ULO - 01 - BCE - 131 - 1st Term

UNIVERSITY OF MINDANAO
College of Engineering Education

Civil Engineering Program
Physically Distanced but Academically Engaged
Self-Instructional Manual (SIM) for

Self-Directed Learning (SDL)
Course/Subject: BCE 313: HYDROLOGY

Name of Author: Engr. DANIELYN F. PLAZOS
Name of Teacher: Engr. ROUMEL SALVADOR ALVAREZ
THIS SIM/SDL MANUAL IS A DRAFT VERSION ONLY; NOT FOR REPRODUCTION AND
DISTRIBUTION OUTSIDE OF ITS INTENDED USE. THIS IS INTENDED ONLY FOR THE
USE OF THE STUDENTS WHO ARE OFFICIALLY ENROLLED IN THE COURSE/SUBJECT.
EXPECT REVISIONS OF THE MANUAL.
2nd Floor, B&E Building
Matina Campus, Davao City
Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133
Table of Contents
COURSE OUTLINE: BCE 313 - HYDROLOGY ................................................................................................. 6
COURSE OUTLINE POLICY ..................................................................................................................................... 6
Course Information ..................................................................................................................................................... 9
BIG PICTURE IN FOCUS: ULO-1. ......................................................................................................................... 9
Metalanguage ................................................................................................................................................................ 9
Essential Knowledge ............................................................................................................................................... 10
HYDROLOGIC CYCLE ............................................................................................................................................... 10
THE IMPACT OF HYDROLOGIC CYCLE IN HUMAN LIFE .......................................................................... 11
COMPOSITION OF ATMOSPHERE ...................................................................................................................... 11
NUCLEATION AND PARTICLE GROWTH ........................................................................................................ 11
HOW CLOUDS ARE FORMED? ............................................................................................................................. 12
WHY CLOUDS HAVE DIFFERENT COLORS?................................................................................................... 12
TYPES OF CLOUDS.................................................................................................................................................... 12
WATERSHED AND ITS PARTS ............................................................................................................................. 13
INSTRUMENTS IN MEASURING PRECIPITATION ....................................................................................... 14
DIMENSION OF RAIN GAUGE .............................................................................................................................. 15
SET-UP FOR RAIN GAUGE ..................................................................................................................................... 15
ESTIMATING THE MISSING DATA AND ADJUSTMENT OF RECORDS ................................................ 16
MEAN AREAL PRECIPITATION ........................................................................................................................... 19
DEPTH-AREA-DURATION ANALYSIS ............................................................................................................... 22
GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF RAINFALL ........................................................................................... 23
Self-Help: ...................................................................................................................................................................... 24
Let’s Check ................................................................................................................................................................... 25
In a Nutshell ................................................................................................................................................................ 27
COURSE SCHEDULE: ................................................................................................................................................ 28
BIG PICTURE IN FOCUS: ULO-2A ........................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Metalanguage ................................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Essential Knowledge ................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
WATER LOSSES ............................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
EVAPORATION............................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
METHOD IN ESTIMATING EVAPORATION ........................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
INSTRUMENTS USED IN MEASURING EVAPORATION................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
TRANSPIRATION .......................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
EVAPOTRANSPIRATION ............................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
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FACTORS AFFECTING EVAPOTRANSPIRATION.............................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

PAN COEFFICIENT ....................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
MEASURES TO REDUCE LAKE EVAPORATION ................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
SOIL EVAPORATION .................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
INTERCEPTION.............................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
DEPRESSION STORAGE.............................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Self-Help: .......................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Let’s Check ....................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Let’s Analyze ................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
BIG PICTURE IN FOCUS: ULO-2B ........................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
RUNOFF PHENOMENON............................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
TIME OF CONCENTRATION ..................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
RUNOFF CALCULATIONS .......................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
STREAMS .......................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
STREAM CLASSIFICATION ........................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
FLOOD PREDICTION.................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
COURSE SCHEDULE ..................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
BIG PICTURE IN FOCUS: ULO-3A ........................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
HYDROGRAPH................................................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
TYPES OF HYDROGRAPH .......................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
UNIT HYDROGRAPH FROM COMPLEX STORMS.............................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Big Picture in Focus: ULO-3b. .................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
INFILTRATION AND PERCOLATION .................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
METHODS OF DETERMINING INFILTRATION ................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
INFILTRATION RATE .................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
INFILTRATION INDICES ............................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
SUPRA RAIN TECHNIQUE ......................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
GREEN AND AMPT INFILTRATION METHOD................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
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INTERPRETING GREEN AND AMPT GRAPH AND RESULTS....... Error! Bookmark not defined.
PERCOLATION ............................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN INFILTRATION AND PERCOLATION . Error! Bookmark not defined.
LET’S ANALYZE ............................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
IN A NUTSHELL ............................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
BIG PICTURE IN FOCUS: ULO-3C......................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
GROUNDWATER ........................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
CONFINED AND UNCONFINED AQUIFERS ........................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
DARCY’S LAW ................................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
HYDRAULIC OF WELLS .............................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
SPECIFIC CAPACITY..................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
CAVITY WELLS .............................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
GROUNDWATER PROBLEMS ................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
BIG PICTURE IN FOCUS: ULO-3D ........................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
BASIC PROBABILITY ................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
RETURN PERIOD........................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
DESIGN STORMS ........................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
REGRESSION ANALYSIS ............................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
STANDARD ERROR OF ESTIMATE ........................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
BIG PICTURE IN FOCUS: ULO-4A. ....................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
RESERVOIR ROUTING................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
STREAMFLOW ROUTING .......................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
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BIG PICTURE IN FOCUS: ULO-4B ........................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
SIZE OF FLOODS ............................................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
ESTIMATION OF PEAK FLOOD................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
METHODS OF FLOOD CONTROL ............................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
FLOOD CONTROL BY RESERVOIRS ....................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
RETARDING BASINS .................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
CONSTRUCTION OF LEEVES .................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
CHANNEL IMPROVEMENT ....................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
SOIL CONSERVATION MEASURES ......................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
FLOOD CONTROL ECONOMICS ............................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
COMBINATION OF FLOOD CONTROL MEASURES .......................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
FLOOD FORECASTING AND WARNING ............................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
LET’S CHECK ................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
BIG PICTURE IN FOCUS: ULO-4C......................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
ROLE IN HYDROLOGY IN WATER RESOURCES PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT ................ Error!
Bookmark not defined.
AGENCIES THAT ARE INVOLVED IN COLLECTING HYDROLOGIC DATA. Error! Bookmark not
defined.
STATUS OF WATER RESOURCES IN THE PHILIPPINES ............... Error! Bookmark not defined.
CLASSIFICATION OF BODIES OF WATER IN THE PHILIPPINES.................. Error! Bookmark not
defined.
LET’S CHECK ................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
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Telefax: (082) 296-1084
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Course Outline: BCE 313 - Hydrology
Course Coordinator: Roumel Salvador Alvarez, RCE

