Cee-Bsce-Bce 111-Sim

College of Engineering Education
2nd Floor, B&E Building

Matina Campus, Davao City
Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133
UNIVERSITY OF MINDANAO
Civil Engineering Program
Physically Distanced but Academically Engaged
Self-Instructional Manual (SIM) for

Self-Directed Learning (SDL)
Course/Subject: BCE 111 – CIVIL ENGINEERING ORIENTATION

Name of Teacher: Engr. MARIE FE Y. LACSADO
THIS SIM/SDL MANUAL IS A DRAFT VERSION ONLY; NOT FOR REPRODUCTION AND
DISTRIBUTION OUTSIDE OF ITS INTENDED USE. THIS IS INTENDED ONLY FOR THE USE
OF THE STUDENTS WHO ARE OFFICIALLY ENROLLED IN THE COURSE/SUBJECT.
EXPECT REVISIONS OF THE MANUAL.
Page 1 of 90
Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133
Table of Contents
Course Outline: BCE 111 – Civil Engineering Orientation ................................................... 5
Course Information ......................................................................................................................... 9
Big Picture in Focus: ULO-1a ........................................................................................................ 9
Metalanguage ............................................................................................................................... 9
Essential Knowledge ................................................................................................................ 10
1a.1 A Capsule History ....................................................................................................................................... 10
1a.2 Core of Engineering ................................................................................................................................... 10
1a.3 Symbolic Notation and Engineering ................................................................................................... 10
1a.4 Essential Components .............................................................................................................................. 11
1a.5 Change and Engineering.......................................................................................................................... 11
1a.6 Engineering and Time .............................................................................................................................. 13
Self-Help ....................................................................................................................................... 13
Let’s Check ................................................................................................................................... 13
Let’s Analyze ............................................................................................................................... 14
Nutshell ......................................................................................................................................... 15
Q&A List ........................................................................................................................................ 15
Big Picture in Focus: ULO-1b ...................................................................................................... 15
Metalanguage ............................................................................................................................. 15
1b.1 Prehistoric Engineering .......................................................................................................................... 16
1b.2 Medieval Engineering .............................................................................................................................. 17
1b.3 Renascent Engineering ............................................................................................................................ 19
1b.4 Expansive Engineering ............................................................................................................................ 19
1b.5 Contemporary Engineering ................................................................................................................... 19
Self-Help ....................................................................................................................................... 20
Let’s Check ................................................................................................................................... 20
Let’s Analyze ............................................................................................................................... 21
Nutshell ......................................................................................................................................... 22
Q&A List ........................................................................................................................................ 23
Course Schedule (Week 1-3) ................................................................................................. 23
Big Picture in Focus: ULO-2a ...................................................................................................... 24
Metalanguage ............................................................................................................................. 24
2a.1 Urban Planning ........................................................................................................................................... 24
2a.2 Regional Planning ...................................................................................................................................... 27
2a.3 Urban Renewal ............................................................................................................................................ 27
2a.4 Design Engineer .......................................................................................................................................... 32
2a.5 Labor ............................................................................................................................................................... 34
2a.6 Volunteer ....................................................................................................................................................... 39
2a.7 Wage Slavery................................................................................................................................................ 40
Page 2 of 90
Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133
2a.8 Budget ............................................................................................................................................................. 42

2a.9 Construction Safety ................................................................................................................................... 43
2a.10 Real Property ............................................................................................................................................ 43
2a.11 Municipality ............................................................................................................................................... 45
Self-Help ....................................................................................................................................... 45
Let’s Check ................................................................................................................................... 46
Let’s Analyze ............................................................................................................................... 47
Nutshell ......................................................................................................................................... 48
Q&A List ........................................................................................................................................ 48
Metalanguage ............................................................................................................................. 50
3a.1 Structural Engineering ............................................................................................................................. 51
3a.2 Construction Engineering and Management .................................................................................. 53
3a.3 Geotechnical Engineering ....................................................................................................................... 55
3a.4 Water Resource Engineering................................................................................................................. 59
3a.5 Transportation Engineering .................................................................................................................. 60
3a.6 Environmental and Energy .................................................................................................................... 62
Self-Help ....................................................................................................................................... 65
Let’s Check ................................................................................................................................... 65
Let’s Analyze ............................................................................................................................... 67
Nutshell ......................................................................................................................................... 67
Q&A List ........................................................................................................................................ 68
Metalanguage ............................................................................................................................. 69
Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................... 70
Sustainable Development ................................................................................................................................. 70
Practice of Sustainable Development .......................................................................................................... 71
5 Techniques for Sustainable Building Construction ............................................................................ 71
1. Prefabricating Materials in Controlled Environments..................................................................... 72
2. Construction Waste Management ............................................................................................................ 72
3. Managing the Site for Improved Environment ................................................................................... 72
4. Lean Manufacturing to Reduce Energy .................................................................................................. 72
5. Material Selection ........................................................................................................................................... 72
Construction industry progress towards sustainability with renewable materials ................ 73
Self-Help ....................................................................................................................................... 75
Let’s Check ................................................................................................................................... 75
Let’s Analyze ............................................................................................................................... 76
1. Prefabricating Materials in Controlled Environments..................................................................... 76
Page 3 of 90
Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133
2. Construction Waste Management ............................................................................................................ 76

3. Managing the Site for Improved Environment ................................................................................... 76
4. Lean Manufacturing to Reduce Energy .................................................................................................. 76
5. Material Selection ........................................................................................................................................... 76
Nutshell ......................................................................................................................................... 77
Q&A List ........................................................................................................................................ 77
Big Picture in Focus: ULO-4b ...................................................................................................... 79
Metalanguage ............................................................................................................................. 79
What is Environmental Science? ................................................................................................................... 79
Why Study Environmental Science?............................................................................................................. 80
Role of Bye-laws in Environmental Regulation ....................................................................................... 80
Use of Various Eco-friendly Materials in Construction ........................................................................ 83
Concept of Green Building................................................................................................................................ 86
Self-Help ....................................................................................................................................... 88
Let’s Check ................................................................................................................................... 88
Let’s Analyze ............................................................................................................................... 89
Nutshell ......................................................................................................................................... 89
Q&A List ........................................................................................................................................ 90
Page 4 of 90
Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133
Course Outline: BCE 111 – Civil Engineering Orientation
Course Coordinator: Marie Fe Y. Lacsado, RCE, MEng-CE

Email: lacsado_mariefe@umindanao.edu.ph
Student Consultation: By appointment through BB
Mobile: 0922-8931053
Phone: (082) 296-1084 or 300-5456 loc. 133
Effectivity Date: August 17, 2020
Mode of Delivery: Blended (On-line with face to face or virtual sessions)
Time Frame: 36 hours
Student Workload: Expected Self-Directed Learning
Pre-requisite: None
Co-requisite: None
Credit: 2.0 units lecture
Attendance Requirements: A minimum of 95% attendance is required at all
scheduled Virtual or face-to-face sessions
Course Outline Policy
Areas of Concern Details

Contact and Non-contact Hours This 2-unit course self-instructional manual is
designed for blended learning mode of
instructional delivery with scheduled face to face
or virtual sessions. The expected number of hours
will be 36 including the face-to-face or virtual
sessions. The face-to-face sessions shall include
the summative assessment tasks (exams).
Assessment Task Submission Submission of assessment tasks shall be on 3rd, 5th,
7 and 9th week of the term. The assessment paper
th
shall be attached with a cover page indicating the

title of the assessment task (if the task is
performance), the name of the course
coordinator, date of submission and name of the
student. The document should be emailed to the
course coordinator. It is also expected that you
already paid your tuition and other fees before
the submission of the assessment task.
If the assessment task is done in real time through

the features in the Blackboard Learning
Management System, the schedule shall be
arranged ahead of time by the course coordinator.
Page 5 of 90
Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133
You will be required to take the Multiple-Choice

Question exam inside the University. This should
be scheduled ahead of time by your course
coordinator. This is non-negotiable for all
licensure-based programs.
Turnitin Submission To ensure honesty and authenticity, all
(if necessary) assessment tasks are required to be submitted
through Turnitin with a maximum similarity
index of 30% allowed. This means that if your
paper goes beyond 30%, the students will either
opt to redo her/his paper or explain in writing
addressed to the course coordinator the reasons
for the similarity. In addition, if the paper has
reached more than 30% similarity index, the
student may be called for a disciplinary action in
accordance with the University’s OPM on
Intellectual and Academic Honesty.
Please note that academic dishonesty such as

cheating and commissioning other students or
people to complete the task for you have severe
punishments (reprimand, warning, expulsion).
Penalties for Late The score for an assessment item submitted after
Assignments/Assessments the designated time on the due date, without an
approved extension of time, will be reduced by
5% of the possible maximum score for that
assessment item for each day or part day that the
assessment item is late.
However, if the late submission of assessment

paper has a valid reason, a letter of explanation
should be submitted and approved by the course
coordinator. If necessary, you will also be
required to present/attach
evidences.
Return of Assignments/ Assessment tasks will be returned to you two (2)
Assessments weeks
after the submission. This will be returned by
email or via Blackboard portal.
For group assessment tasks, the course

coordinator will require some or few of the
students for online or virtual sessions to ask
clarificatory questions to validate the originality
of the assessment task submitted and to ensure
that all the group members are involved.
Assignment Resubmission You should request in writing addressed to the
course
Page 6 of 90
Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133
coordinator his/her intention to resubmit an

assessment task. The resubmission is premised on
the student’s failure to comply with the similarity
index and other reasonable grounds such as
academic literacy standards or other reasonable
circumstances e.g.
illness, accidents financial constraints.
Re-marking of Assessment You should request in writing addressed to the
Papers and Appeal program
coordinator your intention to appeal or contest
the score given to an assessment task. The letter
should explicitly explain the reasons/points to
contest the grade. The program coordinator shall
communicate with the students on the approval
and disapproval of the
request.
If disapproved by the course coordinator, you can

elevate your case to the program head or the dean
with
the original letter of request. The final decision
will
come from the dean of the college.
Grading System All culled from BlackBoard sessions and traditional
contact
Course discussions/exercises – 30%
1st formative assessment – 10%
2nd formative assessment – 10%
3rd formative assessment – 10%
All culled from on-campus/onsite sessions (TBA):

Final exam – 40%
Submission of the final grades shall follow the

usual
University system and procedures.
Preferred Referencing Style Depends on the discipline; if uncertain or
inadequate,
use the general practice of the APA 6th Edition.
Student Communication You are required to create a umindanao email
account which is a requirement to access the
BlackBoard portal.
Then, the course coordinator shall enroll the
students to have access to the materials and
resources of the course. All communication
formats: chat, submission of assessment tasks,
requests etc. shall be through the portal and other
university recognized platforms.
Page 7 of 90
Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133
You can also meet the course coordinator in

person through the scheduled face to face
sessions to raise
your issues and concerns.
For students who have not created their student

email,
please contact the course coordinator or program
head.
Contact Details of the Dean Dr. Charlito L. Cañesares
Email: clcanesares@umindanao.edu.ph
Phone: (082) 296-1084 or 300-5456 loc. 133
Contact Details of the Program Engr. Showna Lee T. Sales
Head Email: ssales@umindanao.edu.ph
Phone: (082) 296-1084 or 300-5456 loc. 133
Students with Special Needs Students with special needs shall communicate
with the course coordinator about the nature of
his or her special needs. Depending on the nature
of the need, the course coordinator with the
approval of the program coordinator may provide
alternative assessment tasks or extension of the
deadline of submission of assessment tasks.
However, the alternative assessment tasks should
still be in the service of achieving the desired
course learning outcomes.
Instructional Help Desk Contact CEE
Details Frida Santa O. Dagatan
Email: cee@umindanao.edu.ph
Mobile: 09562082442
Phone: 082-2272902
LIC
Brigada E. Bacani
Email: library@umindanao.edu.ph
Mobile: 0951-376-6681
GSTC
Well-being Welfare Support Ronadora E. Deala, RPsy, RPm, RGC, LPT
Email: ronadora_deala@umindanao.edu.ph
Help Desk Contact Details
09212122846
Silvino P. Josol
Email: gstcmain@umindanao.edu.ph
09060757721
Page 8 of 90
Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133
Course Information- see/download course syllabus in the BlackBoard LMS
CC’s Voice: Hello future engineer! Welcome to this course BCE 111: CE Orientation.
This course will help you navigate the fields of Civil Engineering and know why it is fun
taking this course. We hope that you will learn from this course and at the same time
enjoy.
CO: Upon completion of the course, you are expected to:
CO 1. Demonstrate knowledge of the history of Civil Engineering and the

profession.
CO 2. Familiarize with the practices of Civil Engineers in relation to their
interaction with society.
CO 3: Know the trend of Civil Engineering development.
CO 4: Explain the relationship of Civil Engineering to Environmental
Science.
Let ug begin!
Big Picture
Week 1-3: Unit Learning Outcomes-Unit 1 (ULO-1): At the end of the unit, you are
expected to
a. Identify a framework of the human activity as an aid in thinking about

engineering and its implications.
b. Know how the interest in making ingenious devices dating to more than
a million years in the past developed into a powerful quest to use the
creative capacity of the mind and manipulative skills of the hand to
establish not only a chronology of engineering invention and
innovation but also in evolving connectivity of defining relevance to the
theory and practice of engineering.
Big Picture in Focus: ULO-1a. Identify a framework of the human activity as an

aid in thinking about engineering and its implications.
Metalanguage
The most essential terms below are defined for you to have a better understanding
of this section in the course.
1. Engineering. Is the application of science to the optimum conversion of natural

resources to the uses of humankind.
Page 9 of 90
Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133
Essential Knowledge
Engineering is an occupation with extremely wide reach. The term 'engineering'

covers many fields and, by extension, many skills. Engineers are scientists, inventors,
designers, builders and great thinkers. They improve the state of the world, amplify
human capability and make people's lives safer and easier.
Identifying a Framework:
1a.1 A Capsule History
The primal instinct for innovative artifacts and the skills required in their making,
had emerged during the earliest stirrings of the human imagination. Indeed, one may
identify a long and systematic progression of such activities as suggested by the
following: from prehistoric making of stone stools to the building of ancient
pyramids; from medieval construction of cathedrals and fortresses to the intricate
crafting of mechanical clocks and moveable-type printing; from isolated discoveries
of glass lenses and iron casting to the development of the tower mil and stream
power; from automobile assembly plants to modern jet aircraft manufacture, and
more recently to deep-space probes and microchips.
Ingeniatore is the label given to one who practice engineering before “engineer”
become a substitute about 400 years ago. Then, some 200 years ago, a movement
arose to endow the theory and practice of engineering with a more visible from of
organized professionalism. Engineering is now a highly technical and continuously
evolving academic and professional discipline taught at universities and polytechnic
institutions. A variety of industrial organizations have emerged simultaneously and
synergistically with the evolution of engineering, thereby providing a vast range of
products and services to individuals and institutions.
1a.2 Core of Engineering
The innovative Roman ingeniatore were evidently engaged not only in tactile
actions but also in a cognitive process. They must have thought about properties of
natural materials, considered devices for specific purposes, proceeded by trial and
error, and learned from failures. An astute observer could conclude that this
interactive endeavor constituted a technical process involving naturally available
materials which an ingeniator, by thought and skill, shaped and combined to create
an ingenium of subsequent interest. This dynamic could be modeled as an input-
output process
with the rectangle suggesting creative thought and skilled actions of the ingeniator
in combining natural materials and phenomena into an ingenious and useful device.
1a.3 Symbolic Notation and Engineering
The preceding has introduced some conceptual constructions and associated

symbolic notation of particular relevance to Engineering in Time. Such symbolic
notation is useful in our context for three reasons:
Page 10 of 90
Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133
(a) Familiarity
It represents aspects of thought and actions in graphical form which are
familiar to students of all engineering disciplines.
(b) Empiricism
It constitutes a practical way of depicting complex processes of central
importance to the theory and practice of engineering.
(c) Heuristics
It suggests useful and efficient means of organizing and exploring the historical
progression and contemporary context of engineering.
Such notation can take many forms – for example force diagrams, circuit
representations, electromagnetic field depictions, vector notation, phase-plane
projections, etc. – its pedagogical power rests in the effectiveness of graphical-
geometrical depictions providing a valuable cognitive focus for complex physical
phenomena and processes.
1a.4 Essential Components
The leading term N(t) in Table 1.1 represents nature as the basic starting point
of a most relevant progression. The term D(t) identifies engineered devices – the
ingenious and useful human-made objects so judged by common pragmatic
criteria. With N(t) and D(t) so characterized, it is evident that engineering E(t)
constitutes the central and uniting connection in the progression from N(t) to D(t).
1a.5 Change and Engineering
For engineers, the term progression is especially informing in the

characterization of some important changes in their work. To begin, the core of
engineering suggests features well-known in engineering such as input to output
processes involving materials, energy, ingenuity, and information. To clarify this
emphasis we consider four classes of progressions.
Homogeneous Progressions
As an illustration, consider an aircraft cleared for take-off. Evidently it may

have its subsequent dynamical features specified by the homogeneous
progression
Page 11 of 90
Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133
The example represents homogeneous progressions and involve some

specific measurable variable X(t) at successive time coordinates; in complete
generality we may write for such changes in time
Thus, homogeneous progressions describe the magnitude of a time-dependent

variable which is associated with some devices or devices. Note that in a
homogeneous progression each term possesses the same units.
Heterogeneous Progressions
The practice of engineering involves many informing progressions which are

not fully describable by one homogeneous variable, consider the following
examples:
In distinction to the general homogeneous progression, the progression is

evidently heterogeneous and may be written in the general form of
While the meaning of the terms of homogeneous progressions generally follow

from some appropriate differential equation, no comparably compact and explicit
defining expression can be specified for the terms of the heterogeneous
progressions.
Primal Progression
A very special meaning to the family of heterogeneous progressions was

assigned here, represented by
These three node progressions are discussed in Essential Components.
Page 12 of 90
Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133
Connectivity Progression
Further, there are good reasons to expand on the primal progression by the
addition of terms which suggest processes such as feedback, feed-forward,
recursion, and branching; this expanded formulation will take on the appearance
of a directed graph and , for purposes of terminological consistency, will be labeled
the engineering connectivity progression
1a.6 Engineering and Time

