SOLUTION:

8 309 4 group of sixty fours

256

8 53 6 group of eights
48

8 5 5 group of ones
5
………….
0
Thus, (309) = (465)
10 8

EXERCISES 2

1. CHANGE THE FOLLOWING NUMERALS TO BASE TEN

NUMERALS,
a. (1011) d. (43322)
2 5
2. (110110)
2 e. (5654)
8
3. (1232) f. (764431)
5 8

2) CHANGE THE FOLLOWING,

a. 10 = two d. 978 = five

b. 78 = two e. 1469 = eight
c. 135 = five e. 81673= eight

Exercises 3
PERFORM THE FOLLOWING OPERATIONS

1. 8X7 + 56/8 -4+9

2. 14 - 9 + 14 x 2 + -16/4
3. 24 +17x4 -27/9 -2
4. 54/6 +8x12 -6/3
5. 34-7/2 +3x8/4 -6x7
6. 42/13 +x3/2 +8- 6x7/3
7. 100+120/4x20 - 90/6 +4/3
IV. OPERATIONS ON INTEGERS INVOLVING SIGNS
1). ADDITON OF INTEGERS

A) LIKE SIGNS,
RULE: IN ADDING INTEGERS SIMILAR OR LIKE SIGNS,
GET THE SUM OF THEIR ABSOLUTE VALUES AND PREFIX
THE COMMON SIGN,

EXAMPLE:
1. 3+5+6+7 = 8+6+7
=14 + 7
= 21
2. 3 +(+5) +(+6) +(+7) = 8 + (+6) +(+7)
= 21
3. -3+(-5)+(-6)+(-7) = -8 +(-6)+(-7)
= -14 + (-7)
= -21

B. UNLIKE SIGNS
Rule: In addition Integers having unlike signs, get the difference of their
absolute value and prefix the signs of the integers with the greater value.

EXAMPLES:
1. 15 + (-10) = +5 = 5
2. -15 + 10 = -5
3. (-15) + (+10) = -5
4. 2 +(-3) +(+4) + (-5) = -1 +(+4) +(-5)
= (+3) + (-5)
= -2

2). SUBTRACTION OF INTEGERS

RULES:
In subtracting of integers, change the sign of the subtrahend then
proceed as in addition of integers.
EXAMPLE:
1. (+25) - (+10) = 25 + (-10) = 5
2. (+25) - (-10) = 25 + (+10) = 35
3. (-25) - (-10) = -25 + (+10) = -15
3) . MULTIPLICATION OF INTEGERS

A. LIKE SIGNS
RULE: THE SIGN OF THE PRODUCT OF TWO INTEGERS
HAVING LIKE SIGNS IS
POSITIVE.

EXAMPLE:
1. (+12) + (+13) = +156 = 156
2. (12)(13) = 156 = 156
3. (-12)(-13) = +156 = 156
4. -12(-13) = 156

B. UNLIKE SIGNS
RULE: THE SIGN OF THE PRODUCT OF THE TWO
INTEGERS HAVING UNLIKE SIGNS
IS NEGATIVE.

EXAMPLE:
1. (-12)(+13) = -156
2. (12)(-13) = -156
4) . DIVISION OF INTEGERS
A. LIKE SIGNS
RULE: THE SIGN OF THE QUOTIENT OF THE TWO
INTEGERS HAVING LIKE SIGNS IS POSITIVE.

EXAMPLE:
1. (156) /(13) = +12 = 12
2. (-156)/(-13) = 12

B. UNLIKE SIGNS
RULE: THE SIGN OF THE QUOTIENT OF TWO
INTEGERS HAVING
UNLIKE SIGNS IS NEGATIVE.

EXAMPLES:
1. (+156) /(-13) = +12 = - 12
2. (-156)/(+13) = -12
EXERCISES 4

PERFORM THE FOLLOWING OPERATIONS,

1. 4 + (+8) + (+21)
2. -7 + (-17) + (-28) + (-15)
3. 15 +(-10) - (+20) + (-25) - 35
4. 7(+9) + 8(-9) - 6(-10) + 14
5. 54/(-9) + 48/(+6) - 7(-15)
6. 121/(11) - 140/(-20)+ 5(-12)
7. 225(-25)(-25) + 80/(-2)/(-20)
8. 1 - (-2) + 3(-4) -5 (+6)/ (-5) + (-40)

