'g]
• lzIf0f of]hgfsf] nflu ;dosf] k|ofKttf

ljifo lzIf0fsf j]kmfObfx¿

• ljBfyL{ / lzIfsaLr 3lgi6 ;DaGw gx'g]
• bIf lgk'0f / Ifdtfjfg lzIfs kfpg d'l:sn x'g]
• j}olQms lzIf0f ug{ sl7gfO
• ljifox¿ljrsf] PsLs/0fdf sl7gfO
• afns]lGb|t / lqmofsnfk s]lGb|t eGbf ljifos]lGb|tdf hf]8
ax'sIff ax':t/ lzIf0f(Multigrade Multi Level- MGML)
• Pp6f lzIfsn] Pp6} ;dodf b'O{ jf b'O{ eGbf a9L sIffsf ljleGg :t/sf ljb\ofyL{x¿nfO{
/fv]/ l;sfO pknlAwnfO{ sf8{sf] dfWodaf6 l;sfpg] kb\wltnfO{ ax'sIff ax':t/ elgG5 .
• o; kb\wltdf l56f] l;sfO x'g]n] w]/} / l9nf] l;sfO x'g]n] sd l;Sg] cj;/ x'gsf ;fy}
Pp6f l;sfO pknlAw xfl;n ePkl5 dfq csf]{ l;sfOsf] txdf ljb\ofyL{ k|j]z u5{ .
• Afx'sIff ax':t/ ;+rfng x'g] sIffdf $ cf]6f ;lqmo ;d"x agfP/ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ug]{
ul/G5 .
• Afx'sIff ax':t/ lzIf0f kb\wltnfO{ k|efjsf/L ?kdf ;+rfng ug{ lzIfssf] k];fut ljsf;sf]
nflu z}lIfs tflnd s]Gb|åf/f lbg] tflnd k|bfg ug]{ ul/Psf] 5 .
• o; kb\lwtsf] d'Vo ljz]iftf eg]sf] tLj| ultsf ljb\ofyL{n] cfkm\gf] ultdf l;Sg kfpg] /
l9nf] l;Sg] ljb\ofyL{n] klg cfkm\gf] Ifdtf cg';f/ l;Sb} cufl8 cj;/ kfpg' xf] .
• Pp6} sIffdf b'O jf b'O eGbf a9L sIff / :t/sf ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ /fvL ul/g] lzIf0f l;sfO
k|lqmof xf] / o;df ljBfyL{sf] sIff / :t/cg';f/ lzIf0f l;sfO ;fdu|Lsf] k|of]u u/L sIff
;+rfng ul/g] x'Fbf kf7\ok':tsdf dfq e/ kl//xg' cfjZos x'Fb}g .
• k|To]s l;sfO -Milestone_ sf] l;sfO k|lqmofdf lgDgfg';f/sf kfFr k|sf/sf lqmofsnfkx¿
;dfj]z u/L lzIf0f l;sfOsf] qmd lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] x'G5M
s_ kl/rofTds lqmofsnfk -Introductory activities_
v_ cEof;fTds lqmofsnfk -Practice activities_
401
 u_ d"Nof+sgfTds lqmofsnfk -Evaluative activities_
3_ ;'wf/fTds lqmofsnfk -Remedial activities_
ª_ ;jnLs/0f lqmofsnfk -Enrichment Activities_
k|To]s PsfOnfO{ l;sfOsf] Pp6f v'l8\snf] -Milestone_ sf ?kdf lnOG5 / o:tf Milestone x¿sf]
Ps ;+o'Qm ?knfO l;sfO l;9L -Learning Ladder_ elgG5 .
Pp6f dfOn:6f]gx¿sf ;Dk"0f{ lqmofsnfkx¿ k"/f gu/L csf]{ dfOn:6f]gdf plSng / Pp6f sIffsf]
Learning ladder sf ;Dk"0f{ lqmofsnfkx¿ k"/f gu/L csf]{ sIffsf] Learning Ladder df hfg gkfpg]
Joj:yf ul/Psf] x'G5 .
Learning Ladder klg ljifo / sIffut?kdf km/s km/s x'G5g\ .

l;sfO l;9Lleqsf k|To]s v'l8\snfx¿ dfOn:6f]gdf /flvPsf ljleGg k|sf/sf lqmofsnfkx¿nfO{

lrgfpg yl/yl/sf ;+s]tx¿ -Logos_ /flvPsf x'G5g\ h:t}M g]kfnLdf hgfj/x¿, ;fdflhsdf
ls/fkm6\of+u|fx¿, ul0ftdf r/fx¿ / c+u|]hLdf kmnkm'n / t/sf/Lx¿ .
sIffut?kdf tof/ kfl/Psf l;sfO l;9Lx¿ / lqmofsnfk kQLx¿ ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ lrGg ;lhnf] xf];\
eGg] x]t'n] tL ;fdu|Lx¿nfO{ ljleGg k|sf/sf /ª\uLg sf8{x¿df 5flkPsf x'G5g\ h:tf]M Class 1
Purple/Pink, Class 2 – Green, Class 3 – Yellow, Common- Blue
• ax'sIff ax':t/ lzIf0f ljlw ljBfno 5gf]6sf cfwf/x¿
• ljs6 Pjd\ b'u{d :yfgdf /x]sf ljBfnox¿
• ef}lts k"jf{wf/ Go'g ePsf ljBfnox¿
• sIff ;+Vof w]/} t/ lzIfs ;+Vof sd ePsf ljBfnox¿
• ljBfyL{ ;+Vof sd ePsf ljBfnox¿
g]kfndf ax'sIff ax':t/ lzIf0f ljlwsf] k|of]usf] cj:yf
blIf0f ef/tsf] cfGb| k|b]z l:yt Clif EofnLdf /x]sf] s[i0fd"lt{ kmfpG8];gn] ;'? u/]sf] b'u{d lzIff
ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] Pp6f c+usf] ?kdf /x]sf] Rishi Valley Center for Educational Resources-RIVER
gfdsf] ;+:yfn] bzsf}+sf] cEof; / ;'wf/ kl5 tof/ kf/]sf] ljlw MGML xf] .
o; ljlwnfO{ ;a}eGbf klxn] pQm ;+:yfn] cfkm\gf :of6]nfO6 :s"nx¿df k|of]u u/]sf] lyof] / o;/L
k|of]u ub}{ l;Sb} ;fdu|Lsf] ljsf; / lzIf0f k|lqmof kl/dfh{g ub}{ cfhsf] cj:yfdf cfPsf] xf] .
g]kfndf lj=;+= @)^^ ;fnb]lv pQm RIVER ;+:yfsf] k|fljlws ;xof]udf of] lzIf0f ljlw nfu"
ul/Psf] xf] .
lzIf0f ;fdu|Lsf] ljsf;, sIffsf]7fsf] Joj:yfkg, lzIfs tflnd h:tf k|fljlws kIfdf pQm ;+:yfn]
;xof]u u/]sf] lyof] .
of] ljlw sIff ! b]lv sIff # ;Dd lzIff ljefuåf/f 5gf]6 ul/Psf lhNnfsf ljBfnodf nfu" u/]sf]
5.

402
cf=j= @)&!.&@ ;Dd @% lhNnfsf !@) ljBfnodf MGML ;+rfng ePsf] lyof] eg] cf=j =
@)&@.&# df yk #&^ ljBfnodf Joj:yfkg cg'bfg vr{ k7fOPsf] .
ax'sIff ax':t/ lzIf0fsf ljz]iftf
• kf7\ok':tssf] j}slNks Joj:yf ul/Psf]M kf7\ok':tssf] ;§fdf lqmofsnfk klQsf] k|of]u
ul/g], l;sfO l;9L-Learning ladder_, grouping cards, mile stone, logo, work book, TG, check
lists, Running board, student portofolio, daily job chart, continuous evaluation sheet cflb
lzIf0f l;sfOsf] nflu k|of]u ul/g]
• ;xhstf{sf] ?kdf lzIfssf] e"ldsf /xg]
• ;a} ljBfyL{sf] l;sfO k"/f ul/g] Joj:yf /x]sf]
• l9nf] l;Sg] / l56f] l;Sg] afnaflnsfn] cfkm\gf] ult cg';f/ l;Sg kfpg]
• u'0f:t/Lo l;sfOsf] k|Tofe"ltM ;a} ljBfyL{n] ;a} l;sfO pknlAw k"/f ug]{ ;'lglZrttf
• lg/Gt/ ljBfyL{ d"Nof+sgsf] k|Tofe"ltM ljBfyL{n] s] slt l;s]sf] 5 eg]/ l;sfOsf] lg/Gt/
d"Nof+sg u/L l;9L r9\b} hfg] eO/xG5 / ljBfyL{nfO k/LIffsf] 8/ sd x'g]
lqmofsnfkdf cfwfl/t l;sfO
ljBfyL{x¿sf] nflu ultzLn ;d"x lgdf{0f ug]{ Joj:yf /x]sf]M $ cf]6f ;lqmof ;d"x lgdf{0f x'g]
!=k"0f{ lzIfs ;xof]u ;d"x
@=cf+lzs lzIfs ;xof]u ;d"x
#=;fyL ;xof]u ;d"x
$=:jMl;sfO ;d"x
ax'sIff ax':t/ lzIf0f l;sfO k|lqmof ;+rfng ubf{ pknAw 306Lsf] ;donfO{ ;d"xut ?kdf
lzIfsn] lgDgfg';f/ ;do Joj:yfkg ug{'kg]{ x'G5M
!=k"0f{ lzIfs ;xof]uL ;d"xM %) k|ltzt
@=cf+lzs lzIfs ;xof]uL ;d"xM @% k|ltzt
#=;xkf7L ;xof]uL ;d"xM !% k|ltzt
:jod l;sfO ;d"xM !) k|ltzt
(=#=%= ljb\ofyL{ s]lGb|t / lzIfs s]lGb|t lzIf0f ljlwx¿ / ltgsf] k|of]u
;dfnf]rgfTds lrGtg(Critical Thinking)
• ljZn]if0ffTds ;f]+rfO jf lrGtg eg]sf] s] s'/f ljZjf; ug]{ cyjf s'g} s'/f b]Vbf, ef]Ubf,
s;}n] af]n]/ jf n]v]/ s]xL s'/f eGbf jf s;}n] s'g} ts{ ubf{ cfkm"n] s:tf] k|ltlqmof b]vfpg]
eGg] ljifodf ul/g] p2]Zod"ns / k|ltljDafTds ax; xf] .

403
 • ljZn]if0ffTds ;f]+rfO eg]sf] cfkm"n] b]v]sf] jf ;'g]sf] s'/f cyjf s''g} ;Gbe{ jf ts{sf] cy{ /
;fGble{stf slt 5 eg]/ cyjf Tof] s'/f ljZjf; ug{ kof{Kt cfwf/ 5 ls 5}g eg]/ ljrf/
ug]{ sfd xf] .
• ljZn]if0ffTds ;f]+rfOnfO{ lkm;/ / l:qme]g gfds ljåfgx¿n] o;/L kl/eflift u/]sf 5g\M
cfkm"n] b]v]sf, ;'g]sf, kfPsf hfgsf/Lsf] ;Lko'Qm tl/sfn] / ;lqmo ?kdf ul/g] JofVof /
d"NofÍg clg ts{ g} ljZn]if0ffTds lrGtgsf] :j?k xf] .
• ;dfnf]rgfTds ;f]rfO ljlwn] ;lqmo l;sfOnfO{ hf]8 lbG5 . ljBfyL{x¿n] kf7\ok':tsdf
ePsf ;fdu|L x'ax' s07ug]{ eGbf klg kf7sf af/]df k|Zg ug]{, ltgsf] hfFr ug]{, gofF ;fdu|L
tof/ug]{, ;d:of ;dfwfg ug]{, cleJoQm ug]{, ax; ug]{ sfo{df bIf agfpgsf nflu g}
;dfnf]rgfTds ;f]rfO ljlwsf] k|of]u ul/G5 . ;dfnf]rgfTds ;f]rfO ljlw k|of]u u/L sIff
lzIf0f u/]df ljBfyL{x¿df ljZn]if0f ug]{, cfk\mgf] dt k|:t't ug]{, ;d:of ;dfwfg ug]{,
c?af6 k|:t't ljrf/nfO{ ;f]e}m u|x0f gu/L k|df0fsf cfwf/df ljZn]if0f u/L u|x0f ug]{ jf
j}slNks ljrf/ /fVg], cflh{t 1fgnfO{ cfkm\gf] hLjgdf k|of]u ug]{ Ifdtf ljsf; x'G5 .
P la ;L k|m]djs{
;dfnf]rgfTds ;f]rfO ;Lk ljsf;sf] nflu sIffsf]7fdf x'g] lzIf0f l;sfO P la ;L k|]mdjs{cg';f/
tLg r/0fdf ;~rfng ug'{ cfjZos x'G5 . oxfF P la ;L eg]sf] pT;'stf hufpg], 1fg lgdf{0f ug]{],
;'b[l9s/0f ug]{ xf] .
!= pT;'stf hufpg]:x/]s kf7 o; r/0faf6 ;'? x'G5 . o; r/0fdf ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ cfk"mn]
k9\g nfu]sf] kf7sf] af/]df ;f]Rg nufOG5 . o; r/0fdf lgDglnlvt sfo{ x'G5g\ M -!_
k"j{ 1fgsf] :d/0f ug]{ -@_ k"j{wf/0ffsf] n]vfhf]vf ug]{ -unt wf/0ff;d]t_ -#_ l;sfOsf]
p2]Zo to ug]{ -$_ ljifok|lt Wofg s]lGb|t ug]{ -%_ gof ljrf/sf] a'emfOsf nflu ;Gbe{
k|bfg ug]{ cflb
@= 1fg lgdf{0f (Building knowledge): kf7 ;'? ePkl5 lzIf0fn] ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ vf]hL ug{,
;fdu|Lsf] cy{ nufpg, klxn]sf] k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg, tyf gofF k|Zg / ;f]sf] pQ/ vf]Hg
cu|;/ u/fpFb5 . o; r/0fdf lgDglnlvt sfo{ x'G5g\ M -!_ ck]IffnfO{ l;sfO ;Fu bfHg]
-@_ ck]Iffsf] k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{ -#_ d'Vo aF'bf klxrfg ug]{ -$_ JolQmut ;f]rfOsf]
cg'udg ug]{ -%_ ;fdu|Lsf af/]df cg'dfg ug]{ -^_ kf7;u JolQmut ;DaGw :yflkt ug]{
-&_ kf7sfaf/]df k|Zg p7fpg] cflb .
#= ;'b[9Ls/0f ug]{ (Consolidation): kf7sf] cGTolt/ ljBfyL{x¿n] kf7sf] efj a'emL;s]kl5
klg s]xL ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . h:t}M l;s]sf] s'/fsf] k|ltljDjg ug]{, To;sf] cfk\mgf] hLjgdf cy{
vf]Hg], To;n] cfkmgf] ;f]rnfO{ s;/L kl/jt{g ub{5 eGg] dgg ug]{ cflb . o; r/0fdf
lgDglnlvt sfo{ x'G5g\ M -!_ d'Vo ljrf/sf] ;f/f+; lgsfNg] -@_ ljrf/ cYof{pg] -#_
ljrf/ cfbfg k|bfg ug]{ -$_ JolQmut k|ltlqmof lbg] -%_ ljrf/sf] k/LIf0f ug]{ -^_
l;sfOsf] n]vfhf]vf ug]{ -&_ yk k|Zg ;f]Wg] cflb
lzIfsn] sIffsf]7fdf lzIf0f ubf{ x/]s r/0fsf lj|mofsnfksf nflu pko'Qm /0fgLltx¿ k|of]u
ug'{kb{5 . sIffsf]7fdf x'g] l;sfOnfO{ ;lqmo agfO{ ;dfnf]rgfTds ;Lk ljsf;sf nflu pko'Qm
404
/0fgLltsf] 5gf]6 / k|of]u cfjZos x'G5 . ;dfnf]rgfTds ;Lk ljsf;sf nflu ljBfyL{x¿sf] e"ldsf
klg dxTjk"0f{ dflgG5 . o;sf nflu pgLx¿df lgDglnlvt s'/fx¿ x'g'kb{5 M -!_ cfTdljZjf; -@_
;lqmo ;xeflutf -#_ cfbfgk|bfg -$_ ;lqmo ;'gfO .
ljleGg r/0fsf nflu /0fgLltx¿
s_ pT;'stf hufpg] r/0f -Anticipation phase_
• b|'t n]vg (Quick write), dlitis dGyg(Brain storming), ;f]Rg], hf]8L agfpg] /
cfbfgk|bfg ug]{ (Think pair share)
• zJbfjnLaf6 cg'dfg(Predicting by terms),hfg]sf]÷hfGg rfx]sf]÷l;s]sf] (Know/want
to know/learn)
• ldl;g]÷cl8g]÷hf]8L agfO cGt/lqmof ug]{ (Mix,freeze, pair)otfptL lx8\b} cGt/lqmof
ug]{ (Walk around/talk around), Pd rf6{, l6 rf6{ Pp6f lbg], Pp6f lng] (Give one
take one) cflb

v_ 1fg lgdf{0f ug]{ r/0f -Building knowledge phase_

lgb]{lzt ;'gfO÷k9fO÷x]/fO ;f]rfO lj|mofsnfk (Directed Listening/reading/watching
thinking activity), hf]8Ldf k9fO hf]8Ldf ;f/f+z -Paired reading paired summarizing),
cg'/f]w ljlw -The request procedure), k|of]u (Experiment), k/:k/ lzIf0f (Reciprocal
teaching), 36gf cWoog (Case study), lhU; (Jigsaw), Pshgf /xg] c? lx8\g] (One
stay other stray), Uofn/L lx8fO (Gallery walk), u|flkm6L (Graffiti)n3' k|jrg (Mini lecture),
aF'bf ;ª\s]t ;lxt k9fO (Reading with text coding)
u_ ;'b[9Ls/0f ug]{ r/0f -Consolidation phase_
b|'t n]vg (Quick write), d"No /]vf -Value line), afbljjfb (Debate), e"ldsf clego (Role
play), gf6s (Drama)ldl;g]÷cl8g]÷hf]8L agfO cGt/lqmof ug]{ (Mix-freeze-pair),
hfg]sf]÷hfGg rfx]sf]÷l;s]sf] (Kow/want to know/learn), otfptL lx8\b} cGt/lqmof ug]{
(Walk around/talk around), tftf] s';L{ (Hot chair), ;f]Rg], hf]8L agfpg] / cfbfgk|bfg ug]{
(Think pair share) .

lzIf0f /0fgLltsf pbfx0f / k|of]u ug]{ t/Lsf

!= b|'t n]vg, ;+lIfKt n]vg (Quick write):
;+lIfKt n]vg eg]sf] s'g} ljifosf ;DaGwdf cfkm"nfO{ nfu]sf s'/f t'?Gt} n]Vg] sfd xf] .
5nkmnsf qmddf ljleGg ljrf/x¿ lg:sG5g\ . To;/L lg:s]sf /fd|f ljrf/nfO{ tTsfn} l6kf]6
ul/Pg eg] kl5 lal;{G5 . To;}n] ljrf/x¿nfO{ lnlka4 ug'{ ;+lIfKt n]vgsf] pb\b]Zo xf] .
hlt;'s} ljBfyL{ ;+Vof ePsf] sIffdf klg of] lqmofsnfksf] k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . o;sf] nflu %
b]lv !) ldg]6sf] ;do nfU5 . s'g} ljifoj:t'÷k|Zg lbO{ ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ lglZrt ;do tf]sL
JolQmut?kdf n]Vg nufpg klg ;lsG5 .

405
@= dlitis dGyg(Brain storming):
Kff7sf af/]df ljleGg ljrf/x¿ hufpg nufpg] k4ltnfO{ ljrf/ dGyg jf dlitis dGyg
elgG5 . ljrf/ dGygn] ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ kf7sf af/]df ljleGg b[li6sf]0faf6 ;f]Rg nufpF5 .
o;df y'k|} s'/f ;f]Rg ;Sg] u/L lbdfu v'nf /fVg' kg]{ ePsfn] pgLx¿n] o; cl3 g;f]r]sf s'/f
;f]Rg ;S5g\ . pgLx¿sf] ;f]rfOdf cfPsf ;a} s'/f plQs} dxTjk"0f{ x'G5g\ eGg] 5}g . o;/L
5nkmn u/]sf ljBfyL{x¿ a9L lqmofzLn / nlrnf x'G5g\ . of] sfd PSn}, ;d"xdf / ;Dk"0f{
sIffdf ug{ ;lsG5 . o;nfO{ !) ldg]6 jf ;f] eGbf yf]/} ;dodf l;Wofpg'k5{ . o;df ;f]wL
ljBfyL{sf pQ/x¿ h:tfsf] t:t} af]8{df l6kf]6 ug]{ ul/G5 .
#= ;f]Rg], hf]8L agfpg] / cfbfgk|bfg ug]{ (Think pair share):
s'g} ljifoj:t'÷k|Zg lbO{ ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ JolQmut?kdf pQ/ ;f]r]/ n]Vg nufpg], glhs} a:g]
;fyL;Fu hf]8L ag]/ ;femf pQ/ tof/ kf/L k|:t't ug{ nufpg] .
$= zAbsf cfwf/df cg'dfg jf zJbfjnLaf6 cg'dfg (Predicting by terms):
ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ pgLx¿n] k9\g jf ;'Gg nfu]sf ljifo;u ;DalGwt zAbx¿sf af/]df ;f]Rg
nufpg] /0fgLltnfO{ zAbsf cfwf/df cg'dfg elgG5 . k9\g nfu]sf] ljifo;u ;DalGwt
zAbfjnLsf cfwf/df ljifosf af/]df cg'dfg ug{ nufpFbf ljBfyL{x¿df l;Sg] lh1f;f a9\5 .
pgLx¿ l;Sg tof/ x'G5g\ . lnlvt ;fdu|Lx¿nfO{ cK7]/f] 7fGg] ljBfyL{nfO{ k9fO ;/n agfpg
klg o;n] ;xof]u u5{ . o;f] ubf{ pgLx¿df Jofj;flos n]vsn] n]v]sf] syf k9\g, ;'Gg dfq
xf]Og cfkm} klg syf n]Vg] Ifdtfsf] ;d]t ljsf; x'g ;Sg] b]lvG5 .of] ljlw hf]8L ljBfyL{df
pkof]u ul/G5 . To:tf] hf]8L hlt klg agfpg ;lsG5 .o;sf nflu a9Ldf % ldg]6 eP k'U5 .
syf÷kf7 k9fpg' cl3 To; syf÷kf7df ePsf zAbx¿ lbO{ To;af6 gof syf÷kf7 agfpg
nufpg ;lsG5 .
%= hfg]sf]÷hfGg rfx]sf]÷l;s]sf] (Know/want to know/learn):
af]8{df tLg :tDe ePsf] tflnsf sf]/L klxnf] :tDesf] zLif{df æhfg]sf]Æ, bf];|f] :tDesf] zLif{df
æhfGg rfx]sf]]Æ / t];|f] :tDesf] zLif{sdf æl;s]sf]Æ] eGg] s'/f n]Vg] . ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ lzIf0f ug{
nfu]sf] ljifoj:t';u ;DalGwt k|Zg ;f]wL pQ/x¿ æhfg]sf]Æ :tDedf n]Vg] .ljBfyL{x¿nfO{
pQm ljifoj:t'df s]s] s'/f hfGg rfxG5g eGg] k|Zg /fvL pQ/x¿ æhfGg rfx]sf]]Æ :tDedf
n]Vg] . s'g} l;sfO /0fgLlt k|of]u u/L lzIf0f ug]{ / lzIf0fsf] cGTodf æl;s]sf]Æ :tDedf
pgLx¿n] kf7k9]/ hfg]sf] s'/f n]Vg nufpg] .
^= ldl;g]÷cl8g]÷hf]8L agfO cGt/lqmof ug]{ (Mix,freeze, pair) :
;a} ljBfyL{x¿ s'g} 7fpdf pleg], lzIfsf] ;ªs]tcg';f/ ldl;g], cl8g], glhssf] ;fyL;Fu
hf]8L agfpg] / lbOPsf] ljifoj:t'÷k|Zgdf Pscfk;df pleP/ cGt/lqmof ug]{, lzIfssf] ;ª\
s]tcg';f/ k'gM pQm lj|mofsnfk bf]xf]/\ofpg] / csf]{ ljifoj:t' k|Zgdf csf]{ ;fyL;Fu Ps
cfk;df cGt/lqmof ug]{ .