Engineering has, over time, become increasingly identified by association with
classes of devices: Civil Engineering with civic devices, Mechanical Engineering
with mechanical devices, Chemical Engineering with chemical processing devices,
Electrical Engineering with electrical-electronic devices, and so on.
Self-Help
In understanding the lesson, the book “Engineering in Time: The Systematics of
Engineering History and its Contemporary Context” can be utilized. The topic
Introduction to Engineering can be read in chapter 1 of the book. The book can be
accessed through this link
https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=KKQmkRxCKu0C&printsec=frontcover&source
=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false.
This YouTube link https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=btGYcizV0iI is also
essential to help you understand extensively what engineering is really all about. Also, a
video presentation will be uploaded in blackboard.
Let’s Check
Listed below are the activities that students must comply at the end of this topic:
➢ Students 1 and 2 will report

a. Introduction to Engineering
- About Engineering
Students 1 and 2 will create a PowerPoint presentation of the given topic of at least
10 minutes duration. It will be presented to the class through Blackboard
collaborate and will be recorded for future reference. Also, the rubric for the video
reporting will be uploaded in blackboard.
➢ Students will create an essay of why they choose civil engineering as their course
that eventually becomes their career someday. Students will elaborate what is
present in engineering that interest them in choosing the course. The essay must
have at least 500 words and must be Turnitin checked. The essay must be
uploaded in blackboard assignment feature for checking.
The essay will be graded according to the grading rubric provided below.
Page 13 of 90
Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133
Table 1a: Grading Rubric for Essay
Let’s Analyze
Provide your personal idea of the following questions.
1. Identify and explain extensively the four classes of progressions.
2. Explain briefly the differences of the four classes of progressions.
3. Explain briefly the several attributes of the term N(t) for the purpose of
elucidating the progression.
4. Why do we need to study engineering?
5. Identify and explain four forms of symbolic notation and engineering.
You will be graded according to the grading criteria below.

Reason -8
Content -8
Accuracy -4
NOTE: Students are required to use the MS Word format provided in blackboard
by the course coordinator. The PDF file of the plagiarism checker result must be
uploaded together with the PDF of your answer. Ten (10) points will be deducted
Page 14 of 90
Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133
for not following instructions and five (5) points will be deducted in every five (5)
minutes late submission.
Nutshell
Engineering is a scientific field and job that involves taking our scientific
understanding of the natural world and using it to invent, design, and build things to solve
problems and achieve practical goals. This can include the development of roads, bridges,
cars, planes, machines, tools, processes, and computers. The things engineers build are
called technology. Without technology, the modern world simply wouldn't exist. We're
surrounded by the work of engineers practically every moment of our lives.
Process
➢ Students will create an essay of how engineering made difference to their lives
and how they will apply the studies in real life situation. The essay must have at
least 500 words and must be Turnitin/plagiarism checked. The essay must be
uploaded in blackboard assignment feature for checking.
The essay will be graded according to the grading rubric provided in Table 1a.
NOTE:: Students are required to use the MS Word format provided in blackboard
Q&A List
Questions/Issues Answer
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Big Picture in Focus: ULO-1b. Know how the interest in making ingenious devices
dating to more than a million years in the past developed into a powerful quest
to use the creative capacity of the mind and manipulative skills of the hand to
establish not only a chronology of engineering invention and innovation but also
in evolving connectivity of defining relevance to the theory and practice of
engineering.
Metalanguage
The most essential terms below are defined for you to have a better
understanding of this section in the course.
Page 15 of 90
Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133
1. Prehistoric. Earth’s beginnings can be traced back 4.5 billion years, but human
evolution only counts for a tiny speck of its history. The Prehistoric Period—or when
there was human life before records documented human activity—roughly dates
from 2.5 million years ago to 1,200 B.C. It is generally categorized in three
archaeological periods: the Stone Age, Bronze Age and Iron Age.
2. Ancient. Ancient means belonging to the distant past, especially to the period in
history before the end of the Roman Empire. They believed ancient Greece and Rome
were vital sources of learning.
3. Medieval. It is generally believed to have started with the fall of the Roman Empire
in 476 and to have lasted about 1,000 years until about 1450. The beginning of the
Middle Ages is called the Dark Ages because the great civilizations of Rome and
Greece had been conquered.
4. Renaissance. The humanistic revival of classical art, architecture, literature, and
learning that originated in Italy in the 14th century and later spread throughout
Europe. The period of this revival, roughly the 14th through the 16th century,
marking the transition from medieval to modern times.
5. Expansive. If you describe something such as a period of time or an economy as
expansive, you mean that it is associated with growth or expansion.
6. Modern Era. It includes the early period, called the early modern period, which
lasted from c. 1500 to around c. 1800 (most often 1815). Particular facets of early
modernity include: The Rise of the Ottoman Empire.
7. Contemporary. It is a subset of modern history that describes the historical period
from approximately 1945 to the present.
8. Engineering. It represents creative thoughts and skilled actions associated with the
use of natural material and phenomena in planning, designing, developing,
manufacturing, testing, implementing, improving and disposing of devices.
Essential Knowledge
History of Engineering
1b.1 Prehistoric Engineering
The concept of engineering has existed since ancient times as humans devised
fundamental inventions such as the pulley, lever, and wheel. Each of these inventions is
consistent with the modern definition of engineering, exploiting basic mechanical
principles to develop useful tools and objects.
Early Humans
The reconstruction of early human history has long been pursued by
archeologists and anthropologists. Their work involves painstaking examination
of a variety of earth’s strata in search of rare skeletal evidence and surviving
artifacts. Detailed study of such objects has yielded useful information on the
characterization and practices of hominids for the past million years.
Invention of Tools
Anthropologists point to persuasive evidence suggestive of some
fundamental and universal human needs which are quite independent of any state
Page 16 of 90
Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133
of cultural achievement; among the most basic such needs are those associated
with nutrition, security, hygiene, and social interaction including trade.
Discovery of Fire
The discovery of a means to produce and transport fire at will is widely
viewed as a most epochal achievement of Stone Age humans. This use of a natural
phenomenon has proven to be of profound significance in the development of
human adaptation and cultural evolution.
The Sumerians
These people possessed a special aptitude and interest in the continued
making of ingenious devices and, in particular, they improved on pottery and
weaving and also, developed kiln-fired pots and bricks. About 3500 BCE,
settlements became larger leading also to the first evidence of City-States, large
terraced buildings, and the appearance of rulers as Priests-Kings. The Sumerians
invented wheel and axle, and chariot. One may also suggest that the Sumerians
were the first people who by their skills of irrigation and adobe construction, as
well as in casting and molding of bronze products, had discovered primal forms of
Civil Engineering and Metallurgical Engineering.
The people of Sumer and Egypt produced some of the earliest large
Engineering construction projects. First were irrigation channels initially
consisting of simple crisscrossing furrows for flowing water.
The Sumerian Ziggurats in the lower Tigris-Euphrates watersheds,
consisting of successively terraced and recessed layers of stone and adobe brick,
and shrine at the top.
From Minoan to Roman Times

A result of increasing Mediterranean traffic, a unique though relatively
short-lied Minoan culture emerged on the island of Crete, about 2000 BCE. These
Bronze Age Cretans developed a unique system of writing, knew how to make
bronze tools, were skilled in the making of wooden ships and construction of stone
buildings, and were ruled by Kings with considerable propensity for luxurious
palaces.
These political and commercial developments required increasing
Engineering activity such as:
(a) Building of roads, housing, and protective city perimeters.
(b) Construction of larger triangular sail and square-sail ships.
(c) Extension sea ports and harbor facilities.
(d) Provisions for road access and port storage.
1b.2 Medieval Engineering

According to McFadden, 2018. The period is generally agreed to lie between the
fall of Rome in 476 AD and the Renaissance of the 14th Century it is often seen as the
doldrums of human advancement.
Irrigation and Water Supply

They were made from a series of pipes, tunnels, canals, and bridges.
Gravity and the natural slope of the land allowed aqueducts to channel water from
Page 17 of 90
Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133
a freshwater source, such as a lake or spring, to a city. ... Roman aqueduct systems
were built over a period of about 500 years, from 312 B.C. to A.D. 226.
Construction
The following are the famous advancement of civil engineering during the
Medieval period. The Glenmore Dam is the concrete structure that holds back the
reservoir. The reservoir is a primary source of drinking water to the city; The most
famous bridge of that age was Old London Bridge, begun in the late 12th century
under the direction of a priest, Peter of Cole church, and completed in 1209, four
years after his death. London Bridge was designed to have 19 pointed arches, each
with a 7.2-metre (24-foot) span and resting on piers 6 meters (20 feet) wide; The
Monnow Bridge which features featured three separate ribs of stone under the
arches. Rib construction reduced the quantity of material needed for the rest of
the arch and lightened the load on the foundations;
New roads were built from medieval towns, resulting in roads that were
more ‘natural’–meaning not straight or metaled. The roads were built in three
layers: large stones, a mixture of road material, and a layer of gravel. Two other
Scottish engineers, Thomas Telford and John Loudon McAdam are credited with
the first modern roads.
Castles and cathedrals were the greatest construction projects. The Middle
Ages begins revival of stone buildings in the 9th century and the Romanesque
style of architecture began in the late 11th century at the end of the Roman era
and many Roman building techniques were lost. Two types of buildings were built,
religious medieval buildings and military medieval buildings. The religious
medieval building design included a nave, transepts, and altars.
Military buildings help the lords and kings to protect themselves, the
members of nobility and the common masses. In order to provide this required
protection they constructs large castles and fortified walls. These military
buildings proved to be the most important non-religious or secular buildings of
the Middle Ages. The medieval castle was the foundation of military defense for
nearly a millennium. Kingdoms were caught up in an arms race to build wood and
stone structures that were most effective in halting armies on campaign.
Mechanical Engineering
Below is a list of mechanical engineering inventions during medieval period:
Wheeled horse cart transport stones. Larger stones are rolled onto a wooden sled
and then dragged where needed by the horse and carter.
Metal rods were used to complete the break.
The Roman tread wheel crane used to lift the stone or the use of ramps. Even though
the crane is amazing and will be necessary in the future as the walls get taller,
ramps are preferred by the men because if a rope breaks the consequences are
much less if the big stone is on a ramp.
Page 18 of 90
Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133
Ropes were important to the construction of the castle in everything from small
tool repair to measurement using the 13-knot rope to operating the tread wheel
crane for lifting.
Pulley. In the Medieval Era, pulleys were used for retrieving water from wells,
hauling heavy bags up to the castle doors, and even lifting knights up onto their
horses.
Lever. A lever is a stiff rod that rotates around a pivot point. Downward motion at
one end results in upward motion at the other end like a seesaw.
Gears. Gears are wheels with teeth. You can use gears to slow things down or speed
them up, to change direction or to control several things at once. Gears were
especially important in the medieval period as they helped to create a winch. The
winch, a crank used to give motion to a grindstone or similar device, allowed a
person to put a great deal of energy into a device like a catapult.
1b.3 Renascent Engineering

The Renaissance is a period from the 14th to the 17th century, considered the
bridge between the Middle Ages and Modern history. It started as a cultural movement in
Italy in the Late Medieval period and later spread to the rest of Europe.
1b.4 Expansive Engineering

Foundation Engineering for Expansive Soils fills a significant gap in the current
literature by presenting coverage of the design and construction of foundations
for expansive soils. Expansive soils are found worldwide and are the leading cause of
damage to structural roads.
1b.5 Contemporary Engineering

Evolutionary changes in engineering over such a short and contemporary time
interval and which may relate meaningfully to the near future presents many
uncertainties because the intrinsic developmental noise may mask or distort important
emerging patterns.
Factors affecting Contemporary Engineering theory and practice

Fractional changes of most non-renewable resources of importance to
engineering have been modest with two important exceptions: liquid-
hydrocarbon petroleum's continue to be locally depleted at a significant rate;
mining, extraction, and processing continue to contribute to toxic and non-toxic
waste production and accumulation though at a reduced rate and more of it now
in sequestered form.
Engineering educational programs and design recursion have experienced
continuing development; to be noted is an expanded emphasis on device
reliability and adaptability, mathematical simulation analysis, sensitivity to public
preferences, and expanded consideration of environmental impact
Page 19 of 90
Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133
Self-Help

Engineering History and its Contemporary Context” can be utilized. The topic Prehistoric
Engineering - Contemporary Engineering can be read in chapters 2-8 of the book. The
book can be accessed through this link
https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=KKQmkRxCKu0C&printsec=frontcover&source
=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false.
This YouTube link https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y9Lg3aKbkDo would
help you appreciate how engineering has become and know more how it progresses time
after time. Also, a video presentation will be uploaded in blackboard.
Let’s Check
➢ Below is the list of assignments for students’ reporting
- Prehistoric Engineering - Student 3
- Ancient Engineering - Student 4
- Medieval Engineering - Student 5
- Renascent Engineering - Student 6
- Expansive Engineering - Student 7
- Modern Engineering - Student 8
- Contemporary Engineering - Student 9
Students 1-9 will create a PowerPoint presentation of the given topic of at least 10
minutes duration. It will be presented to the class through Blackboard collaborate
and will be recorded for future reference. Also, the rubric for the video reporting
will be uploaded in blackboard.
➢ Students will create an essay of how the Prehistoric, Ancient, Medieval, Renascent,
Expansive, Modern and Contemporary Engineering contributed to the society.
Students will elaborate what is present in engineering that interest them in
choosing the course. The essay must have at least 1000 words and must be
Turnitin/plagiarism checked. The essay must be uploaded in blackboard
assignment feature for checking.
Page 20 of 90
Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133

Let’s Analyze
Provide your personal idea of the following questions.
1. What are the contributions of the different era of engineering?