V). COMPLETE FACTORIZATION:

METHOD 1, FIRST, THINK OF THE SMALLEST PRIME NUMBER

WHICH IS 2

EXAMPLE:
FIND THE COMPLETE FACTORIZATION OF 240;

SOLUTION:
240 = 2 X 120
120 = 2 X 60
60 = 2 X 30
30 = 2 X 15
15 = 3 X 5
HENCE: 240 = 2 X 2 X 2 X 2 X 3 X 5

METHOD 2; BY CONSTRUCTING A NUMBER TREE.

EXAMPLE:
FIND THE COMPLETE FACTORIZATION OF 240,

SOLUTION;
240

6 X 40

2 X 3 X 5 X 8

2 X 4

2 X 2

HENCE; 240 = 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 3 x 5
EXERCISES: 5

FIND THE COMPLETE FACTORIZATION OF THE FOLLOWING

NUMBERS BY USING THE INDICATED METHOD:

METHOD 1.

a. 270 d. 500
b. 480 e. 720
c. 285 f. 4800

METHOD 2.

a. 540 d. 1000
b. 960 e. 1440
c. 570 f. 2385

VI). OPERATION ON FRACTION:

1) . ADDITION OF FRACTIONS,

a. LIKE FRACTIONS

EXAMPLE:

1/5 + 2/5 +3/5 + 4/5 = …1+2 +3 + 4. = 10/5 = 2

5

b. UNLIKE FRACTIONS;
EXAMPLE;

1/2+ 2/3 + 3/4 = 6x(1)+ 4(2) + 3(3)

-----------------------
12
= 6+8+9
----------
12 11
= 23/12 = 1 ------
12
 2) SUBTRACTION OF FRACTIONS
a. LIKE FRACTIONS

3/5 - 2/5 = 3-2

-------- = 1/5
5

b. Unlike fractions

EXAMPLE;

3/5 - 1/3 = 3 (3) - 5(1)

------------- = 9-5
15 -------- = 4/15

3) MULTIPLICATION OF FRACTION;

EXAMPLE:

10/15 X 25/75 = 2 X 1
--- ---- = 2X1
3 3 ------- = 2/ 9
3X3

4.DIVISION OF FRACTIONS;

EXAMPLES;

10/15 / 25/ 75 = 2/3 / 1/3 = 2/3 X 3/1 = 6/3 = 2

EXERCISES 6;

1. 1/4 + 3/4 + 7/4 + 5/4

2. 12/7 - 10/7 - 9/7 - 6/7

3. 1/2 + 3/4 + 4/7 + 7/8 + 8/9

4. 3/8- 1/4 - 3/16 - 4/5 - 7/8

5. 5/7 x 3/8 x 49/25 X 15/21 X 2/7

6. 1 1/4 + 2 3/4 + 3 5/8 + 4 6/7

7. 12/15 / 24/75 + 14/16 X 32/28 - 1/4

8. 4/5 X 3/4 / 4/7 + 7/8 - 9/11 - 1/3

VII). SCIENTIFIC NOTATION;

The way scientist express very small or very large numbers is called is
called scientific notation.