406
&= otfptL lx8\b} cGt/lqmof ug]{(Walk around/talk around) :
;a} ljBfyL{x¿ s'g} 7fpFdf pleg], lbOPsf] ljifoj:t'÷k|Zgdf otfptL lx8b} b'O jf ;f]eGbf w]/}
hgf;Fu cGt/lqmof ug]{ . lx8b} s'/f ub}{ Pscsf{sf ljrf/ cfbfgk|bfg u/fpg pT;'stf
hufpg] r/0fdf ul/g] ;xof]ufTds l;sfO lqmofsnfk xf] . of] /0fgLlt 5f]6f] ;dodf w]/}
ljBfyL{x¿sf] ljrf/ a'em\g pkof]uL x'G5 . of] Psbd} ;lqmo x'g] lqmofsnfk xf] .o;n]
ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ w]/} pTk|]l/t u/fp5 . t/ o;sf nflu sIffdf ;a} ljBfyL{x¿ pleP/ lxF88'n
ug{ ldNg] 7fpF x'g'k5{ . @) b]lv #) hgf;Dd jf ;f] eGbf a9L ljBfyL{x¿ xF'bf klg of]
lqmofsnfk ;+rfng ug{ ;lsG5 . o;sf nflu a9Ldf % ldg]6 ;Ddsf] ;do cfjZos k5{ .
*= l6 rf6{ M
b'O{cf]6f :tDe ePsf] rf6{ agfO ljBfyL{ x¿sf ljrf/x¿ n]Vg] jf n]Vg nufpg] . h:t} kmfObf–
a]kmfObf, ;sf/fTds kIf–gsf/fTds kIf cflb
(= Pd rf6{M
tLgcf]6f :tDe ePsf] rf6{ agfO ljBfyL{x¿sf ljrf/x¿ n]Vg] jf n]Vg nufpg] .
!)= Pp6f lbg], Pp6f lng] (Give one take one) :
ljBfyL{xnfO{ s'g} ljifoj:t'‘k|Zg lbO aF'bfut?kdf s]xL a'Fbfx¿ n]Vg nufpg] . a'Fbfx¿ n]lvPsf]
sfkL / snd lnO{ ;a}nfO{ cufl8 pleg nufpg] . csf]{ ;fyL;Fu a'Fbfx¿ share ug{ / Pp6f
a'Fbf lng / Pp6f lbg nufpg] . o:tf] cGt/lqmof cGo a9LeGbf a9L ;fyLx¿;Fu ug{ nufpg] .
!!= lgb]{lzt ;'gfO ;f]rfO lj|mofsnfk (Directed Listening thinking activity)
lzIfsn] syf jf s'g} ljifoj:t' eGg]÷atfpg] qmddf s]xL efu eGg] To; af/]df k|Zg ;f]Wg],
To;kl5 s] x'G5 xf]nf <egL cg'dfg ug{ nufpg] -;f]Rg] df}sf lbg]_, csf]{ efu eGg] ToxL
k|lqmof bf]xf]/ofpg], csf]{ efu eGg] ToxL k|lqmof bf]xf]/\ofpg] .of] lqmofsnfk kf7sf] 1fg
cfh{gsf] r/0fdf pkof]u ul/G5 . o; cGt/ut ljBfyL{x¿n] lzIfsn] eg]sf] syfsf s]xL c+z
;'G5g\ / To; eGbf cufl8 s] x'G5 <egL cg'dfg u5{g\ . aLraLrdf pgLx¿nfO{ cfkm"n] u/]sf]
cg'dfg ;xL eof] jf ePg <egL x]g{ / To;eGbf cl3 s] x'G5< egL cg'dfg ug{ nufO{G5 .
lgb]{lzt ;'gfO tyf lrGtg lqmofsnfk Tolta]nf ckgfOG5 hlta]nf lzIfs;Fu Psk|lt dfq}
kf7\o;fdu|L x'G5 . lzIfsn] ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ pgLx¿n] gkl9sg} ;'g]sf] e/df syf a'em'g\ eGg]
rfx]sf a]nfdf klg of] lqmofsnfk u/fOG5 . lgb]{lzt ;'gfO tyf lrGtg k4lt ^ hgf b]lv ^)
hgf;Dd ljBfyL{df k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . Tof] eGbf a9L ljBfyL{ eP ljBfyL{sf] ;xeflutf 36\g .
slt ;do nfU5 eGg] s'/f syf slt nfdf] 5 / lzIfsn] ljBfyL{nfO{ slt ulx/f] u/L syf
a'emfpg vf]h]sf] xf] To;df e/ kb{5 . o;nfO{ #) ldg]6 eGbf nfdf] kfg'{ eg] xF'b}g .
!#= lgb]{lzt k9fO ;f]rfO lj|mofsnfk (Directed reading thinking activity)
s'g} ljifoj:t'sf] s]xL efu ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ k9\g nufpg], To; af/]df k|Zg ;f]Wg], To;kl5 s]
x'G5 xf]nf< egL cg'dfg ug{ nufpg], To;}u/L afFsL efux¿ k9\g nufpg] ToxL k|lqmof
bf]xf]¥ofpg] .
407
!$= lgb]{lzt x]/fO ;f]rfO lj|mofsnfk (Directed watching thinking activity)
lzIfsn] s'g} >Jo b[Zo ;fdu|L b]vfpg] qmddf s]xL efu b]vfpg], To; af/]df k|Zg ;f]Wg], To;
kl5 s] x'G5 xf]nf< egL cg'dfg ug{ nufpg], To;}u/L afFsL efux¿sf nflu klg ToxL k|lqmof
bf]xf]/\ofpg] .
!%= hf]8Ldf k9fO hf]8Ldf ;f/f+z -Paired reading paired summarizing)
ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ hf]8Ldf /xg nufpg], s'g} ljifoj:t'sf cg'R5]bx¿ k9\g lbg], k9\g] qmddf
klxnf] cg'R5]b Pshgfn] k9\g] / ;f/f+z lgsfNg] csf]{n] k|Zg ;f]Wg], k9\g]n] pQ/ lbg] .afFsL
cg'R5]bx¿ e"ldsf kl/jt{g u/L kfn}kfnf] oxL k|lqmofn] k9\g] .
!^= cg'/f]w ljlw -The request procedure)
ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ hf]8Ldf /xg nufpg], s'g} ljifoj:t'sf cg'R5]bx¿ k9\g lbg], k9\g] qmddf
klxnf] cg'R5]b Pshgfn] k9\g] csf]{n] k|Zg ;f]Wg], k9\g]n] pQ/ lbg] .afFsL cg'R5]bx¿ e"ldsf
kl/jt{g u/L kfn}kfnf] oxL k|lqmofn] k9\g] .
!&= k/:k/ lzIf0f (Reciprocal teaching)
ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ ;d"xdf /fvL s'g} ljifoj:t'sf af/]df n]lvPsf] ;fdu|L lbg] .;d"xsf
;b:ox¿nfO{ kfn}kfnf] lgDglnlvt lj|mofsnfk ug{ nufpg] .
• cg'R5]b k9\g],
• ;f/f+z lgsfNg]
• k|Zg ;f]Wg] -;d"xsf cGo ;b:ox¿n] pQ/ lbg]_
• s7Lg s'/f ePdf :ki6 kfg]{
• ca s] x'G5 < eGg] cyf{t\ cg'dfg ug{ nufpg] vfnsf] k|Zg ;f]Wg] / ;d"xsf cGo
;b:ox¿n] pQ/ lbg] .
!*= Pshgf /xg] c? lx8\g] (One stay other stray)
of] Ps hgf cfkm\g} ;d"xdf a:g] / afFsL cGo ;d"xdf uO{ ;fyLx¿sf] wf/0ff a'em\g] lsl;dn]
ul/g] ;xof]ufTds l;sfO lqmofsnfk xf] . 7"nf] sIffsf ;a}sf ljrf/ jf wf/0ff 5f]6f] ;dodf
cfbfgk|bfg ug{ of] /0fgLlt Hofb} pkof]uL x'G5 .lhU;df h:t} o;df klg c?nfO{ hfgsf/L lbg]
lj1n] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x ug'{k5{ .Pp6f ;d"xdf $ jf % hgf ljBfyL{ ;xefuL ePdf of]
/0fgLlt Hofb} k|efjsf/L x'G5 .;d"x hltcf]6f agfPklg x'G5 . o;df 8'nlkm/sf nflu w]/} ;do
nfUb}g t/ gofF ;d"xdf uP/ s'/f a'em\gsf nflu %.^ ldg]6 nfU5 .cyf{t\ o; /0fgLltdf ;d"x
sfo{ lbg] / cGTodf x/]s ;d"xsf Ps hgf ;b:on] c? ;d"xsf ;b:ox¿ cfPsf] a]nf cfk\mgf]
;d"xsf] sfo{sf] k|:t'lt ug]{ cGo ;b:ox¿ c? ;d"xsf] sfo{ x]g{ hfg] .
!(= u|flkm6L (Graffiti)
;d"xnfO{ km/skm/s sfo{ lbg] -Go'hlk|G6df n]Vg nufpg]_, s]xL ;dokl5 Pp6f ;d"xsf]
Go'hlk|G6 kfn}kfnf] csf]{ ;d"xnfO{ lbg], tL ;d"xn] gk'u nfu]sf] s'/f yKg] . o;/L x/]s ;d"xsf]
Go'hlk|G6 x/]s ;d"xdf k'u]/ yk s'/f n]vL ;s]kl5 ;DalGwt ;d"xnfO{ cGo;d"xsf] yk s'/f
;lxt k|:t't ug{ nufpg] .
408
@)= a'Fbf ;ª\s]t ;lxt k9fO (Reading with text coding)
• s'g} ljifoa:t' k9\g lbg] / s7Lg jf dxTjk"0f{ zAb jf zAbfjnL jf afSosf] d'gL /]vf tfg]/
jf cGo s'g} t/Lsfn] ;ªs]t ug{ nufpg] .
• ljBfyL{x¿n] kf7df lglZrt hfgsf/L vf]Hg] / tL hfgsf/L km]nf k/]sf 7fpFdf lglZrt
;+s]t lbg] lqmofsnfknfO{ kf7of+znfO{ ;+s]t lbFb} k9\g] /0fgLlt elgG5 . o;af6 kf7
k9\g'sf] p2]Zo lgwf{/0f ug{, Tof] p2]Zo xfl;n ug]{ u/L k9\g / kl5 uP/ kf7df ePsf
s'/fx¿nfO{ pkof]u ug{ ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ ;xof]u k'U5 . sIffdf hlt;'s} ljBfyL{ ;+Vof ePklg
of] lqmofsnfk ug{ ;lsG5 . o;/L kf7\of+z k9\gsf nflu ;fdfGo lsl;dn] k9\g eGbf @%
k|ltzt jf ;f] eGbf a9L ;do rflxG5 .
@!= d"No /]vf -Value line)
afbljjfbsf nflu pko'Qm x'g] vfnsf] s'g} d'2f÷ljifoa:t' lbg], ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ ;xdt x'g]hlt
Ps7fpFdf / c;xdt x'g] hlt csf]{ 7fpFdf pleg nufpg] . x/]s ;d"xn] ts{ /fvL csf]{
;d"xsf ;fyLnfO{ cfk"m lt/ tfGg df}sf lbg] .
@@= d]/f] s'/f ;lsof] cyf{t\ aLrdf snd (Pens in middle)
• of] ;xof]ufTds l;sfO /0fgLlt xf] h;n] pknAw ;donfO{ ;d"xsf ljBfyL{x¿n] ;dfg
?kdf pkof]u ug{ ;xof]u k'/\ofpF5 .;d"xsf] 5nkmndf cS;/ Pshgf ljBfyL{sf] af]njfnf
x'G5 / c? ljBfyL{x¿ gaf]Ng] cj:yf x'G5 . d]/f] s'/f ;lsof] ljlwn] ;a} ljBfyL{x¿nfO{
af]Ng nufpg] cj;/ k|bfg u5{ . of] /0fgLlt # b]lv !) hgf;Ddsf] ;fgf] ;d"xdf
k|efjsf/L x'G5 . of] lqmofsnfk csf]{ ;xof]ufTds lqmofsnfk eO/x]sf a]nf klg ;+rfng
ug{ ;lsg] ePsfn] o;sf nflu 5'6\6} ;do klg cfjZos kb{}g .
• ;d"xsf x/]s ;b:onfO{ s'g} ljifoa:t'df s'/f /flv;s]kl5 ;ªs]t :j?k Pp6f snd /fVg
nufpg], cGTodf lzIfsn] s'g} snd p7fpg] / h;sf] snd xf] p;}n] cfk"mn] klxn] /fv]sf]
s'/f k'gM atfpg] .
@#= tftf] s';L{ (Hot chair)
s'g} ljifoa:t' k9\g lbg] / To;af6 k|Zg agfpg nufpg] . ;xefuLx¿dWo] s]xLnfO{ kfn}kfnf]
cufl8 af]nfO{ Pp6f s'rL{ -tftf] s'rL{, ;fªs]lts ?kdf_ df a:g nufpg] . cGo ;fyLx¿n]
kfn}kfnf] kZg ;f]Wg] / p;n] ;a}sf] k|Zgsf] pQ/ kfn}kfnf] lbg'kg]{ .
@$= s] < To;f] eP s] < ca s] <(What? So What? Now what?)
;"rgfd"ns ;fdu|Laf6 k|fKt ljrf/nfO{ Jojxf/df pkof]u ug{ d2t k'/\ofpg] /0fgLltnfO{ s] <
To;f] eP s] < ca s] < elgG5 . ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿ Kf|foM ljBfnodf l;s]sf] 1fg jf:tljs
hLjg;Fu d]n vfFb}g eGg] u5{g\ . s] < To;f] eP s] < ca s] < tl/sfn] ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ lbOPsf]
kf7sf d'Vo ljrf/ l;Sg, dflg;sf] Jojxf/df To;n] kfg]{ k|efjsf af/]df ;f]Rg / tL ljrf/df
cfwfl/t sfdx¿ 5fGg tyf Jojxf/df k|of]u ug{ l;sfpF5 . of] ljlw sIffdf ePhlt ;a}
ljBfyL{x¿df k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . o;sf nflu k"/} sIff ;do nfUg ;S5 .

409
@%= clGtd kfnf] d]/f] (Save the Last Word for Me)
clGtd kfnf] d]/f] /0fgLltn] 5nkmndf efu lng grfx]/ r'krfk a;]sf ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ ;xefuL
agfpg d2t u5{ . ;fdfGotofM sIffdf ul/g] 5nkmnsf ;DaGwdf ;DalGwt lzIfsn] eg]sf]
s'/f g} clGtd x'G5 . t/ o:tf] clGtd zAb ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ eGg lbPsf v08df pgLx¿nfO{
ljrf/ JoSt ug{sf nflu k|f]T;fxg ldNb5 . of] k4ltn] ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ kf7\of;fdu|Ldf ePsf
dWo] pgLx¿sf] ?lrsf] d'Vo ljifo kQf nufpg / sIffdf x'g] 5nkmnsf] ;Dk"0f{ lhDd]jf/L lng
l;sfpF5 . of] ljlwdf sIffsf ;a} ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ ;xefuL u/fpg ;lsG5 . o;sf nflu @)
b]lv $) ldg]6sf] ;do cfjZostf kg{ ;Sb5 .
;dfnf]rgfTds ;f]rfOsf ljleGg tTjx¿
ljZn]if0ffTds lrGtgsf ljleGg lqmofsnfknfO{ ljleGg ljåfgx¿n] km/s km/s lsl;dn] juL{s/0f
u/]sf 5g\ . ;/n / pkof]uL agfpg] p2]Zon] tL tTjx¿nfO{ lgDg adf]lhd juL{s/0f ug{ ;lsG5 .
• cjnf]sgM s'g} ljz]iftf cyjf ultljlwnfO{ s'g} pks/0fsf dfWodn] l6kf]6 / /]s8{ ug'{ .
lg/Gt/ cjnf]sg u/]/ g} xfdL tYo :yflkt ug{ ;S5f}+ .
• tYoM tYo eg]sf] oyfy{ ;To xf] h;nfO{ slDtdf klg ;}4flGts ?kdf dfq eP klg k/LIf0f
u/L ;b/ ug{ ;lsG5 . w]/} j6f tYosf cfwf/df g} xfdL s'g} klg s'/fsf af/]df lg0f{o lng
;S5f}+ .
• lg0f{oM lg0f{o eg]sf] ;To xf] egL 7flgPsf s'/fsf cfwf/df tfls{s lgisif{ lgsfNg] k|lqmof
jf sfo{ xf] . cfkm\gf] lg0f{o hfoh 5 ls 5}g< egL hfFRg xfdL lglZrt dfGotf agfpF5f}+ .
• dfGotfM dfGotf eg]sf] To:tf] tYo xf] h;nfO{ k|df0f lagf g} ;xL xf] eGg] 7flgG5 .
dfGotfsf cfwf/df g} xfdL ljrf/ agfpF5f}+ .
• ljrf/M ljrf/ eg]sf] s'g} klg ljifodf s;}n] lnPsf] ljZjf; xf] . ljZjf; lng' eg]sf] o:tf]
e/f];f xf] h;nfO{ ;sf/fTds 1fg cyjf k|df0fn] k'li6 u/]sf] xF'b}g . ljrf/sf cfwf/df
cfkm\gf] egfO k|:t't ug{sf nflu xfdL ts{sf] l;4fGt pkof]u u5f}{+ .
• egfOM egfO eg]sf] ;xL egL k|df0fsf ?kdf k|:t't ul/Psf] tYo, b[9 lgZro xf] . c?sf
ts{nfO{ r'gf}lt lbgsf nflu xfdL ljZn]if0ffTds lrGtgsf] pkof]u u5f}{+ .
• ljZn]if0ffTds lrGtgM ljZn]if0ffTds lrGtg dfkm{t g} xfdL ljZn]if0f ug{ nflusf ts{df
/x]sf cjnf]sg, tYo, lg0f{o, dfGotf, ljrf/, egfO cflbnfO{ r'gf}lt lbG5f}+ .
(=#=^ lzIf0f l;sfOdf kl/of]hgf sfo{, sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfg / 36gf÷ dfdnf cWoog
kl/of]hgf sfo{(Project Work)
• ljBfyL{nfO sIffleq dfq xf]Og sIffaflx/ klg l;sfO lqmofsnfkdf ;+nUg agfpg
kl/of]hgf ljlwsf] cfudg ePsf] xf] .
• klxnf] kN6 /l;og ljåfg h]=P= :6]eG;gn] Pp6f gofF ljlwsf] ljsf; u/] h'g ljBfyL{
s]lGb|t / k|of]lus ljlwsf] ljsf; u/] o;}sf] gfd kl/of]hgf sfo{ ljlw xf] .

410
 • ;Fu;Fu} j;]/ l;Sg] tyf u/]/ l;Sg] -Learning by living together and learning by doing_
l;4fGt of] ljlw John Dewey sf] k|ultjfb \;Fu klg glhs /x]sf] kfOG5 .
• o; ljlwdf lzIfsx¿ ljBfyL{sf ;xof]uL -Facilitator_ dfq x'G5g\ eg] k/]sf] a]nfdf
cfjZostfg';f/ ljBfyL{nfO{ ;xof]u klg ug{ ;Sb5g\ .
• k|ltljDafTds ;f]rfO l;k, ;d:of ;dfwfg l;k, ;d"xdf sfd ug{ ;Sg] l;ksf] ljsf; tyf
;xof]u / ;xsfo{ h:tf kIfsf] ljsf; ug]{ ljlwsf] ?kdf kl/of]hgf sfo{nfO{ lnOG5 .
• kl/of]hgf sfo{ ;d:ofd"ns sfo{ xf,] h'g k|fs[lts cj:yfdf ;DkGg ul/G5 . -“Project work
is a problematic act carried to completion in its natural setting”) – Stevenson
• ;fdflhs jftfj/0fdf k|j[Kt ;du|df p2]Zok"0f{ lqmofsnfk g} kl/of]hgf xf]. -“Project is a
whole hearted (purposeful activity proceeding is a social environment” – Dr. Kilpatrick
• kl/of]hgf ljlwsf] d'Vo p2]Zo g} ljBfyL{nfO lqmofsnfkdf Jo:t /fVg' xf] / o;n]
ljBfyL{nfO ljleGg lsl;dsf sfo{x¿ ug]{ df}sf lbG5 .
• kl/of]hgf sfo{ sIffleq / aflx/ tyf Psn / ;fd"lxs?kdf ug{ ;lsG5 .
Characteristics of Project Work
Hard work
Each project is the result of a lot of hard work. The authors of the projects have found
information about their topic, collected or drawn pictures, written down their ideas, and then
put all the parts together to form a coherent presentation. Project work is not a soft option.
Creative
The projects are very creative in terms of both content and language. Each project is a unique
piece of communication, created by the project writers themselves.
Personal
This element of creativity makes project work a very personal experience. The students are
writing about aspects of their own lives, and so they invest a lot of themselves in their project
Adaptable
Project work is a highly adaptable methodology. It can be used at every level from absolute
beginner to advance and with all ages.
Independent investigation
Project work is a kind of research activities that aim at finding and investigation the new
concepts. Most often student them self try to find the relationship or other kind things
independently if the project is individual other wise it will be dependent -In case of group work.
Based on learning by doing
The project work is principally depending on the process of learning by doing. Student must
complete some sort of things and they can find the product by doing.
Types of Project work
• /rgfTds kl/of]hgf-Constructive Projects_: ljBfnodf Do'lhod agfpg], ;fwf/0f hnjfo'
:6]zg agfpg], ljB't 306L agfpg] cflb .
• ;+sng kl/of]hgf -Collection projects_: kft 9'+uf k'tnL la?jf ;+sng ug]{
• cjnf]sg kl/of]hgf -Observation projects_: :yfgLo kfgL ljt/0f k|0ffnLsf] cjnf]sg ug]{,
rNnf lgsfNg] cflbsf] cjnf]sg
• ;"rgfd"ns kl/of]hgf -Informational projects_
411
 • cled'vLs/0f kl/of]hgf -Orientation projects_
• ;fdflhs enfO kl/of]hgf -Social welfare projects_

kl/of]hgf sfo{sf] pbfx/0f

• Newspaper articles
• Posters
• Role-play
• Brochures
• Interviews
• Surveys and Questionnaires
• Condolence
• Radio/TV report
• Song and dance, chant
• Speeches
• Extended essays
• Albums preparation
• Investigations : Different types of ecosystem
• Congratulation letter
• Mapping
• AND LOTS MORE…
Advantages of Project Work
• Increased motivation - learners become personally involved in the project.
• All four skills, reading, writing, listening and speaking are integrated.
• Autonomous learning is promoted as learners become more responsible for their own
learning.
• There are learning outcomes -learners have an end product.
• Authentic tasks and therefore the language input are more authentic.
• Interpersonal relations are developed through working as a group.
• Content and methodology can be decided between the learners and the teacher and within
the group themselves so it is more learners centre.
• Learners often get help from parents for project work thus involving the parent more in the
childs learning. If the project is also displayed parents can see it at open days or when they
pick the child up from the school.
• A context is established which balances the need for fluency and accuracy.
kl/of]hgf sfo{sf r/0fx¿
!= ;d:ofsf] klxrfgM lzIf0f l;sfOsf] l;nl;nfdf ljBfyL{x¿n] ga'em]sf tyf lzIfsn]
a'emfpg g;s]sf y'k|} ljifoa:t'x¿ x'g ;Sb5g\. pNn]lvt ljifox¿ dWo] s'g rflxdf
ljBfyL{x¿sf] ;xeflutf u/fpg pko'Qm 5 . To:t} ljifo kl/of]hgf sfo{sf] nflu 5gf]6
412
 ug{'k5{. kl/of]hgf sfo{sf nflu 5gf]6 ul/Psf] ljifo ljBfyL{x¿sf nflu ;fFlRrs}
;d:ofd"ns / rfvnfUbf x'g'kb{5.
@= p2]ZoM kl/of]hgf sfo{ lsg ug{ vf]lhPsf] xf]< To;sf] hjfkm :ki6 x'g] u/L p2]Zo lgwf{/0f
ug{'kg]{ x'G5. p2]Zo :ki6 ePdf kl/of]hgf sfo{ ug{ ;lhnf] x'G5.
#= cf}lrToM kl/of]hgf sfo{ lsg ug{'k/]sf] xf] < sf/0f / To; kl/of]hgf sfo{sf] dxTj ;d]t
emNsg] u/L cf}lrTo v'nfpg' k5{.
$= of]hgfM kl/of]hgf sfo{ ug]{ zLif{s lgwf{/0f eP kZrft sfo{ s;/L ;DkGg ug]{ xf] <
To;sf] of]hgf agfpg' k5{. kl/of]hgf sfo{df ;+nUg x'g] ljBfyL{x¿sf] ;xeflutfdf s'g
sfo{, s;/L, s:n], slt a]nf ug]{ xf] ;f] v'nfO of]hgf agfpg' k5{. kl/of]hgf sfo{ ug]{
;j}n] cnu cnu of]hgf tof/ kfg{'k5{ . ljz]iftM ;"rgfx¿ sxfF / s;/L ;+sng ug]{,
;fdu|L tyf pks/0f sxfFaf6 Nofpg], ;"rgf ;+sngsf nflu s:tf pks/0fk|of]u ug]{,
kl/of]hgf sfo{ slt cjlwsf] x'g] h:tf kIfdf of]hgfn] k|:6\ofpg' k5{.
%= sfof{GjogM kl/of]hgf sfo{sf] of] r/0f nfdf] / dxTjk"0f{ x'G5. o; cj:yfdf ljBfyL{nfO{
lzIfsn] k|ofKt ;xof]u ug{'k5{ . ljBfyL{nfO{ dfu{bz{g, k|f]T;fxg lbg' k5{. o;sf] nflu
ljBfyL{sf] rfxgfnfO{ Vofn ug{'k5{ .
^= d"Nofª\sgM kl/of]hgf sfo{ ;DkGg u/L To;sf] k|:t'lt / k|b{zg kZrft pQm sfo{ ubf{ s]
s:tf sdLsDhf]/Lx¿ eP, ;jn kIf s] /Xof]< cem /fd|f] ug{sf] nflu s] ug{'knf{< pTkGg
ePsf ;d:ofx¿nfO{ s;/L ;dfwfg ul/of] To;sf] ;ldIff tyf d"NofÍg ug{'k5{.p2]Zo
cg';f/ d"NofÍg ug{'k5{.
&= clen]vLs/0fM kl/of]hgf sfo{ ug]{ JolQm jf ;d"xn] pQm sfo{ s;/L ;"? u/]/ s;/L cGTo
ul/of] To;sf jf/]df Pp6f clen]v tof/ ug{'k5{.
kl/of]hgf sfo{sf] of]hgfsf] gd"gf vfsf
ljifo sIff PsfO kf7
kl/of]hgf sfo{sf] zLif{sM
p2]Zo
cfjZos ;|f]t tyf ;fdu|L
sfo{ljlw
kl/of]hgf sfo{sf] k|ltj]bgsf] gd"gf vfsf -ljBfyL{sf nflu_
ljifo sIff
PsfO kf7
kl/of]hgf sfo{sf] zLif{s
!= p2]Zo

413
 @= k|of]u ul/Psf ;|f]t tyf ;fdu|Lx¿
#= ckgfOPsf] sfol{\jlw tyf sfo{k|lqmof
-s]s] sfd, sf]sf] ldn]/, s;/L, slt ;dodf, s] s:tf ;|f]t tyf ;fdu|Lsf] k|of]u u/]/ ;DkGg
ul/of] <_
#= kl/of]hgf sfo{af6 l;lsPsf 1fg, ;Lk, bIftf
$= kl/of]hgf sfo{af6 l;lsPsf s'/fx¿sf] Jofjxfl/s hLjgdf k|of]u
%= lgisif{
lzIfsn] tof/ ug]{ kl/of]hgf sfo{sf] k|ltj]bg n]vgsf] 9fFrf -lzIfssf nflu_
!= k[i7e"ld
@= p2]Zo
#= sfo{ljlwM k|lqmof, ;fwg, of]hgf-sfo{of]hgfdf /flvPsf lqmofsnfk s] s] lyP <
$= ;Dkflbt lqmofsnfkx¿sf] sfof{Gjog ljj/0f -s;/L sfof{Gjog ul/of] <_
%= sfof{Gjog kZrft k|fKt ePsf pknlAwx¿, kl/0ffdx¿
^= sfof{Gjogdf cfOk/]sf ;d:of / ;dfwfgsf] nflu ckgfOPsf pkfox¿
&= l;sfO
*= lgisif{
sfo{d"ns cg';GwfgM k[i7e"ld
• sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfgsf] ;'?jft dgf]lj1fgj]Qf Kurt Lewin n] ;g\ !($^ df u/]sf x'g\
h;n] sfo{d"ns cg';GwfgnfO{ of]hgf, sfof{Gjog / glthfsf] klxrfg ;lxtsf] rlqmo
k|lqmof xf] eg]sf 5g\ .
• sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfg Pp6f o:tf] k|lqmof xf] hxfF cEof;stf{n] “Observing-doing-observing-
adjusting” and then doing it again sfo{ lg/Gt/ ul//xg' k5{ – Parson and Brown (2002)
• sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfgdf cEof;stf{ cfkm\gf] z}lIfs lqmofsnfksf] cg';Gwfgsf ljlw tyf
k|lqmof k|of]u u/L j}1flgs tyf Jojl:yt cWoog tyf ljZn]if0f ug]{ sfo{ u5{g\ .- Watts
1985
• cg';Gwfgstf{n] cfÇg} ;d:of cWoog u/L cfkm\gf sfo{x¿ kl/dfh{g ug]{ k|lqmof g}
sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfg xf] – Stephen 1953
• sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfg ug{' eg]sf] of]hgf agfpg' sfof{Gjog ug{' cjnf]sg ug{' / k|ltljDag
ug{' xf] h'g s'/f ;fjwfgLk"j{s l;nl;nfa4?kdf Pjd\ ulDe/tfk"j{s ;DkGg ul/G5 – s]ld;
/ Dofs 6]u|]6 1992
• sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfg lzIfs lg/LIfs Pjd\ k|zf;såf/f cfkm\gf] lg0f{o Pjd\ sfo{x¿sf]
u'0ffTds pGgltsf nflu k|of]u ul/g] cg';Gwfg xf] –Good.