2. Explain extensively the differences between modern engineering and
contemporary engineering
3. Identify and explain the different factors that contribute to the progression of
engineering from prehistoric engineering to contemporary engineering.
4. How does the progression of engineering impact the society? Explain
extensively.
5. Does the discoveries during the ancient engineering help the development of
engineering? and why?
Per item, you will be graded according to the grading criteria below.
Reason -8
Content -8
Page 21 of 90
Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133
Accuracy -4
Nutshell
Human beings have been adapting their environment to better suit their needs
and wants since before recorded history. There have always been people who designed
and built tools or other devices to solve problems or improve lives.
As civilizations developed, people began reshaping their environment with farms,

villages, ships, roads, and eventually great cities. With each advance came new challenges
that required more complex and creative solutions. One early example of an activity that
we now call engineering was the construction and improvement of the aqueduct system
that transported water in and around Rome starting in the fourth century BC. A project
of that scope today would be largely the responsibility of engineers.
The profession we know as engineering today emerged during the 1500’s when
specialists began using mathematics to design military fortifications. These special
military architects would generally let craftsmen do the actual construction, thus
becoming the first true engineers in the modern sense of the word.
The history of engineering can be roughly divided into four overlapping phases, each
marked by a revolution:
• Pre-scientific revolution: The prehistory of modern engineering features ancient

master builders and Renaissance engineers such as Leonardo da Vinci.
• Industrial revolution: From the eighteenth through early nineteenth century, civil
and mechanical engineers changed from practical artists to scientific
professionals.
• Second industrial revolution: In the century before World War II, chemical,
electrical, and other science-based engineering branches developed electricity,
telecommunications, cars, airplanes, and mass production.
• Information revolution: As engineering science matured after the war,

microelectronics, computers, and telecommunications jointly produced
information technology.
Process
Performance Task (Spoken Word)
➢ Students will create a spoken word poetry about how engineering impacts their
lives holistically. Example is engineering changed the world we live in, from
modern homes, bridges, space travel, cars and latest mobile technology. Click the
Page 22 of 90
Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133
YouTube link for the performance task sample

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qV_sqeD7hTA.
➢ You will be graded according to the given criteria.
Originality- 35points ( the poetry must be personal and not copied)

Relevance- 35points (the poetry must be current and should support the given
topic)
Creativity- 30 points (choice of words, props, accompaniment such as music or sound)
NOTE: Email your output to the course coordinator for checking.

Q&A List
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Course Schedule (Week 1-3)
This section calendars all the activities and exercises, including readings and lectures, as
well as time for making assignments and doing other requirements, in a programmed
schedule by days and weeks, to help the students in SDL pacing, regardless of mode of
delivery (OBD or DED).
Activity Date Where to submit

Big Picture ULO-1a: Let’s Check Aug. 26, 2020 BB’s assignment feature
Big Picture ULO-1a: Let’s Analyze Aug. 27, 2020 BB’s assignment feature
Big Picture ULO-1a: In a Nutshell Aug. 28, 2020 BB’s assignment feature
Big Picture ULO-1a: Q&A list Aug. 28, 2020 BB’s Forum Feature
Big Picture ULO-1b: Let’s Check Sept. 01, 2020 BB’s assignment feature
Big Picture ULO-1b: Let’s Analyze Sept. 02, 2020 BB’s assignment feature
Big Picture ULO-1b: In a Nutshell Sept. 03, 2020 BB’s assignment feature
Big Picture ULO-1b: Q&A list Sept. 03, 2020 BB’s assignment feature
First Exam Sept. 04, 2020 BB’s assignment feature
NOTE: Please be aware of the deadline for the submission of the activities in this manual.
Further instructions will be given in your respective blackboard account.
Page 23 of 90
Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133
Let ug begin!
Big Picture
expected to
a. Identify the contributions and impacts of civil engineering profession

to the society and other professions.
Big Picture in Focus: ULO-2a. Identify the contributions and impacts of civil
engineering profession to the society and other professions.
Metalanguage
1. Urban Planning. Is design and regulation of the uses of space that focus on the
physical form, economic functions, and social impacts of the urban environment and
on the location of different activities within it. Because urban planning draws upon
engineering, architectural, and social and political concerns, it is variously a technical
profession, an endeavour involving political will and public participation, and an
academic discipline. Urban planning concerns itself with both the development of
open land (“greenfields sites”) and the revitalization of existing parts of the city,
thereby involving goal setting, data collection and analysis, forecasting, design,
strategic thinking, and public consultation.
2. Safety. Is the condition of being safe from undergoing or causing hurt, injury, or loss.
3. Urbanization. The process by which large numbers of people become permanently
concentrated in relatively small areas, forming cities.
4. Suburbanization. It can be defined as the outward growth of urban development
which may engulf surrounding villages and towns into a larger urban agglomeration.
5. Urban renewal. It is a construction program to replace or restore substandard
buildings in an urban area. How to use urban renewal in a sentence.
6. Engineer. A person trained and skilled in the design, construction, and use of engines
or machines, or in any of various branches of engineering: a mechanical engineer; a
civil engineer.
7. Architect. A person who plans, designs and oversees the construction of buildings.
To practice architecture means to provide services in connection with the design of
buildings and the space within the site surrounding the buildings that have human
occupancy or use as their principal purpose.
Essential Knowledge
2a.1 Urban Planning
Urban planning is concerned with ordering and design of settlements, from the
smallest towns to the world's largest cities. Urban, city, or town planning is the discipline
of land use planning which deals with the physical, social, and economic development of
metropolitan regions, municipalities and neighborhoods.
Page 24 of 90
Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133
History:
Examples of deliberately planned, or at least managed cities and settlements permeate
antiquity:
The Greek Hippodamus
(c. 408 BC) is often considered the father of city

planning in the West, for his design of Miletus.
Planning and Aesthetics
Successful urban planning considers character, of “home” and “sense of place”,

local identity, respect for natural, artistic and historic heritage, an understanding of the
“urban grain” or “townscape”, pedestrians and other modes of traffic, utilities and natural
hazards, such as flood zones.
Cells
Some of the most successful planned cities consist of cells that include park-space,
commerce and housing, and then repeat the cell. Usually cells are separated by streets.
Planning and Safety
Urban planners must consider the threats for natural hazards. Extreme weather,
flood, or other emergencies can often be mitigated with secure emergency evacuation
routes and emergency operations centers.
In recent years, practitioners have also been expected to minimize the

accessibility of an area to people with different abilities practicing the notion of “inclusive
design,” to anticipate criminal behavior and consequently to “design-out crime” and to
Page 25 of 90
Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133
consider “traffic calming” or “pedestrianization” as ways of making urban life more

pleasant.
Planning and Reconstruction
Areas devastated by war or invasion represent a unique challenge to urban planners;

• the area of development is not one for simple modification, nor it is a “blank
slate”;
• buildings, roads, services and basic infrastructure like power, water and sweage
are often severely compromised;
• problem of population;
• historic areas and religious or social centers also need to be preserved.
Planning and Transport
There is a direct, well-researched connection between the density of an urban

environment, and the need to travel within it. Good quality transport followed by
development. Development beyond a certain density can quickly overcrowd transport.
Planning and Suburbanization
Successful urban planning supported Regional planning can bring benefits to a

much larger hinterland or city region and help reduce both congestion along transport
routes and the wastage of energy implied by excessive commuting.
Planning and the Environment
Environmental protection and conservation are of upmost importance to many

planning systems across the world. Not only are the specific effects of development to be
mitigated, but attempts are to minimize the overall effect of development on the local and
global environment.
Actors in the Planning Process
Community organizers and social workers are now very involved in planning from
the grassroots level. Developers too have played huge roles in influencing the way
development occurs, particularly through project-based planning.
Land Use Planning
It is the term used for a branch of public policy which encompasses various
disciplines which seek to order and regulate the use of land in an efficient way.
• Functions of “Land Use Planning”
In most developed countries, land use planning is an important part of

social policy, ensuring that land is used efficiently for the benefit of the wider
economy and population as well as to protect the environment.
Page 26 of 90
Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133
Land Use Planning encompasses the following disciplines:
• Architecture
• Environmental Planning
• Landscape Architecture
• Regional Planning
• Spatial Planning
• Transportation Planning
• Urban Design
• Urban Planning
• Urban Renaissance
• Urban Renewal
• Sustainable development
2a.2 Regional Planning
Regional planning is a branch of land use planning and deals with the efficient
placement of land use activities, infrastructure and settlement growth across a
significantly larger area of land than an individual city or town.
Regions require various land uses; protection of farmland, cities, industrial space,
transportation hubs and infrastructure, military bases, and wilderness. Regional
planning is the science of efficient placement of infrastructure and zoning for the
sustainable growth of a region.
Principles of Regional Planning
Specific interventions and solutions will depend entirely on the needs of each
region in each country, but generally speaking, regional planning at the macro level will
seek to:
• Resist development in flood plains or along an earthquake faults.
• Designate transportation corridors using hubs and spokes and considering major
new infrastructure
• Consider designating essential nuisance land uses locations, including waste
disposal.
• Designate Green belt land or similar to resist settlement amalgamation and
protect the environment.
• Set regional level 'policy' and zoning which encourages a mix of housing values
and communities.
• Consider building codes, zoning laws and policies that encourage the best use of
the land.
2a.3 Urban Renewal
Also called as urban regeneration in British English is a function of urban

planning that in the United States reached its peak from the late 1940s through to the
early 1970s. It had a massive impact on the urban landscape and continues to the present
day. It has also played an important role in cities worldwide, such as Saint John, New
Page 27 of 90
Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133
Brunswick Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Glasgow, Scotland and Bilbao, Spain, as well
as Canary Wharf, in London, and Cardiff Bay in Cardiff.
Urban renewal is controversial, as it often implies the use of eminent domain law
to enforce reclaiming private property for civic projects. While envisioned as a way to
redevelop residential slums and blighted commercial areas, "renewal" often resulted in
the creation of urban sprawl—vast areas being demolished and replaced by freeways and
expressways, housing projects, and vacant lots—some of which remained vacant at the
beginning of the 21st century.
While renewal projects did revitalize many cities, it was often at a high cost to
existing communities, and in many cases simply resulted in the destruction of vibrant—
if rundown —neighborhoods. Urban renewal in its original form has been called a failure
by many urban planners and civic leaders and has since been reformulated with a focus
on redevelopment of existing communities. However, many cities link the revitalization
of the central business district and gentrification of residential neighborhoods to earlier
urban renewal programs. Over time, urban renewal evolved into a policy based less on.
Background:
Although urban renewal goes back at least to the rebuilding of Rome by Augustus,
modern attempts can be said to have started with late-19th century Paris and Baron
Haussmann. By the end of the Second Empire, Paris was the cultural center of Europe and
one of the world's most developed cities. Nevertheless, the physical infrastructure of the
city was failing in the face of increasingly rapid growth—as the effects of the Industrial
Revolution took hold and combined with the economic impacts of war and social
upheaval.
From the 1850s into the 1870s,

Haussmann supervised a program which
demolished large areas of slums and
narrow, crooked medieval streets,
replacing them with new neighborhoods,
plazas and traffic circles, and the broad,
tree-lined boulevards that are still the
hallmark of Paris. His program also
rebuilt other infrastructure and services
in the city: railroad lines and stations,
sewerage, street lighting, regular
collection of garbage, and large parks. It
also led to large numbers of the working
class and the poor being forced to move to
the suburban areas of Paris, effectively
reserving large areas of the city for the
middle and upper classes.
Page 28 of 90
Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133
Another major chapter in the history of urban renewal was the work of Robert
Moses in the redevelopment of New York City and New York State from the 1930s into
the 1970s. Moses directed the construction of new bridges, highways, housing projects,
and public parks. Moses was a controversial figure, both for his single-minded zeal in
pursuit of his projects and for his masterful political maneuvering to secure the power
necessary to carry them out. Although his work was not as sweeping in its impact on New
York City as Haussmann's was on Paris, Moses is responsible for the major traffic arteries
of the city and for its largest parks, other than Central Park and Prospect Park.
Redlining and segregation:
Redlining began with the Housing Act of 1934 which established the Federal
Housing Authority (FHA) to improve housing conditions and standards, and later led to
the formation of the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD). This was
followed by the Housing Act of 1937, which created the U.S. Housing Agency and the
nation's first public housing program—the Low Rent Public Housing Program. This was
the beginning of the large public housing projects that later became one of the hallmarks
of urban renewal in the United States: it provided funding to local governments to build
new public housing but required that slum housing be demolished prior to any
construction.
Postwar problems and suburban growth:
In 1944, the GI Bill (officially the Serviceman's Readjustment Act) guaranteed

Veterans Administration (VA) mortgages to veterans under favorable terms, which fueled
suburbanization after the end of World War II, as places like Levittown, New York,
Warren, Michigan, Greenbelt, Maryland, and the San Fernando Valley of Los Angeles were
transformed from farmland into cities occupied by tens of thousands of families in a few
short years.
Housing Act of 1949:
The Housing Act of 1949 marked a major move towards the wholesale demolition
of urban slums. It provided a large amount of funding for slum clearance. Entire
neighborhoods were torn down in anticipation of new, tax-generating developments
coming in its place.
Loans for new housing would be made only for a single owner, effectively pricing
those of more moderate means who could only afford to live in multifamily buildings out
of the market, and most banks now practiced redlining. Appraisal manuals from the FHA
instructed loan originators to avoid neighborhoods with "inharmonious racial groups"—
recommending that cities and towns enact zoning ordinances that restricted area to
Whites, and to enact covenants prohibiting African-American owners. Homes (and
neighborhoods and entire cities) were now legally restricted to "individuals of the
Caucasian race." Discrimination in the housing was now the norm in all parts of the
country—and housing values declined rapidly in minority neighborhoods.
Urban destruction:
Page 29 of 90
Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133
Under the powerful influence of multimillionaire R.K. Mellon, Pittsburgh became

the first major city to undertake a modern urban-renewal program in May 1950.
Pittsburgh was famous around the world as one of the dirtiest and most economically
depressed cities and seemed ripe for urban renewal. A large section of downtown at the
heart of the city was demolished, converted to parks, office buildings, and a sports arena
and renamed the Golden Triangle in what was universally recognized as a major success.
In 1956, the Federal-Aid Highway Act gave state and federal government complete
control over new highways, and often they were routed directly through vibrant urban
neighborhoods—isolating or destroying many—since the focus of the program was to
bring traffic in and out of the central cores of cities as expeditiously as possible and nine
out of every ten dollars spent came from the federal government. This resulted in a
serious degradation of the tax bases of many cities, isolated entire neighborhoods, and
meant that existing commercial districts were bypassed by the majority of commuters.
Segregation continued to increase as communities were displaced and many

African Americans and Latinos were left with no other option than moving into public
housing while Whites moved to the suburbs in ever-greater numbers.
In Boston, one of the country's oldest cities, almost a third of the old city was
demolished—including the historic West End—to make way for a new highway, low- and
moderate-income high-rises (which eventually became luxury housing), and new
government and commercial buildings. Later, this would be seen a tragedy by many
residents and urban planners, and one of the centerpieces of the redevelopment—
Government Center—is still considered an example of the excesses of urban renewal.
Reaction against urban renewal:
Page 30 of 90
Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133
In 1961, Jane Jacobs published The

Death and Life of Great American
Cities, one of the first—and
strongest—critiques of contemporary
large-scale urban renewal. However, it
would still be a few years before
organized movements began to
oppose urban renewal.
In 1964, the Civil Rights Act

removed racial deed restrictions on
housing. This led to the beginnings of
desegregation of residential
neighborhoods but redlining
continued to mean that real estate
agents continued to steer ethnic
minorities to certain areas. The riots
that swept cities across the country
from 1965 to 1967 damaged or
destroyed additional areas of major
cities—most drastically in Detroit
during the 12th Street Riot.
From “urban renewal” to community development:
Some of the policies around urban renewal began to change under President
Lyndon Johnson and the War on Poverty, and in 1968, the Housing and Urban
Development Act and The New Communities Act of 1968 guaranteed private financing
for private entrepreneurs to plan and develop new communities. Subsequently, the
Housing and Community Development Act of 1974 established the Community
Development Block Grant program (CDBG) which began in earnest the focus on
redevelopment of existing neighborhoods and properties, rather than demolition of
substandard housing and economically depressed areas.
Currently, a mix of renovation, selective demolition, commercial development,

and tax incentives is most often used to revitalize urban neighborhoods.
Some programs, such as that administered by Fresh Ministries and Operation New
Hope in Jacksonville, Florida attempt to develop communities, while at the same time
combining highly favorable loan programs with financial literacy education so that
poorer residents may still be able to afford their restored neighborhoods.
During the 1990s the concept of culture-led regeneration gained ground.