EXAMPLE:
1. Write 4,530,000,000

Solution;
4,530,000,000 = 4.53 x 1,000,000,000
= 4.53 x 10

3. WRITE 0.0000000345 = 3.45 X 0.000000001

=

4. FIND THE PRODUCT OF 3.14 X 10 AND 2.5 X

10

SOLUTION;

(3.14 X 10)(2.5 X 10) = (3.14 X 2.5)(10 X 10 )

= 7.85 X 10

4) . DIVIDE( 4.6 X 10 ) / (2.3 X 10 ) = 4.6 10

------- X -----
2.3 10

= 2 X 10

5.). FIND THE SUM OF 4X 10 AND 5 X 10

SOLUTION:

(4 X 10 ) + (5 X10) = (4 + 5)X 10
= 9 X 10
6.FIND THE DIFFERENCE OF 4 X 10 AND 5 X 10
SOLUTION:

(5 X10 ) - (4 X 10 ) = ( 5-4 ) X 10
= 1 X 10

EXERCISES 7;

1. WRITE THE FOLLOWING NUMERALS IN SCIENTIFIC

NOTATION.

a. 123,000 d. 0.000000012
b. 45,600,000 e. 0.00000000034
c. 789,000,000 f. 0.0000000000567

2. Perform the following operations;

a. (3.5 x10 )(2.5 x10 ) d. ( 5 x 10 ) / (5.7 x 10)

b. (6.25 x 10 ) + (8.5 x 10 ) e. (6.1 x 10 ) / (2.1 x 10 )
c. (8.3 x 10 ) - (3.8 x 10 ) f. (4.5 x 10 )(5.4 x 10 )

VIII). SOLUTION OF PERCENTAGE PROBLEM

FORMULAS; P = r x b, r = P/b, b = P/r;

Where P is the percentage, r = rate, b = base

Example:

1. What is 12% of 50?

SOLUTION:

P=rxb

= 12% x 50;
= 0.12 x 50
=6
 2. 50% of what number is 8?

SOLUTION;
LET n be the number base (n = base)
r = 50%
P=8
Solve for n;

n= b = P/r = 8/50% = 8/0.5= 16

3. What percentage of 120 is 60

Solution;

Let r = be the rate

P = 60
b = 120

Solve for r?

r = P/b x 100 % = 60/120 x 100% = 50%

EXERCISE;

SOLVE THE FOLLOWING PROBLEMS.

1. 12 IS WHAT PERCENT OF 100?

2. WHAT IS 15% of the 150?
3. What is 0.05% of 505?
4. 144 is what percent of 632?
5. 70 is 17% of what number?
6. What percent of 0.625 is 0.75?

IX). THE PYTHAGOREAN THEOREM

FORMULAS;
C=a+b where; a = altitude
C=√ab b = base
C = hypotenuse
a = c -b
b=c-a

EXAMPLE;
 1.GIVEN: RIGHT TRIANGLE, a = 3 ,b = 4

SOLUTION:
CONSTRUCT RIGHT TRIANGLE WITH a= 3 , b= 4 solve for c?

C = √ a² + b².

C = 3² + 4²
= 9 +14
C = √25 is 5

Therefore c is 5.

2). given: right triangle, a= 9, c = 15

SOLUTION: SOLVE FOR b?

b= √c² - a² = √15² - 9² = √ 144 = 12

EXERCISE 9;

DRAW AND SOLVE FOR THE MISSING SIDE OF THE FOLLOWING

RIGHT TRIANGLES;

a b c

1. …….. 18 24

2. 32 ……… 40

3. 45 60 ……….

4. 100 ……….. 125

5. …….. 425.25 625.50

X). CONVERSION INVOLVING MEASUREMENTS;

1. MEASURE OF LENGTH;
 CONVERSION FACTORS:

1 KM = 1000 meters
1m = 100 cm = 3.28 ft. = 39.37 inches.
1 cm = 10 mm
1 yd = 3 ft. = 36 inches
1 ft. = 12 inches
1 inch = 2.54 cm
1 mi = 5280ft. = 1760 yd. = 1.609 km

EXAMPLE;

1. CHANGE 2 KM TO cm.

Solution= 2 km x 1000m x 100cm = 200, 000 cm.

Km 1m

2. Change 150 in to yd.

Solution: 150 in = 150 in. X 1ft. X 1 yd. = 4.17 yd.

12 in 3 ft.

3. Change 0.5 mi to in.

Solution:

0.5 mi = 0.5 mi x 5280 ft. X 12 in = 31680 inches.