Email: roumel.alvarez@umindanao.edu.ph
Student Consultation: By appointment
Mobile: 09171306695
Phone: (082) 296-1084 or 300-5456 loc. 133
Effectivity Date: August 17, 2020
Mode of Delivery: Blended (On-line with face to face or virtual sessions)
Time Frame: 54 hours
Student Workload: Expected Self-Directed Learning
Pre-requisite: BCE 221
Co-requisite: BCE 314/L
Credit: 3.0 units lecture
Attendance Requirements: A minimum of 95% attendance is required at all
scheduled Virtual or face-to-face sessions
Course Outline Policy
Areas of Concern Details

Contact and Non-contact Hours This 3-unit course self-instructional manual is
designed for blended learning mode of instructional
delivery with scheduled face to face or virtual sessions.
The expected number of hours will be 108 including
the face-to-face or virtual sessions. The face-to-face
sessions shall include the summative assessment tasks
(exams) since this course is crucial in the licensure
examination for civil engineers.
Assessment Task Submission Submission of assessment tasks shall be on 3rd, 5th, 7th
and 9th week of the term. The assessment paper shall
be attached with a cover page indicating the title of the
assessment task (if the task is performance), the
name of the course coordinator, date of submission
and name of the student. The document should be
emailed to the course coordinator. It is also expected
that you already paid your tuition and other fees
before the submission of the assessment task.
If the assessment task is done in real time through the

features in the Blackboard Learning Management
System, the schedule shall be arranged ahead of time
by the course coordinator.
.
Turnitin Submission To ensure honesty and authenticity, all assessment
(if necessary) tasks are required to be submitted through Turnitin
with a maximum similarity index of 30% allowed. This
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means that if your paper goes beyond 30%, the

students will either opt to redo her/his paper or
explain in writing addressed to the course coordinator
the reasons for the similarity. In addition, if the paper
has reached more than 30% similarity index, the
student may be called for a disciplinary action in
accordance with the University’s OPM on Intellectual
and Academic Honesty.
Please note that academic dishonesty such as cheating

and commissioning other students or people to
complete the task for you have severe punishments
(reprimand, warning, expulsion).
Penalties for Late The score for an assessment item submitted after the
Assignments/Assessments designated time on the due date, without an approved
extension of time, will be reduced by 5% of the
possible maximum score for that assessment item for
each day or part day that the assessment item is late.
However, if the late submission of assessment paper

has a valid reason, a letter of explanation should be
submitted and approved by the course coordinator. If
necessary, you will also be required to present/attach
evidences.
Return of Assignments/ Assessment tasks will be returned to you two (2)
Assessments weeks
after the submission. This will be returned by email or
via Blackboard portal.
For group assessment tasks, the course coordinator

will require some or few of the students for online or
virtual sessions to ask clarificatory questions to
validate the originality of the assessment task
submitted and to ensure that all the group members
are involved.
Assignment Resubmission You should request in writing addressed to the course
coordinator his/her intention to resubmit an
assessment task. The resubmission is premised on the
student’s failure to comply with the similarity index
and other reasonable grounds such as academic
literacy standards or other reasonable circumstances
e.g.
illness, accidents financial constraints.
Re-marking of Assessment You should request in writing addressed to the
Papers and Appeal program
coordinator your intention to appeal or contest the
score given to an assessment task. The letter should
explicitly explain the reasons/points to contest the
grade. The program coordinator shall communicate
with the students on the approval and disapproval of
the
request.
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If disapproved by the course coordinator, you can

elevate your case to the program head or the dean
with
the original letter of request. The final decision will
come from the dean of the college.
Grading System All culled from BlackBoard sessions and traditional
contact
Course discussions/exercises – 30%
1st formative assessment – 10%
2nd formative assessment – 10%
3rd formative assessment – 10%
All culled from on-campus/onsite sessions (TBA):