Examples most often cited as successes include Temple Bar in Dublin where tourism was
attracted to a bohemian 'cultural quarter', Barcelona where the 1992 Olympics provided
a catalyst for infrastructure improvements and the redevelopment of the water front
area, and Bilbao where the building of a new art museum was the focus for a new business
district around the city's derelict dock area.
Page 31 of 90
Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133
However, while the arrival of Tate Modern in the London borough of Southwark
may be heralded as a catalyst to economic revival in its surrounding neighborhood, some
civic authorities in the U.K. - for instance Newcastle-upon-Tyne and Gateshead have been
accused of investing in cultural facilities at the cost of other programs and projects.
Long-term implications:
While urban renewal never lived up to the hopes of its original proponents, it has
played an undeniably important role in cities throughout the United States, England, and
many other nations. It has been hotly debated by politicians, urban planners, civic
leaders, and current and former residents of the areas where urban renewal took place
in the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s. It has brought economic and cultural development to
many cities, but often at a great cost to low-income and minority communities living in
them. It has also played a role in the economic devastation faced by many of the major
industrial cities in the United States since the 1940s. Urban renewal continues to evolve
as successes and failures are examined and new models of development and
redevelopment are tested and implemented.
Construction:
In project architecture and

civil engineering, construction is the
building or assembly of any
infrastructure on a site. Although
this may be thought of as a single
activity, in fact construction is a feat
of multitasking. Normally the job is
managed by the construction
manager, supervised by the project
manager, design engineer or project
architect. While these people work
in offices, every construction
project requires a large number of
laborers, carpenters, and other
skilled tradesmen to complete the
physical task of construction.
For the successful execution of a project effective planning is essential. Those

involved with the design and execution of the infrastructure in question must consider
the environmental impact of the job, the successful scheduling, budgeting, site safety,
availability of materials, logistics, inconvenience to the public caused by construction
delays, preparing tender documents, etc.
2a.4 Design Engineer
A design engineer is an engineer whose job is to produce a detailed design from a

conceptual design, thereby bringing the real from the abstract on a day-to-day basis.
Page 32 of 90
Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133
Design Science:
• One notable Design Science 'guru' is Professor Eder from the Royal Military
College of Canada who has published 'Engineering Design’.
• Research is also performed in this area at the University of West Bohemia in
Pilsen,Czech Republic mostly under the direction of Professor Stanislav Hosnedl
and post-graduate researchers including Ctibor Stadler, in the specific field of
applied engineering design science.
Prototyping and modeling are major functions in the design process. They are
used in combination with testing, including usability testing, in an iterative development
of a design.
Engineer:
An engineer is someone who is trained or professionally engaged in a branch of

engineering. Engineers use creativity, technology, and scientific knowledge to solve
practical problems. In some countries of Continental Europe, the title is limited by law to
people with an engineering degree, and the use of the title by others (even persons with
much work experience) is illegal. Laws exist in all U.S. states and in Canada which limit
the use of several engineer titles, particularly the title of "Professional Engineer", and
often also titles indicating a specific, regulated branch of engineering, such as "civil
engineer" or "mechanical engineer".
Design:
• Design, usually considered in the context of the applied arts, engineering,

architecture, and other such creative endeavours. "Design” the process of
originating and developing a plan for a new object.
A definition of the design process:
• According to video game developer Dino Dini in a talk given at the 2005 Game
Design and Technology Workshop held by Liverpool JM Univeristy, design
underpins every form of creation from objects such as chairs to the way we plan
and execute our lives.
For such an important concept, the question "What is Design?" appears to yield answers
with limited usefulness. Dino Dini states that the design process can be defined as "The
management of constraints". He identifies two kinds of constraint, negotiable and
nonnegotiable.
• Negotiable - able to be transferred or assigned to the legal ownership of another

person
• Nonnegotiable - not able to be transferred or assigned to the legal ownership of
another person.
Page 33 of 90
Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133
The relationship between design and production is one of planning and executing.
In theory, the plan should anticipate and compensate for potential problems in the
execution.
Project architect:
The specific tasks of a project architect (PA) are usually associated with
architectural design, construction materials & methods and the production of
construction documents.
2a.5 Labor
In classical economics and all micro-economics labour (or labor) is a measure of

the work done by human beings and is one of three factors of production, the others being
land and capital. There are macro-economic system theories which have created a
concept called human capital (referring to the skills that workers possess, not necessarily
their actual work), although there are also counterposing macro-economic system
theories that think human capital is a contradiction in terms.
Compensation and Measurement:
Wage is a basic compensation for labor, and the compensation for labor per period
of time is referred to as the wage rate. The two terms are sometimes used
interchangeably.
Other frequently used terms include:

• wage = payment per unit of time (typically an hour)
• earnings = payment accrued over a period (typically a week, a month, or a year)
Page 34 of 90
Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133
• total compensation = earnings + other benefits for labor

• income = total compensation + unearned income
• economic rent = total compensation - opportunity cost
Economists measure labor in terms of hours worked, total wages, or efficiency
Marxian Economics:
In Marxian economics, the aim of labor economics is to provide insight and

guidance for the optimal allocation of cooperative human labor. However, this optimality
is not simply viewed as a "technical variable" as in micro-economics, because workers
are not simply a "factor of production", but human beings who organize themselves and
each other. Forms of labor cooperation can be oppressive, irrational and exploitative, or
they can be beneficial, rational, or effective. That is to say, labor economics has a political
dimension insofar as different workers and employers have different interests. There is
a workers' point of view and an employer's point of view.
Marxian economists argue that the reason why labor economics receives little
attention is because it has become viewed as a management issue. But this may hide that
a particular form of organizing labor has little to do with economic efficiency, and more
with getting a high income from an activity. Marxian economists believe that ultimately
the most desirable form of labor organization in the workplace is where workers manage
themselves collectively, and elect managers where necessary; too much management is
inefficient, it just means that people get high incomes for doing very little, capitalizing on
specialized knowledge or qualifications.
It contradicts Capitalism (an economic and political system in which a country's

trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state).
Types of Labor
1. brain worker
2. free-work
3. manual labor
4. slavery
5. unfree labor
6. volunteer
7. wage slavery
8. wage labor
Brain worker:
• Brain workers are workers who perform mental work for the achievement of a
monetary reward. Teachers teach students and get the monetary reward.
Manual Labor:
Page 35 of 90
Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133
• Manual labor (or manual labor) is physical work done with the hands, especially
in an unskilled job such as fruit and vegetable picking, road building, or any other
field where the work may be considered physically arduous, and which has as a
profitable objective, usually the production of goods.
• In ancient times the status of manual laborers was low, as most physical tasks
were done by slaves. This continued into the feudal period. This modest position
is still reflected in such professional designations as ranch hand or stagehand,
where 'hand' (a pars pro toto for pair of hands, or rather for their their owner)
means an employee working in the named context. However, certain skilled
laborers were seen as artisans, well-paid and could aspire to become influential
citizens, especially via professional corporations. It was sometimes referred to as
"pick and shovel work."
• The phrase hard labor has even become a legal euphemism for penal labor, i.e. a
custodial sentence during which the convict is not only confined but also put to
manual work; such work may be productive, as on a prison farm, or intrinsically
senseless, as with a Treadwheel, the only purpose being the (punishing,
therapeutically..) effect of the punishment on the convict
• Beginning with the Industrial Revolution, though, the introduction of reliable
machinery further lowered the status of laborers. The reduction in status led to
the worldwide labor movements of the 19th and early 20th centuries, leading to
the formation of trade unions. Further technological progress leads to an
increasing segment of manual labor (generally using machinery) requiring more
training or even theoretical insight.
Unfree Labor:
• Unfree labor is a generic or collective term for those work relations, especially in
modern or early modern history, in which people are employed against their will
by the threat of destitution, detention, violence (including death), or other
extreme hardship to themselves, or to members of their families. Many of these
forms of work may be covered by the term forced labour, although this tends to
imply forms based on violence. Unfree labour includes all forms of slavery.
(Although serfdom is technically a form of unfree labour, the term "serf" is usually
used only in relation to pre-modern societies, under feudal political systems.)
• If payment occurs, it may be in one or more of the following forms:
o The payment does not exceed subsistence or barely exceeds it;
o The payment is in goods which are not desirable and/or cannot be
exchanged or are difficult to exchange; or
o The payment wholly or mostly consists of cancellation of a debt or liability
that was itself coerced or belongs to someone else.
• By contrast, "free labor" is a situation which a worker is able to leave at any time,
if they see fit. In practice, however, many nominally free laborers’, in some
historical periods and/or countries, face significant constraints on their ability to
leave their jobs, and may not receive payment which is above the level of
subsistence. For these reasons, some scholars prefer to see "free labor" and
"unfree labor" as extreme points on a continuum, rather than being sharply
distinct entities. Because of this, some people refer to the condition of the working
class as "wage slavery". Others may feel that such terms trivialize the experiences
of real slaves.
Page 36 of 90
Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133
Slavery:
• The archetypal and best-known form of unfree labour is chattel slavery, in which
individual workers are legally owned throughout their lives, and may be bought,
sold or otherwise exchanged by owners, while never or rarely receiving any
personal benefit from their labour. Slavery was common in many ancient societies,
including ancient Greece, ancient Rome, ancient Israel, ancient China, as well as
many societies in Africa and the Americas. Being sold into slavery was a common
fate of populations conquered in wars. Perhaps the most prominent example of
chattel slavery has been the enslavement of many millions of black people in Africa
or forcefully transplanted to the Americas, Asia or Europe where their status as
slaves would usually be inherited by their descendants
Bonded Labor:
• A more common form in modern society is indenture, or bonded labour, under

which workers sign contracts to work for a specific period of time, for which they
are paid only with accommodation and sustenance, or these essentials in addition
to limited benefits such as cancellation of a debt, or transportation to a desired
country. There are also some traditional forms of bonded labour such as the
Chukri System in India and Bangladesh that are illegal, yet nonetheless still
practiced widely.
• Under this Chukri system a female can be coerced into prostitution in order to pay
off debts.
Penal Labor:
• Labor was introduced in prisons chiefly as punishment. Such work is now

considered a necessary part of the rehabilitation of the criminal; it is also used to
keep discipline and reduce the costs of prison maintenance.
Prison Labor:
• Convict or prison labor is another classic form of unfree labor. The forced labor of
convicts has often been regarded with lack of sympathy, because of the social
stigma attached to people regarded as "common criminals". In some countries and
historical periods, however, prison labor has been forced upon people who have
been: victims of prejudice, convicted of political crimes, convicted of "victimless
crimes", or people who committed theft or related offences because they lacked
any other means of subsistence — categories of people who typically call for
compassion. The British colonies in Australia between 1788 and 1868 are
probably the best examples of convict labor, as described above: during that
period, Australia received thousands of convict laborer’s, many of whom had
received harsh sentences for minor misdemeanors in Britain or Ireland.
Labor Camps:
Page 37 of 90
Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133
Another historically significant

example of forced labor was that
of political prisoners, people from
conquered or occupied countries,
and prisoners of war, especially
during the 20th century. The
best-known example of this are
the concentration camp system
run by Nazi Germany in Europe
during World War II, the Gulag
camps run by the Soviet Union,
and the forced labor used by the
military of the Empire of Japan,
especially during the Pacific War
(such as the Death Railway).
Prisoner labor at the construction of Belomorkanal, 1931-1933
Truck System:
• A truck system, in the specific sense in which the term is used by labour historians,
refers to an unpopular or even exploitative form of payment associated with small,
isolated and/or rural communities, in which workers or self-employed small
producers are paid in either: goods, a form of payment known as truck wages, or;
tokens, private currency or direct credit, to be used at a company store, owned by
their employers. A specific kind of truck system, in which credit advances are
made against future work is known in the U.S. as debt bondage.
Serfs:
• Serfs are sometimes referred to as unfree laborer’s, although they are generally
not referenced with this term in academic journals. They meet the definition in
that they were bound to the land and required permission to move. They usually
fared far better than most other unfree laborer’s in that they have the exclusive
use of some land and/or means of production, legal or strongly traditional human
rights, economic security, and free time to a much greater extent than slaves,
indentures, and many wage laborer’s. In the Middle Ages, some serfs were able to
escape to a city, beyond the reach of a feudal lord.
Trafficking:
• Trafficking is a term to define the recruiting, harboring, obtaining and

transportation of a person by use of force, fraud, or coercion for the purpose of
subjecting them to involuntary acts, such as acts related to commercial sexual
exploitation (including prostitution) or involuntary labor.
The Present Situation:
• The International Labor Organization estimates that:

o 12.3 million people are victims of forced labor
o more than 2.4 million have been trafficked
Page 38 of 90
Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133
o 9.8 million are exploited by private agents

o 2.5 million are forced to work by the state or by rebel military groups
The profits from forced trafficked labor are estimated to be in excess of $30 billion
dollars.
2a.6 Volunteer
What is volunteer?
• is a person who serves in a community primarily because he chooses to do so.
Motivation and Rewards:
Why do we volunteer?
• People choose to volunteer for a variety of reasons. For some it offers the chance
to give something back to the community or make a difference to the people
around them. For others it provides an opportunity to develop new skills or build
on existing experience and knowledge.
Altruism
• volunteering for the benefit of others. Most people argue that there are no purely
altruistic volunteers – altruism is a common motivation but never the only
motivation for sustained commitment to serve – there is always some aspect of
personal gain or satisfaction
Quality of life
• serving community because doing service makes one’s own life better is perhaps
the most significant motivation for volunteering. It is often mixed with a good
dose of altruism.
Giving Back
• many people have in some way benefited from the work of an organization, or
more generally, and volunteer to give back.
A sense of duty
• some see participation in community as a responsibility that comes with
citizenship – in this case they may not describe themselves as volunteers
Financial
• Being motivated by finances is not generally included within the definition of
volunteering. Some organizations are able to pay the expenses of a volunteer,
others provide what is essentially a stipend or honorarium.
Career Experience
• Volunteering offers experiences that can add to career prospects.
Page 39 of 90
Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133
Recognition:
The year 2001 was the International Year of the Volunteer, as designated by the
United Nations. Every 5 December is International Volunteer Day, also designated by the
United Nations. 2005 was the United Kingdom Year of the Volunteer.
Common Terms:
International volunteer
• a person who volunteers outside of his or her own country, usually related in
some way to a development program.
Online volunteer
• a person who contributes time and effort with an organization through an online
connection, rather than or in addition to onsite service. The practice was first
researched and detailed by the Virtual Volunteering Project .
ICT volunteer
• someone who uses Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) as a
central part of his or her service, or, who advocates for ICT access for under-
serviced communities.
MMORPG Volunteer
• Often MMORPGs have Volunteers "Vols" who are unpaid staff that will moderate
the game. A Volunteer can perform simple operations such as banning a player
from the game, or silencing an abusive player.
2a.7 Wage Slavery
Wage slavery is a term used to refer to a condition in which a person is legally (de
jure) voluntarily employed but practically (de facto) a slave. It is used to express
disapproval of a condition where a person feels compelled to work in return for payment
of a wage. In colloquial terms, this may refer to people that make a cult of work (the
extreme case is dying of karoshi), or those who require one to work to be socially
acceptable. Different sources seem to have different ideas about what practical conditions
would qualify a worker as a wage slave.
Wage slavery as a concept is a criticism of capitalism, defined as a condition when

a capitalist minority of the population controls all of the necessary non-human
components of production (capital and land) that other people (workers) use to produce
goods.
The use of the term "wage slavery" is also a rhetorical device to draw parallels
between modern work and the historical institution of slavery, specifically to chattel
slavery wherein one person owns another person as property.
A key difference between wage slavery and chattel slavery recognized by Karl Marx
1. the concentration of ownership in few hands;
Page 40 of 90
Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133
2. the lack of direct access by workers to the means of production and

consumption goods; and
3. the existence of the reserve army of unemployed workers.
Wage labor:
Wage labor is the socioeconomic relationship between a worker and an employer

in which the worker sells their labor under a contract (employment), and the employer
buys it, often in a labor market. A wage laborer is a person whose primary means of
income is to sell labor in this way.
Wage labor has existed in one form or another for thousands of years in many
different kinds of societies. However, under capitalism, it transforms more and more
labor into wage labor, so that wage labor becomes the main source of income for most
people.
Forms of Wage labor:
The most common form of wage labor nowadays is a contract in which a free
worker sells his labor for a predetermined time in return for a money-wage or salary. But
wage labor takes many more different forms, and many different kinds of contracts and
forms of remuneration are possible. Economic history shows a great variety of ways in
which labor is traded and exchanged the differences show up in the form of.
1.employment status
2.Civil (legal) status
3.Method of payment(remuneration or compensation)
4.Method of hiring
Employment status:
• a worker could be employed full-time, part-time, or on a casual basis.
Civil (legal) status:

• the worker could for example be a free citizen, an indentured laborer, the
subject of forced labor (including some prison or army labor).
Method of payment(remuneration or compensation):

• The work done could be paid "in cash" (a money-wage) or "in kind" (through
receiving goods and/or services), or in the form of "piece rates"
Method of hiring:
• the worker might engage in a labor-contract on his own initiative, or he might
hire out his labor as part of a group.
Critique of wage labor:
Wage labor under capitalism is often criticized, such as by socialists and most
anarchists. They see wage labor as a major, if not defining, aspect of capitalism. In Marxist
terminology, wage labor is defined as "the mode of production where the worker sells
their labor power as a commodity", (and a wage laborer is one who sells their labor
Page 41 of 90
Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133
power.). Most criticism focuses on the argument that under wage labor, exploitation
occurs.
For example, Karl Marx said "The slave, together with his labor-power, was sold
to his owner once for all... The [wage] laborer, on the other hand, sells his very self, and
that by fractions... He [belongs] to the capitalist class; and it is for him... to find a buyer in
this capitalist class."
2a.8 Budget
Budget generally refers to a list of all planned expenses and revenues.
Basic budget considerations:

• Permit
• Insurance
• Blueprint drafting and review
• Interests and fees
• Site preparation
• Foundation
• Exterior
• HVAC
• Interior
Personal budget:
• A personal budget is among the most important concepts of personal finance. In

a personal or family budget all sources of income (inflows) are identified and
expenses (outflows) are planned with the intent of matching outflows to inflows.
Government budget:
The budget of a government is a summary or plan of the intended revenues and

expenditures of that government.
• For example, in the United States, the federal budget is prepared by the Office of
Management and Budget and submitted to Congress for consideration. Invariably,
Congress makes many and substantial changes. Nearly all-American states are
required to have balanced budgets, but the federal government is allowed to run
deficits.
• In the UK the budget is prepared by the Chancellor of the Exchequer, the second
most important member of the government, and must be passed by Parliament.
The Parliament seldom makes changes to the budget.
Corporate budget:
• The budget of a company is compiled annually. A finished budget usually

requires considerable effort and can be seen as a financial plan for the new
financial year. While traditionally the Finance department compiles the
company's budget, modern software allows hundreds or even thousands of
Page 42 of 90
Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133
people in the various departments (operations, human resources, IT etc) to

contribute their expected revenues and expenses to the final budget.
2a.9 Construction Safety
Construction is the most dangerous land based work sector. In the European
Union, the fatal accident rate is nearly 13 workers per 100,000 as against 5 per 100,000
for the all sector average.
Nature of Hazards:
Hazards to construction workers

-The two biggest safety hazards on site are falls from height and vehicles, but there
are many more. Some of the main health hazards on site are asbestos, solvents, noise, and
manual handling activities.
Hazards to non-workers
-Many construction sites cannot completely exclude non-workers. Road
construction sites must often allow traffic to pass through. This places non-workers at
some degree of risk. Road construction sites are blocked-off and traffic is redirected. The
sites and vehicles are protected by signs and barricades.
Construction Delay:
Construction delays are delays in progress compared to the baseline construction

schedule. Construction delays in residential and light construction are often the result of
miscommunication between contractors, subcontractors, and property owners. These
types of misunderstanding and unrealistic expectations are usually avoided through the
use of detailed critical path schedules, but most importantly, the logical sequence of
events which must occur for a project to be completed.
2a.10 Real Property
Real property is a legal term encompassing real estate and ownership interests in
real estate (Immovable property). It is a type of property differentiated from personal
property.
Background:
• In law, the word “real” means relating to a thing (from Latin “res”, matter or thing),
as distinguished from a person. Thus, the law broadly distinguishes between [real
property] (land and anything affixed to it) and [personal property] (everything
else like clothing, furniture, money)
• The conceptual difference was between immovable property, which would
transfer title along with the land, movable property which a person would retain
title to.
Page 43 of 90
Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133
Land Relationship to Owner

• Real Property is not just the ownership and buildings, it include many legal
relationship between owners of immovable property(real estate) that are purely
conceptual such as the easement. Where a neighboring property may have some
right on your property, right – of – way, or right to pass over a property
Definitions
• An important area of real property are the definitions of estate in land. These are
various interests that may limit the ownership right one has over the land.
Estate Law
• Estates may also be held jointly as joint tenants with rights of survivorship or as
tenants in common. The difference in these two types of joint ownership of an
estate in land is basically the inheritability of the estate. In joint tenancy (or in
marriage this is sometimes called tenancy of the entirety) the surviving tenant (or
tenants) become the sole owner (or owners) of the estate.
Economic aspects of real property
• Because real immovable property is essential for industry or other activity
requiring a lot of fixed physical capital, economics is very concerned with real
immovable property and rules regarding its valuation and disposition, and
obligations accruing to its owners. In economic terms, real property consists of
some natural capital (or land, one of the factors of production especially in
agriculture), and infrastructural capital (the buildings, water and power lines, and
other improvements necessary to make immovable property useful for some
human purpose).
Types of ownership interests

• Real property (immovable property) can refer to the real estate itself, or to
various types of ownership interests in real estate, including:
• Fee simple or freehold: The most common interest or right in real estate
and provides the owner the right to use the real estate for any lawful
purpose and sell the interest when and to whom the owner wishes.
• Life estate: An interest in real estate (immovable property) which is
granted to a life tenant until that person dies. During the life estate, the life
tenant has the right to use the real estate for any lawful purpose but may
not sell the interest.
• Estate for years: Similar to a life estate but term is a specified number of
years.
• Leasehold: The right to possess and use real estate (immovable property)
pursuant to the terms of a lease.
• Reversion: The right to possess the fee interest in real estate (immovable
property) after the expiration of a life estate, estate for years, or leasehold.
• Concurrent or co-tenancy: The ownership of an interest in real property
(immovable property) by more than one party. Rights of any single party
may be limited in various ways depending on the jurisdiction and type of
concurrency.
Page 44 of 90
Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133
2a.11 Municipality
• A municipality is an administrative entity composed of a clearly defined territory

and its population and commonly referring to a city, town, or village, or a small
grouping of them. A municipality is typically governed by a mayor and a city
council or municipal council.
• Municipalities are not necessarily the same as townships. A municipality is a
general-purpose district, as opposed to a special-purpose district.
• In most countries, a municipality is the smallest administrative subdivision to
have its own democratically elected representative leadership.
• In some countries, municipalities are referred to as "communes" (for example,
French commune or Spanish comuna). The term derives from the medieval
commune. Note that the word has absolutely no implication of communism. But
the word "communism" derives from the word "commune" because of its striving
towards a commune-like society.
Municipalities as second-level entities

• In Algeria, a municipality (commune) is part of a daïra, which is part of a wilaya
• In Australia, a municipality is a city or shire and is a subdivision of a state
• In Austria, a municipality (Gemeinde) is part of a district (Bezirk), which is in turn
part of a state (Bundesland).
• In Belgium, a municipality (gemeente/commune) is either part of a province
(provincie/province) or of the Brussels-Capital Region
• In Bosnia and Herzegovina, a municipality (općina or opština) is o part of a canton
(kanton) o a subdivision (grouped in regions)
• In Brazil, a municipality (município) is part of a state (estado)
• In Canada, a municipality is a city, town, township, county, or regional
municipality which has been incorporated by statute by the legislatures of the
Provinces and territories of Canada. It is also a specific designation for certain
municipalities in Quebec , Nova Scotia and Ontario.
• In the Philippines, a municipality (bayan) is part of a province (lalawigan) and is
composed of barangays
Self-Help

Engineering History and its Contemporary Context” can be utilized. The book can be
accessed through this link https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=KKQmkRxCKu0C&
printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false. Also, a
video presentation of the reports will be uploaded in blackboard.
Page 45 of 90
Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133
Let’s Check

- Urban Planning - Student 10
- Regional Planning - Student 11
- Urban Renewal - Student 12
- Design Engineer - Student 13
- Labor - Student 14
- Volunteer - Student 15
- Wage Slavery - Student 16
- Budget - Student 17
- Construction Safety - Student 18
- Real Property - Student 19
- Municipality - Student 20
Students 10-20 will create a PowerPoint presentation of the given topic of at least
Part 1
➢ Answer the following:
1. How to integrate the new land-use, urban transport planning concepts and
proposed projects with the actual existing land-use conditions?
2. What is the proper way to deal with abandoned and vacant property?
3. Can a city become more competitive if more demand is added to its main
roadway? Explain.
4. How can Artificial Intelligence help make our cities more competitive?
5. What are the consequences of urban dispersion in cities?
Reason -8
Content -8
Accuracy -4
Page 46 of 90
Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133
Part 2
1. List and explain the criticisms of regional planning? There are more advantages
and disadvantages in regional planning. so it should have critiques and make new
strategies to overcome this disadvantages.
2. What are the roles of transportation (planning) in addressing regional

inequalities?
3. How can we connect regional development with local and regional government
systems?
4. How can spatial planning of a region help in mitigating and adapting to climate
change?
5. In what specific ways can Urban & Regional Planning contribute positively to
the present global challenges of climate changes?
Reason -8
Content -8
Accuracy -4
Let’s Analyze
1. How do you think Artificial Intelligence affect labor rights now and in the near
future?
2. Will 3D Printing in Construction Industry affect the Economy of Country by

decline in employ-ability?
3. Why deaf and hard of hearing individuals work, only, in manual labor or low-
skill jobs in most countries?
Page 47 of 90
Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133
4. Reducing daily working hours from 8 to 6 with the same wages. Discuss this
phrase in the light of what is happening in other countries?
5. Why the millennials are the new wage slaves?
Reason -8
Content -8
Accuracy -4
Nutshell
Research Work
➢ Students will search for a specific place (local or international) where urban or
regional planning was implemented. An organized and detailed description of the
planning must be presented. Also, before and after pictures or documentations
must be included. The research work rubric will be uploaded in blackboard.
Q&A List
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Page 48 of 90
Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133

Big Picture ULO-2a: Let’s Check Sept. 11, 2020 BB’s assignment feature
Part 1
Big Picture ULO-2a: Let’s Check Sept. 15, 2020
Part 2
Big Picture ULO-2a: Let’s Analyze Sept. 16, 2020 BB’s assignment feature
Big Picture ULO-2a: In a Nutshell Sept. 17, 2020 BB’s assignment feature
Big Picture ULO-2a: Q&A list Sept. 17, 2020 BB’s Forum Feature
Second Exam Sept. 18, 2020 BB’s assignment feature
Page 49 of 90
Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133
Let ug begin!
Big Picture
expected to
a. Recognize the different fields of civil engineering; how they differ to

each other, and be familiar with the roles that professionals in those
various fields are engage in.
Big Picture in Focus: ULO-3a. Recognize the different fields of civil engineering;
how they differ to each other, and be familiar with the roles that professionals
in those various fields are engage in.
Metalanguage
1. Structural Engineering. It is a specialty within the field of civil engineering which

focuses on the framework of structures, and on designing those structures to
withstand the stresses and pressures of their environment and remain safe, stable
and secure throughout their use.
2. Structural Analysis. It is the process of calculating and determining the effects of
loads and internal forces on a structure, building or object. Structural Analysis is
particularly important for structural engineers to ensure they completely understand
the load paths and the impacts the loads have on their engineering design.
3. Structural Design. It is a method or tool by which we find out safe and economical
specifications of a structure or a member of the structure sufficient to carry the load.
In other words finding out cross-sectional dimension, grade of material, amount of
reinforcement etc. necessary to withstand the internal forces that we have got from
structural analysis.
4. Construction Engineering and Management (CEM). involves the application of
technical and scientific knowledge to infrastructure construction projects. While
engineering focuses on design and construction management is concerned with
overseeing the actual construction, CEM often represents a blend of both disciplines,
bridging design and management or project execution.
5. Geotechnical Engineering. It is the study of the behavior of soils under the influence
of loading forces and soil-water interactions. This knowledge is applied to the design
of foundations, retaining walls, earth dams, clay liners, and geosynthetics for waste
containment.
6. Soil Mechanics. Branch of science that deals with the study of the physical properties
and behavior of the soil masses subjected to various types of forces.
7. Rock Mechanics. It is the study of the mechanical behavior of subsurface
sedimentary strata and rocks that are formed.
8. Soil Engineering. Application of the principles of soil mechanics to practical
problems.
Page 50 of 90
Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133
9. Foundation. Is that part of a structure which transmits building loads directly into
the underlying soil
10. Water Resource Engineering. It is a specialty of civil engineering that focuses on
water supplies, irrigation and waste disposal. It also addresses methods for
controlling water to avoid water-related damage and catastrophes.
11. Transportation Engineering. It is a branch of civil engineering that is involved in
the planning, design, operation, and maintenance of safe and efficient transportation
systems. These systems include roadways, railways, waterways, and intermodal
operations. Typically, the demand is the amount of traffic (people, cars, railcars,
barges) that is expected to use a particular transportation facility, while the supply is
the quantity and type of infrastructure components (roadways, bridges, pavements,
etc.). These systems are typically large and expensive.
12. Environmental and Energy. It is a branch of energy engineering which seeks to
efficiently use energy and to maintain the environment. Energy engineers require
knowledge across many disciplines. Careers include work in the built environment,
renewable and traditional energy industries.
Essential Knowledge
3a.1 Structural Engineering
Structural engineering is one of the most fundamental engineering disciplines

because it deals directly with the structural integrity and strength of a building or
structure.
It involves the analysis and design of structures such as buildings, bridges, towers,
marine structures, dams, tunnels, retaining walls and other infrastructure.
It underpins and sustains the built environment, where structures must be safe,
serviceable, durable, aesthetically pleasing and economical.
What structural engineers do?
• use their creativity and scientific training to develop and maintain new and
existing structures and incorporate advanced materials.
• develop structural solutions to resist loads and other forces.
• devise ways to provide safe load paths for these forces.
Basic Tasks: to relate numerical quantities of physical forces to physical configurations of

force-resisting elements.
Analysis - is the process of determining forces in each element in a structure (such as a

beam) when the configuration of elements is already defined.
Design - is the process of configuring elements to resist forces whose values are already
known.
Page 51 of 90
Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133
Analysis and Design - are complementary procedures in the overall process of designing
new structures.
Structural Design
Determines the type of structure that is suitable for a particular purpose, the
materials to be used, the loads and other actions that the structure must sustain, and the
arrangement, layout and dimensions of its various components.
Structural design involves detailed calculations to ensure that:

• the structure is stable
• all parts have adequate strength to resist the design loads
• the structure as a whole will remain serviceable throughout its design life and
able to perform its intended function
• involves the careful preparation of drawings that will communicate the
engineering design to the contractors who will build the structure.
Structural Analysis
It is an integral part of structural design.
• It involves the calculation of the response of the structure to the design loads and
imposed deformations that it will be required to resist during its lifetime.
• In structural engineering, ‘deformation’ refers to when an object is changed
temporarily or permanently due to applied force.
• These calculations allow structural engineers to select the right materials for the
structure, and to ensure that it will be suitable for the purpose for which it is being
built.
Structures are subject to vertical, or Gravity Loads and horizontal, or Lateral Loads.
Gravity loads include "dead", or permanent, load, which is the weight of the structure,
including its walls, floors, finishes, and mechanical systems, and "live", or temporary load,
which is the weight of a structure's contents and occupants, including the weight of snow.
Lateral loads are live loads include those generated by the wind, earthquakes, or
explosions. Structural elements must be designed so that, as a system, the structure can
resist all loads that will act upon it.
Page 52 of 90
Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133
Construction surveying (otherwise "lay-out" or "setting-out"): to stake out

reference points and markers that will guide the construction of new structures such as
roads or buildings for subsequent construction.
Shear wall is a structural member used to resist lateral forces parallel to the plane
of the wall. The vertical elements of the horizontal force resisting system. It is especially
important in high-rise buildings subject to lateral wind and seismic forces.
Prestressed concrete is a structural material that allows for

predetermined, engineering stresses to be placed in members to counteract the stresses
that occur when they are subject to loading. It combines the high strength compressive
properties of concrete with the high tensile strength of steel. It is now commonly used
for floor beams, piles and railways sleepers, as well as structures such
as bridges, water tanks, roofs and runways. Generally, prestressed concrete is not
necessary for columns and walls, however, it can be used economically for
tall columns and high retaining walls with high bending stresses.
Designing a society’s infrastructure presents enormous challenges, creatively and

intellectually. This is a fascinating career for those interested in building, mechanics and
mathematics and who would enjoy working in teams with other engineering disciplines,
architects, contractors and builders.
3a.2 Construction Engineering and Management
Construction Engineering and management involves the application of technical

and scientific knowledge to infrastructure construction projects. While engineering
focuses on design and construction management is concerned with overseeing the actual
construction, CEM often represents a blend of both disciplines, bridging design and
management or project execution.
What does a construction engineering manager do?