414
 • lzIff If]qdf sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfg eGgfn] lzIfs ;'kl/j]Ifs ljBfnosf k|zf;sx¿n]
pgLx¿s} sIff jf ljBfnodf b]lvPsf ;d:ofx¿df cfwfl/t eO sIffsf]7fsf] lzIf0f l;sfO
;'wf/ ug{ ;+rfng ul/g] ljz]if k|sf/sf] k|fof]lus cg';Gwfg a'lemG5 - Koul.
sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfgsf] cjwf/0ff
o; cg';Gwfgn] k]zfut sfo{df cfkm'n] ;fdgf u/]sf ;d:of tyf r'gf}tLx¿df k|ltlaDag ub}{ tL
;d:of tyf r'gf}tLx¿sf sf/0fx¿ klxNofO ;dfwfgsf nflu of]hgfa4 9+uaf6 ;'wf/fTds sfo{
ug{df d2t ub{5 .
sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfg Ps k|sf/sf] k|fof]lus Pjd\ lg0f{os]Gb|Lt cg';Gwfg xf], hxfF z}lIfs sfo{qmddf
sfo{/t JolQm jf JolQmx¿af6} cg';Gwfg sfo{ ul/G5 . o;/L sfo{ / cg';Gwfg Pp6} JolQmaf6 ug]{
ePsf]n] o;nfO{ sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfg elgPsf] xf] .
z}lIfs lqmofsnfkdf ;+nUg JolQmaf6} cfˆg} sfo{sf] k|efjsfl/tf hfFr u/L ;'wf/sf nflu ul/g]
o;k|sf/sf] cg';Gwfgn] l;4fGt / 1fgsf] k|ltkfbgdf eGbf klg sfo{If]qsf tTsflng ;d:of
;dfwfgdf a9L hf]8 lbPsf] x'G5 .
tfTsflng ;d:ofsf] klxrfg u/L To;sf] ;dfwfgsf nflu of]hgf lgdf{0f / sfof{Gjogaf6
Jofjxfl/s ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿sf] vf]hL ug]{ sfo{ g} sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfg xf] .
• “Main objective of action research is to improve not to prove”
• Action research is known as teachers research designed for improving teachers
performance and students learning

sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfg s] xf]Og, s] xf] <

w]/} ljb\ofyL{ / ;fFu'/f] sIffsf]7fsf] sf/0f ljb\ofyL{x¿sf] l;sfO pknlAwdf ;'wf/ ug{ ufx|f] ePsf]
elg k|dfl0ft ug]{ sfd sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfg xf]Og, a? w]/} ljb\ofyL{ ;+Vof / ;fFu'/f] sIffsf]7fdf
k|efjsf/L lzIf0f ug]{ Ifdtfsf] ljsf; s;/L ug{ ;lsPnf egL of]hgfa4 ?kdf k|oTg ug'{
sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfg xf] .
k9fPsf] kf7 ljb\ofyL{n] rfF8} lal;{P, ;lDemPgg\ elg cfIf]knfO{ k|dfl0ft ug]{ sfd sfo{d"ns
cg';Gwfg xf]Og, a? ljb\ofyL{nfO{ lbuf] ?kdf ;Demg] u/L kf7nfO{ s;/L lzIf0f ug{ ;lsPnf elg
of]hgfa4 ?kdf k|oTg ug'{ sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfg xf] .
ljb\ofyL{x¿n] lbPsf] u[xsfo{ g} u/]/ NofpFb}gg\ elg cfIf]k nufpg] sfd sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfg xf]Og
a? ;a} ljb\ofyL{nfO{ u[xsfo{ u/]/ Nofpg] s;/L agfpg ;lsG5 egL of]hgfa4 ?kdf k|Tog ug'{
sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfg xf] .
sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfgsf] cfjZostfcf}lrTo/dxTj
!= lzIf0f l;sfOdf lg/Gt/ ;'wf/ Nofpg o;n] lzIfsnfO{ sfd ub}{ l;Sb} tyf cg';Gwfg ub}{
gofF pkfosf] vf]hL ug{ ;xof]u ub{5 . kmn:j?k l;sfO ;xhLs/0fdf ;'wf/ cfpF5 .

415
 @= lg/Gt/ k]zfut ljsf; ug{M lzIf0f l;sfO;Fu} cg';Gwfg / cg';Gwfg;Fu} l;sfO ug{
;3fpg] eO cfˆg} sfo{sf] k|efjsfl/tf hfFRb} ;'wf/ ub}{ cfkm"nfO{cfkm\gf] k]zfdf ;dlk{t /
k]zfut?kn] Soundagfpg ;3fp k'/\ofO k]zfut Ifdtf ljsf; ug{ ;xof]u ub{5 .
#= z}lIfs tyf z}Ifl0fs ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ .
$= l;4fGtsf] k|fof]lus kIfsf] k/LIf0f ug{sf] ;fy} gofF wf/0ff, dfGotf tyf sfo{qmdnfO{
k/LIf0f ug{
%= ljlzi6 / j}1flgs ljlw pkof]u u/L glthf k|fKt ug{ k'/fgf l;4fGtx¿ k/LIf0f ug{ .
^= lzIfs /cg';Gwfgstf{sf] cGj]if0ffTds Ifdtf clej[l4 u/L lzIfsnfO{ a9L lqmofzLn /
l;h{gzLn agfpg .
&= pkof]uL 1fg / ;Lksf] vf]hL ug{ .
*= cfTd d"NofÍg u/L lzIf0f l;sfOdf gofF ;f]r tyf 9Ën] sfo{ u/L ;'wf/ Nofpg .
(= cfkm\gf] sfo{;Dkfbgdf cfOk/]sf ;d:ofx¿sf] klxrfg u/L qmda4 tl/sfn] ;dfwfg ug]{
;Lk tyf Ifdtfsf] ljsf;df ;xof]u ug{ .
!)= ;xsfo{, ;dGjo / c;n cEof;sf] cfbfgk|bfg ug{M ;xsfo{ ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf;df ;xof]u,
ljBfnosf ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿;Fu ;x;DaGw / ;xsfo{ ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf;df ;xof]u, l;sfO
;xhLs/0fdf b]lvsf c;n cg'ejx¿sf] cfbfg k|bfg ug]{ sfo{df ;xof]u .
sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfg ug{'sf sf/0fx¿
!= sfo{;Dkfbg :t/df ;'wf/ Nofpg / k];fut bIftf a9fpg
@= sfo{:yndf cfOk/]sf ;d:ofsf] sf/0f klxrfg u/L ;'wf/sf pkfox¿ klxrfg ug{
#= sfo{ynf]df g} /x]/ cfkm}+n] lzIf0f l;sfO lqmofsnfksf] :ki6 / Jojxfl/s ?k/]vf tof/ kfg{
$= k|efjsf/L Joj:yfkg Pjd\ lzIf0f l;sfO lqmofsnfksf] gd"gf k|:t't ug{
%= l;sfOsf k"/fgf tyf gofF l;4fGtx¿sf] k/LIf0f u/L pkof]uL l;4fGtsf] k|of]u ug{
^= ljBfno;Fu ;DalGwt ;a} JolQm ;d"x / lgsfo;Fu c;n ;DaGw ljsf;sf nflu lrGtg
ug{
&= k];fut Ifdtf ljsf;sf nflu cfkm}+n] k|of; ug]{ k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ug{
*= k];fut bIftf clej[l4sf nflu lg/Gt/ nflu kg{
(= cfkm\gf] jt{dfg cj:yfaf6 ;sf/fTds kl/jt{gsf] lbzfdf cufl8 a9\g
!)= l;sfO ;d:of ;dfwfg u/L u'0f:t/Lo lzIf0f l;sfOsf] jftfj/0f ;'lglZrt ug{
sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfgsf r/0fx¿
!= of]hgf
@= sfo{
#= cjnf]sg
$= k|ltlaDjg
416
sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfgsf af/]df dgg ug'{kg]{
s] < – ;d:ofsf] klxrfg
lsg< k]zfut ljsf;, ;sf/fTds kl/jt{g
s;n] < – lzIfs, k|c, k|lzIfs, ljlg, Joj:yfks
sxfF< – sIffsf]7f, ljb\ofno, tflnd sIf, k|zf;lgs sIf
s;/L < – j}1flgs vf]h, k|of;, ;'rgf ;+sng
z}lIfs Joj:yfkgdf sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfgsf] k|of]u
Holly & Whitehead (1996)sf cg';f/
• lzIf0f ljlw -teaching methods_: lzIf0fsf k/Dk/fut ljlwx¿nfO{ gjLg vf]h ljlwn]
k|lt:yfkg ug{ .
• l;sfO k|lqmof -learning strategies_M s'g} Ps ljifosf] lzIf0f l;sfOdf PsLs[t l;sfO k4lt
nfu" ug{ .
• d"Nof+sg k|lqmof -evaluative process_: lg/Gt/ d"Nof+sg k|lqmofnfO{ k|efjsf/L ?kdf ;'wf/
ub}{ n}hfg] .
• k|j[lt / d"No -attitude and value_: sfdk|lt ;sf/fTds k|j[lt ljsf; ub}{ afnaflnsfx¿sf]
;f]r / Jojxf/nfO{ hLjgsf d"No / dfGotfx¿k|lt pGd'v u/fpg] .
z}lIfs Joj:yfkgdf sfo{d'ns cg';Gwfgsf] k|of]u
Holly & Whitehead -1996_ sf cgÚ;f/
• lzIfsx¿sf] lg/Gt/ k]zfut ljsf; -continue professional development of teachers_:
lzIf0f ;Lksf] ;'wf/ ug]{, gjLg ljlwx¿sf] vf]h tyf ljsf; ug]{, ljZn]if0f Ifdtf ljsf;
ug]{, cfTd r]tgf -self awareness_ pRr agfpg]
• Joj:yfkg / lgoGq0f -management and control_M ljBfyL{sf] Jojxf/ kl/dfh{gsfnflu
ckgfOg] tf}/ tl/sfx¿sf] qmdj4tf
• k|zf;g -administration_: ljBfnosf k|zf;lgs cGo ljljw kIfx¿sf] ;'wf/ ug{
• sfo{d'ns cg';GwfgnfO{ pk/f]Qmcg';f/sf If]qdf dfq ;Lldt gu/L o;sf] ljz]iftf /
pkof]lutfnfO{ ax'cfoflds ?kdf k|of]u ug'{ kb{5 -Kemmis, 1997_
sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfgsf] p2]Zox¿
• lzIf0f l;sfOnfO{ kf7\oqmd / l;sf?sf] ult / cj:yf -pace and face_ ;Fu tfnd]n ug{' .
• lzIfsx¿nfO{ cWoog;Ln tyf cg';Gwfgd'vL agfpg' .
• lzIf0f l;sfO sfo{nfO{ lg/Gt/ ;'wf/ ub}{ n}hfg' .
• lzIf0f l;sfOsf] qmddf cjnDag ul/Psf tf}/ t/Lsf, k|ljlwsf] k|efjsfl/tfsf] d"Nof+sg
ug'{ .
• l;sfOsf ck]lIft p2]Zo / jf:tljs l;sfO pknlAwsf]] d"Nofª\sg ug'{ .
417
 • lzIf0f l;sfOnfO{ ;fGble{s afns]lGb|t agfpg /rgfTds -Innovative_ ljlw, k|ljlw ;lxtsf]
gofF of]hgf agfpg'
• lzIf0fsf qmddf b]lvPsf k|fljlws, dgfj}1flgs, ;+j]ufTds / cGo sl7gfOx¿nfO{ ;dfwfg
ug'{
• lzIf0fnfO{ k|ljlws sfo{sf] ?kdf :yflkt ub}{ lzIffsf] u'0f:t/ a[l4ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg'

sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfgdf ;"rgf ;ª\sngsf nflu pkof]uL ;fwgx¿

• cjnf]sg
• lzIfs 8fo/L
• l;sf?af6 k|fKt k[i7kf]if0f
• kf7sf] n]vfhf]vf tyf d'NofÍg
• kf7sf] /]s8{
• l;sf?sf] sfo{sf] k|ltlaDag
• ;j]{If0f
• k|ZgfjnL
• cGtjf{tf{

sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfgsf k|sf//pkfudx¿ -Types/Approaches of Action Research_

• JolQmut sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfg -Individual Action Research_
• ;xsfof{Tds sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfg -Collaborative Action Research_
• ljBfnout/;+:yfut sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfg -School Wide/Institutional Action Research_

sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfgsf] nflu zLif{sx¿/;d:ofx¿

• ljBfnodf lzIfs tyf ljBfyL{ cfrf/ ;+lxtf k|efjsf/L?kdf sfof{Gjog ug{ g;lsg'
• cltl/Qm lqmofsnfkdf ljBfyL{x¿sf] ;lqmo ;xeflutf gx'g'
• sIffdf c+u|]hLdo jftfj/0f ;[hgf ug{ g;lsg'
• sIff ( sf] g]kfnL/c+u|]hL ljifodf /flvPsf sljtf ;/n tl/sfn] ;xhLs/0f ug{ g;lsg'
• ldof]l;; k|yd sf]ifljefhgsf r/0fx¿sf] lrq klxrfg u/L ljz]iftfx¿ l;sfpg sl7g x'g'
• sIff * sf w]/}h;f] ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ ;fdflhs ljifosf] gS;f lgdf{0f ug]{ ;Lksf] ljsf;
u/fpg g;lsg'
• sIff !) df ul0ft ljifo cGt/utsf] ;fWo lzIf0fnfO k|efjsf/L l;sfpg g;lsg'
• sIff * df lj1fg ljifo cGt/ut Hjfnfd'vL ljikmf]6g / e'sDksf] cjwf/0ff / sf/0fnfO
k|i6 kfg{ g;lsg'
• :jf:Yo tyf zf/Ll/s ljifo cGt/ut /x]sf] k'?if / :qL k|hgg c+usf] lrq lgdf{0f / k|To]s
c+usf] sfd k|i6 kfg{ g;lsg'
• sIffsf]7fdf ;d"x sfo{df ;a} ljBfyL{x¿sf] ;lqmo ;xeflutf agfpg ;lsPg

418
sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfgsf] k|:tfj n]vgsf] 9fFrf
!= cg';Gwfgsf] k[i7e"ld M ;Gbe{, cf}lrTo, ;d:ofsf] klxrfg / sf/0fx¿
@= p2]Zo
#= ;Ldf / sfof{GJog cjlw
$= cg';Gwfg ljlw
%= ;d:of ;dfwfgsf ljsNkx¿÷pkfox¿sf] ljsf;, sfof{Gjogsf] r/0f-of]hgf, sfo{,
cjnf]sg / k|ltljDag_, k|lqmof / cjnf]sg ;fwg, tYof+s ;+sng / ljZn]if0f
^= lgZsif{, k|ltj]bg tof/L / k|jf]wLs/0f k|lqmof
sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfgsf] k|ltj]bg n]vgsf] 9fFrf
!= cg';Gwfgsf] k[i7e"ld M ;Gbe{, cf}lrTo, ;d:ofsf] klxrfg / sf/0fx¿
@= p2]Zo
#= ;Ldf, sfof{Gjog cjlw
$= cg';Gwfg ljlw
%= ;d:of ;dfwfgsf ljsNkx¿pkfox¿sf] ljsf;, sfof{Gjogsf] r/0f-of]hgf, sfo{,
cjnf]sg / k|ltlDag_ k|lqmof / cjnf]sg ;fwg, tYof+s ;+sng / ljZn]if0f
^= l;sfOsf a'Fbf, k|flKt, pknlAw
&= lgZsif{ / k'gof]{hgfsf] cj:yf

419
 kl/R5]b M १०

g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg / P]g lgodx¿

!)=! g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg -efu # b]lv % ;Dd_

g]kfnsf] ;+j}wflgs ljsf;df gofF cWofo ;'? ePsf] 5 .g]kfnsf] ;ftf}+ ;+ljwfgsf] ¿kdf g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg hf/L
ePsf] 5 . hglgjf{lrt ;+ljwfg ;efn] kfl/t u/L ;efd'vaf6 k|df0fLs/0f ePsf] of] ;+ljwfg @)&@ ;fn c;f]h #
ut] /fi6«klt 8f= /fdj/0f ofbjn] k|f/De ePsf] 3f]if0ff ug'{ePsf] xf] . of] ;+ljwfgdf #% efu #)* wf/f / ( j6f
cg';"rL /x]sf 5g\ .
;+zf]wg k|df0fLs/0f ldlt
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg -klxnf] ;+zf]wg_ @)&@.!!.!^
k|:tfjgf
xfdL ;fj{ef}d;Ttf;DkGg g]kfnL hgtf ¤
g]kfnsf] :jtGqtf, ;fj{ef}ldstf, ef}uf]lns cv08tf, /fli6«o Pstf, :jfwLgtf / :jfledfgnfO{ cIf'00f
/fvL hgtfsf] ;fj{ef}d clwsf/, :jfoTttf / :jzf;gsf] clwsf/nfO{ cfTd;ft\ ub}{ /fi6«lxt, nf]stGq /
cu|ufdL kl/jt{gsf nflu g]kfnL hgtfn] k6s–k6s ub{} cfPsf P]ltxfl;s hgcfGbf]ng, ;z:q ;ª\3if{,
Tofu / alnbfgsf] uf}/jk"0f{ Oltxf;nfO{ :d/0f Pjd\ zxLbx¿ tyf a]kQf / kLl8t gful/sx¿nfO{
;Ddfg ub}{ ;fdGtL, lg/+s'z, s]Gb|Ls[t / PsfTds /fHoJoj:yfn] ;[hgf u/]sf ;a} k|sf/sf lje]b /
pTkL8gsf] cGTo ub}{ ax'hftLo, ax'eflifs, ax'wfld{s, ax';f+:s[lts tyf ef}uf]lns ljljwtfo'Qm
ljz]iftfnfO{ cfTd;ft\ u/L ljljwtflarsf] Pstf, ;fdflhs ;f+:s[lts P]Soab\wtf, ;lxi0f'tf / ;b\efjnfO{
;+/If0f Pjd\ k|jw{g ub}{ juL{o, hftLo, If]qLo, eflifs, wfld{s, n}+lus lje]b / ;a} k|sf/sf hftLo
5'jf5"tsf] cGTo u/L cfly{s ;dfgtf, ;d[b\lw / ;fdflhs Gofo ;'lglZrt ug{ ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zL /
;xeflutfd"ns l;b\wfGtsf cfwf/df ;dtfd"ns ;dfhsf] lgdf{0f ug]{ ;+sNk ub}{ hgtfsf] k|lt:kwf{Tds
ax'bnLo nf]stflGqs zf;g k|0ffnL, gful/s :jtGqtf, df}lns clwsf/, dfgj clwsf/, aflnu
dtflwsf/, cfjlws lgjf{rg, k"0f{ k|]; :jtGqtf tyf :jtGq, lgikIf / ;Ifd Gofokflnsf / sfg'gL
/fHosf] cjwf/0ff nufotsf nf]stflGqs d"No / dfGotfdf cfwfl/t ;dfhjfbk|lt k|ltab\w /xL ;d[b\w
/fi6« lgdf{0f ug{ ;ª\3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGqfTds zf;g Joj:yfsf] dfWodåf/f lbuf] zflGt, ;'zf;g,
ljsf; / ;d[b\lwsf] cfsf+Iff k"/f ug{ ;+ljwfg ;efaf6 kfl/t u/L of] ;+ljwfg hf/L ub{5f}+ .

420
 efu–#
df}lns xs / st{Jo
!^= ;Ddfgk"j{s afFRg kfpg] xs M -!_ k|To]s JolStnfO{ ;Ddfgk"j{s afFRg kfpg] xs x'g]5 .
-@_ s;}nfO{ klg d[To'b08sf] ;hfoF lbg] u/L sfg'g agfOg] 5}g .
!&= :jtGqtfsf] xs M -!_ sfg'g adf]lhd afx]s s'g} klg JolStnfO{ j}olSts :jtGqtfaf6 jl~rt
ul/g] 5}g .
-@_ k|To]s gful/snfO{ b]xfosf] :jtGqtf x'g]5 M–
-s_ ljrf/ / cleJolStsf] :jtGqtf,
-v_ ljgf xftxltof/ zflGtk"j{s e]nf x'g] :jtGqtf,
-u_ /fhgLlts bn vf]Ng] :jtGqtf,
-3_ ;ª\3 / ;+:yf vf]Ng] :jtGqtf,
-ª_ g]kfnsf] s'g} klg efudf cfjthfjt / a;f]af; ug]{ :jtGqtf,
-r_ g]kfnsf] s'g} klg efudf k]zf, /f]huf/ ug]{ / pb\of]u, Jofkf/ tyf Joj;fosf] :yfkgf
/ ;~rfng ug]{ :jtGqtf .
t/,
-!_ v08 -s_ sf] s'g} s'/fn] g]kfnsf] ;fj{ef}d;Ttf, ef}uf]lns cv08tf, /fli6«otf /
:jfwLgtfdf jf ;ª\3Lo OsfO jf ljleGg hft, hflt, wd{, ;Dk|bfolarsf] ;'–;DaGwdf
vnn kg]{], hftLo e]befj jf 5'jf5"tnfO{ b'?T;fxg ug]{, >dk|lt cjx]ngf ug]{, ufnL
a]OHhtL, cbfntsf] cjx]ngf x'g], ck/fw ug{ b'?T;fxg ug]{ jf ;fj{hlgs lzi6frf/ jf
g}ltstfsf] k|lts"n x'g] sfo{df dgfl;a k|ltaGw nufpg] u/L P]g agfpg /f]s nufPsf]
dflgg] 5}g .
-@_ v08 -v_ sf] s'g} s'/fn] g]kfnsf] ;fj{ef}d;Ttf, ef}uf]lns cv08tf, /fli6«otf / :jflwgtf,
;ª\3Lo PsfOlarsf] ;'–;DaGw jf ;fj{hlgs zflGt / Joj:yfdf vnn kg]{ sfo{df
dgfl;a k|ltaGw nufpg] u/L P]g agfpg /f]s nufPsf] dflgg] 5}g .
-#_ v08 -u_ sf] s'g} s'/fn] g]kfnsf] ;fj{ef}d;Ttf, ef}uf]lns cv08tf, /fli6«otf /
:jflwgtfdf vnn kg]{, /fi6«sf] lj?b\w hf;';L ug]{, /fli6«o uf]kgLotf e+u ug]{ jf g]kfnsf]
;'/Iffdf cfFr k'¥ofpg] u/L s'g} ljb]zL /fHo, ;ª\u7g jf k|ltlglwnfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ jf
/fHob|f]x ug]{ jf ;ª\3Lo PsfOlarsf] ;'–;DaGwdf vnn kg]{ jf hftLo jf ;fDk|bflos
ljå]if km}nfpg] jf ljleGg hft, hflt, wd{ / ;Dk|bfolarsf] ;'–;DaGwdf vnn kg]{ jf
s]jn hflt, efiff, wd{, ;Dk|bfo jf lnª\usf] cfwf/df s'g} /fhgLlts bnsf] ;b:otf k|fKt
ug{] jf aGb]h nufpg] jf gful/sx¿lar lje]b ug]{ u/L /fhgLlts bn u7g ug{],
lx+;fTds sfo{ ug{ b'?T;fxg ug]{ jf ;fj{hlgs g}ltstfsf] k|lts"n x'g] sfo{df dgfl;j
k|ltaGw nufpg] u/L P]g agfpg /f]s nufPsf] dflgg] 5}g .
-$_ v08 -3_ sf] s'g} s'/fn] g]kfnsf] ;fj{ef}d;Ttf, ef}uf]lns cv08tf, /fli6«otf /
:jfwLgtfdf vnn kg]{, /fi6«sf] lj?b\w hf;";L ug]{, /fli6«o uf]kgLotf e+u ug]{ jf g]kfnsf]
421
 ;'/Iffdf cfFr k'¥ofpg] u/L s'g} ljb]zL /fHo, ;ª\u7g jf k|ltlglwnfO{ ;xof]u ug]{,
/fHob|f]x ug]{ jf ;ª\3Lo OsfOlarsf] ;'–;DaGwdf vnn kg]{ jf hftLo jf ;fDk|bflos
ljå]if km}nfpg] jf ljleGg hft, hflt, wd{ / ;Dk|bfolarsf] ;'–;DaGwdf vnn kg]{ jf
lx+;fTds sfo{ ug{ b'?T;fxg ug]{ jf ;fj{hlgs g}ltstfsf] k|lts"n x'g] sfo{df dgfl;a
k|ltaGw nufpg] u/L P]g agfpg /f]s nufPsf] dflgg] 5}g .
-%_ v08 -ª_ sf] s'g} s'/fn] ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfsf] lxt jf ;ª\3Lo PsfOlarsf] ;'–;DaGw jf
ljleGg hft, hflt, wd{ jf ;Dk|bfox¿sf larsf] ;'–;DaGwdf vnn kg]{ jf lx+;fTds
sfo{ ug]{ jf To:tf] sfo{ ug{ b'?T;fxg ug]{ sfo{df dgfl;a k|ltaGw nufpg] u/L P]g
agfpg /f]s nufPsf] dflgg] 5}g .
-^_ v08 -r_ sf] s'g} s'/fn] ;ª\3Lo PsfOlarsf] ;'–;DaGwdf vnn k'¥ofpg] sfo{ jf
;j{;fwf/0f hgtfsf] ;fj{hlgs :jf:Yo, lzi6frf/ jf g}ltstfsf] k|lts"n x'g] sfo{df /f]s
nufpg] jf s'g} vf; pb\of]u, Jofkf/ jf ;]jf /fHon] dfq ;~rfng ug{ kfpg] jf s'g}
k]zf, /f]huf/, pb\of]u, Jofkf/ jf Joj;fo ug{sf nflu s'g} zt{ jf of]Uotf tf]Sg] u/L P]g
agfpg /f]s nufPsf] dflgg] 5}g .
!*= ;dfgtfsf] xs M -!_ ;a} gful/s sfg'gsf] b[li6df ;dfg x'g]5g\ . s;}nfO{ klg sfg'gsf] ;dfg
;+/If0faf6 jl~rt ul/g] 5}g .
-@_ ;fdfGo sfg'gsf] k|of]udf pTklTt, wd{, j0f{, hft, hflt, lnª\u, zf/Ll/s cj:yf,
ckfª\utf, :jf:Yo l:ylt, j}jflxs l:ylt, uef{j:yf, cfly{s cj:yf, efiff jf If]q, j}rfl/s
cf:yf jf o:t} cGo s'g} cfwf/df e]befj ul/g] 5}g .
-#_ /fHon] gful/sx¿sf lar pTklTt, wd{, j0f{, hft, hflt, lnª\u, cfly{s cj:yf, efiff,
If]q, j}rfl/s cf:yf jf o:t} cGo s'g} cfwf/df e]befj ug]{ 5}g .
t/ ;fdflhs jf ;f+:s[lts b[li6n] lk5l8Psf dlxnf, blnt, cflbjf;L, cflbjf;L hghflt,
dw]zL, yf¿, d'l:nd, pTkLl8t ju{, lk58f ju{, cNk;+Vos, ;LdfGtLs[t, ls;fg, >lds, o'jf,
afnaflnsf, Ho]i7 gful/s, n}+lus tyf of}lgs cNk;+Vos, ckfª\utf ePsf JolSt, uef{j:yfsf
JolSt, czQm jf c;xfo, lk5l8Psf] If]q / cfly{s ¿kn] ljkGg v; cfo{ nufot gful/ssf]
;+/If0f, ;zStLs/0f jf ljsf;sf nflu sfg'g adf]lhd ljz]if Joj:yf ug{ /f]s nufPsf] dflgg]
5}g .
:ki6Ls/0f M o; efu / efu $ sf] k|of]hgsf nflu æcfly{s ¿kn] ljkGgÆ eGgfn] ;ª\3Lo
sfg'gdf tf]lsPsf] cfoeGbf sd cfo ePsf] JolSt ;Demg' k5{ .
-$_ ;dfg sfdsf nflu n}+lus cfwf/df kfl/>lds tyf ;fdflhs ;'/Iffdf s'g} e]befj ul/g]
5}g .
-%_ k}t[s ;DklTtdf n}+lus e]befj ljgf ;a} ;Gtfgsf] ;dfg xs x'g]5 .
!(= ;~rf/sf] xs M -!_ ljb\w'tLo k|sfzg, k|;f/0f tyf 5fkf nufotsf h'g;'s} dfWodaf6 s'g}
;dfrf/, ;DkfbsLo, n]v, /rgf jf cGo s'g} kf7\o, >Jo, >Job[Zo ;fdu|Lsf] k|sfzg tyf
k|;f/0f ug{ jf ;"rgf k|jfx ug{ jf 5fKg k"j{ k|ltaGw nufOg] 5}g .