Final exam – 40%
Submission of the final grades shall follow the usual

University system and procedures.
Preferred Referencing Style Depends on the discipline; if uncertain or inadequate,
use the general practice of the APA 6th Edition.
Student Communication You are required to create a umindanao email
account which is a requirement to access the
BlackBoard portal.
Then, the course coordinator shall enroll the
students to have access to the materials and resources
of the course. All communication formats: chat,
submission of assessment tasks, requests etc. shall be
through the portal and other university recognized
platforms.
You can also meet the course coordinator in person

through the scheduled face to face sessions to raise
your issues and concerns.
For students who have not created their student email,

please contact the course coordinator or program
head.
Contact Details of the Dean Dr. Charlito L. Cañesares
Email: clcanesares@umindanao.edu.ph
Phone: (082) 296-1084 or 300-5456 loc. 133
Contact Details of the Program Engr. Showna Lee T. Sales
Head Email: ssales@umindanao.edu.ph
Phone: (082) 296-1084 or 300-5456 loc. 133
Students with Special Needs Students with special needs shall communicate with
the course coordinator about the nature of his or her
special needs. Depending on the nature of the need,
the course coordinator with the approval of the
program coordinator may provide alternative
assessment tasks or extension of the deadline of
submission of assessment tasks. However, the
alternative assessment tasks should still be in the
service of achieving the desired course learning
outcomes.
Help Desk Contact Frida Santa O. Dagatan
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cee@umindanao.edu.ph
09562082442
082-2272902
Library Contact Brigida E. Bacani
library@umindanao.edu.ph
09513766681
Course Information- see/download course syllabus in the BlackBoard LMS
CC’s Voice: Hello future engineer! Welcome to this course BCE 313: Hydrology.
By now, I am confident that you really wanted to become a civil engineer and
that you have foreseen yourself building and exploring the world.
CO: Upon completion of the course, you are expected to:
CO 1: Develop a good understanding of processes which water cycle between the

bodies of water, atmosphere, and land surface and of the physical meaning of
hydrologic models which capture/stimulate selected hydrologic phenomena.
CO 2: Make intelligent decisions on problems that involve hydrologic analysis and
design with social and moral consideration
Let us begin!
Big Picture
Week 1-3: Unit Learning Outcomes-Unit 1 (ULO-1): At the end of the unit, you are expected to
a. Describe the phases of hydrologic cycle and relation to meteorology