• They are the players in the successful completion of construction projects.
Page 53 of 90
Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133
• They are responsible for assembling teams of qualified engineers who can ensure
completion of a given project.
Work Responsibilities
Construction engineering managers often work out of a central office but may
make frequent visits to job sites and sometimes engage in on-location work with labor.
They also tour sites regularly to inspect the work being done and to ensure that proper
standards in the construction project are being maintained. He or she is often called upon
to survey the job site prior to the beginning of a project, addressing environmental issues
and local laws or codes that must be followed.
Before work commences, an engineering manager typically prepares a report on

their findings and collaborates with others involved with the project, including
governmental agencies, environmental associations, contractors, and subcontractors.
Professional Skills and Expertise
Construction engineering managers must possess a thorough understanding of

laws, regulations, and building codes, especially those that have a direct impact on the
project at hand. They must also be able to estimate the total cost of a given project with
consideration to:
▹ Site inspections
▹ Drainage, sewage, and elevation level tests
▹ Equipment and materials
▹ Labour
Construction engineering managers are also responsible for managing the

workings of various other entities involved in the project. They are responsible for
providing expert supervision from beginning to end while also keeping the project
running on or ahead of schedule and within budget.
The job requires strong leadership and interpersonal skills and attention to detail.
Like any other kind of engineer, construction engineering managers need to possess
strong problem-solving, analytical, and mathematical skills.
Seven Types of Construction
1. Agricultural:
Typically, economical buildings, and other improvements, for agricultural

purposes. Examples include barns, equipment and animal sheds, specialized fencing,
storage silos and elevators, and water supply and drains such as wells, tanks, and ditches.
2. Residential:
Residential construction includes houses, apartments, townhouses, and other

smaller, low-rise housing, small office types.
3. Commercial:
Page 54 of 90
Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133
This refers to construction for the needs of private commerce, trade, and services.
Examples include office buildings, "big box" stores, shopping centres and malls,
warehouses, banks, theatres, casinos, resorts, golf courses, and larger residential
structures such as high-rise hotels and condominiums.
4. Institutional:
This category is for the needs of government and other public organizations.
Examples include schools, fire and police stations, libraries, museums, dormitories,
research buildings, hospitals, transportation terminals, some military facilities, and
governmental buildings.
5. Industrial:
Buildings and other constructed items used for storage and product production,
including chemical and power plants, steel mills, oil refineries and platforms,
manufacturing plants, pipelines, and seaports.
6. Heavy civil:
The construction of transportation infrastructure such as roads, bridges,

railroads, tunnels, airports, and fortified military facilities. Dams are also included, but
most other water-related infrastructure is considered environmental.
7. Environmental:
Environmental construction was part of heavy civil, but is now separate, dealing
with projects that improve the environment. Some examples are water and wastewater
treatment plants, sanitary and storm sewers, solid waste management, and air pollution
control.
3a.3 Geotechnical Engineering
Geotechnical Engineering is the subdiscipline of civil engineering that involves

natural materials found close to the surface of the earth. It is the application of the
principles of the soil mechanics and rock mechanics to the design of foundations,
retaining structures and earth structures.
What do Geotechnical Engineers do?
• Evaluation of geotechnical hazards including potential of landslides

• Determination of bearing capacity, deformations of foundations, and likely
interactions between soil, foundation and the structure
• Assessment of earth pressure and the performance of retaining walls
• Analysis of embankment behavior
• Strength of excavations, caves, tunnels
• Conducting of response analysis for a site
Page 55 of 90
Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133
Geotechnical Applications
• Foundations
Shallow Foundation Deep Foundation
• Underground and Earth-retaining Structures
Tunnels Retaining Walls
• Excavations
• Embankments
Page 56 of 90
Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133
• Dams
• Earthworks
Site preparation work prior to building constructions
Geotechnical Systems Engineering
Page 57 of 90
Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133
Geotechnical engineers study the mechanical behavior of earth materials

specifically the state of rest or motion of soil bodies under the action force system (Harr,
2004).
Responsibilities
• Investigate & monitor subsurface conditions and surficial materials at a site
• Ascertain the relevant geotechnical properties of site materials
• Evaluate & monitor the geotechnical integrity of man-made and natural soil/rock
slopes and deposits
• Assess & monitor the risks associated with the site conditions
• Carry out earthwork and structure foundation designs and monitor the
geotechnical performance of these designs
• Prescribe ground improvements to enhance the geotechnical integrity of a site
A geotechnical engineer need:

• an interest in the natural world
• practical and technical skills
• problem-solving skills
• planning and organisational skills
• strong written and oral communication skills
• the ability to work independently, or as part of a team.
Historical Developments
• The ancient Greek civilizations used isolated pad footings and strip-and-raft
foundation for building structures.
• Dykes were built during Indus and Chinese civilizations (around 2000 BC).
• Beginning around 2700 BC several pyramids were built in Egypt
• Geotechnical Engineering prior to 18th century
Charles Coulomb (1736-1806)

- a French Engineer, published his wedge theory of earth pressure in 1776,
which is the first major contribution to the scientific study of soil behaviour.
• Modern Day
Karl Terzaghi (1883-1963)

“Father of Modern Soil Mechanics”
- developed the theory of consolidation for clays.
- The consolidation of the theory was published in his book ”Erdbaumechanik” in
1925.
Arthur Casagrande (1902-1981)

- well-known for his ingenious designs of soil testing apparatus and research on
seepage and soil liquefaction
Ralph Peck (1912 – 2008)
Page 58 of 90
Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133
- was an eminent civil engineer specializing in soil mechanics. He was awarded

the National Medal of Science in 1975 for his development of the science and art
of subsurface engineering, combining the contributions of the sciences of geology
and soil mechanics with the practical art of foundation design.
3a.4 Water Resource Engineering
Water Resource Engineers develop new equipment and systems for water
resource management facilities in a specific country. The systems that Water Resource
Engineers create ensure that citizens are provided with a continuous supply of clean,
uncontaminated water for drinking, living, and recreational purposes.
The applications of water resource engineering:
• Design of various hydraulic structures such as breakwaters and dams, sewage

conduit.
• Management of waterways-flood and erosion protection.
• Hydroelectric-power development.
• Irrigation, water supply and navigation
• Environmental management
Different aspects that water resources engineering was used:
• Flood forecasting, flood management

• Reservoir operation
• Dam break analysis
• River ecology
• River management, navigation
• Sediment transport &river morphology
• Basin-wide water resource planning
• River water quality, point load and non-point assessments
• Conjunctive use of surface water and groundwater
• Watershed management
• Soil &groundwater contamination
Duties that a water resources engineer performs:
• Water treatment facilities

• Natural springs
• Underground wells
• Support land development projects
• Generate master plans
• Optimize water distribution system operations
• Storm water and wastewater systems
• Design plans and systems that intelligently and safely deliver clean water
• Make reliable renewal decisions
• Accurately model water system operations
• Deliver high-quality design solutions with minimal capital investments
Page 59 of 90
Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133
• Reduce emergency response time
Planning, construction, implementation and maintenance tasks
A skilled and well-trained water resources engineer can create new systems and
equipment to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of water resource management
and water treatment. Water resources engineers analyze data from different areas to
design new systems or improve existing facilities to improve the cleansing effects of local
water treatment systems. Even as they do this, they have to take into consideration
government regulations, budgetary constraints, future requirements and more.
Systems and tools that water resources engineers use
• GIS and hydraulic modeling

• Infrastructure Design Suite software
• Slug tests and aquifer tests analysis software
• Streamflow-based programs
• Graphical User Interfaces
• Post Processors
• Water data analytics platform
• 2D and 3D CAD viewers and software
3a.5 Transportation Engineering
• Transport or transportation is the movement of people, animals

and goods from one location to another.
• Modes of transport include air, rail, road, water and pipeline.
• Transportation engineering is the application of technology and scientific
principles to the planning, functional design, operation and management of
facilities for any mode of transportation in order to provide for the safe, efficient,
rapid, comfortable, convenient, economical, and environmentally compatible
movement of people and goods.
Five Modes of Transportation
1. Railways
2. Roadways
3. Waterways
4. Pipe-lines
5. Airways
1. Railways
• Very large volumes of goods can be transported economically over long distances
to remote places.
• Railways help to transport raw materials from extractive industries which are
located at the remote areas
Page 60 of 90
Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133
2. Roadways
• Or Road transport forms an essential part of any transport activity, whether rail,
sea or air.
• It is essential as supplementary and complementary mode of transport. For
example, from terminal the railway station the goods have to be carried to the
destination by road.
3. Water Transport
• One of the oldest modes of transportation is water.

• In terms of time factor, they may be slow.
• Water transport could be of inland can carry more shipment at reduced cost over
longer distance.
• Water transport could be of inland type or oceanic transport.
• Inland water transport is used mainly for transport within a country.
• Oceanic water transport is used for overseas transportation
4. Pipeline
• It is used for the transport of crude petroleum, refined petroleum and natural gas.
• Also used for transportation of certain types of chemicals, pulverized dry bulk
materials such as cement and flour via hydraulic suspension system and sewage
and water in cities.
5. Air Transport
• Is the newest mode of transportation.

• The basic advantage of Air transport is its high speed. By air, the time required
maybe days by other modes of transport.
What are the roles of Transportation Engineer?
The basic role of a transportation engineer is to develop plans for surface

transportation projects, according to established engineering standards and state or
federal construction policy. Prepare designs, specifications, or estimates for
transportation facilities. Plan modifications of existing streets, highways, or freeways to
improve traffic flow.
Below are the Job Duties and Tasks of Transportation Engineer:
• Prepare project budgets, schedules, or specifications for labor or materials.

• Supervise the maintenance or repair of transportation systems or system
components.
• Participate in contract bidding, negotiation, or administration.
• Evaluate construction project materials for compliance with environmental
standards.
• Investigate traffic problems and recommend methods to improve traffic flow or
safety.
• Direct the surveying, staking, or laying-out of construction projects.
Page 61 of 90
Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133
• Estimate transportation project costs.

• Analyze environmental impact statements for transportation projects.
• Inspect completed transportation projects to ensure compliance with
environmental regulations.
• Review development plans to determine potential traffic impact.
• Present data, maps, or other information at construction-related public hearings
or meetings.
• Prepare administrative, technical, or statistical reports on traffic-operation
matters, such as accidents, safety measures, or pedestrian volume or practices.
• Evaluate transportation systems or traffic control devices or lighting systems to
determine need for modification or expansion.
• Evaluate traffic control devices or lighting systems to determine need for
modification or expansion.
• Develop or assist in the development of transportation-related computer software
or computer processes.
• Prepare final project layout drawings that include details such as stress
calculations.
• Plan alteration or modification of existing transportation structures to improve
safety or function.
• Model transportation scenarios to evaluate the impacts of activities such as new
development or to identify possible solutions to transportation problems.
• Investigate or test specific construction project materials to determine
compliance to specifications or standards.
• Inspect completed transportation projects to ensure safety or compliance with
applicable standards or regulations.
• Confer with contractors, utility companies, or government agencies to discuss
plans, specifications, or work schedules.
• Check construction plans, design calculations, or cost estimations to ensure
completeness, accuracy, or conformity to engineering standards or practices.
• Design or prepare plans for new transportation systems or parts of systems, such
as airports, commuter trains, highways, streets, bridges, drainage structures, or
roadway lighting.
• Design or engineer drainage, erosion, or sedimentation control systems for
transportation projects.
• Design transportation systems or structures using sustainable materials or
products, such as porous pavement or bioretention structures.
• Develop plans to deconstruct damaged or obsolete roadways or other
transportation structures in a manner that is environmentally sound or prepares
the land for sustainable development.
3a.6 Environmental and Energy
Energy – is a property of matter that can be converted into work heat or radiation.
Types of Energy
• Potential Energy – Potential energy is an energy which is due to an object’s
position. Example; Chemical Energy, Nuclear Energy, Mechanical Energy,
Gravitational Energy.
Page 62 of 90
Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133
• Kinetic Energy – is that energy of an object due to its motion. Example: Radiant
Energy, Thermal Energy, Electrical Energy, Motion Energy.
Forms of Energy
• Mechanical
- Mechanical Energy is that energy which is store in object by the application of
force. Example: Stretched rubber band and compressed springs.
• Thermal Energy
- It is the internal energy in substance. Example: Geothermal Energy.
• Radiant Energy
- It is electromagnetic energy that travel in transverse way. Example: Solar
Energy.
• Electrical Energy
- Is the movement of electrons. Example: Light and electricity.
• Chemical Energy
- It is an energy which is stored in the bond of atom or molecule. Example:
Biomass, Petroleum, Natural Gas and Coal.
• Nuclear Energy
- It is an energy which is stored in the nucleolus of atom. Example: Nucleus of a
uranium atom.
Classification of Energy Sources
• Renewable Energy
- Renewable energy sources are unlimited by rate of use or non-depleting.
Example: wind, solar, geothermal, Hydro, Bio Energy.
• Solar Energy
- Solar energy is a combination of light and heat which is produced by sun.
• Wind Energy
- Wind energy is the energy of moving air.
• Bio Energy
- Bio energy is derived from biological source.
• Geothermal Energy
- Geothermal Energy that comes from the heat of the earth.
Environment
Page 63 of 90
Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133
The environment refers to the surroundings in which a person, animal and plant
lives.
Environmental Changes
Environment has been always changing some time slowly and sometime rapidly.
Man, and other organism are affected by these changes in the environment. Environment
changes are carried out in two ways.
• Natural Changes – these changes take place by natural process such as storms,
flood and earthquake.
• Artificial Changes – these changes are caused by human activities such as
transportation, industrial revolution, agricultural process etc.
Types of Pollution
• Air pollution – it is the contamination of air by smoke and harmful gases, mainly
oxides of carbon, sulfur, and nitrogen.
• Water pollution – it is the contamination of any body of water (lakes, groundwater,
oceans, etc.)
• Land pollution – it is the degradation of the earth’s surface caused by a misuse of
resources and improper disposal of waste.
• Noise pollution – is any load sounds that are harmful to humans and animals.
•
What are the roles of Environmental Engineers?
Environmental engineers typically do the following:

• Prepare, review, and update environmental investigation reports
• Design projects that lead to environmental protection, such as water reclamation
facilities or air pollution control systems
• Obtain, update, and maintain plans, permits, and standard operating procedures
• Provide technical support for environmental remediation projects and for legal
actions
• Analyze scientific data and do quality-control checks
• Monitor the progress of environmental improvement programs
• Inspect industrial and municipal facilities and programs in order to ensure
compliance with environmental regulations
• Advise corporations and government agencies about procedures for cleaning up
contaminated sites
What is the role of Energy Engineers?
The primary job of an Energy Engineer is to design, develop, or evaluate energy-

related projects or programs to reduce energy costs or improve energy efficiency during
the designing, building, or remodeling stages of construction. May specialize in electrical
systems; heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems; green buildings;
lighting; air quality; or energy procurement.
Page 64 of 90
Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133
Self-Help

Let’s Check
- Structural Engineering - Student 21 and 22

- Construction Engineering and - Student 23 and 24
Management
- Geotechnical Engineering - Student 25 and 26
- Water Resource Engineering - Student 27 and 28
- Transportation Engineering - Student 29 and 30
- Environmental and Energy - Student 31 and 32
➢ Fill the Blanks
Below are phrases/sentences that describes or corresponds to the different fields

of Civil Engineering. Use theses phrases/sentences to fill the blanks in Figure 3a.
- Optimize water distribution system operations.