422
 t/ g]kfnsf] ;fj{ef}d;Ttf, ef}uf]lns cv08tf, /fli6«otf jf ;ª\3Lo OsfOlarsf] ;'–;DaGw jf
ljleGg hft, hflt, wd{ jf ;Dk|bfo larsf] ;'–;DaGwdf vnn kg]{, /fHob|f]x, ufnL a]OHhtL jf
cbfntsf] cjx]ngf x'g] jf ck/fw ug{ b'?T;fxg ug]{ jf ;fj{hlgs lzi6frf/, g}ltstfsf]
k|lts"n sfo{ ug{], >dk|lt cjx]ngf ug{] / hftLo 5'jf5"t Pjd\ n}+lus e]befjnfO{ b'?T;fxg
ug]{ sfo{df dgfl;a k|ltaGw nufpg] u/L P]g agfpg /f]s nufPsf] dflgg] 5}g .
-@_ s'g} >Jo, >Job[Zo jf ljb\w'tLo pks/0fsf] dfWod jf 5fkfvfgfaf6 s'g} ;dfrf/, n]v,
;DkfbsLo, /rgf, ;"rgf jf cGo s'g} ;fdu|L d'b|0f jf k|sfzg, k|;f/0f u/] jf 5fk] afkt
To:tf] ;fdu|L k|sfzg, k|;f/0f ug]{ jf 5fKg] /]l8of], 6]lnlehg, cgnfOg jf cGo s'g}
lsl;dsf] l8lh6n jf ljb\w'tLo pks/0f, 5fkf jf cGo ;~rf/ dfWodnfO{ aGb, hkmt jf
btf{ vf/]h jf To:tf] ;fdu|L hkmt ul/g] 5}g .
t/ o; pkwf/fdf n]lvPsf] s'g} s'/fn] /]l8of], 6]lnlehg, cgnfOg jf cGo s'g} lsl;dsf]
l8lh6n jf ljb\w'tLo pks/0f, 5fkfvfgf jf cGo ;~rf/ dfWodsf] lgodg ug{ P]g agfpg
aGb]h nufPsf] dflgg] 5}g .
-#_ sfg'g adf]lhd afx]s s'g} 5fkf, ljb\w'tLo k|;f/0f tyf 6]lnkmf]g nufotsf ;~rf/
;fwgnfO{ cj?b\w ul/g] 5}g .
@)= Gofo ;DaGwL xs M -!_ s'g} klg JolStnfO{ kqmfp ePsf] sf/0f ;lxtsf] ;"rgf glbO{ y'gfdf
/flvg] 5}g .
-@_ kqmfpdf k/]sf JolStnfO{ kqmfp k/]sf] ;dob]lv g} cfk"mn] /f]h]sf] sfg'g Joj;foL;Fu
;Nnfx lng kfpg] tyf sfg'g Joj;foLåf/f k'k{If ug{] xs x'g]5 . To:tf] JolStn] cfkm\gf]
sfg'g Joj;foL;Fu u/]sf] k/fdz{ / lghn] lbPsf] ;Nnfx uf]Ko /xg]5 .
t/ zq' b]zsf] gful/ssf] xsdf of] pkwf/f nfu" x'g] 5}g .
:ki6Ls/0f M o; pkwf/fsf] k|of]hgsf nflu æsfg'g Joj;foLÆ eGgfn] s'g} c8\8f cbfntdf
s'g} JolStsf] k|ltlglwTj ug{ sfg'gn] clwsf/ lbPsf] JolSt ;Demg' k5{ .
-#_ kqmfp ul/Psf] JolStnfO{ kqmfp ePsf] ;do tyf :yfgaf6 af6f]sf] Dofb afx]s rf}aL;
306fleq d'2f x]g]{ clwsf/L ;dIf pkl:yt u/fpg' kg{]5 / To:tf] clwsf/Laf6 cfb]z
ePdf afx]s kqmfp ePsf] JolStnfO{ y'gfdf /flvg] 5}g .
t/ lgjf/s gh/aGbdf /flvPsf JolSt / zq' b]zsf] gful/ssf] xsdf of] pkwf/f nfu" x'g]
5}g .
-$_ tTsfn k|rlnt sfg'gn] ;hfo gx'g] s'g} sfd u/] afkt s'g} JolSt ;hfoefuL x'g] 5}g /
s'g} klg JolStnfO{ s;"/ ubf{sf] cj:yfdf sfg'gdf tf]lsPeGbf a9L ;hfo lbOg] 5}g .
-%_ s'g} cleof]u nfu]sf] JolStnfO{ lghn] u/]sf] s;"/ k|dfl0ft geP;Dd s;"/bf/ dflgg]
5}g .
-^_ s'g} klg JolSt lj?b\w cbfntdf Ps} s;"/df Ps k6seGbf a9L d'2f rnfOg] / ;hfo
lbOg] 5}g .
-&_ s'g} s;"/sf] cleof]u nfu]sf] JolStnfO{ cfkm\gf] lj?b\w ;fIfL x'g afWo kfl/g] 5}g .
-*_ k|To]s JolStnfO{ lgh lj?b\w ul/Psf] sf/afxLsf] hfgsf/L kfpg] xs x'g]5 .
423
 -(_ k|To]s JolStnfO{ :jtGq, lgikIf / ;Ifd cbfnt jf Goflos lgsfoaf6 :jR5 ;'g'jfOsf]
xs x'g]5 .
-!)_ c;dy{ kIfnfO{ sfg'g adf]lhd lgMz'Ns sfg'gL ;xfotf kfpg] xs x'g]5 .
@!= ck/fw kLl8tsf] xs M -!_ ck/fw kLl8tnfO{ cfkm" kLl8t ePsf] d'2fsf] cg';Gwfg tyf
sf/afxL ;DaGwL hfgsf/L kfpg] xs x'g]5 .
-@_ ck/fw kLl8tnfO{ sfg'g adf]lhd ;fdflhs k'gM:yfkgf / Ifltk"lt{ ;lxtsf] Gofo kfpg]
xs x'g]5 .
@@= oftgf lj?b\wsf] xs M -!_ kqmfp k/]sf] jf y'gfdf /x]sf] JolStnfO{ zf/Ll/s jf dfgl;s oftgf
lbOg] jf lgh;Fu lgd{d, cdfgjLo jf ckdfghgs Jojxf/ ul/g] 5}g .
-@_ pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhdsf] sfo{ sfg'g adf]lhd b08gLo x'g]5 / To:tf] Jojxf/af6 kLl8t
JolStnfO{ sfg'g adf]lhd Ifltk"lt{ kfpg] xs x'g]5 .
@#= lgjf/s gh/aGb lj?b\wsf] xs M -!_ g]kfnsf] ;fj{ef}d;Ttf, ef}uf]lns cv08tf jf ;fj{hlgs
zflGt / Joj:yfdf tTsfn vnn kg]{ kof{Kt cfwf/ geO{ s;}nfO{ klg lgjf/s gh/aGbdf
/flvg] 5}g .
-@_ pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhd lgjf/s gh/aGbdf /x]sf] JolStsf l:yltsf] af/]df lghsf] kl/jf/sf
;b:o jf glhssf] gft]bf/nfO{ sfg'g adf]lhd tTsfn hfgsf/L lbg' kg]{5 .
t/ zq' b]zsf] gful/ssf xsdf of] pkwf/f nfu" x'g] 5}g .
-#_ lgjf/s gh/aGbdf /fVg] clwsf/Ln] sfg'g ljk/Lt jf ablgotk"j{s s'g} JolStnfO{
gh/aGbdf /fv]df To:tf] JolStnfO{ sfg'g adf]lhd Ifltk"lt{ kfpg] xs x'g]5 .
@$= 5'jf5"t tyf e]befj lj?b\wsf] xs M -!_ s'g} klg JolStnfO{ lghsf] pTklTt, hft, hflt,
;d'bfo, k]zf, Joj;fo jf zf/Ll/s cj:yfsf] cfwf/df s'g} klg lghL tyf ;fj{hlgs :yfgdf
s'g} k|sf/sf] 5'jf5"t jf e]befj ul/g] 5}g .
-@_ s'g} j:t', ;]jf jf ;'ljwf pTkfbg jf ljt/0f ubf{ To:tf] j:t', ;]jf jf ;'ljwf s'g} vf;
hft jf hfltsf] JolStnfO{ v/Lb jf k|fKt ug{af6 /f]s nufOg] jf To:tf] j:t', ;]jf jf
;'ljwf s'g} vf; hft jf hfltsf] JolStnfO{ dfq laqmL ljt/0f jf k|bfg ul/g] 5}g .
-#_ pTklTt, hft, hflt jf zf/Ll/s cj:yfsf] cfwf/df s'g} JolSt jf ;d'bfonfO{ pRr jf
gLr bzf{pg], hft, hflt jf 5'jf5"tsf] cfwf/df ;fdflhs e]befjnfO{ Gofof]lrt 7fGg] jf
5'jf5"t tyf hftLo pRrtf jf 3[0ffdf cfwfl/t ljrf/sf] k|rf/ k|;f/ ug{ jf hftLo
lje]bnfO{ s'g} klg lsl;dn] k|f]T;fxg ug{ kfOg] 5}g .
-$_ hftLo cfwf/df 5'jf5"t u/L jf gu/L sfo{:yndf s'g} k|sf/sf] e]befj ug{ kfOg] 5}g .
-%_ o; wf/fsf] k|lts"n x'g] u/L ePsf ;a} k|sf/sf 5'jf5"t tyf e]befjhGo sfo{ uDeL/
;fdflhs ck/fwsf ¿kdf sfg'g adf]lhd b08gLo x'g]5g\ / To:tf] sfo{af6 kLl8t
JolStnfO{ sfg'g adf]lhd Ifltk"lt{ kfpg] xs x'g]5 .
@%= ;DklTtsf] xs M -!_ k|To]s gful/snfO{ sfg'gsf] cwLgdf /xL ;DklTt cfh{g ug]{, ef]u ug]{,
a]rlavg ug]{, Jofj;flos nfe k|fKt ug]{ / ;DklTtsf] cGo sf/f]af/ ug]{ xs x'g]5 .
424
 t/ /fHon] JolStsf] ;DklTtdf s/ nufpg / k|ultzLn s/sf] dfGotf cg'¿k JolStsf] cfodf
s/ nufpg ;Sg]5 .
:ki6Ls/0f M o; wf/fsf] k|of]hgsf nflu æ;DklTtÆ eGgfn] rn crn nufot ;a} k|sf/sf]
;DklTt ;Demg' k5{ / ;f] zAbn] af}l4s ;DklTt ;d]tnfO{ hgfpF5 .
-@_ ;fj{hlgs lxtsf nflu afx]s /fHon] s'g} JolStsf] ;DklTt clwu|x0f ug]{, k|fKt ug]{ jf
To:tf] ;DklTt pk/ c¿ s'g} k|sf/n] s'g} clwsf/sf] l;h{gf ug]{ 5}g .
t/ s'g} klg JolStn] u}/sfg'gL ¿kn] cfh{g u/]sf] ;DklTtsf] xsdf of] pkwf/f nfu" x'g] 5}g .
-#_ pkwf/f -@_ adf]lhd ;fj{hlgs lxtsf nflu /fHon] s'g} klg JolStsf] ;DklTt clwu|x0f
ubf{ Ifltk"lt{sf] cfwf/ / sfo{k|0ffnL P]g adf]lhd x'g]5 .
-$_ pkwf/f -@_ / -#_ sf] Joj:yfn] e"ldsf] pTkfbg / pTkfbsTj clej[b\lw ug{, s[lifsf]
cfw'lgsLs/0f / Joj;foLs/0f, jftfj/0f ;+/If0f, Jojl:yt cfjf; tyf zx/L ljsf; ug{]
k|of]hgsf nflu /fHon] sfg'g adf]lhd e"ld ;'wf/, Joj:yfkg / lgodg ug{ afwf kg]{
5}g .
-%_ pkwf/f -#_ adf]lhd /fHon] ;fj{hlgs lxtsf nflu s'g} JolStsf] ;DklTt clwu|x0f
u/]sf]df To:tf] ;fj{hlgs lxtsf] ;6[f csf{] s'g} ;fj{hlgs lxtsf nflu To:tf] ;DklTt
k|of]u ug{ afwf kg]{ 5}g .
@^= wfld{s :jtGqtfsf] xs M -!_ wd{df cf:yf /fVg] k|To]s JolStnfO{ cfkm\gf] cf:yf cg';f/ wd{sf]
cjnDag, cEof; / ;+/If0f ug{] :jtGqtf x'g]5 .
-@_ k|To]s wfld{s ;Dk|bfonfO{ wfld{s :yn tyf wfld{s u'7L ;~rfng / ;+/If0f ug{] xs
x'g]5 .
t/ wfld{s :yn tyf wfld{s u'7Lsf] ;~rfng / ;+/If0f ug{ tyf u'7L ;DklTt tyf hUufsf]
Joj:yfkgsf nflu sfg'g agfO{ lgoldt ug{ afwf k'u]sf] dflgg] 5}g .
-#_ o; wf/fåf/f k|bQ xssf] k|of]u ubf{ s;}n] klg ;fj{hlgs :jf:Yo, lzi6frf/ / g}ltstfsf]
k|lts"n x'g] jf ;fj{hlgs zflGt e+u ug]{ lj|mofsnfk ug{, u/fpg jf s;}sf] wd{ kl/jt{g
u/fpg] jf csf{sf] wd{df vnn kg{] sfd jf Jojxf/ ug{ jf u/fpg x'Fb}g / To:tf] sfo{
sfg'g adf]lhd b08gLo x'g]5 .
@&= ;"rgfsf] xs M k|To]s gful/snfO{ cfkm\gf] jf ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] s'g} klg ljifosf] ;"rgf
dfUg] / kfpg] xs x'g]5 .
t/ sfg'g adf]lhd uf]Ko /fVg' kg]{ ;"rgfsf] hfgsf/L lbg s;}nfO{ afWo kfl/g] 5}g .
@*= uf]kgLotfsf] xs M s'g} klg JolStsf] hLp, cfjf;, ;DklTt, lnvt, tYofª\s, kqfrf/ / rl/q
;DaGwL ljifosf] uf]kgLotf sfg'g adf]lhd afx]s cGt/lj|mof x'g]5 .
@(= zf]if0f lj?4sf] xs M -!_ k|To]s JolStnfO{ zf]if0f lj?4sf] xs x'g]5 .
-@_ wd{, k|yf, k/Dk/f, ;+:sf/, k|rng jf cGo s'g} cfwf/df s'g} klg JolStnfO{ s'g} lsl;dn]
zf]if0f ug{ kfOg] 5}g .
-#_ s;}nfO{ klg a]rlavg ug{, bf; jf afFwf agfpg kfOg] 5}g .
425
 -$_ s;}nfO{ klg lghsf] OR5f lj?4 sfddf nufpg kfOg] 5}g .
t/ ;fj{hlgs k|of]hgsf nflu gful/snfO{ /fHon] clgjfo{ ;]jfdf nufpg ;Sg] u/L sfg'g
agfpg /f]s nufPsf] dflgg] 5}g .
-%_ pkwf/f -#_ / -$_ ljk/Ltsf] sfo{ sfg'g adf]lhd b08gLo x'g]5 / kLl8tnfO{ kL8saf6
sfg'g adf]lhd Ifltk"lt{ kfpg] xs x'g]5 .
#)= :jR5 jftfj/0fsf] xs M -!_ k|To]s gful/snfO{ :jR5 / :j:y jftfj/0fdf afFRg kfpg] xs
x'g]5 .
-@_ jftfj/0fLo k|b"if0f jf x|f;af6 x'g] Ifltafkt kLl8tnfO{ k|b"ifsaf6 sfg'g adf]lhd
Ifltk"lt{ kfpg] xs x'g]5 .
-#_ /fi6«sf] ljsf; ;DaGwL sfo{df jftfj/0f / ljsf;lar ;d'lrt ;Gt'ngsf nflu cfjZos
sfg'gL Joj:yf ug{ o; wf/fn] afwf k'¥ofPsf] dflgg] 5}g .
#!= lzIff ;DaGwL xs M -!_ k|To]s gful/snfO{ cfwf/e"t lzIffdf kx'Frsf] xs x'g]5 .
-@_ k|To]s gful/snfO{ /fHoaf6 cfwf/e"t tx;Ddsf] lzIff clgjfo{ / lgMz'Ns tyf dfWolds
tx;Ddsf] lzIff lgMz'Ns kfpg] xs x'g]5 .
-#_ ckfª\utf ePsf / cfly{s ¿kn] ljkGg gful/snfO{ sfg'g adf]lhd lgMz'Ns pRr lzIff
kfpg] xs x'g]5 .
-$_ b[li6ljxLg gful/snfO{ a|]nlnlk tyf alx/f / :j/ jf af]nfO ;DaGwL ckfª\utf ePsf
gful/snfO{ ;fª\s]lts efiffsf] dfWodaf6 sfg'g adf]lhd lgMz'Ns lzIff kfpg] xs x'g]5 .
-%_ g]kfndf a;f]af; ug{] k|To]s g]kfnL ;d'bfonfO{ sfg'g adf]lhd cfkm\gf] dft[efiffdf lzIff
kfpg] / To;sf nflu ljb\ofno tyf z}lIfs ;+:yf vf]Ng] / ;~rfng ug{] xs x'g]5 .
#@= efiff tyf ;+:s[ltsf] xs M -!_ k|To]s JolSt / ;d'bfonfO{ cfkm\gf] efiff k|of]u ug]{ xs x'g]5 .
-@_ k|To]s JolSt / ;d'bfonfO{ cfkm\gf] ;d'bfosf] ;f+:s[lts hLjgdf ;xefuL x'g kfpg] xs
x'g]5 .
-#_ g]kfndf a;f]af; ug{] k|To]s g]kfnL ;d'bfonfO{ cfkm\gf] efiff, lnlk, ;+:s[lt, ;f+:s[lts
;Eotf / ;Dkbfsf] ;+jw{g / ;+/If0f ug{] xs x'g]5 .
##= /f]huf/Lsf] xs M -!_ k|To]s gful/snfO{ /f]huf/Lsf] xs x'g]5 . /f]huf/Lsf] zt{, cj:yf /
a]/f]huf/ ;xfotf ;ª\3Lo sfg'g adf]lhd x'g]5 .
-@_ k|To]s gful/snfO{ /f]huf/Lsf] 5gf]6 ug{ kfpg] xs x'g]5 .
#$= >dsf] xs M -!_ k|To]s >ldsnfO{ plrt >d cEof;sf] xs x'g]5 .
:ki6Ls/0f M o; wf/fsf] k|of]hgsf nflu æ>ldsÆ eGgfn] kfl/>lds lnO{ /f]huf/bftfsf nflu
zf/Ll/s jf af}l4s sfo{ ug{] sfdbf/ jf dhb"/ ;Demg' k5{ .
-@_ k|To]s >ldsnfO{ plrt kfl/>lds, ;'ljwf tyf of]ubfgdf cfwfl/t ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf]
xs x'g]5 .

426
 -#_ k|To]s >ldsnfO{ sfg'g adf]lhd 6«]8 o'lgog vf]Ng], To;df ;xefuL x'g] tyf ;fd"lxs
;f}bfafhL ug{ kfpg] xs x'g]5 .
#%= :jf:Yo ;DaGwL xs M -!_ k|To]s gful/snfO{ /fHoaf6 cfwf/e"t :jf:Yo ;]jf lgMz'Ns k|fKt ug{]
xs x'g]5 / s;}nfO{ klg cfsl:ds :jf:Yo ;]jfaf6 jl~rt ul/g] 5}g .
-@_ k|To]s JolStnfO{ cfkm\gf] :jf:Yo pkrf/sf] ;DaGwdf hfgsf/L kfpg] xs x'g]5 .
-#_ k|To]s gful/snfO{ :jf:Yo ;]jfdf ;dfg kx'Frsf] xs x'g]5 .
-$_ k|To]s gful/snfO{ :jR5 vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfOdf kx'Frsf] xs x'g]5 .
#^= vfb\o ;DaGwL xs M -!_ k|To]s gful/snfO{ vfb\o ;DaGwL xs x'g]5 .
-@_ k|To]s gful/snfO{ vfb\o\oj:t'sf] cefjdf hLjg hf]lvddf kg]{ cj:yfaf6 ;'/lIft x'g]
xs x'g]5 .
-#_ k|To]s gful/snfO{ sfg'g adf]lhd vfb\o ;Dk|e'tfsf] xs x'g]5 .
#&= cfjf;sf] xs M -!_ k|To]s gful/snfO{ pko'Qm cfjf;sf] xs x'g]5 .
-@_ sfg'g adf]lhd afx]s s'g} klg gful/snfO{ lghsf] :jfldTjdf /x]sf] jf;:yfgaf6 x6fOg]
jf cltj|md0f ul/g] 5}g .
#*= dlxnfsf] xs M -!_ k|To]s dlxnfnfO{ n}+lus e]befj ljgf ;dfg j+zLo xs x'g]5 .
-@_ k|To]s dlxnfnfO{ ;'/lIft dft[Tj / k|hgg\ :jf:Yo ;DaGwL xs x'g]5 .
-#_ dlxnf lj?å wfld{s, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts k/Dk/f, k|rng jf cGo s'g} cfwf/df zf/Ll/s,
dfgl;s, of}ghGo, dgf]j}1flgs jf cGo s'g} lsl;dsf] lx+;fhGo sfo{ jf zf]if0f ul/g]
5}g . To:tf] sfo{ sfg'g adf]lhd b08gLo x'g]5 / kLl8tnfO{ sfg'g adf]lhd Ifltk"lt{
kfpg] xs x'g]5 .
-$_ /fHosf ;a} lgsfodf dlxnfnfO{ ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zL l;b\wfGtsf] cfwf/df ;xefuL x'g]
xs x'g]5 .
-%_ dlxnfnfO{ lzIff, :jf:Yo, /f]huf/L / ;fdflhs ;'/Iffdf ;sf/fTds lje]bsf cfwf/df
ljz]if cj;/ k|fKt ug]{ xs x'g]5 .
-^_ ;DklTt tyf kfl/jfl/s dfldnfdf bDktLsf] ;dfg xs x'g]5 .
#(= afnaflnsfsf] xs M -!_ k|To]s afnaflnsfnfO{ cfkm\gf] klxrfg ;lxt gfds/0f / hGdbtf{sf]
xs x'g]5 .
-@_ k|To]s afnaflnsfnfO{ kl/jf/ tyf /fHoaf6 lzIff, :jf:Yo, kfng kf]if0f, plrt :ofxf/,
v]ns"b, dgf]/~hg tyf ;jf{+uL0f JolStTj ljsf;sf] xs x'g]5 .
-#_ k|To]s afnaflnsfnfO{ k|f/lDes afn ljsf; tyf afn ;xeflutfsf] xs x'g]5 .
-$_ s'g} klg afnaflnsfnfO{ snsf/vfgf, vfgL jf o:t} cGo hf]lvdk"0f{ sfddf nufpg
kfOg] 5}g .
-%_ s'g} klg afnaflnsfnfO{ afn ljjfx, u}/sfg'gL cf];f/k;f/ / ckx/0f ug{ jf aGws /fVg
kfOg] 5}g .

427
 -^_ s'g} klg afnaflnsfnfO{ ;]gf, k|x/L jf ;z:q ;d"xdf egf{ jf k|of]u ug{ jf ;f+:s[lts jf
wfld{s k|rngsf gfddf s'g} klg dfWod jf k|sf/n] b'Jo{jxf/, pk]Iff jf zf/Ll/s,
dfgl;s, of}ghGo jf cGo s'g} k|sf/sf] zf]if0f ug{ jf cg'lrt k|of]u ug{ kfOg] 5}g .
-&_ s'g} klg afnaflnsfnfO{ 3/, ljb\ofno jf cGo h'g;'s} :yfg / cj:yfdf zf/Ll/s,
dfgl;s jf cGo s'g} lsl;dsf] oftgf lbg kfOg] 5}g .
-*_ k|To]s afnaflnsfnfO{ afn cg's"n Gofosf] xs x'g]5 .
-(_ c;xfo, cgfy, ckfª\utf ePsf, åGåkLl8t, lj:yflkt Pjd\ hf]lvddf /x]sf
afnaflnsfnfO{ /fHoaf6 ljz]if ;+/If0f / ;'ljwf kfpg] xs x'g]5 .
-!)_ pkwf/f -$_, -%_, -^_ / -&_ ljk/Ltsf sfo{ sfg'g adf]lhd b08gLo x'g]5g\ / To:tf]
sfo{af6 kLl8t afnaflnsfnfO{ kL8saf6 sfg'g adf]lhd Ifltk"lt{ kfpg] xs x'g]5 .
$)= blntsf] xs M -!_ /fHosf ;a} lgsfodf blntnfO{ ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zL l;b\wfGtsf] cfwf/df
;xefuL x'g] xs x'g]5 . ;fj{hlgs ;]jf nufotsf /f]huf/Lsf cGo If]qdf blnt ;d'bfosf]
;zStLs/0f, k|ltlglwTj / ;xeflutfsf nflu sfg'g adf]lhd ljz]if Joj:yf ul/g]5 .
-@_ blnt ljb\ofyL{{nfO{ k|fyldsb]lv pRr lzIff;Dd sfg'g adf]lhd 5fqj[lQ ;lxt lgMz'Ns
lzIffsf] Joj:yf ul/g]5 . k|fljlws / Jofj;flos pRr lzIffdf blntsf nflu sfg'g
adf]lhd ljz]if Joj:yf ul/g]5 .
-#_ blnt ;d'bfonfO{ :jf:Yo / ;fdflhs ;'/Iff k|bfg ug{ sfg'g adf]lhd ljz]if Joj:yf
ul/g]5 .
-$_ blnt ;d'bfonfO{ cfkm\gf] k/Dk/fut k]zf, 1fg, ;Lk / k|ljlwsf] k|of]u, ;+/If0f / ljsf;
ug]{ xs x'g]5 . /fHon] blnt ;d'bfosf k/Dk/fut k]zf;Fu ;DalGwt cfw'lgs Joj;fodf
pgLx¿nfO{ k|fyldstf lbO{ To;sf nflu cfjZos kg]{ ;Lk / ;|f]t pknAw u/fpg]5 .
-%_ /fHon] e"ldxLg blntnfO{ sfg'g adf]lhd Ps k6s hdLg pknAw u/fpg' kg]{5 .
-^_ /fHon] cfjf;ljxLg blntnfO{ sfg'g adf]lhd a;f]af;sf] Joj:yf ug]{5 .
-&_ blnt ;d'bfonfO{ o; wf/fåf/f k|bQ ;'ljwf blnt dlxnf, k'?if / ;a} ;d'bfodf /x]sf
blntn] ;dfg'kflts ¿kdf k|fKt ug]{ u/L Gofof]lrt ljt/0f ug'{ kg]{5 .
$!= Ho]i7 gful/ssf] xsM Ho]i7 gful/snfO{ /fHoaf6 ljz]if ;+/If0f tyf ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] xs
x'g]5 .
$@= ;fdflhs Gofosf] xs M-!_ cfly{s, ;fdflhs jf z}lIfs b[li6n] k5fl8 k/]sf dlxnf, blnt,
cflbjf;L hghftL, dw]zL, yf?, d'l:nd, lk58fju{, cNk;+Vos, ;LdfGtLs[t, ckfª\utf ePsf
JolSt, n}+lËs tyf of}lgs cNk;+Vos, ls;fg, >lds, pTkLl8t jf lk5l8Psf] If]qsf gful/s tyf
cfly{s ¿kn] ljkGg v; cfo{nfO{ ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zL l;b\wfGtsf cfwf/df /fHosf lgsfodf
;xeflutfsf] xs x'g]5 .
-@_ cfly{s ¿kn] ljkGg tyf nf]kf]Gd'v ;d'bfosf gful/ssf] ;+/If0f, pTyfg, ;zStLs/0f /
ljsf;sf nflu lzIff, :jf:Yo, cfjf;, /f]huf/L, vfb\ofGg / ;fdflhs ;'/Iffdf ljz]if
cj;/ tyf nfe kfpg] xs x'g]5 .