and its impact to human life with the corresponding application.
Big Picture in Focus: ULO-1. Describe the phases of hydrologic cycle and relation
to meteorology and its impact to human life with the corresponding
application.
Metalanguage
The most essential terms below are defined for you to have a better understanding of
this section in the course.
1. Hydrology. The scientific study of the properties, distribution, and effects of water on the
earth’s surface, in soil and underlying rocks, and in the atmosphere.
2. Hydraulics. Involving movement operated by a fluid under pressure. It deals with the
application of fluid mechanics to engineering devices involving fluids, usually water or oil.
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3. Hydrologic Cycle. Circulation or cycle that controls the distribution of Earth’s water as it
evaporates from bodies of water, condenses, precipitates and returns to those bodies of
water
4. Watershed. A ridge of high land dividing two areas that are drained by different river
systems. The region draining into the river, river system, or other bodies of water. It is
also called drainage basin.
5. Meteorology. Is a branch of the atmospheric sciences which includes atmospheric
chemistry and atmospheric physics with a major focus on weather forecasting.
6. Humidity. Is the amount of water vapor in the air.
Essential Knowledge
We must know the different process and its role in hydrologic cycle because it is the
foundation in this course and connected to the other topics like meteorology and watershed.
Also, we must identify the importance or the impact of the hydrologic cycle in the daily life.
HYDROLOGIC CYCLE
1. Precipitation – is any type of water that forms in the Earth’s atmosphere and then drops
onto the surface of the Earth.
2. Condensation – The process by which the water vapor changes to a liquid.
3. Evaporation – Water that comes from the river, seas, etc. transfer into a gas or water
vapor.
4. Runoff – Flow of water that is not absorbed into the soil. The overflow from the surface to
the bodies of water like river.
5. Transpiration – Is the process by which plants and animals including human gives off
water vapor through pores and evaporate it.
6. Interception - When rain falls on the earth's surface, some of it strikes vegetation,
buildings, and other objects. This rain is said to be intercepted.
7. Infiltration- Rain falls into the ground infiltrates from the surface up to the root zone.
8. Percolation- From root zone, water will move down till reach to the aquifer.
9. Groundwater- is beneath most places on the land surface. This water is contained in the
voids within the underlying geologic material, and the water-bearing formations are
called aquifers.
Figure 1: Hydrological Cycle (Source: britannica.com)
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THE IMPACT OF HYDROLOGIC CYCLE IN HUMAN LIFE
Hydrologic cycle is connected to the human life. Without water, human and other living things
will vanish. Also, water is also part in the activities in daily life like irrigation, hydroelectric
power plant, groundwater source, Recreational activities and source of food. That’s why,
hydrologic cycle is important and has a great impact in human life.
COMPOSITION OF ATMOSPHERE
Atmosphere is spheroidal envelope of gas and vapor surrounding a planet, retained by gravity.
The composition of the earth’s atmosphere and most of its physical properties vary with
altitude.
Troposphere- Is the part that we live in. The lowest zone or part of the atmosphere. It extends
from the earth’s surface to an altitude of about 5 miles (8km) at the poles and 10 miles (16km)
at the equator. It characterized by decreasing temperature with increasing altitude. Also, it
contains most of our weather, clouds, rain, snow.
Stratosphere- This extends upwards from the tropopause to about 50 km. It contains so much
ozone in the atmosphere. The increase in temperature with height occurs because of absorption
of ultraviolet radiation (UVR) from the sun by this ozone. Temperatures in the stratosphere are
highest over the summer pole and lowest over the winter pole.
Mesosphere- The region above the stratosphere is called the mesosphere. The temperature
again decreases with height reaching a minimum of about -90 degrees Celsius at the mesopause.
Thermosphere- lies above the mesopause and is a region in which temperature again increase
with height. This temperature is caused by the absorption of energetic ultraviolet and X-Ray
radiation from the sun.
Exosphere- Lies above 500km from the surface. It contains mainly oxygen and hydrogen atoms,
but there are so few of them that they rarely collide- they follow “ballistic” trajectories under
the influence of gravity, and some of them escape right out into space.
Figure 2: Parts of the Atmosphere (Source: vtaide.com)
NUCLEATION AND PARTICLE GROWTH
Nucleation is the first step in the formation of either a new thermodynamic phase or a new
structure via self-assembly or self-organization. Nucleation is typically defined to be the
process that determines how long an observer has to wait before the new phase or self-
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organized structure appears. For example, if a volume of water is cooled (at atmospheric
pressure) below 0 degrees Celsius, it will tend to freeze into ice, but volumes of water cooled
only a few degrees below 0 degrees Celsius often stay completely free of ice for long periods. At
these conditions, nucleation of ice is either slow or does not occur at all. Nucleation is commonly
how first-order phase transitions start, and then it is the start of the process of forming a new
thermodynamic phase. In contrast, new phases at continuous phase transitions start to form
immediately. Particle growth is the next process after nucleation. It is the temperature in the
vicinity of the evaporation source is high to obtain the reasonable vapor pressure of the
evaporant. As the evaporant moves away from the source, the temperature decreases, causing
supersaturation of the vaporized material leading to the homogenous nucleation in the gas
phase. At high supersaturation, a large amount of small particles is formed upon rapid
nucleation in the gas phase.
HOW CLOUDS ARE FORMED?
Clouds form when moist, warm rising air cools and expands in the atmosphere. The vapor in
the air condenses to form tiny droplets in which are the basis of clouds.
WHY CLOUDS HAVE DIFFERENT COLORS?
The different colors of the clouds are depending on the light of the sun. The clouds having dark
color because the light of the sun cannot pass throughout the clouds. You can observe that in
the night, the clouds have dark color because there is no light or enough light. The white clouds
like cotton we see is that the light is evenly distributed in the clouds until the bottom of it.
TYPES OF CLOUDS
A cloud is a visible accumulation of a minute droplets of water, ice crystals or both, suspended
in the air. Though they vary in shape and size, all clouds are basically formed in the same way
through the vertical of air above the condensation level. Clouds may also form in contact with
the ground surface, too. Such a cloud would be known as fog, ice fog, or mist. It is divided into
three types: High-Level Clouds, Mid-Level Clouds, Low-Level Clouds.
High-Level Clouds are composed of cirrocumulus, cirrus and cirrostratus. It has an altitude of
5km to 13 km from the earth’s surface.
Cirrus – is one of the most common types of clouds that can be seen at any time of the year.
They are thin and wispy with a silky sheen appearance.
Cirrocumulus – among the most gorgeous out there. These usually form at about 5 km above
the surface with small white fluff patterns that spread out for miles and miles over the sky. They
are sometimes called “Mackerel Skies” because they can sometimes have a grayish color which
makes the clouds look a bit like fish scales.
Cirrostratus- have a sheet-like appearance that can look like a curly blanket covering the sky.
They are quite translucent which makes it easy for the sun or the moon to peer through. Their
color varies from the light gray to white and the fibrous bands can vary widely in thickness.
Purely white cirrostratus clouds signify these have stored moisture, indicating the presence of
a warm frontal system.
Mid-Level Clouds are composed of altocumulus, altostratus and nimbostratus. It has an

altitude of 2km up to 7km from the earth’s surface.
Altocumulus- form at a lower altitude so they’re largely made of water droplets though they
may retain ice crystals when forming higher up.
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Altostratus- often spread over thousands of square miles and are strongly linked to light rain
or snow. Though they’re not capable of yielding heavy rain it’s common for altostratus clouds
to morph into nimbostratus clouds which are packed with moisture and can deliver a pounding.
Nimbostratus- form as a result of the gradual accumulation of moist area over a large area as
the warm and moist area higher up in the atmosphere where it condenses.
Low-Level Clouds are composed of stratus, cumulus, cumulonimbus, and stratocumulus. It has
an altitude of 0km up to 2km from the earth’s surface.
Stratus – composed of thin layers of clouds covering a large area of the sky. This is simply mist
or fog when it forms close to the ground.
Cumulus – It is the most recognizable out of all types of clouds. These adorable piles of cotton
form a large mass with a well-defined rounded edge, which explains the name “cumulus” which
is Latin word for “heap”.
Cumulonimbus – is fluffy and white like cumulus but the cloud formations are far larger. It is
a vertical developing type of cloud whose base grows from one up to eight kilometers, hence
it’s commonly called a tower cloud. The rain comes and goes with this cloud but when it does,
it can come pouring. When you see a cumulonimbus, you know there’s a thunderstorm waiting
to happen somewhere.
Stratocumulus – looks like a thick white blanket of stretched out cotton. They resemble
cumulus clouds except they’re far bigger. The base is well-defined and flat but the upper part of
the cloud is ragged due to convection with the cloud itself. Depending on the thickness of the
cloud, a stratocumulus will have light to dark gray hues.
Figure 3: Types of Clouds (Source: zmescience.com)
WATERSHED AND ITS PARTS
Watershed are composed of many parts including surface water (estuary, bay, river, creeks,
streams, and wetlands), riparian areas, uplands and groundwater.
Wetlands are an area of land that is saturated with water for all or part of the year. A wetland
can be a marsh, pond, or bog. Wetlands are typically surrounded by riparian vegetation. They
are like giant sponges that store water collected during wet periods, reduce flooding, filter out
pollutants, diseases and nutrients, and slowly release the water into groundwater and/or
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rivers, streams, and creeks during drier periods. In addition, wetlands provide habitat for
wildlife and healthy wetlands naturally attract wildlife.
Riparian Vegetation are the plants that grow along or near the riverbanks, lakes, and wetlands.
The roots of riparian plants stabilize stream banks, and prevent erosion and silting-in of
streams and river channels. Spongy soils in riparian areas slow and store water, reducing
flooding and later releasing water to aquifers and streams.
Uplands are areas where there is not usually standing water and would typically be either
forested or agricultural land.
Groundwater is all water under the surface of the ground. It is stored in the soil and it can be
found far under the ground in deep aquifers or very near the ground surface. Groundwater
flows through the soils into our streams, river, estuary and wetlands. It also rises to the surface
in springs.
Figure 4: Watershed and its Parts (Source: howstuffworks.com)
INSTRUMENTS IN MEASURING PRECIPITATION
Today, scientists can measure precipitation directly using ground-based instruments such as
rain gauges or indirectly using remote sensing techniques like radar systems, aircraft, and Earth
observing satellites.
Rain Gauges measure precipitation amounts at a given location. Oftentimes, measurements