- The application of technology and scientific principles to the planning, functional
design, operation and management of facilities for any mode of transportation.
- It involves the analysis and design of structures such as buildings, bridges,
towers, marine structures, dams, tunnels, retaining walls and other infrastructure.
- Prescribe ground improvements to enhance the geotechnical integrity of a site.
- To relate numerical quantities of physical forces to physical configurations of
force-resisting elements.
- Inspect industrial and municipal facilities and programs in order to ensure
compliance with environmental regulations.
- They are responsible for providing expert supervision from beginning to end
while also keeping the project running on or ahead of schedule and within budget.
Page 65 of 90
Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133
- Evaluate traffic control devices or lighting systems to determine need for

modification or expansion.
- Assess & monitor the risks associated with the site conditions.
- Design of various hydraulic structures such as breakwaters and dams, sewage
conduit.
- Must possess a thorough understanding of laws, regulations, and building codes,
especially those that have a direct impact on the project at hand.
- Their main job is to design, develop, or evaluate energy-related projects or
programs to reduce energy costs or improve energy efficiency during the
designing, building, or remodeling stages of construction.
- In this field, ‘deformation’ refers to when an object is changed temporarily or
permanently due to applied force.
- Direct the surveying, staking, or laying-out of construction projects.
- They are the players in the successful completion of construction projects.
- Design plans and systems that intelligently and safely deliver clean water.
- Advise corporations and government agencies about procedures for cleaning up
contaminated sites.
- Strength of excavations, caves, tunnels.
Structural
CEM
Geotechnical
Civil Engineering
Water Resource
Transportation
Environmental and
Energy
Figure 3a: Fill the Blanks

Page 66 of 90
Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133
by the course coordinator. Answers must be type written with the actual figure
shown in Figure 3a. A pdf file must be submitted through assignment feature in
blackboard for checking.
Let’s Analyze
Answer in your own words
➢ Define the different fields of engineering and explain extensively the important
roles they play in our society. Your answer must be at least 500 words.
You will be graded according to the grading criteria below.

Reason - 40
Content - 40
Accuracy - 20
Nutshell
Performance (Poster Making)
➢ You will create a poster about your chosen specialization with a theme
“Sustainable Engineering”. Also, you are required to do a time lapse video of
yourself making the poster. Use ¼ size illustration board and any coloring
materials of your choice. Take two pictures, one picture showcasing your poster
and another picture of your poster with you. Email the pictures and video to the
course coordinator for grading. Lastly, rubric for poster making will be uploaded
in blackboard.
NOTE: Ten (10) points will be deducted for not following instructions and five
(5) points will be deducted in every five (5) minutes late submission.
Page 67 of 90
Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133
Q&A List
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Big Picture ULO-3a: Let’s Check Sept. 29, 2020 BB’s assignment feature
Big Picture ULO-3a: Let’s Analyze Sept. 30, 2020 BB’s assignment feature
Big Picture ULO-3a: In a Nutshell Oct. 01, 2020 Email
Big Picture ULO-3a: Q&A list Oct. 01, 2020 BB’s Forum Feature
Third Exam Oct. 02, 2020 BB’s assignment feature
Page 68 of 90
Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133
Let ug begin!
Big Picture
expected to
a. Grasp the different civil engineering strategies in implementing

sustainability that is meeting human needs for natural resources,
industrial products, energy, food, transportation, shelter, and effective
waste management while conserving and protecting environmental
quality and the natural resource base essential for future development.
b. Recognize the relationship between Civil Engineering and
Environmental Science, and learn strategies on how to address
environmental concerns through modern policies and technologies.
Big Picture in Focus: ULO-4a. Grasp the different civil engineering strategies in
implementing sustainability that is meeting human needs for natural resources,
industrial products, energy, food, transportation, shelter, and effective waste
management while conserving and protecting environmental quality and the
natural resource base essential for future development.
Metalanguage
1. Sustainability. Is a broad term describing a desire to carry out activities without

depleting resources or having harmful impacts. Sustainability in building
developments is a vast and complex subject that must be considered from the very
earliest stages as the potential environmental impacts are very significant.
2. Renewable Materials. Are sustainable materials, which means, these materials do
not use up non-renewable resources. They can also be produced in high enough
volume to be economically useful. Bamboo and cork are rapidly renewable materials
used to create flooring materials for homes and office buildings.
3. Raw Materials. Are materials that are in their natural state, before they are
processed or used in manufacturing.
4. Light-weight Materials. The lightweight of these materials meant that more can be
transported at one time, which also saves time. Lightweight construction materials
are often very environmentally friendly. Lightweight concrete, for example, can be
used as insulation material, as well as building materials.
5. Lean Manufacturing. Lean manufacturing addresses one of the worst things that
can happen to any enterprise: waste. To not take full advantage of all of your
resources is to lose efficiencies and, in so doing, stunt production. These neglected
resources include everything from manufacturing project management tools, to the
skills of the staff members.
Page 69 of 90
Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133
Essential Knowledge
Introduction
In today’s society the idea of sustainability is possibly more prevalent than at any
other point and time. Across our everyday lives we encounter the practice of
sustainability from renewable energy resources to curbside recycling programs. As our
demand for products, infrastructure and lifestyle amenities grow, so should our
awareness that we live in a fragile balance between meeting these needs and meeting
these needs in a way that has minimal impact to the environment and does not jeopardize
our own public health and safety.
We as Civil Engineers and future Civil Engineers play a vital role in the Sustainable
Development in meeting the needs of the public. We are those designing and building the
infrastructures that support us as a society. A Civil Engineers utmost responsibility is
sustainability.
Sustainable Development
When you decide to follow a certain career path and make the decision to become
a professional in that field, whether it be medical, law or in this case a Professional
Engineer, you have a code of ethics that you are bound to. The American Society of Civil
Engineers (ASCE) Code of Ethics was designed so that a standard could be put in place as
to how engineers should practice professionally. This Code of Ethics lays out seven
Fundamental Canons that an engineer shall always govern their actions by. The first of
these Canons introduces us to the concept of Sustainable Development. “Engineers shall
hold paramount the safety, health and welfare of the public and shall strive to comply
with the principles of sustainable development in the performance of their professional
duties.” (ASCE Code of Ethics, 1996) This concept of Sustainable Development could in
many ways be considered the “Golden Rule” of engineering. If as engineers we follow this
one Canon the other Canons immediately fall into place.
Sustainability by definition is the method of using a resource in a way that the

resource is not depleted or permanently damaged. (Merriam-Webster Online
Dictionary). Traditionally the concept of sustainability has been applied to relating
biological systems (the Earth) and human systems (society). Although, very complex
when looking at the direct relationships of human needs and biological impacts, the
concept is really one that is as old as time itself that has been taught through the concept
of not over harvesting from the Bible.
For this discussion the concept of sustainability will deal primarily with
Sustainable Development as defined by the ASCE in 1996: “Sustainable Development is
the challenge of meeting human needs for natural resources, industrial products, energy,
food, transportation, shelter, and effective waste management while conserving and
protecting environmental quality and the natural resource base essential for future
development.”(ASCE Code of Ethics, 1996)
Page 70 of 90
Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133
Practice of Sustainable Development
As civil engineers we play a vital role in Sustainable Development. When a client

approaches a Civil Engineer to design a new project this immediately incorporates a
multi-discipline process that may involve biologists, geologists, community interests
groups, regulatory enforcement agencies and the business community. All of these
groups have an interest in the project and seeing that the project is completed in a way
not to put their interests at risk. It is the Civil Engineers responsibility to ethically
combine all the disciplines interests and produce a design that meets the client’s goals.
For an example of this in practice we can take a look at a new manufacturing facility
being built. The area that this new facility is being built was once used as cropland and will
continue to have active cropland around it once completed. There is also a major body of
water close to the facility that is used for shipping and recreation.
A civil engineer will be responsible to determine: if the land used will be adequate
to support the characteristics of the facility (i.e., soil characteristics, layout of facilities, site
drainage, past land usage); if the transportation system to the new facility will be
adequate; provide a design that will take into account the needs of the aquatic habitat and
flora and fauna; design a facility that will minimally impact residents that may surround
the facility; design a facility that meets EPA and OSHA requirements; and a design that is
in conjunction with other businesses in the area.
In order to successfully combine these needs as an engineer one must have a

knowledge and understanding of multiple disciplines. The combination of this knowledge
is projected out through the concept of Sustainable Development. As civil engineers
ethically you cannot discount other disciplines and must always be aware of how they may
affect your work.
The concept of Sustainable Development is one that an engineer should never feel
that they must violate in order to ethically complete a project. For an engineer to violate
the concept of Sustainable Development in a project the size of a manufacturing facility, or
any project they are jeopardizing the safety, health and well-being of the public and
potentially damaging the environment. Knowingly doing this not only is unethical but in
severe cases may even be considered criminal. At no time should violation of sustainable
development be a solution to issues encountered in the practice of engineering.
An engineer that practices sustainable development should never feel that they are
acting unethically. During the design stages of the manufacturing facility if an engineer has
taken all appropriate steps to gather the information needed from all involved parties to
provide a client with a sound design, that engineer has acted ethically. Sustainable
development should always take into account what is best for society and best for the
environment in providing a client with a design that meets their goals.
5 Techniques for Sustainable Building Construction
For contractors, a strategy for saving time and materials can lead to higher
profitability and the good feeling of not creating unnecessary waste. Here’s a look at five
techniques that are having the greatest impact on sustainable building construction.
Page 71 of 90
Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133
A quieter part of the sustainability story is the evolution in construction

techniques and materials acquisition that can reduce waste, energy and various
inefficiencies at building sites.
However, green construction techniques play only a small role in

achieving Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) certification from the
Washington, D.C.-based U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC). This is why many
contractors don’t focus on them.
The USGBC works on a point system, and most of those awarded come from a
building’s design, location and orientation, and its materials to a smaller degree. All of
these contribute to LEED certifications. Lean manufacturing, in contrast, wins no points
for contractors but contributes to less energy expended at a site.
For contractors, a strategy for saving time and materials can lead to higher
profitability and the good feeling of not creating unnecessary waste. Below are the five
techniques that are having the greatest impact on sustainable building construction.
1. Prefabricating Materials in Controlled Environments

2. Construction Waste Management
3. Managing the Site for Improved Environment
4. Lean Manufacturing to Reduce Energy
5. Material Selection
Page 72 of 90
Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133
Construction industry progress towards sustainability with renewable materials
Today, buildings are held responsible for a large proportion of global energy
consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. With an increasing number of government
regulations encouraging net-zero carbon future to limit global temperature rise, the
construction industry is on a way to design, construct and operate buildings that improve
their environmental sustainability along with the internal environment for users. The
construction sector is known to possess the huge untapped potential for improving
sustainability in every component of its value chain with digitalization, innovative
technologies and new techniques of construction. Construction companies are leveraging
advanced technologies such as Building Information Modelling (BIM), smart building
technologies and new building materials to attain a greater maturity towards
sustainability.
Government regulations encourage adoption of renewable materials
In the mission to transform the construction industry into a sustainable sector,

various renewable materials in the construction market have been identified, which hold
the potential to replace the existing construction materials. The major objective here is
to save energy, water, and various non-renewable resources to reap long term benefits.
Construction companies are particular about introducing renewable materials in
construction activities to avoid the imposition of any regulations in the future. To propel
such initiatives towards sustainability, recognized organizations such as LEED
(Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) are encouraging the construction
companies by awarding green building certification. The growing trend of such
recognitions has been increasing the supply of renewable material in construction.
Use of sustainable materials impart brand recognition to companies
Along with growing awareness and restrictions, consumer awareness holds a

major significance in promoting renewable materials in construction. Growing consumer
awareness regarding the environment is adversely affecting the demand for conventional
construction materials. In a way, consumer inclination towards renewable materials is a
major factor fueling their use in the construction sector. The fact that sustainable
buildings tap into this growing trend of eco-friendliness, is making them a marker for
brand recognition for companies striving to make a difference in the correlation between
construction and environment.
Wood creates profitable avenues in the market
Wood is one of the most sought after renewable resources that can contribute to
sustainability in the construction industry. Though deforestation makes it difficult to
think of wood as a sustainable material, it gets upper hand over man-made construction
materials like concrete and steel that leave a high carbon footprint. Market players in the
construction industry are using wood instead of steel or concrete to substantially reduce
Page 73 of 90
Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133
the environmental impact of construction, as well as its operating costs. Moreover, the
manufactures in the construction sector are embracing advances in building technology
to extend the use of wood in a wide range of non-residential, multi-story and long-span
buildings. The construction industry has been introducing construction accordingly, to
accommodate wood construction methods.
Manufacturers embrace technological advancements to create new materials
With the help of Green concrete technology, construction companies are utilizing
waste materials with recycled commodities such as mining wastes, glass wastes, and
burnt clay to develop renewable materials for construction. The output is a low-
maintenance and long-lasting renewable material for construction called green concrete.
Manufacturers are designing these concretes while keeping in mind the entire
construction life cycle, composed of structural design, parameters, production
techniques, and maintenance methodologies. This concrete is highly demanded in the
market as there are they release no harmful emissions. Also, it ensures a reduction in the
emission of CO2 into the environment.
Plastic bricks are the other product of technology that are used as renewable
materials in construction activities. This product is unique in its way of spreading eco-
friendliness as it gives a viable solution to the ever-increasing challenge in the disposal of
plastic. It is an innovative concept where plastic is reused and mixed with cement
aggregates to crate shapes of bricks. This has proven to be a spectacular solution for
overcoming the long-standing issue of plastic waste. A high ratio of tensile strength and
weight of plastic material works in favor of these bricks. Manufacturers are adopting
increasingly adopting these bricks as a construction material as they are lighter than
conventional bricks. Moreover, they have superb insulation properties for noise and heat,
which is way more than normal bricks.
Regenerative plants highly demanded as raw materials
Bamboo has been used as a renewable building material for decades in the
construction of buildings. However, its preference has increased recently owing to the
scarcity of the wood. Rapid regenerative properties along with low cost make it a favorite
for manufacturers in the market. Bamboo roofing sheets exhibit a high tolerance to
extreme weathering conditions, making them an apt construction material for the
geographical region with extreme climates. Sugar cane is another naturally grown
regenerative raw material used to create Bagasse, renewable materials used in
construction. Besides, being composted in a short period without causing environmental
harm, Bagasse is used as a biofuel for producing energy and heat along with electricity.
These multifaceted benefits pile up its demand in the market.
Light-weight materials preferred for construction
A mixture of clay with other naturally occurring products such as rice ash husk
and sawdust gives Porotherm bricks, a highly durable renewable material that can be
used in construction. Construction companies are seeking these bricks as construction
materials for their light-weight. Other attributes such as low water absorption, fire-proof
and thermal insulation also enhance their applicability in the construction industry. Fly
Page 74 of 90
Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133
Ash bricks, made of waste products that refrain from releasing harmful toxins into the
environment are giving new life to renewable construction materials. Manufactures
prefer theses bricks over clay ones as this green building material is known to absorb less
heat and water, which increases the profitability aspect for the investors. Besides being
light-weight, the energy-efficient manufacturing of these bricks is garnering huge
popularity for them in the market.
Besides technical developments that are encouraging the sustainability and use of
renewable materials in the construction segment, the millennial population is emerging
as a major driver for sustainable buildings. The growing population of individuals taking
a tough stance to battle climate change, by protesting on the streets and demanding
systemic changes are the ones building paths of sustainable future for upcoming
generations.
Self-Help