428
 -#_ ckfª\utf ePsf gful/snfO{ ljljwtfsf] klxrfg ;lxt dof{bf / cfTd;Ddfgk"j{s
hLjgofkg ug{ kfpg] / ;fj{hlgs ;]jf tyf ;'ljwfdf ;dfg kx'Frsf] xs x'g]5 .
-$_ k|To]s ls;fgnfO{ sfg'g adf]lhd s[lif sfo{sf nflu e"lddf kx'Fr, k/Dk/fut ¿kdf k|of]u
/ cjnDag ul/Psf] :yfgLo aLp lahg / s[lif k|hfltsf] 5gf]6 / ;+/If0fsf] xs x'g]5 .
-%_ g]kfndf cu|ufdL nf]stflGqs kl/jt{gsf] nflu ePsf ;a} hgcfGbf]ng, ;z:q ;ª\3if{ /
qmflGtsf j|mddf hLjg pT;u{ ug]{ zxLbsf kl/jf/, a]kQf kfl/Psf JolStsf kl/jf/,
nf]stGqsf of]4f, åGåkLl8t / lj:yflkt, ckfª\utf ePsf JolSt, 3fOt] tyf kLl8tnfO{
Gofo Pjd\ plrt ;Ddfg ;lxt lzIff, :jf:Yo, /f]huf/L, cfjf; / ;fdflhs ;'/Iffdf
sfg'g adf]lhd k|fyldstfsf ;fy cj;/ kfpg] xs x'g]5 .
$#= ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] xs M cfly{s ¿kn] ljkGg, czSt / c;xfo cj:yfdf /x]sf, c;xfo Psn
dlxnf, ckfª\utf ePsf, afnaflnsf, cfk\mgf] x]/rfx cfkm}+ ug{ g;Sg] tyf nf]kf]Gd'v hfltsf
gful/snfO{ sfg'g adf]lhd ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] xs x'g]5 .
$$= pkef]Qmfsf] xs M -!_ k|To]s pkef]StfnfO{ u'0f:t/Lo j:t' tyf ;]jf k|fKt ug]{ xs x'g]5 .
-@_ u'0f:t/xLg j:t' jf ;]jfaf6 Iflt k'u]sf] JolStnfO{ sfg'g adf]lhd Ifltk"lt{ kfpg] xs x'g]5 .
$%= b]z lgsfnf lj?b\wsf] xs M s'g} klg gful/snfO{ b]z lgsfnf ul/g] 5}g .
$^= ;+j}wflgs pkrf/sf] xs M o; efuåf/f k|bQ xssf] k|rngsf nflu wf/f !## jf !$$ df
n]lvP adf]lhd ;+j}wflgs pkrf/ kfpg] xs x'g]5 .
$&= df}lns xssf] sfof{Gjog M o; efuåf/f k|bQ xsx¿sf] sfof{Gjogsf nflu cfjZostf cg';f/
/fHon] of] ;+ljwfg k|f/De ePsf] tLg jif{leq sfg'gL Joj:yf ug]{5 .
$*= gful/ssf st{Jo M k|To]s gful/ssf st{Jo b]xfo adf]lhd x'g]5g\ M–
-s_ /fi6«k|lt lgi7fjfg xF'b} g]kfnsf] /fli6«otf, ;fj{ef}d;Ttf / cv08tfsf] /Iff ug{',
-v_ ;+ljwfg / sfg'gsf] kfngf ug{',
-u_ /fHon] rfx]sf avt clgjfo{ ;]jf ug'{,
-3_ ;fj{hlgs ;DklTtsf] ;'/Iff / ;+/If0f ug{' .

efu–$
/fHosf lgb]{zs l;b\wfGt, gLlt tyf bfloTj
$(= dfu{lgb]{zgsf ¿kdf /xg] M -!_ o; efudf plNnlvt lgb]{zs l;b\wfGt, gLlt tyf bfloTj /fHo
;~rfngsf] dfu{lgb]{zgsf ¿kdf /xg]5g\ .
-@_ /fHon] o; efudf plNnlvt l;b\wfGt, gLlt / bfloTjsf] sfof{Gjog ug{ cfjZostf
cg';f/ ;|f]t ;fwg kl/rfng ug]{ u/fpg]5 .
%)= lgb]{zs l;b\wfGtx¿ M -!_ g]kfnsf] :jtGqtf, ;fj{ef}d;Ttf, ef}uf]lns cv08tf / :jfwLgtfnfO{
;jf]{kl/ /fVb} gful/ssf] hLp, wg, ;dfgtf / :jtGqtfsf] ;+/If0f u/L sfg'gsf] zf;g, df}lns
xs tyf dfgj clwsf/sf d"No / dfGotf, n}+lus ;dfgtf, ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zLs/0f,
429
 ;xeflutf / ;fdflhs Gofosf] dfWodaf6 /fli6«o hLjgsf ;a} If]qdf Gofok"0f{ Joj:yf sfod
ub}{ nf]ssNof0fsf/L /fHoJoj:yfsf] :yfkgf ug]{ tyf k/:k/ ;xof]udf cfwfl/t ;ª\3Lotfsf
cfwf/df ;ª\3Lo OsfOx¿larsf] ;DaGw ;~rfng ub}{ :yfgLo :jfoTttf / ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf]
cfwf/df zf;g Joj:yfdf ;dfg'kflts l;b\wfGtnfO{ cfTd;ft\ ub}{ nf]stflGqs clwsf/sf]
pkef]u ug{ kfpg] cj:yf ;'lglZrt ug{ ;ª\3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGqfTds Joj:yf ;'b[9 ug]{
/fHosf] /fhgLlts p2]Zo x'g]5 .
-@_ wd{, ;+:s[lt, ;+:sf/, k|yf, k/Dk/f, k|rng jf cGo s'g} klg cfwf/df x'g] ;a} k|sf/sf
lje]b, zf]if0f / cGofosf] cGTo u/L ;Eo / ;dtfd"ns ;dfhsf] lgdf{0f ug]{ Pjd\ /fli6«o
uf}/j, nf]stGq, hgkIfLotf, >dsf] ;Ddfg, pBdzLntf, cg'zf;g, dof{bf / ;lxi0f'tfdf
cfwfl/t ;fdflhs ;f+:s[lts d"Nox¿sf] ljsf; ug]{ tyf ;f+:s[lts ljljwtfsf] ;Ddfg
ub}{ ;fdflhs ;b\efj, P]Soab\wtf / ;fd~h:o sfod u/L /fli6«o Pstf ;'b[9 ug]{ /fHosf]
;fdflhs / ;f+:s[lts p2]Zo x'g]5 .
-#_ ;fj{hlgs, lghL / ;xsf/L If]qsf] ;xeflutf tyf ljsf; dfkm{t pknAw ;fwg / ;|f]tsf]
clwstd kl/rfngåf/f tLj| cfly{s clej[b\lw xfl;n ub{} lbuf] cfly{s ljsf; ug]{ tyf
k|fKt pknlAwx¿sf] Gofof]lrt ljt/0f u/L cfly{s c;dfgtfsf] cGTo ub}{ zf]if0f/lxt
;dfhsf] lgdf{0f ug{ /fli6«o cy{tGqnfO{ cfTdlge{/, :jtGq tyf pGgltzLn agfpFb}
;dfhjfb pGd'v :jtGq / ;d[b\w cy{tGqsf] ljsf; ug]{ /fHosf] cfly{s p2]Zo x'g]5 .
-$_ g]kfnsf] :jtGqtf, ;fj{ef}d;Ttf, ef}uf]lns cv08tf, :jfwLgtf / /fli6«o lxtsf] /Iff ub}{
;fj{ef}lds ;dfgtfsf cfwf/df cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGw sfod u/L ljZj ;d'bfodf /fli6«o
;Ddfgsf] clej[b\lw ug]{tkm{ /fHosf] cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGw lgb]{lzt x'g]5 .
%!= /fHosf gLltx¿ M /fHon] b]xfosf gLltx¿ cjnDag ug]{5 M–
-s_ /fli6«o Pstf / /fli6«o ;'/Iff ;DaGwL gLlt M
-!_ g]kfnsf] :jtGqtf, ;fj{ef}d;Ttf, ef}uf]lns cv08tf / :jfwLgtfsf] ;+/If0f ub}{ /fli6«o
Pstf cIf'00f /fVg],
-@_ ljleGg hft, hflt, wd{, efiff, ;+:s[lt / ;Dk|bfolar kf/:kl/s ;b\efj, ;lxi0f'tf /
P]Soab\wtf sfod u/L ;ª\3Lo OsfOlar k/:k/df ;xof]ufTds ;DaGw ljsf; ub}{ /fli6«o
Pstf k|jw{g ug]{,
-#_ /fli6«o ;'/Iff k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; u/L zflGt ;'/Iffsf] Joj:yf ug]{,
-$_ ;jf+{uL0f dfgjLo ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt ug]{,
-%_ /fli6«o ;'/Iff gLltsf cfwf/df g]kfnL ;]gf, g]kfn k|x/L, ;z:q k|x/L, an g]kfn nufot
;a} ;'/Iff lgsfonfO{ ;an, ;'b[9, Jofj;flos, ;dfj]zL / hgpQ/bfoL agfpg],
-^_ /fli6«o cfjZostf cg'¿k gful/snfO{ /fi6«sf] ;]jf ug{ tTk/ / ;Ifd agfpg],
-&_ k"j{ sd{rf/L, ;}lgs / k|x/L nufotsf k"j{ /fi6«;]jsx¿df /x]sf] 1fg, ;Lk / cg'ejnfO{
/fi6« lxtdf ;d'lrt pkof]u ug{] .

430
-v_ /fhgLlts tyf zf;g Joj:yf ;DaGwL gLlt M
-!_ /fhgLlts pknlAwsf] /Iff, ;'b[9Ls/0f / ljsf; ub}{ cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts
¿kfGt/0fsf dfWodaf6 hgtfsf] ;jf]{Qd lxt / ;d'Gglt k|Tofe"t ug]{,
-@_ dfgj clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f / ;+jw{g ub}{ ljlwsf] zf;g sfod /fVg],
-#_ g]kfn kIf ePsf cGt/f{li6«o ;lGw ;Demf}tfx¿sf] sfof{Gjog ug]{,
-$_ ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ :jR5, ;Ifd, lgikIf, kf/bzL{, e|i6frf/d'Qm, hgpQ/bfoL /
;xeflutfd"ns agfpFb} /fHoaf6 k|fKt x'g] ;]jf ;'ljwfdf hgtfsf] ;dfg / ;xh kx'Fr
;'lglZrt u/L ;'zf;gsf] k|Tofe"lt ug]{,
-%_ cfd;~rf/nfO{ :jR5, :j:y, lgikIf, dof{lbt, lhDd]jf/ / Jofj;flos agfpg cfjZos
Joj:yf ug]{,
-^_ ;ª\3Lo OsfOlar lhDd]jf/L, ;|f]t ;fwg / k|zf;gsf] ;fem]bf/L ub}{ ;'dw'/ / ;xof]ufTds
;DaGwsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/ ug]{ .
-u_ ;fdflhs / ;f+:s[lts ¿kfGt/0f ;DaGwL gLlt M
-!_ :j:y / ;Eo ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf; u/L ;fdflhs ;';DaGwdf cfwfl/t ;dfhsf] lgdf{0f ug]{,
-@_ P]ltxfl;s, k'/ftflTjs tyf ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfsf] ;+/If0f, ;+jw{g / ljsf;sf nflu cWoog,
cg';Gwfg, pTvgg tyf k|rf/ k|;f/ ug]{,
-#_ ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts tyf ;]jfd"ns sfo{df :yfgLo ;d'bfosf] l;h{gzLntfsf] k|jw{g /
kl/rfng u/L :yfgLo hg;xeflutf clej[b\lw ub}{ ;fd'bflos ljsf; ug]{,
-$_ /fli6«o ;Dkbfsf] ¿kdf /x]sf snf, ;flxTo / ;ËLtsf] ljsf;df hf]8 lbg],
-%_ ;dfhdf ljBdfg wd{, k|yf, k/Dk/f, /Llt tyf ;+:sf/sf gfddf x'g] ;a} k|sf/sf lje]b,
c;dfgtf, zf]if0f / cGofosf] cGt ug]{,
-^_ b]zsf] ;f+:s[lts ljljwtf sfod /fVb} ;dfgtf Pjd\ ;xcl:tTjsf cfwf/df ljleGg
hfthflt / ;d'bfosf] efiff, lnlk, ;+:s[lt, ;flxTo, snf, rnlrq / ;Dkbfsf] ;+/If0f /
ljsf; ug]{,
-&_ ax'eflifs gLlt cjnDag ug{] .
-3_ cy{, pb\of]u / jfl0fHo ;DaGwL gLlt M
-!_ ;fj{hlgs, lghL / ;xsf/L If]qsf] ;xeflutf / :jtGq ljsf; dfkm{t /fli6«o cy{tGq
;'b[9 ug]{,
-@_ cy{tGqdf lghL If]qsf] e"ldsfnfO{ dxTj lbb} pknAw ;fwg / ;|f]tsf] clwstd kl/rfng
u/L cfly{s ;d[b\lw xfl;n ug{],
-#_ ;xsf/L If]qnfO{ k|jw{g ub{} /fli6«o ljsf;df cTolws kl/rfng ug{],
-$_ cfly{s If]qsf ;a} ultljlwdf :jR5tf, hjfkmb]xL / k|lt:kwf{ sfod ug{ lgodgsf]
Joj:yf ub}{ ;jf{+uL0f /fli6«o ljsf;df k|f]T;fxg / kl/rfng ug]{,
-%_ pknAw ;fwg, ;|f]t tyf cfly{s ljsf;sf] k|ltkmnsf] Gofof]lrt ljt/0f ug]{,

431
 -^_ t'ngfTds nfesf If]qsf] klxrfg u/L pb\of]usf] ljsf; / lj:tf/åf/f lgof{t k|jw{g ub{}
j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] ahf/ ljljwLs/0f / lj:tf/ ug{],
-&_ sfnfahf/L, Psflwsf/, s[lqd cefj l;h{gf ug]{ / k|lt:kwf{ lgoGq0f h:tf sfo{sf] cGTo
ub{} /fli6«o cy{tGqnfO{ k|lt:kwL{ agfO{ Jofkfl/s :jR5tf / cg'zf;g sfod u/L
pkef]Qmfsf] lxt ;+/If0f ug]{,
-*_ /fli6«o cy{tGqsf] ljsf;sf nflu /fli6«o pb\of]uwGbf / ;fwg ;|f]tsf] ;+/If0f / k|jw{g
u/L g]kfnL >d, ;Lk / sRrf kbfy{df cfwfl/t :jb]zL nufgLnfO{ k|fyldstf lbg],
-(_ /fli6«o cy{tGqsf] ljsf;sf nflu :jb]zL nufgLnfO{ k|fyldstf lbg],
-!)_ /fli6«o lxt cg's"n cfoft k|lt:yfkg, lgof{t k|jw{gsf If]qdf j}b]lzs k"FhL tyf k|ljlwsf]
nufgLnfO{ cfslif{t ub{} k"jf{wf/ ljsf;df k|f]T;fxg Pjd\ kl/rfng ug]{,
-!!_ j}b]lzs ;xfotf ln+bf /fli6«o cfjZostf / k|fyldstfnfO{ cfwf/ agfpFb} o;nfO{ kf/bzL{
agfpg] / j}b]lzs ;xfotfaf6 k|fKt /sd /fli6«o ah]6df ;dflxt ug]{,
-!@_ u}/cfjf;Lo g]kfnLx¿sf] 1fg, ;Lk, k|ljlw / k"FhLnfO{ /fli6«o ljsf;df pkof]u ug]{,
-!#_ cf}Bf]lus sl/8f]/, ljz]if cfly{s If]q, /fli6«o kl/of]hgf, ljb]zL nufgLsf kl/of]hgfsf]
;Gbe{df cGt/ k|b]z tyf k|b]z / ;ª\3 lar ;dGjo :yflkt u/fO{ cfly{s ljsf;nfO{
ultzLntf k|bfg ug{] .
-ª_ s[lif / e"ld;'wf/ ;DaGwL gLlt M
-!_ e"lddf /x]sf] bf]xf]/f] :jfldTj cGTo ub}{ ls;fgsf] lxtnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL j}1flgs e"ld;'wf/
ug]{,
-@_ cg'kl:yt e"–:jfldTjnfO{ lg?T;flxt ub}{ hUufsf] rSnfaGbL u/L pTkfbg / pTkfbsTj
clej[b\lw ug{],
-#_ ls;fgsf] xs lxt ;+/If0f / ;+jw{g ub{} s[lifsf] pTkfbg / pTkfbsTj a9fpg e"pkof]u
gLltsf] cjnDag u/L e"ldsf] Joj:yfkg / s[lifsf] Joj;foLs/0f, cf}Bf]lusLs/0f,
ljljwLs/0f / cfw'lgsLs/0f ug{],
-$_ e"ldsf] pTkfbgzLntf, k|s[lt tyf jftfj/0fLo ;Gt'ng ;d]tsf cfwf/df lgodg /
Joj:yfkg ub}{ To;sf] ;d'lrt pkof]u ug]{,
-%_ s[ifssf nflu s[lif ;fdu|L, s[lif pkhsf] plrt d"No / ahf/df kx'Frsf] Joj:yf ug]{ .
-r_ ljsf; ;DaGwL gLlt M
-!_ If]qLo ;Gt'ng ;lxtsf] ;dfj]zL cfly{s ljsf;sf nflu If]qLo ljsf;sf] of]hgf cGtu{t
lbuf] ;fdflhs cfly{s ljsf;sf /0fgLlt / sfo{j|mdx¿ th{'df u/L ;dGjofTds tj/n]
sfof{Gjog ug{],
-@_ ljsf;sf b[li6n] k5fl8 k/]sf If]qnfO{ k|fyldstf lb+b} ;Gt'lnt, jftfj/0f cg's"n,
u'0f:t/Lo tyf lbuf] ¿kdf ef}lts k"jf{wf/sf] ljsf; ug]{,
-#_ ljsf; lgdf{0fsf] k|lj|mofdf :yfgLo hg;xeflutf clej[b\lw ug]{,

432
 -$_ j}1flgs cWoog cg';Gwfg Pjd\ lj1fg / k|ljlwsf] cfljisf/, pGgog / ljsf;df nufgL
clej[b\lw ug]{] tyf j}1flgs, k|fljlws, af}b\lws / ljlzi6 k|ltefx¿sf] ;+/If0f ug]{,
-%_ /fli6«o cfjZostf cg';f/ ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/ u/L To;df ;j{;fwf/0f
hgtfsf] ;xh / ;/n kx'Fr ;'lglZrt ug]{ tyf /fli6«o ljsf;df ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] pRrtd
pkof]u ug]{,
-^_ ljsf;sf] k|ltkmn ljt/0fdf ljkGg gful/snfO{ k|fyldstf lb+b} cfd hgtfn] Gofof]lrt
¿kdf kfpg] Joj:yf ug]{],
-&_ PsLs[t /fli6«o kl/ro Joj:yfkg ;"rgf k|0ffnL ljsf; u/L gful/ssf ;a} k|sf/sf
;"rgf / ljj/0fx¿ PsLs[t ¿kdf Joj:yfkg ug]{ tyf o;nfO{ /fHoaf6 pknAw x'g] ;]jf
;'ljwf / /fli6«o ljsf; of]hgf;Fu cfab\w ug]{,
-*_ hg;f+lVos tYofª\snfO{ cb\ofjlws ub}{ /fli6«o ljsf; of]hgf;Fu cfab\w ug]{ .
-5_ k|fs[lts ;fwg ;|f]tsf] ;+/If0f, ;+jw{g / pkof]u ;DaGwL gLlt M
-!_ /fli6«o lxt cg's"n tyf cGt/k':tf ;dGofosf] dfGotfnfO{ cfTd;ft\ ub}{ b]zdf pknAw
k|fs[lts ;|f]t ;fwgsf] ;+/If0f, ;+jw{g / jftfj/0f cg's"n lbuf] ¿kdf pkof]u ug]{ /
:yfgLo ;d'bfonfO{ k|fyldstf / cu|flwsf/ lb+b} k|fKt k|ltkmnx¿sf] Gofof]lrt ljt/0f
ug]{,
-@_ hg;xeflutfdf cfwfl/t :jb]zL nufgLnfO{ k|fyldstf lb+b} hn;|f]tsf] ax'pkof]uL ljsf;
ug]{,
-#_ gjLs/0fLo pmhf{sf] pTkfbg tyf ljsf; ub}{ gful/ssf cfwf/e"t cfjZostf kl/k"lt{sf
nflu ;'ky / ;'ne ¿kdf e/kbf]{ pmhf{sf] cfk"lt{ ;'lglZrt ug]{ tyf pmhf{sf] ;d'lrt
k|of]u ug]{,
-$_ hnpTkGg k|sf]k lgoGq0f / gbLsf] Joj:yfkg ub}{ lbuf] / e/kbf]{ l;+rfOsf] ljsf; ug]{,
-%_ hg;fwf/0fdf jftfj/0fLo :jR5tf ;DaGwL r]tgf a9fO{ cf}Bf]lus Pjd\ ef}lts ljsf;af6
jftfj/0fdf kg{ ;Sg] hf]lvdnfO{ Go"gLs/0f ub}{ jg, jGohGt', kIfL, jg:klt tyf h}ljs
ljljwtfsf] ;+/If0f, ;+jw{g / lbuf] pkof]u ug]{,
-^_ jftfj/0fLo ;Gt'ngsf nflu cfjZos e"efudf jg If]q sfod /fVg],
-&_ k|s[lt, jftfj/0f jf h}ljs ljljwtfdfly gsf/fTds c;/ k/]sf] jf kg{ ;Sg] cj:yfdf
gsf/fTds jftfj/0fLo k|efj lgd"{n jf Go"g ug{ pko'Qm pkfox¿ cjnDag ug]{,
-*_ jftfj/0f k|b"if0f ug{]n] ;f] afkt bfloTj Aoxf]g{'kg{] tyf jftfj/0f ;+/If0fdf k"j{;fjwfgL /
k"j{;"lrt ;xdlt h:tf kof{j/0fLo lbuf] ljsf;sf l;b\wfGt cjnDag ug]{,
-(_ k|fs[lts k|sf]kaf6 x'g] hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f ug{ k"j{ ;"rgf, tof/L, pb\wf/, /fxt Pjd\
k'g:yf{kgf ug{] .
-h_ gful/ssf cfwf/e"t cfjZostf ;DaGwL gLlt M
-!_ lzIffnfO{ j}1flgs, k|fljlws, Jofj;flos, ;Lkd"ns, /f]huf/d"ns Pjd\ hgd'vL agfpFb}
;Ifd, k|lt:kwL{, g}lts Pjd\ /fli6«o lxtk|lt ;dlk{t hgzlSt tof/ ug]{,