from an individual rain gauge are used to represent precipitation conditions across larger areas.
However, that isn’t always the best assumption. The reality is that precipitation may fall more
or less-intensely at the location of the gauge or it may miss the gauge entirely. Damage or
obstructions to a gauge or the presence of strong winds can also introduce error.
Ground-based weather radars emerged during World War II and have since been used to
observe precipitation, mostly over land. It send out pulses of microwave energy in narrow
beams that scan in a circular pattern. When the microwave pulse encounters precipitation
particles in the atmosphere, the energy is scattered in all directions, sending some energy back
to the radar. These measurements are used to estimate intensity, altitude, precipitation type
and motion.
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Earth-observing satellites can provide frequent estimates of precipitation at a global scale. To

do this, satellites carry instruments designed to observe specific atmospheric characteristics
such as cloud temperatures and precipitation particles, or hydrometeors. These data are
extremely useful for filling in data gaps that exist between rain gauge and ground-based radar
sites and offer insights into when, where, and how much precipitation is falling worldwide.
Satellite data also provide a unique vantage point. While ground-based instruments can directly
measure or estimate how much precipitation falls to the ground, satellite instruments estimate
the amount of electromagnetic radiation or energy that is emitted or reflected either from the
top of the clouds or from the rain droplets themselves, providing a top-down view. Example of
weather satellite is Diwata 1 and Himawari 8.
DIMENSION OF RAIN GAUGE
The 8-inch diameter gauge used in the National Weather Service is of a standardized design
used throughout the world for official rainfall measurements. This standardization provides
uniformity, continuity, and credibility of precipitation data worldwide. There are two basic
types of the 8-inch gauge: the traditional large gauge has a capacity of 20 inches depth whereas
the smaller gauge has a capacity of 7 inches. The 20-inch depth gauge is the norm throughout
the National Weather Service. However, other agencies like the U.S. Forest Service often use the
smaller gauge. It has also a 8 inch diameter funnel emptying into a graduated cylinder, 1.17
inches in diameter, which fits the container that is 8 inches in diameter and 20 inches depth. If
the rainwater overflows the graduated inner cylinder, the lager outer container will catch it.
When measurements are taken, the height of the water in the small graduated cylinder is
measured, and the excess overflow in the large container is carefully poured into another
graduated cylinder and measured to give the total rainfall.
SET-UP FOR RAIN GAUGE
1. The gauge should be placed in an area that is protected from the strong winds but is not
bothered by obstacles that could either block precipitation from reaching the gauge or
cause precipitation to splash towards it.
2. The gauge should be installed 2-5 feet above the ground mounted on the side of a single
post. The top of the rain gauge should extend several inches above the top of the mounting
post. The mounting post should have rounded, pointed or slanted top to avoid upward
splash towards the rain gauge.
3. The rain gauge should be installed at a reasonable distance away from obstacles such as
buildings and trees. For example, if a tree is 40ft. tall, the gauge should be placed at least 80
ft. downwind from it. This will help to avoid potential blockage of the rain gauge. It is not
always possible to find a perfect location.
4. Avoid large obstacles that could block precipitation.
5. Avoid mounting the rain gauge where sprinklers or other sources of artificial precipitation
can affect the data.
6. Make sure the top of the rain gauge is level.
7. Mount the rain gauge so that the heavy rain could not splash into the gauge from any nearby
surfaces.
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Figure 5: Rain Gauge (Source: Ragnurath, H.M. (2006). Hydrology: Principles, Analysis,
Design. 2nd Edition)
ESTIMATING THE MISSING DATA AND ADJUSTMENT OF RECORDS
For frequency analysis of rainfall data, a sufficiently long record is required. It may be so happened
that a particular rain-gauge is not operative for part of the month or so (since it is broken or for
some other reason), when it becomes necessary to supplement the missing record by one of the
following methods:
1. STATION YEAR METHOD