Mi ft.

2) . MEASURE OF MASS;

CONVERSION FACTORS;
1 KG. = 2.2 lbs.

1 kg = 1000 grams.

1 gram = 100 cg.

1 gram = 1000 mg.

1 ton = 1000kg
EXAMPLES;

1. CHANGE 1.5KG. TO GRAM.

SOLUTION:
1.5KG = 1.5KG. X 1000G. = 1500GRAMS.
KG.
2. 22,000 lbs. To ton.
Solution;
22,000lbs = 22000lbs x 1kg x 1ton = 10 tons.
2.2lb 1000kg

CHANGE 0.005 TON T0 CENTIGRAM(CG)

SOLUTION;

.005ton = 0.005 TON X 1000KG X 1000 g x 100 1cg. = 500, 000 cg.
1ton 1kg 1g

3) . MEASURE OF CAPACITY

CONVERSION FACTORS;

1 gal = 3.785 L

1L = 1000 ml

1m³ = 1000L

1L = 100 cL

EXAMPLE;

1. CHANGE 0.5 gal to( cL )

Solution:
0.5 gal = 0.5 gal x 3.785 L x 100 cl = 189.25 cL
gal L

2. Change 250, 000 mL to gallon

SOLUTION;
250,000 mL TO GAL.

250,000mL = 250,000 mL X 1 L X 1 gal = 66.05 gal

1000mL 3.785L

4) . MEASURE OF TIME

CONVERSION FACTORS;

1 day = 24 hr.
 1 hr. = 60 min.

1 min = 60 sec.

1 wk = 7 days

1 yr = 365 days

1 leap yr = 366 days

1 decade = 10 yrs

1 century = 100 yrs

EXAMPLE:

1. CHANGE 350,000 SEC TO HOUR (hr)

Solution.

350,000 sec. = 359,000 sec x 1 min x 1 hr. = 97.22hr.

60 sec 60 min

2. Change 0.025 yr. To minute (min)

Solution;

0.025yr. = 0.025 yr. X 365 days X 24 hr. X 60 min = 13,140 min

Yr day hr

. MEASURE OF TEMPERATURE;

Formulas:

F = 9/5 C + 32 WHERE F = FARENHEIT

C = 5/9(F - 32) CELCIUS

EXAMPLE:
1. CHANGE 60 DEG CEL TO FARENHEIT SCALE.

SOLUTION;

F = 9/5C + 32
 = 9/5(60) + 32

= 108 + 32
= 140 DEG CEL.

2. CHANGE 302 DEG. F. TO CELCIUS SCALE;

SOLUTION;

C = 5/9(F - 32)
=5 (302 - 32)
9
=150Fdeg.

EXERCISES 10;
CHANGE EACH OF THE FOLLOWING TO THE INDICATED UNIT;

1. 2000KG = TON 11. 789,500 sec = hr.

2. 4500Ccg = mg 12. 0.08 yr = sec
3. 675,000 mg = kg 13. 1.875 mi = in
4. 468 lb = cg 14. 209 km = mi
5. 3.5 kg = ton 15. 650 m = mi
6. 5 gal L 16. 948,200cm = km
7. 48 L = cl 17. 75 deg C = F
8. 10,500 cl = gal 18. -10 C = F
9. 15 days = hr. 19. 210 F = C
10. 2640 min = days 20. -5F = C
Xl). FINDING THE PERIMETER OF POLYGONS

THE PERIMETER OF ANY POLYGON IS THE SUM OF ITS SIDES.

EXAMPLE;
1. GIVEN: RECTANGLE, LENGTH 10 cm, WIDTH 8 cm.
Find the perimeter P.

P = 2L + 2w
= 2(10) + 2(8)
= 20 + 16
= 36 cm

2. Given; equilateral triangle: sides 3 in

Find P,
Solution; P = 3(s) = 3(3 IN) = 9 INCHES.