433
 -@_ lzIff If]qdf /fHosf] nufgL clej[b\lw ub}{ lzIffdf ePsf] lghL If]qsf] nufgLnfO{ lgodg
/ Joj:yfkg u/L ;]jfd"ns agfpg],
-#_ pRr lzIffnfO{ ;xh, u'0f:t/Lo / kx'Fr of]Uo agfO{ j|mdzM lgMz'Ns agfpFb} n}hfg],
-$_ gful/ssf] JolStTj ljsf;sf nflu ;fd'bflos ;"rgf s]Gb| / k':tsfnosf] :yfkgf / k|jw{g
ug]{,
-%_ gful/snfO{ :j:y agfpg /fHon] hg:jf:Yosf] If]qdf cfjZos nufgL clej[b\lw ub}{
hfg],
-^_ u'0f:t/Lo :jf:Yo ;]jfdf ;a}sf] ;xh, ;'ne / ;dfg kxF'r ;'lglZrt ug{]{,
-&_ g]kfnsf] k/Dk/fut lrlsT;f kb\wltsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] cfo'j{]lbs, k|fs[lts lrlsT;f /
xf]ldof]k]lys nufot :jf:Yo kb\wltsf] ;+/If0f / k|jw{g ug{],
-*_ :jf:Yo If]qdf /fHosf] nufgL clej[b\lw ub}{ o; If]qdf ePsf] lghL nufgLnfO{ lgodg /
Joj:yfkg u/L ;]jfd"ns agfpg],
-(_ :jf:Yo ;]jfnfO{ ;j{;'ne / u'0f:t/Lo agfpg :jf:Yo cg';Gwfgdf hf]8 lb+b} :jf:Yo
;+:yf / :jf:YosdL{sf] hg;ª\Vof clej[b\lw ub}{ hfg],
-!)_ g]kfnsf] Ifdtf / cfjZostfsf cfwf/df hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkgsf nflu kl/jf/
lgof]hgnfO{ k|f]T;flxt ub}{ dft[ lzz' d[To'b/ 36fO{ cf};t cfo' a9fpg],
-!!_ cJojl:yt a;f]af;nfO{ Joj:yfkg ug{] tyf of]hgfab\w / Jojl:yt a:tL ljsf; ug]{,
-!@_ s[lif If]qdf nufgL clej[b\lw ub}{ vfb\o ;Dk|e'tfsf] dfGotf cg'¿k hnjfo' / df6f]
cg's"nsf] vfb\ofGg pTkfbgnfO{ k|f]T;fxg u/L vfb\ofGgsf] lbuf] pTkfbg, cfk"lt{, ;~ro,
;'/Iff / ;'ne tyf k|efjsf/L ljt/0fsf] Joj:yf ug]{,
-!#_ cfwf/e"t j:t' tyf ;]jfdf ;a} gful/sx¿sf] ;dfg kxF'r ;'lglZrt ub}{ b'u{d / k5fl8
kfl/Psf] If]qnfO{ ljz]if k|fyldstf lbO{ of]hgfab\w cfk"lt{sf] Joj:yf ug]{,
-!$_ oftfoft ;'ljwfdf gful/sx¿sf] ;/n, ;xh / ;dfg kxF'r ;'lglZrt ub}{ oftfoft If]qdf
nufgL clej[b\lw ug]{ / jftfj/0f cg's"n k|ljlwnfO{ k|fyldstf lb+b} ;fj{hlgs
oftfoftnfO{ k|f]T;fxg / lghL oftfoftnfO{ lgodg u/L oftfoft If]qnfO{ ;'/lIft,
Jojl:yt / ckfª\utf ePsf JolSt cg's"n agfpg],
-!%_ gful/ssf] :jf:Yo aLdf ;'lglZrt ub{} :jf:Yo pkrf/df kx'Frsf] Joj:yf ldnfpg] .
-em_ >d / /f]huf/ ;DaGwL gLlt M
-!_ ;a}n] sfd ug{ kfpg] cj:yf ;'lglZrt ub}{ b]zsf] d'Vo ;fdflhs cfly{s zlStsf] ¿kdf
/x]sf] >dzlStnfO{ bIf / Jofj;flos agfpg] / :jb]zdf g} /f]huf/L clej[b\lw ug]{,
-@_ dof{lbt >dsf] cjwf/0ff cg'¿k ;a} >ldssf] cfwf/e"t clwsf/ ;'lglZrt ub}{ ;fdflhs
;'/Iff k|Tofe"t ug]{,
-#_ afn>d nufot >d zf]if0fsf ;a} ¿ksf] cGTo ug]{,
-$_ >lds / pBdL Joj;foL lar ;';DaGw sfod ub{} Joj:yfkgdf >ldssf] ;xeflutf
k|f]T;fxg ug{],
434
 -%_ j}b]lzs /f]huf/LnfO{ zf]if0fd'Qm, ;'/lIft / Jojl:yt ug{ tyf >ldssf] /f]huf/L /
clwsf/sf] k|Tofe"lt ug{ o; If]qsf] lgodg / Joj:yfkg ug]{,
-^_ j}b]lzs /f]huf/Laf6 cfh{g ePsf] kF"hL, ;Lk, k|ljlw / cg'ejnfO{ :jb]zdf pTkfbgd"ns
If]qdf nufpg k|f]T;fxg ug]{ .
-`_ ;fdflhs Gofo / ;dfj]zLs/0f ;DaGwL gLlt
-!_ c;xfo cj:yfdf /x]sf Psn dlxnfnfO{ ;Lk, Ifdtf / of]Uotfsf] cfwf/df /f]huf/Ldf
k|fyldstf lb+b} hLljsf]kfh{gsf nflu ;d'lrt Joj:yf ub}{ hfg],
-@_ hf]lvddf k/]sf, ;fdflhs / kfl/jfl/s alxis/0fdf k/]sf tyf lx+;f kLl8t dlxnfnfO{
k'gM:yfkgf, ;+/If0f, ;zStLs/0f u/L :jfjnDaL agfpg],
-#_ k|hgg cj:yfdf cfjZos ;]jf ;'ljwf pkef]usf] ;'lglZrttf ug]{,
-$_ afnaRrfsf] kfng kf]if0f, kl/jf/sf] x]/rfx h:tf sfd / of]ubfgnfO{ cfly{s ¿kdf
d"Nofª\sg ug]{],
-%_ afnaflnsfsf] ;jf{]Qd lxtnfO{ k|fylds ¿kdf Wofg lbg],
-^_ d'Qm sd}of, sDxn/L, x/jf, r/jf, xlnof, e"ldxLg, ;'s'Daf;Lx¿sf] klxrfg u/L
a;f]af;sf nflu 3/ 38]/L tyf hLljsf]kfh{gsf nflu s[lifof]Uo hdLg jf /f]huf/Lsf]
Joj:yf ub}{ k'gM:yfkgf ug]{,
-&_ /fli6«o ljsf;df o'jf ;xeflutf clej[b\lw ub}{ /fhgLlts, cfly{s, ;fdflhs / ;f+:s[lts
clwsf/x¿sf] k"0f{ pkof]usf] jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug]{, o'jfsf] ;zStLs/0f / ljsf;sf nflu
lzIff, :jf:Yo, /f]huf/L nufotsf If]qdf ljz]if cj;/ k|bfg ub}{ JolStTj ljsf; ug{] tyf
/fHosf] ;jf+{uL0f ljsf;df of]ubfgsf nflu pko'Qm cj;/ k|bfg ug]{,
-*_ cflbjf;L hghfltsf] klxrfg ;lxt ;Ddfgk"j{s afFRg kfpg] clwsf/ ;'lglZrt ug{
cj;/ tyf nfesf nflu ljz]if Joj:yf ub}{ o; ;d'bfo;Fu ;/f]sf/ /fVg] lg0f{ox¿df
;xefuL u/fpg] tyf cflbjf;L hghflt / :yfgLo ;d'bfosf] k/Dk/fut 1fg, ;Lk,
;+:s[lt, ;fdflhs k/Dk/f / cg'ejnfO{ ;+/If0f / ;+jw{g ug]{],
-(_ cNk;+Vos ;d'bfonfO{ cfkm\gf] klxrfg sfod /fvL ;fdflhs / ;+f:s[lts clwsf/
k|of]usf] cj;/ tyf nfesf nflu ljz]if Joj:yf ug]{,
-!)_ dw]zL ;d'bfo, d'l:nd / lk58f ju{nfO{ cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts cj;/ /
nfesf] ;dfg ljt/0f tyf To:tf ;d'bfoleqsf ljkGg gful/ssf] ;+/If0f, pTyfg,
;zStLs/0f / ljsf;sf cj;/ tyf nfesf nflu ljz]if Joj:yf ug]{,
-!!_ pTkLl8t tyf lk5l8Psf] If]qsf gful/ssf] ;+/If0f, pTyfg, ;zStLs/0f, ljsf; /
cfwf/e"t cfjZostf kl/k"lt{sf cj;/ tyf nfesf nflu ljz]if Joj:yf ug]{,
-!@_ ;fdflhs ;'/Iff / ;fdflhs Gofo k|bfg ubf{ ;a} lnª\u, If]q / ;d'bfoleqsf cfly{s
¿kn] ljkGgnfO{ k|fyldstf k|bfg ug]{,
-!#_ :j:y, ;Ifd / cg'zfl;t gful/s tof/ ug{ v]ns"b tyf v]nf8Ldf of]hgfab\w nufgL
ug]{ / v]ns"bnfO{ /fli6«o Pstf ;'b[9 ug]{ Pjd\ cGt/f{li6«o If]qdf /fli6«o ;Ddfg clej[b\lw
ug{]{ dfWodsf] ¿kdf ljsf; ug]{,
435
 -!$_ ;fd'bflos tyf /fli6«o jf cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;ª\3 ;+:yfsf] nufgL / e"ldsfnfO{
hjfkmb]xL / kf/bzL{ agfpFb} To:tf ;+:yfx¿sf] :yfkgf, :jLs[lt, ;~rfng, lgodg /
Joj:yfkgsf nflu Psåf/ k|0ffnL ckgfpg] / /fli6«o cfjZostf / k|fyldstfsf If]qdf
dfq To:tf ;ª\3 ;+:yfx¿nfO{ ;+nUg u/fpg] .
-6_ Gofo / b08 Joj:yf ;DaGwL gLlt M
-!_ Gofo k|zf;gnfO{ l56f] 5l/tf], ;j{;'ne, ldtJooL, lgikIf, k|efjsf/L / hgpQ/bfoL
agfpg],
-@_ ;fdfGo k|s[ltsf ljjfb ;dfwfgsf nflu d]nldnfk, dWo:ytf h:tf j}slNks pkfox¿
cjnDag ug]{,
-#_ /fhgLlts, k|zf;lgs, Goflos, ;fdflhs nufot ;a} If]qsf] e|i6frf/ / clgoldttf
lgoGq0fsf nflu k|efjsf/L pkfo cjnDag ug]{ .
-7_ ko{6g ;DaGwL gLlt M g]kfnsf P]ltxfl;s, ;f+:s[lts, wfld{s, k'/ftflTjs / k|fs[lts
;Dkbfx¿sf] klxrfg, ;+/If0f, k|jw{g Pjd\ k|rf/ k|;f/ dfkm{t /fli6«o cy{tGqsf] dxTjk"0f{
cfwf/sf] ¿kdf kof{j/0f cg's"n ko{6g pb\of]usf] ljsf; ug]{, ko{6g ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf; ug{
cfjZos jftfj/0f Pjd\ gLlt lgdf{0f ug]{ tyf ko{6g pb\of]usf] nfe ljt/0fdf :yfgLo
hgtfnfO{ k|fyldstf lbg] .
-8_ cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGw ;DaGwL gLlt M
-!_ g]kfnsf] ;fj{ef}d;Ttf, ef}uf]lns cv08tf, :jfwLgtf / /fli6«o lxtsf] /Iff ug{ lj|mofzLn
/xFb} ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3sf] a8fkq, c;+nUgtf, k~rzLnsf] l;b\wfGt, cGt/f{li6«o sfg'g /
ljZjzflGtsf] dfGotfsf cfwf/df /fi6«sf] ;jf]{kl/ lxtnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL :jtGq k//fi6«
gLlt ;~rfng ug]{,
-@_ ljutdf ePsf ;lGwx¿sf] k'g/fjnf]sg ub}{ ;dfgtf / kf/:kl/s lxtsf] cfwf/df ;lGw
;Demf}tfx¿ ug]{ .
%@= /fHosf] bfloTj M g]kfnsf] :jtGqtf, ;fj{ef}d;Ttf, ef}uf]lns cv08tf / :jfwLgtfnfO{ cIf'00f
/fVb} df}lns xs tyf dfgj clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f / ;+jw{g, /fHosf lgb]{zs l;b\wfGtx¿sf]
cg';/0f tyf /fHosf gLltx¿sf] j|mdzM sfof{Gjog ub}{ g]kfnnfO{ ;d[b\w tyf ;d'Ggt agfpg]
/fHosf] bfloTj x'g]5 .
%#= k|ltj]bg k]z ug]{] M o; efudf plNnlvt /fHosf lgb]{zs l;b\wfGt, gLlt / bfloTj sfof{Gjogsf
;DaGwdf u/]sf sfd / k|fKt pknlAw ;lxtsf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg g]kfn ;/sf/n] /fi6«klt ;dIf
k]z ug]{5 / /fi6«kltn] To:tf] k|ltj]bg k|wfgdGqL dfkm{t ;ª\3Lo ;+;b ;dIf k]z ug]{ Joj:yf
ug]{5 .
%$= cg'udg ;DaGwL Joj:yf M o; efudf plNnlvt /fHosf lgb]{zs l;b\wfGt, gLlt / bfloTjsf]
k|ultzLn sfof{Gjog eP gePsf] cg'udg / d"Nofª\sg ug{ ;ª\3Lo ;+;bdf sfg'g adf]lhd
Ps ;ldlt /xg]5 .

436
%%= cbfntdf k|Zg p7fpg g;lsg] M o; efudf n]lvPsf s'g} ljifo sfof{Gjog eP jf gePsf]
;DaGwdf s'g} cbfntdf k|Zg p7fpg ;lsg] 5}g .
efu–%
/fHosf] ;+/rgf / /fHozlStsf] afF8kmfF8
%^= /fHosf] ;+/rgf M -!_ ;ª\3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGq g]kfnsf] d"n ;+/rgf ;ª\3, k|b]z / :yfgLo
tx u/L tLg txsf] x'g]5 .
-@_ g]kfnsf] /fHozlStsf] k|of]u ;ª\3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txn] o; ;+ljwfg tyf sfg'g adf]lhd
ug{] 5g\ .
-#_ of] ;+ljwfg k|f/De x'Fbfsf avt g]kfndf sfod /x]sf cg';"rL–$ df pNn]v eP
adf]lhdsf lhNnfx¿ /x]sf k|b]z /xg]5g\ .
-$_ :yfgLo tx cGtu{t ufpFkflnsf, gu/kflnsf / lhNnf ;ef /xg]5g\ . ufpF kflnsf /
gu/kflnsfdf /xg] j8fsf] hg;ª\Vof ;ª\3Lo sfg'g adf]lhd x'g]5 .
-%_ ;ª\3Lo sfg'g adf]lhd ;fdflhs ;f+:s[lts ;+/If0f jf cfly{s ljsf;sf nflu ljz]if,
;+/lIft jf :jfoQ If]q sfod ug{ ;lsg]5 .
-^_ ;ª\3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txn] g]kfnsf] :jtGqtf, ;fj{ef}d;Ttf, ef}uf]lns cv08tf,
:jfwLgtf, /fli6«o lxt, ;jf{+uL0f ljsf;, ax'bnLo k|lt:kwf{Tds nf]stflGqs u0ftGqfTds
;ª\3Lo zf;g k|0ffnL, dfgj clwsf/ tyf df}lns xs, sfg'gL /fHo, zlSt k[ysLs/0f /
lgoGq0f tyf ;Gt'ng, ax'ntf / ;dfgtfdf cfwfl/t ;dtfd"ns ;dfh, ;dfj]zL
k|ltlglwTj / klxrfgsf] ;+/If0f ug]{ 5g\ .
%&= /fHozlStsf] afF8kmfF8 M -!_ ;ª\3sf] clwsf/ cg';"rL–% df plNnlvt ljifodf lglxt /xg]5 /
To:tf] clwsf/sf] k|of]u of] ;+ljwfg / ;ª\3Lo sfg'g adf]lhd x'g]5 .
-@_ k|b]zsf] clwsf/ cg';"rL–^ df plNnlvt ljifodf lglxt /xg]5 / To:tf] clwsf/sf] k|of]u
of] ;+ljwfg / k|b]z sfg'g adf]lhd x'g]5 .
-#_ ;ª\3 / k|b]zsf] ;femf clwsf/ cg';"rL–& df plNnlvt ljifodf lglxt /xg]5 / To:tf]
clwsf/sf] k|of]u of] ;+ljwfg, ;ª\3Lo sfg'g / k|b]z sfg'g adf]lhd x'g]5 .
-$_ :yfgLo txsf] clwsf/ cg';"rL–* df plNnlvt ljifodf lglxt /xg]5 / To:tf] clwsf/sf]
k|of]u of] ;+ljwfg / ufpF ;ef jf gu/ ;efn] agfPsf] sfg'g adf]lhd x'g]5 .
-%_ ;ª\3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txsf] ;femf clwsf/ cg';"rL–( df plNnlvt ljifodf lglxt
/xg]5 / To:tf] clwsf/sf] k|of]u of] ;+ljwfg / ;ª\3Lo sfg'g, k|b]z sfg'g / ufpF ;ef
jf gu/ ;efn] agfPsf] sfg'g adf]lhd x'g]5 .
-^_ pkwf/f -#_ jf -%_ adf]lhd k|b]z ;ef, ufpF ;ef jf gu/ ;efn] sfg'g agfpFbf ;ª\3Lo
sfg'g;Fu gaflemg] u/L agfpg' kg{]5 / k|b]z ;ef, ufpF ;ef jf gu/ ;efn] agfPsf]
To:tf] sfg'g ;ª\3Lo sfg'g;Fu aflemPdf aflemPsf] xb;Dd cfdfGo x'g]5 .

437
 -&_ pkwf/f -%_ adf]lhd ufpF ;ef jf gu/ ;efn] sfg'g agfpFbf k|b]z sfg'g;Fu gaflemg]
u/L agfpg' kg{]5 / ufpF ;ef jf gu/ ;efn] agfPsf] To:tf] sfg'g k|b]z sfg'g;Fu
aflemPdf aflemPsf] xb;Dd cfdfGo x'g]5 .
%*= cjlzi6 clwsf/ M o; ;+ljwfg adf]lhd ;ª\3, k|b]z tyf :yfgLo txsf] clwsf/sf] ;"rL jf
;femf ;"rLdf pNn]v gePsf] jf of] ;+ljwfgdf s'g} txn] k|of]u ug{] u/L gtf]lsPsf] ljifodf
;ª\3sf] clwsf/ x'g]5 .
%(= cfly{s clwsf/sf] k|of]u M -!_ ;ª\3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txn] cfkm\gf] clwsf/leqsf] cfly{s
clwsf/ ;DaGwL ljifodf sfg'g agfpg], jflif{s ah]6 agfpg], lg0f{o ug]{, gLlt tyf of]hgf
tof/ ug]{ / To;sf] sfof{Gjog ug]{ 5g\ .
-@_ ;ª\3n] ;femf ;"rLsf ljifodf / cfly{s clwsf/sf cGo If]qdf k|b]znfO{ ;d]t nfu" x'g]
u/L cfjZos gLlt, dfkb08 / sfg'g agfpg ;Sg]5 .
-#_ ;ª\3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txn] cf–cfkm\gf] txsf] ah]6 agfpg] 5g\ / k|b]z / :yfgLo txn]
ah]6 k]z ug]{ ;do ;ª\3Lo sfg'g adf]lhd x'g]5 .
-$_ ;ª\3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txn] k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] k|of]u jf ljsf;af6 k|fKt nfesf] ;dGoflos
ljt/0fsf] Joj:yf ug{' kg{]5 . To:tf] nfesf] lglZrt c+z /f]oN6L, ;]jf jf j:t'sf] ¿kdf
kl/of]hgf k|efljt If]q / :yfgLo ;d'bfonfO{ sfg'g adf]lhd ljt/0f ug'{ kg]{5 .
-%_ ;ª\3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txn] k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] pkof]u ubf{ :yfgLo ;d'bfon] nufgL ug{
rfx]df nufgLsf] k|s[lt / cfsf/sf] cfwf/df sfg'g adf]lhdsf] c+z nufgL ug{ k|fyldstf
lbg' kg{]5 .
-^_ j}b]lzs ;xfotf / C0f lng] clwsf/ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] x'g]5 . To:tf] ;xfotf jf C0f ln+bf
b]zsf] ;dli6ut cfly{s :yfloTj x'g] u/L lng' kg]{5 .
-&_ ;ª\3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txsf] ah]6 3f6f Joj:yfkg tyf cGo ljTtLo cg'zf;g ;DaGwL
Joj:yf ;ª\3Lo sfg'g adf]lhd x'g]5 .
^)= /fh:j ;|f]tsf] afF8kmfF8 M -!_ ;ª\3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txn] cfkm\gf] cfly{s clwsf/If]q leqsf]
ljifodf s/ nufpg / tL ;|f]tx¿af6 /fh:j p7fpg ;Sg]5g\ .
t/ ;femf ;"rLleqsf] ljifodf / s'g} klg txsf] ;"rLdf gk/]sf ljifodf s/ nufpg] / /fh:j
p7fpg] Joj:yf g]kfn ;/sf/n] lgwf{/0f u/] adf]lhd x'g]5 .
-@_ g]kfn ;/sf/n] ;+sng u/]sf] /fh:j ;ª\3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txnfO{ Gofof]lrt ljt/0f ug]{
Joj:yf ldnfpg]5 .
-#_ k|b]z / :yfgLo txn] k|fKt ug]{ ljTtLo x:tfGt/0fsf] kl/df0f /fli6«o k|fs[lts ;|f]t tyf
ljQ cfof]usf] l;kmfl/; adf]lhd x'g]5 .
-$_ g]kfn ;/sf/n] k|b]z / :yfgLo txnfO{ vr{sf] cfjZostf / /fh:jsf] Ifdtfsf] cfwf/df
ljTtLo ;dfgLs/0f cg'bfg ljt/0f ug]{5 .

438
-%_ k|b]zn] g]kfn ;/sf/af6 k|fKt cg'bfg / cfk\mgf] ;|f]taf6 p7\g] /fh:jnfO{ dftxtsf]
:yfgLo txsf] vr{sf] cfjZostf / /fh:j Ifdtfsf] cfwf/df k|b]z sfg'g adf]lhd
ljTtLo ;dfgLs/0f cg'bfg ljt/0f ug{] 5g\ .
-^_ g]kfn ;/sf/n] ;ª\3Lo ;l~rt sf]ifaf6 k|bfg ug{] ;zt{ cg'bfg, ;dk"/s cg'bfg jf
cGo k|of]hgsf nflu lbg] ljz]if cg'bfg ljt/0f ;DaGwL Joj:yf ;ª\3Lo sfg'g adf]lhd
x'g]5 .
-&_ ;ª\3, k|b]z / :yfgLo tx lar /fh:jsf] afF8kmfF8 ubf{ ;Gt'lnt / kf/bzL{ ¿kdf ug{'
kg{]5 .
-*_ /fh:j afF8kmfF8 ;DaGwL ;ª\3Lo P]g agfpFbf /fli6«o gLlt, /fli6«o cfjZostf, k|b]z /
:yfgLo txsf] :jfoTttf, k|b]z / :yfgLo txn] hgtfnfO{ k'¥ofpg' kg]{ ;]jf / pgLx¿nfO{
k|bfg ul/Psf] cfly{s clwsf/, /fh:j p7fpg ;Sg] Ifdtf, /fh:jsf] ;DefJotf /
pkof]u, ljsf; lgdf{0fdf ug'{kg]{ ;xof]u, If]qLo c;Gt'ng, u/LaL / c;dfgtfsf]
Go"gLs/0f, jl~rtLs/0fsf] cGTo, cfsl:ds sfo{ / c:yfoL cfjZostf k"/f ug{ ;xof]u
ug'{ kg]{ ljifox¿df Wofg lbg' kg]{5 .

439
!)=@ lzIff P]g, @)@* -;+zf]wg ;lxt_
lzIff P]g, @)@* -nfndf]x/ / k|sfzg ldlt M @)@*÷)%÷@$_
lzIff P]g @)@* df xfn;Dd ePsf ;+zf]wgx¿
nfndf]x/ / k|sfzg
qm=;+= ;+zf]wg ug]{ P]g
ldlt
! lzIff P]g, @)@* @)@*÷%÷@$
@ lzIff -klxnf] ;+zf]wg_ P]g, @)## @)##÷&÷$
# lzIff -bf];|f] ;+zf]wg_ P]g, @)#^ @)#^÷*÷%
$ s]xL g]kfn P]g ;+zf]wg P]g, @)$! @)$!÷&÷@&
% lzIff -t];|f] ;+zf]wg_ P]g, @)#& @)#&÷%÷@^
^ lzIff -rf}yf] ;+zf]wg_ P]g, @)$% @)$%÷&÷!)
& lzIff -kfFrf} ;+zf]wg_ P]g, @)$( @)$(÷&÷!#
* lzIff -5}7f} ;+zf]wg_ P]g, @)%% @)%%÷!)÷!
( lzIff -;ftf}+ ;+zf]wg_ P]g, @)%* @)%*÷!)÷@%
!) lzIff ;DaGwL s]xL g]kfn P]g ;+zf]wg ug{ ag]sf] P]g @)^# @)^#÷(÷!$
!! u0ftGq ;'b[9Ls/0f tyf s]xL g]kfn sfg'g ;+zf]wg ug]{ P]g, @)^^ @)^^÷!)÷&
!@= lzIff -cf7f}+ ;+zf]wg_ P]g, @)&# @)&#÷#÷!%
!# lzIff -gjf}+ ;+zf]wg_ P]g, @)&$ @)&$÷&÷^
k|:tfjgf M @)@* ;fnsf] P]g g+= * /x]sf] o; P]gsf] cf7f}+ ;+zf]wgåf/f ;+zf]lwt k|:tfjgfdf elgPsf] 5
M /fli6«o ljsf;sf] nflu cfjZos hgzlj|m tof/ ug{ ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGqfTds Joj:yf cg's"n
;j{;fwf/0f hgtfsf] ;bfrf/, lzi6frf/ / g}ltstf sfod /fVg d'n'sleq :yfkgf x'g] tyf :yfkgf eO{
;~rfng eO/x]sf ljb\ofnosf] Joj:yfkgdf ;'wf/ ub}{ u'0f:t/o'Qm lzIffsf] ljsf; ug{ jf~5gLo ePsfn]
of] P]g hf/L ul/Psf] xf] .
nfu" ldlt
• klxnf] k6s -lj=;+= @)@*÷&÷!%_ df nfu" ePsf b'O{ lhNnf → lrtjg / sf:sL

• bf];|f]k6s -lj=;+= @)@(÷^÷!%_ df nfu" ePsf !# lhNnfx¿ → bfª, afFs], afUn'ª, ¿kGb]xL,
wg'iff, sfe|], ;Kt/L, wgs'6f, df]/ª, emfkf, h'Dnf, s}nfnL, s+rgk'/
• t];|f]k6s -lj=;+= @)#)÷&÷!_ df nfu" ul/Psf !^ lhNnfx¿ → Onfd, kfFry/, tfKn]h'ª,
t]x|y'd, ;+v'jf;ef, ;'g;/L, l;Gw'kfNrf]s, sf7df8f}+, eStk'/, nlntk'/, uf]/vf, dgfª, ndh'ª,
tgx'F, :ofª\hf, ;'v]{t .

440
 • rf}yf] k6s -lj=;+= @)#!÷^÷@!_ df nfu" ePsf @) lhNnfx¿ → ;f]n'v'Da', cf]vn9'ª\uf,
vf]6fª, ef]hk'/, pbok'/, l;/xf, bf]nvf, /fd]5fk, l;Gw'nL, ;nf{xL, dxf]Q/L, g'jfsf]6, d':tfª,
DofUbL, kj{t, u'NdL, c3f{vfFrL, kfNkf, gjnk/f;L, slknj:t' .
• kfFrf} k6s -lj=;+= @)#@÷^÷@)_ df nfu" ePsf @$ lhNnfx¿ → bfr'{nf, a}t8L, 88]Nw'/f,
aemfª, afh'/f, c5fd, af/f, k;f{, /f}tx6, dsjfgk'/, /;'jf, wflbª, 8f]Nkf, Ko"7fg, ;Nofg,
?s'd, /f]Nkf, ltla|sf]6 -xfnsf] sflnsf]6_, d'u', x'Dnf, alb{of, b}n]v, hfh/sf]6, 8f]6L .
s]xL dxTTjk"0f{ kl/efiffx¿
-s_ æk"j{ k|fylds ljb\ofnoÆ eGgfn] rf/ jif{ pd]/ k"/f u/]sf afnaflnsfnfO{ Ps jif{sf] k|f/lDes
afn lzIff lbg] ljb\ofno ;Demg' k5{ .
-v_ æk|fylds lzIffÆ eGgfn] sIff Psb]lv sIff kf“r;Dd lbOg] lzIff ;Demg' k5{ .
-v!_ æcfwf/e"t lzIffÆ eGgfn] k|f/lDes afn lzIff b]lv sIff cf7;Dd lbOg] lzIff ;Demg' k5{ .
-3_ ædfWolds lzIffÆ eGgfn] sIff gf} b]lv sIff afx| ;Dd lbOg] lzIff ;Demg' k5{ .
3!_ æljz]if lzIffÆ eGgfn] b[li6ljxLg, alx/f, cl6Hd, af}l4s ckfËtf, ;':t >j0f jf clt czQm
zf/Ll/s ckfËtf ePsf afnaflnsfnfO{ 5'§} ;d"xdf /fvL ljz]if k|sf/ / lglZrt dfWodaf6
lbOg] lzIff ;Demg' k5{ .
-3!s_ æ;dfj]zL lzIffÆ eGgfn] b]xfosf] lzIff ;Demg' k5{ M–
-!_ b[li6ljxLg, Go"g b[li6o'Qm, alx/f, ;':t >j0f, cl6Hd, af}l4s, zf/Ll/s jf cGo ckfËtf
ePsf afnaflnsfnfO{ lgoldt z}lIfs k4ltsf] cwLgdf /xL lbOg] lzIff,
-@_ ;fdflhs, cfly{s jf ef}uf]lns sf/0fn] k5fl8 kfl/Psf Jolj|mnfO{ lje]b/lxt
jftfj/0fdf lbOg] lzIff .
-3@_ æ;fd'bflosljb\ofnoÆ eGgfn] g]kfn ;/sf/af6 lgoldt ¿kdf cg'bfg kfpg] u/L cg'dlt jf
:jLs[lt k|fKt ljb\ofno ;Demg' k5{ .
-3#_ æ;+:yfut ljb\ofnoÆ eGgfn] g]kfn ;/sf/af6 lgoldt ¿kdf cg'bfg gkfpg] u/L cg'dlt jf
:jLs[lt k|fKt ljb\ofno ;Demg' k5{ .
-3%_ æljb\ofno lzIffÆ eGgfn] cfwf/e"t / dfWolds lzIff ;Demg' k5{ .
-r_ ælzIfsÆ eGgfn] ljb\ofnosf] cWofks ;Demg' k5{ / ;f] zAbn] k|wfgfWofks ;d]tnfO{
hgfp“5 .
-r%_ æcleefjsÆ eGgfn] ljb\ofnodf cWoog/t ljBfyL{sf] cleefjs egL ljb\ofnosf] clen]vdf
hlgPsf] Jolj|m ;Demg' k5{ / ;f] zAbn] bkmf !@ sf] k|of]hgsf] nflu ljBfyL{sf] afa', cfdf,
afh] jf aHo} / To:tf cleefjs gePsf ljBfyL{sf] xsdf To:tf] ljBfyL{nfO{ ;+/IfsTj k|bfg
ug]{ Jolj|mnfO{ ;d]t hgfpF5 .
-em_ æcg'dltÆ eGgfn] g]kfn ;/sf/n] :yfoL :jLs[lt / ;xfotf k|bfg ul/g;s]sf] s'g} tf]lsPsf]
7fp“ jf If]qdf ljb\ofno vf]Ng jf sIff yk ug{ lbPsf] c:yfoL :jLs[ltnfO{ hgfp“5 .
-`_ æ:jLs[ltÆ eGgfn] tf]lsPadf]lhdsf] zt{ k"/f u/]sf] ljb\ofnonfO{ g]kfn ;/sf/n] lbPsf] :yfoL
:jLs[ltnfO{ hgfp“5 .