In this method, the records of two or more stations are combined into one long record provided
station records are independent and the areas in which the stations are located are
climatologically the same. The missing record at a station in a particular year may be found by
the ratio of averages or by graphical comparison.
Example: In a certain year the total rainfall of station A is 75 cm and for the neighboring station
B, there is no record. But if the record at A and B are 70 cm and 80 cm, respectively, the missing
year’s rainfall at B (say, PB) can be found by simple proportion as:
2. NORMAL RATIO METHOD

In this method, simply ratio and proportion process and get the average.
Example: Rain-gauge station D was inoperative for part of a month during which a storm
occurred. The storm rainfall recorded in the three surrounding stations A, B and C were 8.5, 6.7
and 9.0 cm, respectively. If the record for the stations are 75, 84, 70 and 90 cm, respectively,
Estimate the storm rainfall at station D.
3. DOUBLE MASS ANALYSIS

The trend of the rainfall records at a station may slightly change after some years due to a
change in the environment (or exposure) of a station either due to coming of a new building,
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fence, planting of trees or cutting of forest nearby, which affect the catch of the gauge due to
change in the wind pattern or exposure. The consistency of records at the station in question
(say, X) is tested by a double mass curve by plotting the cumulative annual (or seasonal) rainfall
at station X against the concurrent cumulative values of mean annual (or seasonal) rainfall for a
group of surrounding stations, for the number of years of record. From the plot, the year in
which a change in regime (or environment) has occurred is indicated by the change in slope of
the straight-line plot. The rainfall records of the station x are adjusted by multiplying the
recorded values of rainfall by the ratio of slopes of the straight lines before and after change in
environment.
Example: The annual rainfall at station X and the average annual rainfall at 18 surrounding
stations are given below. Check the consistency of the record at station X and determine the
year in which a change in regime has occurred. State how you are going to adjust the records
for the change in regime. Determine the record for the period 1952-1970 for the changed
regime.
YEAR ANNUAL RAINFALL STATION ANNUAL STATION AVERAGE
X (cm) OF 18 STATION (cm)
1952 30.5 22.8
1953 38.9 35.0
1954 43.7 30.2
1955 32.2 27.4
1956 27.4 25.2
1957 32.0 28.2
1958 49.3 36.1
1959 28.4 18.4
1960 24.6 25.1
1961 21.8 23.6
1962 28.2 33.3
1963 17.3 23.4
1964 22.3 36.0
1965 28.4 31.2
1966 24.1 23.1
1967 26.9 23.4
1968 20.6 23.1
1969 29.5 33.2
1970 28.4 26.4
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It can be seen from the figure that there is a distinct change in slope in the year 1958, which
indicates that a change in regime (exposure) has occurred in the year 1958. To make the
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records prior to 1958 comparable with those after change in regime has occurred, the earlier
records have to be adjusted by multiplying by the ratio of slopes m2/m1. The slope is 0.9/1.25.
Cumulative rainfall 1958-1970 = 554.5 – 204.7 = 349.8 cm
Cumulative rainfall 1952-1957 adjusted for changed environment
= 204.7 × (0.9/1.25) = 147.6 cm
Cumulative rainfall 1952-1970 (for the current environment) = 497.4 cm record adjusted for
the current regime
= 497.4cm/19 years
= 26.2 cm.
MEAN AREAL PRECIPITATION
It is the rainfall at a single station. For small areas less than 50 km2, point rainfall may be taken
as the average depth over the area. In large areas, there will be a network of rain-gauge stations.
As the rainfall over a large area is not uniform, the average depth of rainfall over the area is
determined by one of the following three methods:
1. ARITHMETIC MEAN METHOD

It is obtained by simply averaging arithmetically the amounts of rainfall at the individual
rain-gauge stations in the area. This method is fast and simple and yields good estimates in
flat country if the gauges are uniformly distributed and the rainfall at different stations do
not vary very widely from the mean. These limitations can be partially overcome if
topographic influences and aerial representativity are considered in the selection of gauge
sites.
2. THIESSEN POLYGON METHOD

This method attempts to allow for non-uniform distribution of gauges by providing a
weighting factor for each gauge. The stations are plotted on a base map and are connected
by straight lines. Perpendicular bisectors are drawn to the straight lines, joining adjacent
stations to form polygons, known as Thiessen polygons. Each polygon area is assumed to
be influenced by the rain gauge station inside it, i.e., if P1, P2, P3, .... are the rainfalls at the
individual stations, and A1, A2, A3, .... are the areas of the polygons surrounding these
stations, (influence areas) respectively, the average depth of rainfall for the entire basin is
given by
The results obtained are usually more accurate than those obtained by simple arithmetic
averaging. The gauges should be properly located over the catchment to get regular shaped
polygons. However, one of the serious limitations of the Thiessen method is its non-
flexibility since a new Thiessen diagram has to be constructed every time if there is a change
in the rain gauge network.
3. ISOHYETAL METHOD
the point rainfalls are plotted on a suitable base map and the lines of equal rainfall
(isohyets) are drawn giving consideration to orographic effects and storm morphology. The
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average rainfall between the successive isohyets taken as the average of the two isohyet
values are weighted with the area between the isohyets, added up and divided by the total
area which gives the average depth of rainfall over the entire basin. This method if analyzed
properly gives the best results.
Example: Determine the mean areal depth of rainfall over the basin by the three methods.
STATION RAINFALL RECORDED