EXAMPLE 3, GIVEN; SQUARE, SIDES 2.5 FT. FIND P;

SOLUTION;

P = 4(S)
= 4 (2.5)
= 10 fT.

EXAMPLE 4. GIVEN, REGULAR PENTAGON; SIDES = 4.5 m, FIND P,

SOLUTION;

P = 5(S)
= 5(4.5)
= 22.5 m
AREAS

TRAPEZOID; A = 1/2(a + b)h

CIRCLE; A = πr² OR A = πd²/4

ELLIPSE A = π(ab)

EXERCISES II

FIND THE PERIMETER OF THE FOLLOWING;

1. SQUARE: SIDE = 4m
2. EQUILATERAL TRIANGL SIDE; 12 yd.
3. RHOMBUS; SIDE = 10 in.
4. RECTANGLE; LENGHT = 3 ft., WIDTH = 2ft.
5. ISOSCELES TRIANGLE; equal sides = 25 cm, third side = 10 cm
6. REGULAR OCTAGON; SIDE = 80 mm.

XII). FINDING THE AREA OF PLANE FIGURES;

AREA IS THE NUMBER OF SQUARE UNITS NEEDED TO COVER A SURFACE. IT

IS EXPRESSED IN SQUARE UNITS LIKE SQUARE METERS WHICH IS SIMPLY
WRITTEN AS m²

FORMULAS;

SQUARE; A = s² WHERE A = AREA, S = SIDE

RECTANGLE; A = LW, WHERE L = LENGTH, W = WIDTH

RIGHT TRIANGLE; A = 1/2(b X a) WHERE b = BASE, a = altitude,

OBLIQUE TRIANGLE; A = 1/2(b X h) WHERE b = BASE, h = height

A = √(s(s-a)(s-b)(s-c), where s = 1/2(a + b + c)

PARALLELOGRAM;
A = bh, where b = base, h = height
EXAMPLE 1. GIVEN; RECTANGLE; length = 14 in., width = 10 in. FIND THE
AREA;

SOLUTION;
A = L X W,
= 14(10)
= 140 in²

EXAMPLE 2. GIVEN; RIGHT TRIANGLE; height = 15 cm; base = 20

cm.

FIND THE AREA,

SOLUTION;
A = 1/2(b x a)
= 1/2(20)(15)
= 150 cm²

EXERCISES 12,

FIND THE AREA OF THE FOLLOWING;

1. SQUARE, SIDE = 15 in.

2. RECTANGLE; length = 140 cm, width = 110 cm.

3. Right Triangle; a = 23ft., b = 18ft.

4. Oblique Triangle; a = 11 yds. b = 13yds. c= 15 yds.
5. Circle r = 35 mm
6. Ellipse a = 41ft; b = 45ft.
7. Parallelogram b = 54 yd. h = 48 yd.
8. Trapezoid a = 16 b = 18 h = 14

XIII). Finding the Volume;

Volume is the number of cubic units to fill a space. Volume is always

measured in cubic units such as cubic meters, which is simply written as m³.

Formulas;

Volume of a cube;

V=e

Where V = volume
e = edge
 Volume of a Rectagular Prism

V = Bh

Where: V = volume

B = base area
h = height
B = Lw
L = length
w = width

Volume of a cylinder,

V = πr²h

Where; V = volume

Pi = π
r = radius
h = height

Example; Find the volume of a cylinder whose diameter is 2.5 cm and height
is 5 cm.

Solution;

Solve:

V = πr²h

= πd²h
4
= 3.1416x(2.5)² x 5
= 98.175cm³
Exercises 13;

Find the volume of each of the following

1. Cube; edge = 12 cm
2. Prism; area of the base = 30 cm²; height = 1.5 cm
3. Cylinder; diameter = 1.5m; height = 4 m
4. Cone; radius = 6.6 in height = 5 in
5. Prism; length = 20 ft. Width = 10 ft.
6. Cylinder; radius = 4 in height = 20ft.
7. Cone; diameter = 6 cm height = 12 cm
8. Pyramid; area of the base = 64mm² height = 30 mm