441
 -6_ æcfjf;Loljb\ofnoÆ eGgfn] g]kfn ;/sf/af6 cfjf;Lo ljb\ofnosf] ¿kdf :jLs[lt k|bfg
ul/Psf] ljb\ofnonfO{ hgfp“5 .
-7_ æz}lIfs u'7LÆ eGgfn] ljb\ofno ;~rfng ug{sf] nflu s'g} Jolj|mn] gfkmf glng] p2]Zon] :yfkgf
u/]sf] ;fj{hlgs jf lghL u'7L ;Demg' k5{ .
-7@_ æ:yfoL cfjf;Lo cg'dltÆ eGgfn] ljb]zL d'n'sn] s'g} zt{ tf]sL jf ;f] d'n'sdf :yfoL ¿kn]
a;f]af; ug{ kfpg] u/L g]kfnL gful/snfO{ pknAw u/fPsf] 8fOel;{6L Oldu|]G6 le;f -l8=eL_,
k/dfg]G6 /]lh8]G6 le;f -lk=cf/=_ jf u|Lg sf8{{ ;Demg' k5{ / ;f] zAbn] g]kfnL gful/snfO{
ljb]zdf :yfoL ¿kdf a;f]af; ug{ lbOPsf] h'g;'s} gfdsf] :yfoL cfjf;Lo cg'dltnfO{ ;d]t
hgfpF5 .
ljb\ofno vf]Ng cg'dlt lng'kg]{
s'g} g]kfnL gful/sn] z}lIfs u'7L cGtu{t ljb\ofno vf]Ng rfx]df tf]lsPsf] ljj/0f v'nfO{ cfwf/e"t
ljb\ofnosf] nflu ;DalGwt ufpF lzIff ;ldlt jf gu/ lzIff ;ldlt / dfWolds ljb\ofnosf] nflu
;DalGwt lhNnf lzIff ;ldltsf] l;kmfl/; ;lxt tf]lsPsf] clwsf/L ;dIf cg'dltsf] nflu lgj]bg lbg'
kg]{5 .
o; P]g jf cGo k|rlnt sfg'gdf h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] ePtfklg z}lIfs u'7L cGtu{t ljb\ofno ;+rfng
ubf{ b]xfosf s'/fdf b]xfo adf]lhd ug'{ kg]{5 M
s= z}lIfs u'7L ;~rfng ug]{ u'7L ;~rfns -6«i6L_ ;+ul7t ;+:yfsf] ¿kdf x'g'kg]{,
v= z}lIfs u'7L ;~rfng ubf{ ;~rfns af]8{ -6«i6L_ df ;fj{hlgs u'7L eP slDtdf kfFrhgf /
lghL u'7L eP slDtdf tLg hgf ;b:o x'g'kg]{,
u= z}lIfs u'7Lsf] cfo Joosf] n]vf tf]lsP adf]lhd v8f u/L dfGotf k|fKt n]vf k/LIfsaf6 n]vf
k/LIf0f u/fpg' kg]{,
3= z}lIfs u'7Lsf] tTsfn sfod /x]sf u'7Lsf ;~rfns -6«i6L_ n] cfkm\gf] hLjgsfnd} jf z]ifkl5
u'l7of/sf] ¿kdf sfd ug]{ cfkm\gf] pQ/flwsf/L tf]Sg ;Sg] .
t/ ;fj{hlgs z}lIfs u'7Lsf] xsdf To:tf] pQ/flwsf/L tf]Sbf dGqfnosf] :jLs[lt
lng'kg]{5 .
/fli6«o k/LIff af]8{sf] u7g -$s_
-!_ dfWolds lzIff k/LIffsf] ;~rfng, ;dGjo / Joj:yfkg ug{ Ps /fli6«o k/LIff af]8{ /xg]5 .
-@_ af]8{sf] u7g b]xfo adf]lhd x'g]5M
-s_ dfGotf k|fKt ljZjljb\ofnoaf6 sDtLdf :gftsf]Q/ pkfwL xfl;n u/]sf] /
lzIff tyf k/LIff ;DaGwL If]qdf sDtLdf afx| jif{sf] cg'ej k|fKt
Jolj|mx¿dWo]af6 g]kfn ;/sf/n] lgo'Qm u/]sf] Jolj|m – cWoIf
-v_ dGqfnosf] ;lrj – pkfWoIf
-u_ dGqfnosf] ;x;lrj -ljb\ofno lzIff x]g]{_ – ;b:o
-3_ dxflgb]{zs, lzIff ljefu – ;b:o
-ª_ sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs, kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb| – ;b:o
-r_ ;b:o;lrj, k|fljlws lzIff tyf Jofj;flos tflnd kl/ifb\ – ;b:o
442
 -5_ k/LIff lgoGqs, lqe'jg ljZjljb\ofno – ;b:o
-h_ k|fWofks, lzIff k|zf;g / k/LIff If]qdf slDtdf bz jif{sf] cg'ej k|fKt
u/L ljz]if1tf xfl;n u/]sf Jolj|mx¿ dWo]af6 af]8{n] dgf]lgt u/]sf
slDtdf b'O{hgf dlxnf;lxt tLghgf – ;b:o
-em_ ;fd'bflos tyf ;+:yfut dfWolds ljb\ofnosf k|wfgfWofksx¿dWo]af6
slDtdf Pshgf dlxnf ;lxt dGqfnon] dgf]lgt u/]sf b'O{hgf – ;b:o
-`_ g]kfn lzIff ;]jfsf] /fhkqf+lst k|yd >]0fLsf] clws[t jf af]8{sf] jl/i7
sd{rf/Lx¿dWo]af6 dGqfnon] tf]s]sf] sd{rf/L – ;b:o ;lrj
-#_ af]8{sf] cWoIfsf] lgo'lj|msf] nflu g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ l;kmfl/; ug{ nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] cWoIfsf]
cWoIftfdf Vofltk|fKt lzIffljb\x¿ dWo]af6 sDtLdf Pshgf dlxnf ;lxt dGqfnon] dgf]gog
u/]sf b'O{hgf ;b:o /x]sf] Ps l;kmfl/; ;ldlt u7g ug{]5 / ;f] ;ldltn] l;kmfl/; u/]sf]
Jolj|mnfO{ g]kfn ;/sf/n] af]8{sf] cWoIfdf lgo'lj|m ug{]5 .
-$_ af]8{sf cWoIf tyf dgf]gLt ;b:osf] kbfjlw rf/ jif{sf] x'g]5 .
-%_ pkbkmf -$_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg af]8{sf] cWoIf jf dgf]gLt ;b:on] cfk\mgf]
kbLo lhDd]jf/L OdfGbf/Lk"j{s k"/f gu/]sf] egL tf]lsP adf]lhdsf] ;ldltsf] l;kmfl/;df
cWoIfsf] xsdf g]kfn ;/sf/n] / ;b:osf] xsdf dGqfnon] lghnfO{ h'g;'s} avt kbaf6
x6fpg ;Sg]5 .
t/ To;/L kbaf6 x6fpg' cl3 lghnfO{cfÇgf] ;kmfO{ k]z ug]{ dgfl;j df}sfaf6 al~rt
ul/g] 5}g .
-^_ af]8{sf] a}7s ;DaGwL sfo{ljlw tf]lsP adf]lhd x'g]5 .
/fli6«o k/LIff af]8{sf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ M
af]8{sf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ b]xfo adf]lhd x'g]5 M–
-s_ dGqfnon] :jLs[t u/]sf] k/LIff;DaGwL gLltsf] cwLgdf /xL af]8{sf] gLlt lgwf{/0f u/L
sfof{Gjog ug]{, u/fpg],
-v_ af]8{sf] bL3{sfnLg of]hgf tof/ u/L sfof{Gjog ug]{, u/fpg],
-u_ ljb\ofno lzIff k/LIffsf] dof{bf / u'0f:t/ sfod eP gePsf] ;DaGwdf d"NofÍg ug]{, u/fpg],
-3_ af]8{sf] jflif{s ah]6 tyf sfo{qmd :jLs[t ug]{,
-ª_ af]8{sf] sfd ;'rf? ¿kn] ;~rfng ug{ cfjZos cfly{s ;|f]t h'6fpg],
-r_ af]8{sf] cfjlws tyf jflif{s k|ltj]bg dGqfnodf k]z ug]{,
-5_ tf]lsP adf]lhdsf] cGo sfo{ ug]{, u/fpg] .
af]8{sf] kbflwsf/Lsf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ tyf ;]jfsf] zt{ / ;'ljwf
-!_ af]8{sf] cWoIf af]8{sf] k"0f{sfnLg sfd ug]{ k|d'v kbflwsf/L x'g]5 .
-@_ af]8{sf] ;b:o–;lrj af]8{sf] k"0f{sfnLg sfd ug]{ k|d'v k|zf;sLo kbflwsf/L x'g]5 .
-#_ af]8{sf] cWoIfsf] kfl/>lds, ;]jfsf] zt{ tyf ;'ljwf tf]lsP adf]lhd x'g]5 .
-$_ af]8{sf] cWoIf tyf ;b:o–;lrjsf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ tf]lsP adf]lhd x'g]5 .

443
 -%_ af]8{sf] cWoIf, pkfWoIf, ;b:o / ;b:o–;lrjn] af]8{sf] a}7sdf efu lnP afkt\ cy{
dGqfnosf] ;xdltdf dGqfnon] tf]s] adf]lhdsf] a}7s eQf kfpg] 5g\ .
af]8{sf] sf]if M-!_ af]8{sf] gfddf Pp6f 5'§} sf]if /xg]5 .
sf]ifdf b]xfo adf]lhdsf /sdx¿ /xg]5g\ M
-s_ g]kfn ;/sf/af6 k|fKt /sd,
-v_ ljBfyL{af6 lnOg] z'Nsaf6 k|fKt /sd,
-u_ ljb]zL Jolj|m, ;/sf/, ;+3 jf ;+:yfaf6 cg'bfg jf C0f :j¿k k|fKt /sd,
-3_ :jb]zL Jolj|m, ;+:yf jf lgsfoaf6 k|fKt /sd,
-ª_ cGo >f]taf6 k|fKt /sd .
-#_ af]8{n] ljb]zL ;+:yfaf6 s'g} /sd k|fKt ug'{ cl3 cy{ dGqfnosf] :jLs[lt lng' kg]{5 .
-$_ af]8{sf] sf]ifdf /x]sf] /sd af]8{n] g]kfnsf] jfl0fHo a}+sdf vftf vf]nL hDdf ug]{5 .
-%_ af]8{sf] sf]ifsf] ;~rfng af]8{sf] ;b:o–;lrj / n]vf k|d'vsf] ;+o'Qm b:tvtaf6 x'g]5 .
• af]8{sf] n]vfk/LIf0f dxfn]vfk/LIfsaf6 x'g]5 .
• af]8{sf] sfof{no M af]8{sf] sfof{no sf7df8f}+ pkTosfleq /xg]5 .
• dfWolds lzIffsf] sIff bz / dfWolds txsf] cGTodf x'g] k/LIff af]8{af6 ;~rfng
x'g]5 .
• cfwf/e"t txsf] k/LIff lhNNff lzIff sfof{noaf6 ;~rfng x'g]5 .
• sIff bzsf] cGTodf x'g] k/LIff If]qLo:t/df / cfwf/e"t txsf] cGTodf x'g] k/LIff
lhNNff:t/df ;~rfng ul/g]5 .
• af]8{n] g]kfn ;/sf/;Fu ;Dks{ /fVbf dGqfno dfkm{t /fVg' kg]{5 .
• dfWolds lzIff k/LIff pQL0f{ k|df0fkqsf] dfGotf k|jL0ftf k|df0fkq tx jf pRr
dfWolds tx pQL0f{ u/] ;/x x'g]5 .
• dfWolds lzIff b]xfPsf k|sf/sf x'g]5g\ M
-s_ ;fwf/0f dfWolds lzIff .
-v_ ;+:s[t dfWolds lzIff .
-u_ k|fljlws tyf Jofj;flos dfWolds lzIff .
• ljb\ofnodf lzIffsf] dfWod g]kfnL efiff, cª\u|]hL efiff jf b'j} efiff x'g]5 . t/ b]xfosf] cj:yfdf
ljb\ofnodf lzIffsf] dfWod b]xfo adf]lhd x'g ;Sg]5 .
-s_ k|fylds lzIff dft[efiffdf lbg ;lsg]5 .
-v_ u}/ g]kfnL gful/sn] g]kfnsf] ljb\ofnodf cWoog ubf{ clgjfo{ g]kfnL ljifosf] ;§f cGo s'g}
efiffsf] ljifo cWoog ug{ ;Sg]5 .
-u_ efiff ljifodf cWoog u/fpFbf lzIffsf] dfWod ;f]xL efiff x'g ;Sg]5,
-3_ clgjfo{cª\u|]hL ljifo cWoog u/fpFbf cª\u|]hL efiffdfg} u/fpg' kg]{5 .
• lzIff ;DaGwL gLlt lgwf{/0f ug]{ ;DaGwdf g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ ;Nnfx tyf ;'emfj lbg] sfd ;d]tsf]
nflu Ps /fli6«o lzIff kl/ifb\
kl/ifb\ /xg]5 h;sf] u7g b]xfo adf]lhd x'g]5 M
444
 -s_ lzIff dGqL jf /fHo dGqL – cWoIf
-v_ ;b:o, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u -lzIff x]g]{_ – ;b:o
-u_ cWoIf, ljZjljb\ofno cg'bfg cfof]u – ;b:o
-3_ pkfWoIf, k|fljlws lzIff tyf Jofj;flos tflnd kl/ifb\ – ;b:o
-ª_ ljZjljb\ofnosf kbflwsf/Lx¿dWo]af6 Pshgf dlxnf ;lxt dGqfnoaf6
dgf]lgt tLghgf – ;b:o
-r_ dGqfnosf] ;lrj – ;b:o
-5_ ;lrj, cy{ dGqfno – ;b:o
-h_ dxflgb]{zs, lzIff ljefu – ;b:o
-em_ ;efklt, g]kfn k|fWofks ;+3 – ;b:o
-`_ cWoIf, g]kfn lzIfs dxf;+3 – ;b:o
-6_ lzIffljb\x¿dWo]af6 slDtdf Pshgf dlxnf;lxt kl/ifb\af6 dgf]lgt b'O{hgf – ;b:o
-7_ k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd btf{ ePsf cleefjs ;+3 jf ;+u7gsf kbflwsf/Lx¿
dWo]af6 slDtdf Pshgf dlxnf;lxt kl/ifb\af6 dgf]lgt b'O{hgf – ;b:o
-8_ ;fd'blosljb\ofnosf Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf cWoIfx¿dWo]af6 Pshgf dlxnf
;lxt dGqfnoaf6 dgf]lgt b'O{hgf – ;b:o
-9_ ;+:yfut ljb\ofnosf ;~rfnsx¿dWo]af6 Pshgf dlxnf ;lxt dGqfnoaf6
dgf]lgt b'O{hgf – ;b:o
-0f_ ;+:yfut ljb\ofnosf lzIfs k]zfut ;+3, ;+u7gsf k|ltlglwx¿dWo]af6
Pshgf – ;b:o
-t_ k|ltlglw, /fli6«o ckfª\u dxf;+3 – ;b:o
-y_ dGqfnosf] of]hgf dxfzfsf] ;x;lrj – ;b:o;lrj
-#_ pkbkmf -@_ adf]lhd dgf]gLt ;b:osf] kbfjlw tLg jif{sf] x'g]5 .
-$_ pkbkmf -#_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg kl/ifb\sf] s'g} dgf]gLt ;b:on] cfÇgf] kbLo
lhDd]jf/L OdfGbf/Lk"j{s k"/f gu/]sf] egL kl/ifb\af6 ul7t 5fglag ;ldltn] l;kmfl/; u/]df
dGqfnon] lghnfO{ h'g;'s} avt ;b:osf] kbaf6 x6fpg ;Sg]5 .
t/ To;/L kbaf6 x6fpg' cl3 lghnfO{cfÇgf] ;kmfO{ k]z ug]{ dgfl;j df}sfaf6 jl~rt
ul/g] 5}g .
-%_ kl/ifb\sf] ;lrjfno dGqfnodf /xg]5 .
-^_ kl/ifb\sf] cGo sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ tf]lsP adf]lhd x'g]5 .
-&_ kl/ifb\sf] a}7s ;DaGwL sfo{ljlw kl/ifb\ cfk+m+}n] lgwf{/0f u/] adf]lhd x'g]5 .
z}lIfs u'0f:t/ k/LIf0f s]Gb| M -!_ ljb\ofno lzIffsf] u'0f:t/ k/LIf0f ug]{ sfd ;d]tsf] nflu Ps
z}lIfs u'0f:t/ k/LIf0f s]Gb| /xg]5 .
-@_ z}lIfs u'0f:t/ k/LIf0f s]Gb|sf] k|d'vsf] ¿kdf sfd ug{ g]kfn ;/sf/n] Pshgf k|d'v lzIff
k/LIfs lgo'Qm ug]{5 .
445
 -#_ k|d'v lzIff k/LIfssf] lgo'lj|msf] nflu g]kfn ;/sf/ ;dIf l;kmfl/; ug{ nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf]
cWoIfsf] cWoIftfdf /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf lzIff x]g]{ ;b:o / dGqfnosf] ;lrj /x]sf] Ps
;ldlt /xg]5 .
-$_ pkbkmf -#_ adf]lhdsf] ;ldltn] g]kfn lzIff ;]jfsf] sDtLdf /fhkqflÍt k|yd >]0fLsf]
kbdf sfd u/]sf Jolj|mx¿dWo]af6 k|d'v lzIff k/LIfssf] kbdf lgo'lj|msf] nflu gfd l;kmfl/;
ug]{5 .
-%_ k|d'v lzIff k/LIfssf] lgo'lj|m, kfl/>lds / ;]jfsf] cGo zt{x¿ tf]lsP adf]lhd x'g]5g\ .
-^_ z}lIfs u'0f:t/ k/LIf0f s]Gb|sf] cGo sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ tf]lsP adf]lhd x'g]5 .
• ljb\ofnon] g]kfn ;/sf/af6 :jLs[t kf7\oqmd / kf7\ok':ts nfu" ug'{k5{ .
• lhNnfleqsf ljb\ofnosf] /]vb]v / Joj:yfkg ug{] sfd ;d]tsf] nflu k|To]s lhNnfdf Ps
lhNnf lzIff ;ldltsf] u7g x'g]5 . lhNnf lzIff ;ldltdf b]xfosf ;b:ox¿ /xg]5g\M
-s_ lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldltsf] ;efklt jf ;efkltsf] sfd
ug{ tf]lsPsf] Jolj|m –cWoIf
-v_ k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/L – ;b:o
-u_ lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldltsf] ;lrj – ;b:o
-3_ lhNnfleqsf ;fd'bflosljb\ofnosf ljb\ofno Joj:yfkg
;ldltsf cWoIfx¿dWo]af6 lhNnf lzIff ;ldltn] dgf]gLt
u/]sf] Ps hgf – ;b:o
-ª_ lhNnfleqsf ;+:yfut ljb\ofnosf ljb\ofno Joj:yfkg
;ldltsf cWoIfx¿dWo]af6 lhNnf lzIff clwsf/Ln]
dgf]gLt u/]sf] Ps hgf – ;b:o
-h_ cleefjs jf lzIffljb\x¿dWo]af6 lhNnf lzIff ;ldltn] dgf]gLt u/]sf]
sDtLdf Pshgf blnt / Pshgf dlxnf ;lxt tLg hgf –;b:oÆ
-em_ lhNnf g]kfn lzIfs dxf;+3sf] cWoIf – ;b:o
-`_ lhNnf lzIff clwsf/L – ;b:o–;lrj
dgf]gLt ;b:osf] kbfjlw b'O{ jif{sf] x'g]5 . dgf]gLt ;b:on] cfkm\gf] kbcg';f/sf] cfr/0f
gu/]sf] b]lvPdf dgf]gog ug]{ kbflwsf/L jf lgsfon] lghnfO{ h'g;'s} avt x6fpg ;Sg]5 .
t/ o;/L kbaf6 x6fpg'cl3 lghnfO{ cfkm\gf] ;kmfO{ k]z ug]{ df}sfaf6 al~rt ul/g] 5}g .
• s'g} lhNnfsf lhNnf lzIff ;ldltn] tf]lsP adf]lhdsf] lhDd]jf/L k"/f ug{ g;s]df g]kfn
;/sf/n] To:tf] lhNnf lzIff ;ldltnfO{ lj36g ug{ ;Sg]5 .
lzIfs ;]jf cfof]usf] u7g
-!_ ;fd'bflos ljb\ofnodf g]kfn ;/sf/af6 :jLs[t b/aGbL cg';f/ l/Qm lzIfs tyf sd{rf/L kbsf]
lgo'lj|m tyf To:tf] kbdf lgo'Qm lzIfs tyf sd{rf/Lsf] a9'jfsf] nflu l;kmfl/; ug{ Ps lzIfs
;]jf cfof]u u7g x'g]5 .

446
 t/ bkmf !!y= adf]lhd :yfgLo lgsfo jf Joj:yfkg ;ldltn] Joj:yfkg lhDdf lnPsf]
;fd'bflos ljb\ofnosf] lzIfs tyf sd{rf/Lsf] lgo'lj|m tyf To;/L lgo'Qm lzIfssf] a9'jf tf]lsP
adf]lhd x'g]5 .
-@_ cfof]udf cWoIf / Pshgf dlxnf ;lxt cGo b'O{hgf ;b:ox¿ /xg]5g .
-#_ pkbkmf -@_ adf]lhdsf ;b:ox¿sf] lgo'lj|msf nflu l;kml/; ug{ g]kfn ;/sf/n] nf]s ;]jf
cfof]usf cWoIfsf] cWoIftfdf lqe'jg ljZjljb\ofnosf] pks'nklt / dGqfnosf] ;lrj
;b:o /x]sf] Ps ;ldlt u7g ug]{5 / ;f] ;ldltn] l;kmfl/z u/]sf] Jolj|mnfO{ g]kfn ;/sf/n]
;b:odf lgo'lj|m ug]{5 .
-$_ pkbkmf -@_ adf]lhd lgo'Qm ;b:ox¿sf] kbfjlw kfFr jif{sf] x'g]5 / lghx¿ k'gM lgo'lj|m x'g
;Sg]5g\ .
-$s_ cfof]usf] jl/i7 sd{rf/Ln] cfof]usf] ;lrj eO{ sfd ug]{5 .
-%_ cfof]usf] cGo sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ tyf sfo{ljlw tf]lsP adf]lhd x'g]5 .
-^_ ;b:ox¿sf] ;]jfsf cGo zt{x¿ tf]lsP adf]lhd x'g] 5g\ .
-&_ ;b:ox¿sf] kfl/>lds tyf ;'ljwf g]kfn ;/sf/n] g]kfn /fhkqdf ;"rgf k|sfzg u/L
tf]lslbP adf]lhd x'g]5 .
;b:osf] nflu rflxg] of]UotfM ;b:osf] kbdf lgo'lj|m x'gsf] nflu b]xfosf of]Uotf k'u]sf] x'g'kg]{5 M
-s_ g]kfnL gful/s,
-v_ g]kfn ;/sf/af6 dfGotf k|fKt ljZjljb\ofnoaf6 :gftsf]Q/ pkfwL k|fKt u/]sf],
-u_ lgo'lj|m x'geGbf sDtLdf b'O{ jif{ cuf8Lb]lv s'g} /fhgLlts bnsf] ;b:o g/x]sf],
-3_ rfnL; jif{ pd]/ k"/f ePsf],
-ª_ cWoIfsf nflu g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ljlzi6 >]0fLsf] cg'ej k|fKt u/]sf] / ;b:osf] nflu sfg'g,
lzIff jf k|zf;gsf] If]qdf slDtdf kGw« jif{ sfd u/]sf] .
;b:otf sfod g/xg]M-!_ b]xfosf cj:yfdf ;b:osf] kb l/Qm ePsf] dflgg]5M
-s_ kbfjlw k"/f ePdf,
-v_ k};¶L jif{ pd]/ k"/f ePdf,
-u_ g]kfn ;/sf/ ;dIf lghn] k]z u/]sf] lnlvt /fhLgfdf :jLs[t ePdf,
-3_ lghsf] d[To' ePdf .
• cfof]un] k|To]s cfly{s jif{ ;dfKt ePsf] tLg dlxgf leq ;f] jif{e/df cfk"mn] u/]sf
sfdsf/jfxLsf] aflif{s k|ltj]bg g]kfn ;/sf/ ;dIf k]z ug'{kg]{5 .
ufFp lzIff jf gu/ lzIff ;ldlt
-!_ ufpFkflnsf jf gu/kflnsf If]qleq ;~rfng x'g] ljb\ofnosf] Joj:yfkg, /]vb]v / ;dGjo ug]{
sfdsf] nflu k|To]s ufpFkflnsf jf gu/kflnsfdf b]xfo adf]lhdsf] ufpF lzIff jf gu/ lzIff
;ldlt /xg]5 M–
-s_ ufpFkflnsfsf] cWoIf jf gu/kflnsfsf] k|d'v jf ;f] sfd ug{ tf]lsPsf] JolSt
– cWoIf
447
-v_ ufpFkflnsf jf gu/kflnsfn] tf]s]sf] ufpFkflnsf jf gu/kflnsfsf] ;b:ox¿dWo]af6
sDtLdf Pshgf dlxnf ;lxt b'O{hgf – ;b:o
-u_ ;DalGwt ufpFkflnsf jf gu/kflnsf If]qleq /x]sf ljb\ofnosf ljb\ofno Joj:yfkg
;ldltsf cWoIfx¿dWo]af6 lhNnf lzIff ;ldltn] dgf]gLt u/]sf] Pshgf – ;b:o
-3_ :yfgLo ;dfh;]jL jf lzIff k|]dLx¿dWo]af6 ufpF lzIff ;ldlt jf gu/ lzIff ;ldltaf6
dgf]gLt Pshgf blnt / b'O{hgf dlxnf ;lxt tLghgf – ;b:o
-ª_ ;DalGwt ufpFkflnsf jf gu/kflnsf If]qleq /x]sf ;fd'bflos tyf ;+:yfut ljb\ofnosf
k|wfgfWofksx¿dWo]af6 ;DalGwt ufpFkflnsf jf gu/kflnsfn] dgf]gLt u/]sf] sDtLdf
Pshgf dlxnf ;lxt b'O{hgf – ;b:o
-r_ ;DalGwt ufpFkflnsf jf gu/kflnsf l:yt ljz]if lzIff, ;dfj]zL lzIff jf ;|f]t sIff
;~rfng ug]{ ljb\ofno jf ckfËtf ;DaGwL lzIf0f ;+:yfaf6 k|ltlglwTj x'g] u/L ufpF lzIff
;ldlt jf gu/ lzIff ;ldltn] dgf]gLt u/]sf] ckfËtf ePsf Jolj|m Pshgf –;b:o
-5_ ufpF lzIff ;ldltsf] xsdf ;DalGwt ;|f]t Jolj|m / gu/ lzIff ;ldltsf] xsdf ;DalGwt
ljb\ofno lg/LIfs –;b:o–;lrj
• ufpFkflnsf jf gu/kflnsf If]q leqsf ljb\ofnosf k|wfgfWofksx¿ / g]kfn lzIfs
dxf;+3sf] k|ltlglwnfO{ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhdsf] ;ldltsf] a}7sdf ko{j]Ifssf] ¿kdf
cfdGq0f ul/g]5 . dgf]gLt ;b:osf] kbfjlw b'O{ jif{sf] x'g]5 . dgf]gLt ;b:on] cfkm\gf] kb
cg';f/sf] cfr/0f gu/]sf] b]lvPdf dgf]gog ug]{ kbflwsf/L jf lgsfon] lghnfO{ h'g;'s}
avt x6fpg ;Sg]5 .
• g]kfn ;/sf/n] ljs6 lxdfnL If]qdf tf]lsPadf]lhdsf] 3'lDt ljb\ofno ;~rfng ug{ ;Sg]5 .
ljb\ofno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt M-!_ ;fd'bflos ljb\ofnosf] ;~rfng, /]vb]v / Joj:yfkg ug{sf]
nflu k|To]s ljb\ofnodf b]xfosf ;b:ox¿ /x]sf] Ps ljb\ofno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt /xg]5 M–
-s_ cleefjsn] cfkm"x¿dWo]af6 5fgL k7fPsf b'O{hgf dlxnf ;lxt rf/hgf –;b:o
-v_ ljb\ofno /x]sf] ufpFkflnsf jf gu/kflnsfsf] ;DalGwt j8fsf] j8f cWoIf jf j8f
;ldltsf ;b:ox¿dWo]af6 ;f] j8f ;ldltn] dgf]gog u/]sf] ;b:o –;b:o
-u_ ljb\ofnosf ;+:yfks, :yfgLo a'l4lhjL, lzIffk|]dL, ljb\ofnonfO{ lg/Gt/ bz jif{b]lv ;xof]u
ug]{ jf ljb\ofnonfO{ bz nfv jf ;f] eGbf a9L gub jf lhG;L ;xof]u u/]sf
JolStx¿dWo]af6 ljb\ofno Joj:yfkg ;ldltn] dgf]gLt u/]sf] Pshgf dlxnf ;lxt b'O{hgf
–;b:o
-3_ ljb\ofnosf lzIfsn] cfkm"x¿dWo]af6 5fgL k7fPsf] Pshgf –;b:o
-ª_ ljb\ofnosf k|wfgfWofks –;b:o–;lrj
-@_ k|fljlws / Joj;flos ljifodf cWoog jf tflnd u/fOg] dfWolds ljb\ofnosf] ljb\ofno
Joj:yfkg ;ldltdf lhNnf:t/sf pBf]u tyf afl0fHo dxf;+3sf b'O{ hgf k|ltlglw ;b:o
/xg]5g\ .
ljb\ofno Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf ;b:ox¿n] 5fg]sf] ;b:o ;f] ;ldltsf] cWoIf x'g]5 .