A 8.8
B 7.6
C 10.8
D 9.2
E 13.8
F 10.4
G 8.5
H 10.5
I 11.2
J 9.5
K 7.8
L 5.2
M 5.6
N 6.8
O 7.4
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Solution: Using Arithmetic Mean Method:
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Using Thiessen Polygon Method:
Using Isohyetal Method
DEPTH-AREA-DURATION ANALYSIS
Rainfall rarely occurs uniformly over a large area; variations in intensity and total depth of fall
occur from the center to the peripheries of storms. The average depths of rainfall are plotted
against the areas up to the encompassing isohyets. It may be necessary in some cases to study
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alternative isohyetal maps to establish maximum 1day, 2-day, 3 day (even up to 5-day) rainfall
for various sizes of areas. If there are adequate self-recording stations, the incremental
isohyetal maps can be prepared for the selected (or standard) durations of storms, i.e., 6, 12,
18, 24, 30, 42, 48 hours etc.
Steps in drawing a DAD Curves:

1. Determine the day of greatest average rainfall, consecutive two days of greatest average
rainfall, and like that, up to consecutive five days.
2. Plot a map of maximum 1-day rainfall and construct isohyets; similarly prepare isohyetal
maps for each of 2, 3, 4 and 5-day rainfall separately.
3. The isohyetal map, say, for maximum 1-day rainfall, is divided into zones to represent the
principal storm (rainfall) centers.
4. Starting with the storm center in each zone, the area enclosed by each isohyet is
planimetered.
5. The area between the two isohyets multiplied by the average of the two isohyetal values
gives the incremental volume of rainfall.
6. The incremental volume added with the previous accumulated volume gives the total
volume of rainfall.
7. The total volume of rainfall divided by the total area up to the encompassing isohyet gives
the average depth of rainfall over that area.
8. The computations are made for each zone and the zonal values are then combined for areas
enclosed by the common (or extending) isohyets.
9. The highest average depths for various areas are plotted and a smooth curve is drawn. This
is DAD curve for maximum 1-day rainfall.
10. Similarly, DAD curves for other standard durations (of maximum 2, 3, 4 day etc. or 6, 12, 18,
24 hours etc.) of rainfall are prepared.
GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF RAINFALL
The variation of rainfall with respect to time may be shown graphically by

1. Hyetograph
2. Mass Curve
HYETOGRAPH
A hyetograph is a bar graph showing the intensity of rainfall with respect to time and is useful
in determining the maximum intensities of rainfall during a particular storm as is required in
land drainage and design of culverts.
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MASS CURVE
A mass curve of rainfall (or precipitation) is a plot of cumulative depth of rainfall against time.
From the mass curve, the total depth of rainfall and intensity of rainfall at any instant of time
can be found. The amount of rainfall for any increment of time is the difference between the
ordinates at the beginning and end of the time increments, and the intensity of rainfall at any
time is the slope of the mass curve (i.e., i = ∆P/∆t) at that time. A mass curve of rainfall is always
a rising curve and may have some horizontal sections which indicates periods of no rainfall. The
mass curve for the design storm is generally obtained by maximizing the mass curves of the
severe storms in the basin.
Self-Help:
You can also refer to the sources below to help you further understand the lesson:
Jain, S. K., Singh V. P. (2019). Engineering Hydrology: An Introduction to Processes, Analysis, and
Modeling (1st Ed.)
Gribbin, J.E. (2014). Introduction to Hydraulics and Hydrology with Applications for
Stormwater Management. 4th Edition. Cengage Learning
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Ragnurath, H.M. (2006). Hydrology: Principles, Analysis, Design. 2nd Edition. New Age
International Publishers
Let’s Check
Activity 1. Identify the following process of hydrologic cycle that fits in the definition.
____________1. is any type of water that forms in the Earth’s atmosphere and then drops onto the
surface of the Earth.
____________2. Flow of water that is not absorbed into the soil. The overflow from the surface to
the bodies of water like river.
____________3. Water that comes from the river, seas, etc. transfer into a gas or water vapor.
____________4. The process by which the water vapor changes to a liquid.
__________5. is beneath most places on the land surface. This water is contained in the voids
within the underlying geologic material, and the water-bearing formations are called aquifers.
__________6. Is the process by which plants and animals including human gives off water vapor
through pores and evaporate it.
__________7. From root zone, water will move down till reach to the aquifer.
__________8. Rain falls into the ground infiltrates from the surface up to the root zone.
__________9. When rain falls on the earth's surface, some of it strikes vegetation, buildings, and
other objects. This rain is said to be intercepted.
_________10. The scientific study of the properties, distribution, and effects of water on the
earth’s surface, in soil and underlying rocks, and in the atmosphere.
Activity 2. In this activity, you are required to elaborate your answer to each of the
questions below.
1. What is the difference between Hydrology and Hydraulics? Cite an Examples.
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2. How hydrologic cycle affects the daily life of human being?
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____________________________________________________________________________________________________
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3. Explain the process on Cloud Formation.
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4. What are the environmental problems that affects the watershed? How can we protect
it?
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5. What are the difference between the ground-based instruments and earth-observing
satellites in measuring precipitation?
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RUBRICS FOR ESSAY