448
 • s'g} ljb\ofnosf] ljb\ofno Joj:yfkg ;ldltn] tf]lsPsf] lhDd]jf/L k"/f ug{ g;s]df ;f]sf]
sf/0f v'nfO lhNnf lzIff ;ldltn] To:tf] ljb\ofno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt lj36g ug{ ;Sg]5 . t/
To;/L lj36g ug{'cl3 ljb\ofno Joj:yfkg ;ldltnfO{cfÇgf] ;kmfO k]z ug{] d'gfl;a df}sf lbg'
kg]{5 .
u|fdL0f lzIff ljsf; sf]if
;fd'bflos ljb\ofnosf] ef}lts k"jf{wf/ ljsf;df ;xof]u k'¥ofpg tyf To:tf ljb\ofnodf z}lIfs u'0f:t/
clej[l4 ug{sf] nflu s]Gb|Lo :t/df Ps u|fdL0f lzIff ljsf; sf]if /xg]5 5g\ h;df b]xfosf /sdx¿
/xg]5g\ M
-s_ g]kfn ;/sf/af6 k|fKt cg'bfg /sd,
-v_ ;+:yfut ljb\ofnoaf6 k|fKt To:tf] ljb\ofnosf] jflif{s s'n cfDbfgLsf] tf]lsPadf]lhdsf] /sd,
-u_ rGbfaf6 k|fKt /sd,
-3_ cGo ;|f]taf6 k|fKt /sd .
u|fdL0f lzIff ljsf; sf]ifsf] ;~rfng ug{sf] nflu b]xfosf ;b:ox¿ /x]sf] Ps sf]if ;~rfns ;ldlt
/xg]5 M
-s_ dGqfnosf] ;lrj – cWoIf
-v_ k|ltlglw, cy{ dGqfno – ;b:o
-u_ k|ltlglw, ;+3Lo dfldnf tyf :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno – ;b:o
-3_ ;x;lrj -z}lIfs k|zf;g dxfzfvf_, lzIff tyf v]ns'b dGqfno – ;b:o
-ª_ dxflgb]{zs, lzIff ljefu – ;b:o
-r_ k|ltlglw, dxfn]vf lgoGqs sfof{no – ;b:o
-5_ ;+:yfut ljb\ofnosf] s]Gb|Lo:t/sf ;+3 ;+:yfsf cWoIfx¿dWo]af6 dGqfnon]
dgf]gLt u/]sf b'O{ hgf – ;b:o
-h_ dGqfnosf] cfwf/e"t lzIff zfvfsf] k|d'v – ;b:o–;lrj
-@_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhdsf] sf]if ;~rfns ;ldltsf] cGo sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ tyf
a}7s;DaGwL sfo{ljlw t]flsPadf]lhd x'g]5 .
b]xfosf cj:yfdf lzIfs jf sd{rf/LnfO{ kbaf6 x6fOg]5–
-s_ kbLo bfloTj k"/f gu/]df,
-v_ lagf ;"rgf nuftf/ kGw| lbgeGbf a9L ;do ljb\ofnodf cg'kl:yt /x]df,
-u_ ljb\ofnodf dfbs kbfy{ ;]jg u/L cfPsf] s'/f k|dfl0ft ePdf,
-3_ g}lts ktg b]lvg] s'g} kmf}hbf/L cleof]udf cbfntaf6 ;hfo kfPdf .
-ª_ ;fd'bflosljb\ofnosf lzIfs jf sd{rf/Ln] sfof{no ;dodf cGoq cWofkg jf sfd u/]df
jf cGo s'g} Jofj;flos lj|mofsnfk u/]df,
-r_ lzIfs jf sd{rf/L /fhgLlts bnsf] sfo{sfl/0fL ;ldltsf] ;b:o /x]sf] kfOPdf
;fd'bflos ljb\ofnodf sfo{/t lzIfs jf sd{rf/Lx¿n] :yfoL cfjf;Lo cg'dlt lng jf To:tf]
cg'dlt k|fKt ug{sf nflu cfj]bg lbg x'Fb}g . of] bkmf k|f/De x'g' cl3 s;}n] :yfoL cfjf;Lo cg'dlt
449
 lnPsf] jf To:tf] cg'dlt k|fKt ug{sf nflu cfj]bg u/]sf] eP To:tf] lzIfs jf sd{rf/LnfO{ eljiodf
lghn] sfd u/]sf] ;]jfsf nflu cof]Uo 7xl/g] u/L ;]jfaf6 avf{:t ul/g]5 .
lzIfssf] ;?jf M -!_ ;?jf x'g rfxg] lzIfsn] tf]lsPadf]lhdsf] kmf/d e/L ;DalGwt lhNnf lzIff
sfof{nodf lgj]bg lbg'kg]{5 .
-@_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd lgj]bg k|fKt ePdf lhNnf lzIff clwsf/Ln] b/aGbL l/Qm / ljifo ldNg]
b]lvPdf To:tf] lzIfsnfO{ ;?jf ug{ ;Sg]5 .
t/ To;/L ;?jf ubf{ lgj]bs sfo{/t :yfgsf] lhNNff lzIff clwsf/Lsf] ;xdlt lng' kg]{5 .
-#_ pkbkmf -!_ / -@_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg Pp6} ljb\ofnodf kfFr jif{ ;]jf cjlw k"/f
u/]sf] :yfoL lzIfsnfO{ tf]lsP adf]lhdsf] dfkb08sf] cfwf/df lhNnf lzIff clwsf/Ln] cfÇgf]
lhNnf leqsf], If]qLo lgb{]zsn] cfÇgf] If]qleqsf] / lzIff ljefun] g]kfnsf] s'g} klg ljb\ofnodf
;?jf ug{ ;Sg]5 .
t/ b/aGbL ldnfg ubf{ jf ljz]if sf/0fjz s'g} lzIfsnfO{ s'g} ljb\ofnoaf6 ;?jf
gu/L gx'g] ePdf To:tf] lzIfssf] Pp6} ljb\ofnodf kfFr jif{ ;]jf cjlw k"/f gePsf] ePklg
sf/0f v'nfO{ o; bkmf adf]lhd ;?jf ug{ afwf kg{] 5}g .
-$_ pkbkmf -#_ adf]lhd ;?jf ubf{ lhNnf lzIff clwsf/Ln] If]qLo lzIff lgb]{zssf], If]qLo lzIff
lgb]{zsn] lzIff ljefusf] / lzIff ljefun] dGqfnosf] k"j{:jLs[lt lng'kg]{5 .
• s;}n] ljb\ofnosf] ;DklQ lxgfldgf jf gf]S;fg u/]df To:tf] Jolj|mnfO{ d'2f x]g]{ clwsf/Ln] lauf]
c;'n u/L ljuf] adf]lhd hl/jfgf ug{ ;Sg]5 .
• s;}n] b]xfosf sfo{ u/]df, ug{ nufPdf jf ;f] sfo{ ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofPdf To:tf] Jolj|mnfO{
s;"/sf] dfqf x]/L Ps nfv ¿k}ofF;Dd hl/jfgf jf 5 dlxgf;Dd s}b jf b'j} ;hfo x'g]5 .
-s_ k|Zgkqsf] uf]kgLotf e· u/]df,
-v_ pQ/k'l:tsf k/LIf0f ubf{ nfk/jfxL jf u}/lhDd]jf/k"0f{ sfo{ u/]df,
-u_ k/LIff s]Gb|df ;DalGwt kbflwsf/Lsf] :jLs[lt j]u/ k|j]z ug{ k|oTg u/]df jf k|j]z u/]df
jf k/LIff s]Gb| lgoGq0fdf lnO cdof{lbt sfo{ u/]df,
-3_ k/LIffkmn k|sfzgdf clgoldttf u/]df,
-ª_ c¿sf] tkm{af6 k/LIff lbPdf,
-r_ k/LIffsf] dof{bf e· x'g] cGo s'g} sfo{ u/]df .
-5_ ljBfyL{ egf{ ubf{ bfg, pkxf/ jf s'g} /sd lnPdf,
-h_ cg'dlt glnO{ s'g} z}lIfs sfo{qmd, z}lIfs k/fdz{ ;]jf, la|h sf];{, efiff lzIf0f sIff
tyf k"j{ tof/L sIff ;~rfng u/]df .
• lgod agfpg] clwsf/ bkmf !( / lgb]{lzsf agfpg] clwsf/ bkmf !(s= df /x]sf] 5 .

!)=@=! lzIff lgodfjnL, @)%( -;+zf]wg ;lxt_

@)%( ;fn h]7 !^ df hf/L ePsf] lzIff lgodfjnL @)^) c;f/ @$, @)^) r}q !^, @)^@ h]7 @%,
@)^^ efb| !&, @)^& d+;L/ @) / @)^& df3 (, @)^( k'; @# / @)&! a}zfv @( ut] ;d]t u/L
xfn ;Dd * k6ss ;+zf]wg eO;s]sf] 5 .
450
@)%(÷@÷!^ sf] /fhkqdf k|sflzt o; lgodfjnL df hDdf ## kl/R5]b !(% lgod / @# j6f
cg'';"rLx¿ /x]sf 5g\ .
lzIfsx¿n] kfpg] ljbf -lzIff lgodfjnLsf] lgod !)^ df pNn]v eP adf]lhd_
ljbf cjlw slt ;dodf ljbf lng] s;n] :jLs[lt ug]{ < s}lkmot
kfpg] k|lj|mof
e}k/L ^ jif{sf]÷;l~rt df}lvs jf k|wfgfWofksn] # lbg tnjL ljbf . cfwf lbg
cfpg] lbg gx'g] lnlvt b'j} ;Dd cfkm} / a9L klg lng ;lsg]
ljbf tl/sf lng k/] ljb\ofno
Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf]
cWoIf, lzIfssf]
k|=c=n]
kj{ ljbf ^ jif{sf]÷;l~rt df}lvs jf k|wfgfWofksn] # tnjL ljbf . cfwf lbg
lbg gx'g] lnlvt b'j} lbg;Dd cfkm} / a9L klg lng ;lsg]
tl/sf lbg lng'k/] ljb\ofno
Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf]
cWoIf, lzIfssf]
k|=c=n]
lj/fdL !@ jif{sf] !@ lnlvt lgj]bg k|wfgfWofksn] # lbg !@ lbg ;Dd lng
ljbf lbg lbg÷ljbf ;Dd cfkm} / a9L lbg kfOG5 t/ To;n] gk'Ug]
;l~rt lng k/] ljb\osfno ePdf yk !@ lbg
x'g;Sg] Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] k]ZsL ljbf lng
cWoIf, lzIfssf] ;lsG5 . s8f /f]u
k|=c=n] nfu]sf] k|df0f k]z
x'g'kg]{
k|;"lt ^) hlt ;'s} lnlvt lgj]bg lzIfssf] xsdf k|c tnjL ljbf
ljbf lbg k6s / k|csf] xsdf
ljJo; cWoIfn]
:jLs[t ug]{
k|;"lt !% ;]jf cjlwe/ lnlvt lgj]bg lzIfssf] xsdf k|c tnjL ljbf
:ofxf/ lbg b'O{ k6s;Dd / aRrfsf] / k|csf] xsdf
ljbf hGdbtf{ ljJo; cWoIfn]
k|df0fkq :jLs[t ug]{
lsl/of !% wd{, ;+:s[lt / d[To' btf{ / klt lsl/of a:g' k/]df
ljbf lbg k/Dk/f d[t JolSt;Fu dlxnf lzIfsn] ;d]t
cg';f/ gftf k|dfl0ft kfpg]
k|df0fkq

451
 cWoog # jif{ ;]jf Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] g]kfn ;/sf/n] rfx]df
ljbf cjlwe/df÷ l;kmfl/;df @ jif{ yk ug{ ;Sg],
Ps} k6s jf lh=lz=c=n] cWoog ljbfaf6
k6s k6s kms]{kl5 tf]lsPsf]
u/L ;]jf;Dd ;]jf ug]{
sj'lnotdf ug'{kg]{
tnlj ljbf
c;fwf/0f # jif{ ;]jf ljbf lng'kg]{ Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] a]tnaL . ;]jf u0fgf
ljbf cjlwe/df÷ sf/0f ;lxt l;kmfl/zdf gx'g]
Ps k6sdf ! lgj]bg lbg] lh=lz=c=n]
jif{df ga9fO{L
j]tnjL % ;]jf sf/0f ;lxt Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] a]tnaL . ;]jf u0fgf
ljbf jif{ cjlwe/df lgj]bg lbg] l;kmfl/zdf gx'g]
lh=lz=c=n]
k|wfgfWofks 5gf]6sf cfwf/x¿
-lzIff lgodfjnL -5}7f} ;+zf]wg_sf] cg';"rL – !# lgod (# sf] pklgod -%_ ;Fu ;DalGwt
5gf]6sf cfwf/ cª\s
! z}lIfs of]Uotf
s_ Go"gtd of]Uotf !%
v_ dflyNnf] z}lIfs of]Uotf !)
@ lzIf0f cg'ej @%
# tflnd
s_ z}lIfs tflnd !)
v_ ljb\ofno Joj:yfkg tflnd @
$ cWofkg u/]sf] ljifodf k|fKt glthf !@
% ljb\ofno ljsf; k|:tfj
s_ ljb\ofno ljsf; k|:tfj !)
v_ ljb\ofno ljsf; k|:tfjsf] k|:t'tLs/0f $
^ g]t[Tj lng] Ifdtf
s_ lhNnf lzIff clwsf/Lsf] d"Nofª\sgaf6 %
v_ Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] d"Nofª\sg af6 %
u_ ;DalGwt ljb\ofnosf lzIfssf] d"Nofª\sgaf6 @
hDdf !))

452
!)=# lzIfs ;]jf cfof]u lgodfjnL, @)%& -;+zf]wg ;lxt_
;+zf]wg g]kfn /fhkqdf k|sflzt ldlt
@)%&.)&.@$
!= lzIfs ;]jf cfof]u -klxnf] ;+zf]wg_ lgodfjnL, @)%( @)%(.)@.!#
@= lzIfs ;]jf cfof]u -bf];|f] ;+zf]wg_ lgodfjnL, @)%( @)^).)@.)(
#= lzIfs ;]jf cfof]u -t];|f] ;+zf]wg_ lgodfjnL, @)^) @)^).!@.!^
$= lzIfs ;]jf cfof]u -rf}yf] ;+zf]wg_ lgodfjnL, @)^^ @)^^.)&.@#
%= lzIfs ;]jf cfof]u -kfFrf}+ ;+zf]wg_ lgodfjnL, @)^& @)^&.!).)(
^= lzIfs ;]jf cfof]u -5}6f}+ ;+zf]wg_ lgodfjnL, @)^* @)^*.)#.)^
&= lzIfs ;]jf cfof]u -;ftf}+ ;+zf]wg_ lgodfjnL, @)^( @)^(.)(.)@
*= lzIfs ;]jf cfof]u -cf7f}+ ;+zf]wg_ lgodfjnL, @)&) @)&).)#.)#
(= lzIfs ;]jf cfof]u -gjf}+ ;+zf]wg_ lgodfjnL, @)&! @)&!.!).@^
cWofkg cg'dltkq lngsf] nflu pDd]bjf/ x'g g;Sg] M -!_ b]xfosf] JolSt cWofkg cg'dltkqsf] nflu
lnOg] k/LIffdf pDd]bjf/ x'g ;Sg] 5}gM–
-s_ u}/g]kfnL gful/s,
-v_ !* jif{ pd]/ gk'u]sf],
-u_ duh lau|]sf],
-3_ g}lts ktg b]lvg] kmf}hbf/L cleof]udf cbfntaf6 s;'/bf/ 7xl/Psf],
-ª_ eljiodf ;/sf/L gf]s/L jf lzIfs ;]jfsf] nflu cof]Uo 7xl/g] u/L ;]jfaf6 jvf{:t ul/Psf],
-r_ lgod ( adf]lhdsf] z}lIfs of]Utf gePsf],
-5_ lgod ( adf]lhdsf] tflnd glnPsf] .
pd]bjf/sf nflu cof]UotfM b]xfosf JolStx¿ lzIfs kbdf pd]bjf/ x'gsf nflu of]Uo x'g ;Sg] 5}gg\M
-s_ u}/g]kfnL gful/s,
-v_ !* jif{ pd]/ gk'u]sf],
-u_ $) jif{ pd]/ k"/f ePsf],
-3_ duh lau|]sf]
-ª_ g}lts ktg b]lvg] kmf}hbf/L cleof]udf cbfntaf6 s;'/bf/ 7xl/Psf],
-r_ eljiodf ;/sf/L gf]s/L jf lzIfs ;]jfsf] nflu cof]Uo 7xl/g] u/L ;]jfaf6 avf{:t ul/Psf],
-r!_ cWofkg cg'dltkq glnPsf],
-5_ lgod ( adf]lhdsf] tflnd glnPsf],
lzIfs ;]jfnfO{ ;dfj]zL agfpg' kg]{M-!_ lzIfs ;]jfnfO{ ;dfj]zL agfpg ;fd'bflos ljb\ofnodf g]kfn
;/sf/af6 :jLs[t b/aGbLdf v'Nnf k|ltof]lutfåf/f k"lt{ x'g] lzIfs kbdWo] k}+tfnL; k|ltzt kb
5'6o\ fO{ ;f] k|ltztnfO{ zt k|ltzt dfgL b]xfosf pDd]bjf/x¿ lardf dfq 5'§f5'§} k|lt:kwf{ u/fO{
kbk"lt{ ul/g]5M–

453
 -s_ dlxnf t]QL; k|ltzt
-v_ cflbjf;L÷hghflt ;TtfO{; k|ltzt
-u_ t/fO{–dw]zdf a;f]af; ug]{ dw]zL, cflbjf;L÷hghflt, blnt, afO{; k|ltzt
lk58f ju{ jf cNk;+Vos d';ndfg ;d'bfo
-3_ blnt gf} k|ltzt
-ª_ ckfª\u kfFr k|ltzt
-r_ lk5l8Psf] If]q rf/ k|ltzt

;kmn pDd]bjf/x¿sf] ;"rL k|sfzg ul/g] M -!_ lnlvt / k|of]ufTds k/LIff lnOPsf]df ;f]
k/LIff;d]taf6 pTtL0f{{ eO{ ;a}eGbf a9L cª\s k|fKt ug]{ pDd]bjf/x¿ dWo]af6 b]xfosf] cg'kftdf
pTtL0f{{ pDd]bjf/x¿ yk u/L cGt/jf{tfsf nflu pDd]bjf/sf] gfd j0ff{g'j|mdcg';f/ k|sfzg
ul/g]5 M
l/Qm kb ;ª\Vof yk x'g] hg;ª\Vof
! b]lv % @
^ b]lv !) #
!! b]lv !% $
!^ b]lv @) %
@! b]lv @% ^
@^ b]lv #) &
#! b]lv #% *
#^ b]lv $) (
$! / ;f]eGbfdfly @) k|ltzt
cGtjf{tf{sf] cª\sM cGtjf{tf{sf] nflu 5'6\ØfOPsf] kRrL; cª\s b]xfoadf]lhd lbOg]5 .
s_ cg'ej jfkt ;f]xL txsf] c:yfoL jf /fxt cg'bfg sf]6f cGtu{tsf] lzIfssf] ¿kdf sfd
u/]jfkt k|To]s jif{sf] Ps gDa/sf] a9Ldf afx| cª\s,
t/ cGtl/s k|ltof]lutfTds k/LIffåf/f x'g] a9'jfdf c:yfoL jf /fxt cg'bfg sf]6f
cGtu{tsf] lzIfssf] ¿kdf sfd u/] jfktsf] cª\s lbOg] 5}g .
:ki6Ls/0fM o; lgodsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu æ/fxt cg'bfg sf]6f cGtu{tsf] lzIfsÆ eGgfn]
g]kfn ;/sf/n] ljb\ofnonfO{ pknAw u/fPsf] /fxt cg'bfg sf]6f cGtu{t lgo'Qm ePsf]
lzIfs ;Demg' k5{ .
-v_ z}lIfs of]Uotf afkt ;]jf k|j]zsf] nflu tf]lsPsf] z}lIfs of]Uotfsf] k|yd >]0fLsf] eP tLg,
låtLo >]0fLsf] eP b'O{ / t[tLo >]0fLsf] eP Ps cª\ssf b/n] a9Ldf tLg cª\s,
-u_ cGtjf{tf{ afkt a9Ldf b; cª\s,
t/ cGtjf{tf{sf] cª\s lbFbf s'g} pDd]bjf/nfO{&) k|ltzteGbfa9L / #% k|ltzteGbf sd
lbg'kg]{ ePdf To:tf] gDa/ lbg'kg]{ :ki6 sf/0f v'nfpg'kg]{5 .

454
a9'jfsf] lgldQ ;DefJo pDd]bjf/ aGg ;Sg] M a9'jfsf nflu pDd]bjf/ x'g ;DalGwt >]0fLsf] txdf
kfFr z}lIfs ;qsf] gf]s/L cjlw k"/f u/]sf] :yfoL lzIfs x'g'kg]{5 .
t/ b]xfosf] cj:yfdf b]xfosf] cjlwe/ s'g} klg lzIfs a9'jfsf] nflu pDd]bjf/ x'g kfpg]5}g M
-s_ lgnDag ePsf]df lgnDag ePsf] cjlwe/,
-v_ a9'jf /f]Ssf ul/Psf]df /f]Ssf ePsf] cjlwe/,
-u_ tNnf] kbdf 36'jf u/]sf]df 36'jf ePsf] ldltn] b'O{ jif{;Dd,
-3_ tna clej[b\lw -u|]8_ /f]Ssf ePsf]df /f]Ssf ePsf] ldltn] Ps jif{;Dd .
a9'jfsf] nflu kb lgwf{/0f / a9'jfsf] cfwf/M -!_ k|fylds, lgDgdfWolds / dfWolds txsf] k|yd /
låtLo >]0fLsf] l/Qm kbdWo] @% k|ltzt cfGtl/s k|ltof]lutfTds k/LIff / &% k|ltzt sfo{;Dkfbg
d"Nofª\sgsf] cwf/df a9'jfåf/f k"lt{ ul/g]5 .
-@_ cfof]un] lzIfsnfO{ a9'jfsf] nflu l;kmfl/; ubf{ lghsf] sfo{ Ifdtfsf] cfwf/df ug]{5 /
lzIfssf] sfo{ Ifdtfsf] d"Nofª\sg ubf{ b]xfo adf]lhd a9Ldf !)) cª\s lbOg]5M–
-s_ gf]s/Lsf] Ho]i7tf jfkt #%
-v_ z}lIfs of]Uotf jfkt @)
-u_ TffnLd jfkt !)
-3_ sfo{ ;DkfbgnfO{ b]xfo adf]lhd ljefhg ul/g]5M–
-!_ cWofkg u/]sf] ;DalGwt ljifodf ljb\ofyL{n] k|fKt u/]sf]
pknlAw jfkt !%
-@_ lzIf0f sfo{;F+u ;DalGwt ljifodf cg';Gwfg u/] jfkt %
-#_ ljz]if lhDd]jf/L jfkt %
-$_ sfo{ ;Dkfbgsf] cfwf/df ;'k/Lj]Ifs / k'g/fjnf]sg
;ldltn] u/]sf] d"Nofª\sg jfkt !)

a9'jf ldlt / a9'jf lgo'lSt M -!_ lgod ## adf]lhd a9'jf gfdfjnL k|sflzt ePkl5 a9'jfsf] ph'/Lsf]
k|of]hgsf] nflu ;f] gfdfjnL k|sflzt ePsf] ldltaf6 k}tL;lbg;Dd a9'jf l;kmfl/; kfpg]
pDd]bjf/nfO{ a9'jf lgo'lSt glbO{ k|ltIff ;"rLdf /flvg]5 . ;f] a9'jf l;kmfl/; pk/ ph'/L gk/]df
;f] gfdfjnL k|sflzt ePsf] ldltn] 5QL;f}+ lbgsf] ldltaf6 a9'jf x'g] >]0fLsf] h]i7tf sfod x'g]u/L
lgo'lSt lbg'kg]{5 .
-@_ a9'jf l;kmfl/;pk/ ph'/L k/]df b]xfoadf]lhd h]i7tf ldlt sfod u/L lgo'lSt lbg'kg]{5 M
-s_ lgod #$ sf] pklgod -#_ adf]lhd a9'jf l;kmfl/;sf] gfdfjnLdf ;+zf]wg ug]{ lg0f{o
ePdf ;f] adf]lhd ;+zf]lwt gfdfjnL k|sfzg ePsf] ldlt b]lv,
-v_ ph'/L vf/]h ePdf jf cfof]usf] klxn]sf] l;kmfl/; g} sfod ePdf klxnf] k6ssf]
a9'jf l;kmfl/; k|sflzt ePsf] ldltn] 5QL;f}+ lbg b]lv .

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