FOCUS CONTENT ORGANIZATION STYLE CONVENTIONS
(20%) (20%) (20%) (20%) (20%)
4 Sharp, Substantial, Sophisticated Precise, Evident
distinct, specific, arrangement of illustrative Control of
controlling and/or content with use of grammar,
point illustrative evident and/or variety of mechanics,
made content subtle words and spelling, usage
about a demonstrating transitions sentence
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single strong structures and sentence

topic with development to create formation
evident and consistent
awareness sophisticated writer’s
of task ideas voice and
tone
appropriate
to audience
3 Apparent Sufficiently Functional Generic use Sufficient
point developed arrangement of of variety control of
made content with content that of words grammar,
about a adequate sustains a and mechanics,
single elaboration or logical order sentence spelling, usage
topic with explanation with some structures and sentence
sufficient evidence or that may or formation
awareness transitions may not
of task create
writer’s
voice and
tone
appropriate
to audience
2 No Limited Confused or Limited Limited
apparent content with inconsistent word control of
point but inadequate arrangement of choice and grammar,
evidence elaboration or content with or control of mechanics,
of a explanation without sentence usage, and
specific attempts at structures sentence
topic transition that inhibit formation
the voice
and tone
1 Minimal Superficial Minimal control Minimal Minimal
evidence and/or of content variety in control of
of a topic minimal arrangement word grammar,
content choice and mechanics,
minimal spelling, usage
control of and sentence
sentence formation
structures
In a Nutshell
Activity 1. Take a picture of the current situation of the clouds in your area. Describe it based
on the color, size, thickness, and altitude. And from that, determine the type of cloud. Paste it in
an A4 size of paper and send in the blackboard.
Activity 2. Find a website or a weather company that discuss or give information about the
daily weather in your area. Obtain the 1week weather forecast and its corresponding 24 hour
temperature. Then, create a video with a medium of English, Filipino and Cebuano presenting
the data that you’ve collected like a weather forecaster. Then pass the video in Blackboard LMS.
Activity 3. Delineate the watershed assigned to you. Follow the steps in delineating a
watershed.
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RUBRICS FOR PERFORMACE TASK

MAKE FOLLOWING PRESENTATION PUNCTUALITY
RELEVANT THE OF ACTIVITIES (25%)
OBSERVATION PROCEDURE AND
(25%) (25%) SOLUTIONS
(25%)
4 Student All procedure The Student
consistently use were followed presentation of passed the
more than one activities and activities
sense to observe solutions were before and on
objects and organized and time.
events neat
3 Student uses Followed most Most of the Student
more than one procedures. activities and passed the
sense to observe solutions were activities 10
with little organized and minutes after
guidance neat the deadline.
2 Student continue Followed some Some of the Student
to use the sense procedures. activities and passed the
of sight to solutions were activities 30
observe and can organized and minutes after
use other senses neat the deadline.
with some
prompting
1 Student can use None of the None of the Student
the sense of sight directions were activities and passed the
to observe and followed solutions were activities 60
events and sort organized and minutes after
these accordingly neat the deadline.
COURSE SCHEDULE:
ACTIVITY DATE WHERE TO SUBMIT

Let’s Check ULO1 BB Assignment
Feature
In a Nutshell ULO1 BB Assignment
Feature
Quiz 1 BB Quiz Feature
First Exam BB Exam Feature
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UNIVERSITY OF MINDANAO

College of Engineering Education

Physically Distanced but Academically Engaged

Self-Instructional Manual (SIM) for

Course/Subject: BCE 313: HYDROLOGY

FACTORS AFFECTING EVAPOTRANSPIRATION.............................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

Let’s Check ....................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

Course Outline: BCE 313 - Hydrology

Course Coordinator: Roumel Salvador Alvarez, RCE

Course Outline Policy

Areas of Concern Details

If the assessment task is done in real time through the

means that if your paper goes beyond 30%, the

Please note that academic dishonesty such as cheating

However, if the late submission of assessment paper

For group assessment tasks, the course coordinator

If disapproved by the course coordinator, you can

All culled from on-campus/onsite sessions (TBA):

Submission of the final grades shall follow the usual

You can also meet the course coordinator in person

For students who have not created their student email,

Course Information- see/download course syllabus in the BlackBoard LMS

CO: Upon completion of the course, you are expected to:

CO 1: Develop a good understanding of processes which water cycle between the

a. Describe the phases of hydrologic cycle and relation to meteorology

Figure 1: Hydrological Cycle (Source: britannica.com)

THE IMPACT OF HYDROLOGIC CYCLE IN HUMAN LIFE

Figure 2: Parts of the Atmosphere (Source: vtaide.com)

NUCLEATION AND PARTICLE GROWTH

HOW CLOUDS ARE FORMED?

WHY CLOUDS HAVE DIFFERENT COLORS?

Mid-Level Clouds are composed of altocumulus, altostratus and nimbostratus. It has an

Figure 3: Types of Clouds (Source: zmescience.com)

WATERSHED AND ITS PARTS

Figure 4: Watershed and its Parts (Source: howstuffworks.com)

INSTRUMENTS IN MEASURING PRECIPITATION

Rain Gauges measure precipitation amounts at a given location. Oftentimes, measurements

Earth-observing satellites can provide frequent estimates of precipitation at a global scale. To

DIMENSION OF RAIN GAUGE

SET-UP FOR RAIN GAUGE

ESTIMATING THE MISSING DATA AND ADJUSTMENT OF RECORDS

1. STATION YEAR METHOD

2. NORMAL RATIO METHOD

3. DOUBLE MASS ANALYSIS

MEAN AREAL PRECIPITATION

1. ARITHMETIC MEAN METHOD

2. THIESSEN POLYGON METHOD

STATION RAINFALL RECORDED

Solution: Using Arithmetic Mean Method:

Using Thiessen Polygon Method:

Using Isohyetal Method

Steps in drawing a DAD Curves:

GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF RAINFALL

The variation of rainfall with respect to time may be shown graphically by

RUBRICS FOR ESSAY

single strong structures and sentence

RUBRICS FOR PERFORMACE TASK

ACTIVITY DATE WHERE TO SUBMIT

First Exam BB Exam Feature

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