Let’s Check

- Sustainable development and - Student 33
Practice of sustainable development
- Five techniques for sustainable building - Student 34 and 35
construction
- Construction industry progress towards - Student 36 and 37
Sustainability with renewable materials
1. In your own words, what is sustainable construction?
Page 75 of 90
Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133
2. Explain extensively how the construction industry affects the environment and
how important it is to promote sustainable construction?
3. Search for two natural materials that are used in construction locally or
globally. Explain how they have been used and how these materials impact the
construction industry.
4. Search for two waste materials that are processed then later used in construction
locally or globally. Explain how they have been used and how these materials
impact the construction industry.
5. Explain extensively how this effort of building sustainable structures can change
the future?
Reason -8
Content -8
Accuracy -4
Let’s Analyze
Elaborate more the five techniques below that are having the greatest impact on
sustainable building construction
1. Prefabricating Materials in Controlled Environments

2. Construction Waste Management
3. Managing the Site for Improved Environment
4. Lean Manufacturing to Reduce Energy
5. Material Selection
Per sustainable building construction technique, you will be graded according to

the grading criteria below.
Reason -8
Content -8
Accuracy -4
Page 76 of 90
Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133
Nutshell
➢ Students will create an essay about their thoughts of civil engineering, promoting
sustainable construction and explain why they are pro or against the idea. The
essay must have at least 500 words and must be Turnitin/plagiarism checked. The
essay must be uploaded in blackboard assignment feature for checking.
Q&A List
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Page 77 of 90
Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133
Page 78 of 90
Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133
Big Picture in Focus: ULO-4b. Recognize the relationship between Civil

Engineering and Environmental Science, and learn strategies on how to address
environmental concerns through modern polices and technologies.
Metalanguage
1. Environmental Science. Is an interdisciplinary academic field that integrates

physical and biological sciences, (including but not limited to Ecology, Physics,
Chemistry, Biology, Soil Science, Geology, Atmospheric Science and Geography) to the
study of the environment, and the solution of environmental problems.
2. Land-use zoning. The segregation of land use into different areas for each type of
use: agricultural, industrial, recreational, and residential. Planners have sought to
pursue sustainable development using more mixed land use zoning in order to reduce
the demand for travel, and greater coordination between transport and land use
planning, including support public transport.
3. Eco-friendly materials. Materials and production methods that in different ways
consider the environment in a positive way.
4. Green building. A green building is a building that, in its design, construction and
operation, reduces or eliminates negative impacts, and can create positive impactsm
on our climate and natural environment. Green building preserve precious natural
resources and improve our quality of life.
5. Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED). It is the most widely
used green building rating system in the world. Available for virtually all building
types, LEED provides a framework for healthy, highly efficient, and cost-saving green
buildings.
Essential Knowledge
What is Environmental Science?
Environmental science is an interdisciplinary academic field that integrates

physical and biological sciences, (including but not limited to Ecology, Physics, Chemistry,
Biology, Soil Science, Geology, Atmospheric Science and Geography) to the study of the
environment, and the solution of environmental problems. Environmental science
provides an integrated, quantitative, and interdisciplinary approach to the study of
environmental systems.
Related areas of study include environmental studies and environmental

engineering. Environmental studies incorporates more of the social sciences for
understanding human relationships, perceptions and policies towards the environment.
Page 79 of 90
Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133
Environmental engineering focuses on design and technology for improving

environmental quality.
Why Study Environmental Science?
• Can help us avoid mistakes made by past civilizations.

• Human survival depends on how we interact with our environment.
• Our impacts are now global.
• Many great civilizations have fallen after depleting their resources.
Role of Bye-laws in Environmental Regulation
Building bye-laws, 1983 introduced by the Ministry of Urban Development, have

been modified from time to time by various states partly for providing guidelines to the
builders in their respective states. The major aims of these bye-laws are as follows:
(i) To regulate construction activities.
(ii) To prevent haphazard growth of buildings.
(iii) To provide better civic amenities with hygienic conditions.
(iv) To regulate proper spacing between buildings in order to ensure access to
sunlight etc.
Lately bye-laws for zonal regulation have also been implemented with the following
objectives:
(i) To regulate land use.
(ii) To control population density.
(iii) To regulate planned development of a city.
Page 80 of 90
Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133
(iv) To prevent damage to ecology of an area, particularly in ecologically sensitive

areas.
Different countries have formulated different bye-laws based upon their climatic,
geographic and population characteristics. Even within a country different states amend
these laws depending upon their conditions and requirement, so as to regulate the kind of
the building that may be put on a particular site. The bye-laws are sometimes based on
aesthetics, so as to maintain aesthetic quality intact, but mostly these are based on
hygienic conditions so as to prevent overcrowding and to ensure safe and clean water,
adequate light and ventilation.
In the recent past bye-laws have also been added to promote environmental
conservation by introducing bye-laws on solar energy capture, rain-water harvesting,
solid waste disposal, energy efficiency and green space. Special bye-laws also relate to
natural hazard prone areas like seismic zones or flood prone areas and prohibited areas.
All such bye-laws play an important role in regulating and conserving the environment:
1. For ensuring better environment (sunlight)
In cold climate, solar rays penetrating into the interior spaces of a building can
prove to be very useful. The height of residential flats and the spacing regulated by bye-
laws play a useful role in ensuring solar rays reaching the back side flats.
2. Land-use zoning
Zoning regulations are legal tools for providing guidance for proper use of land
ensuring public health, safety and welfare utilizing both horizontal and vertical space.
These bye-laws help improve the quality of life in urban areas and simultaneously protect
and conserve environment.
In flood prone zones e.g., building activity is restricted and the space is used as
parks, play ground or gardens. Likewise along the drains, green belts should be planned.
In hilly areas the major aim is to conserve forest cover and preserve green area while
allowing any construction. In coastal regulation zone (CRZ) inland stretches influenced
by tidal action along with their biodiversity are considered mainly for protection, thus
limiting construction activities.
Page 81 of 90
Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133
For seismic zones, a map has been prepared based on intensity scale and zone III,
IV and V are considered to be seismically active and earthquake hazard prone areas. If an
active fault trace is identified by Geological Survey of India (GSI), a structure for human
occupancy should not be constructed there and must be set back by a minimum of 15
meters on either side of the fault trace. Similarly, flood prone areas, land-slide prone areas
and cyclone prone areas have been mapped for the country and zonation regulations exist
for ensuring safety for any construction.
In flood prone areas, buildings of priority-I should be placed in a way that the area
is above the levels corresponding to a 100-year flood level or maximum observed flood
level, whichever is higher. Similarly, they should be above the levels corresponding to a
50-year rainfall flooding and the likely submersion due to drainage congestion. Buildings
of priority-II should be placed outside the 25-year flood and 10-year rainfall contour, but
their plinth level should be higher than 25-year flood mark with ground area left for
unimportant uses. Priority-III activities like playground, park etc. can to located in areas
vulnerable to floods.
For hazard-prone zones special regulations for structural designs also exist. For
cyclone prone areas, code of practice for design loads, wind loads and guidelines for
improving cyclonic resistance of low rise houses exist. Guidelines for earthquake
resistant designs and structures are provided by various regulations. For protection from
landslide hazard, guidelines for retaining wall in hilly areas are available.
3. Upgradation of poor urban settlements
With urban growth, the number of urban settlers has swelled up many fold in the
last few decades, which has been associated with poor, unhygienic living conditions,
unclean and unsafe drinking water availability and poor sanitation facilities. Thus these
have become examples of degraded built-environment.
In the recent years the planners have realized the need for improving access to
environment by providing household loans and help the slum dwellers to have access to
basic services and amenities in the form of small houses. This type of regulation is playing
a role in bringing sustainability.
Regulations were earlier thought to be just tools of planned development. Now, in

the urban context, there bye-laws are considered as development standards. These
standards embrace all development parameters and norms having bearing on spatial
planning, intensity and pattern of development in different land use zones, norms and
space standards and service infrastructure.
There are bye-laws regulating the provision of proper space for every function and
amenity to be provided to the inhabitant, which varies in size depending upon the budget.
136 BASIC CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
4. To promote solar energy utilization
Page 82 of 90
Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133
There are Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC) norms which focus on
reduction on energy use by providing design for natural light and use of solar energy. The
Ministry of Non-conventional Energy Sources (Urban, Industrial and Commercial Group)
has provided regulations for “Accelerated development and deployment of Solar Water
Heating Systems in domestic, industrial and commercial sectors during 2008–10, with
the main objective to promote wide spread use of solar water heaters in the country
through a combination of financial and promotional incentives. Support will be provided
to municipal corporations that adopt and notify the modifications to their building bye-
laws for making installation of solar water heating systems mandatory in certain
categories of buildings and/or provide rebate in property tax to the users of solar water
heaters. Such initiatives can go a long way in conserving energy.
5. Water conservation/Rain water harvesting
The National Environment Policy, 2002 considered making it mandatory to have

installation of water saving closets and taps in the building bye-laws of urban centres.
Likewise water harvesting in all new constructions in relevant urban areas were made
mandatory.
Water table is falling rapidly in recent decades in many regions due to withdrawal
of excess amounts of water for various purposes that is in excess of annual recharge. In
urban areas, apart from use in domestic and industrial use, housing and infrastructure
like concrete floor, roads etc. prevent sufficient recharge. Rain water harvesting can play
a significant role in preventing the loss of such water. Central Ground Water Authority
(CGWA) regulates the use of ground water.
Use of Various Eco-friendly Materials in Construction
Building design should be economic, socially appreciable, energy efficient and

with minimal environmental impacts, following the principles of sustainable
development. The present facilities in building design which are environmentally less
acceptable should be upgraded in such a way that it puts less pressure on natural
resources and minimizes waste production.
Modern designers are adopting innovative approaches to satisfy client’s choice at

reasonable financial and environmental costs. Site selection and proper orientation to
provide natural light and ventilation along with reduced energy requirements have been
some of the major considerations in this regard.
Eco-friendly Materials
Production and usage of practically all types of building materials during

construction and demolition have some impact on the environment in one way or the
other. Extraction and processing of building material is associated with energy
consumption and waste generation, which vary depending upon the type of the building.
Local materials used for building have less environmental implications in terms of energy
use and waste production. The quality of building material chosen for construction needs
Page 83 of 90
Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133
to be assessed from the point of view of environmental impacts. Production and use of
building materials have the following environmental impacts:
(i) Energy consumption and related impacts.
(ii) Physical degradation of environment.
(iii) Depletion of natural resources and biodiversity.
(iv) Gaseous emissions causing global warming and acid rains.
(v) Toxic emissions and health effects.
(vi) Occupational health hazards.
Extraction and manufacturing of building materials cause physical degradation

of surrounding areas, loss of top fertile layer, loss of forests including rainforests leading
to destruction of wild life habitat of a large number of species, depletion of limited non-
renewable energy reserves and environmental pollution.
Energy consumption is an important aspect of construction. Energy is required for

extraction of minerals such as iron ores, bauxite etc. Energy is also required for
transportation, processing, fabrication and installation during construction,
refurbishment and demolition of buildings.
The most important measure of environmental impact of a building material is

‘embodied energy’ or ‘capital energy’. Embodied energy is defined as the amount of
energy used to produce a unit weight of the material.
Based upon the impacts, environmental profiles of various types of building

materials are now available. In relative environmental performance rating system, simple
grades like A, B, C... etc., are assigned based on their associated variety of environmental
impacts like mineral and water extraction, fossil fuel depletion, emissions of pollutants,
toxicity, role in climate change etc.
The embodied energy of a material increases with increase in the number of

processes it undergoes. The associated waste production also increases accordingly. For
this reason, the choice of such eco-friendly materials is necessary which are as close to
nature as possible and also nearer to the construction site; so that energy consumption
for transportation, processing and transforming is minimal. The cost and eco-friendliness
could also be improved by using recycled material. For instance, embodied energy of an
aluminum-framed window will be different if made from the recycled metal or from its
ore. The type of the material used is also equally important. Embodied energy of an
aluminum-framed window would be definitely higher than that of a timber-framed
window, as the latter involves less processing and is natural. Also, the latter would be
more ecofriendly as it does not give CO2 emissions for processing.
Transportation of the building material from production to sale, and from market
to construction site adds to the embodied energy of the material. Emissions arising from
the use of fuels in vehicles add to global warming and various noxious gases emitted lead
to serious health problems. Another important factor for consideration of eco-friendly
material is the maintenance requirement and life-span of the building.
Building materials that contribute to embodied energy are cement, concrete,

bricks, steel, aluminum, timber, glass, plaster etc., which are generally used in all types of
Page 84 of 90
Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133
buildings. Metals and plastics have very high embodied energy. Their use in small
quantities like that in joints or fixtures may, however, be useful. Thus, selection of a
proper building material must be given due consideration. The embodied energy of
plastics is very high as these are derived from petroleum involving energy intensive
processing. Their production is also associated with generation of the greenhouse gas
namely, carbon dioxide (CO2 ), volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and polyvinyl chloride
(PVC), which are harmful because of global warming potential of CO2 and health related
problems of the latter two. Disposal of PVCs is a major problem. However, plastics have a
positive aspect that these are derived from wastes of petroleum production.
Metals. Manufacturing of metals from their ores has several environmental

impacts. In the recycling of metals harmful chemicals dioxins are produced, which are
carcinogenic (cancer causing) in nature. Timber, on the other hand, is an eco-friendly
material. But, indiscriminate cutting of 138 BASIC CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL
ENGINEERING forests for timber production has far reaching environmental
consequences. It is therefore necessary that timber production should be based on a
sustainable strategy of forest management. Timber production based on ‘selective cutting
practice’, ensuring replacement of cut trees by fresh plantations, can take care of forest
sustainability. There should also be a scheme to certify that the wood being used for
building has been obtained from a sustainable forest.
An important point worth mentioning here is that if timber is produced by cutting

down rainforests, it would not be possible to substitute the cut trees by similar species.
The tropical rainforests have evolved over a period of millions of years with complex
biodiversity, which has intricate mechanism of ecosystem stability and regulation. Loss
of biodiversity or replacement of a complex heterogeneous rainforest by some simple fast
growing tree species will cause irreparable damage to the ecosystem and the
environment. While selecting an eco-friendly building material, like timber from a
rainforest, such important issues must be considered.
Even when timber is otherwise obtained from a far-off place, its eco-friendliness
diminishes because of the energy used in transportation, thereby enhancing its embodied
energy. Many a times timber is treated with chemicals to prevent its rotting and decay.
Use of such a timber as a building material will reduce its eco-friendliness due to toxic
nature of the chemicals used in the treatment. Use of synthetic organic paints are
environmentally more harmful. These can be substituted by water-based natural
pigments, stains or waxes. Thermal insulators (like recycled paper, wool or cork), earth
wall, straw bale construction should be preferred if space permits and rough finishes are
not inhibitive. Glazed coatings too save energy.
Several building materials continue to affect the indoor air quality. These
materials used as solvents, finishes and cleansers for maintenance and protection of
building materials can cause ‘sick building syndrome’.
Some insulating materials are made from non-renewable petroleum resources,

while some use chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). During demolition, their safe recovery is
difficult. Release of CFCs in the atmosphere would enhance the global warming problem.
Asbestos, which has been quite in use in buildings is now known to be very harmful for
Page 85 of 90
Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133
our health and not recommended now. Even during demolition of existing buildings,
recovery of asbestos should be carried out very carefully.
Concept of Green Building
Construction, maintenance and use of buildings have significant impact on

environment. People’s concern about environment and energy has necessitated the
development of the concept of green building. A green building is broadly defined as the
building which is sited, designed and operated to reduce negative environmental impacts
and has a profound positive impact on natural environment, economy, health,
productivity and society over its life cycle. Green building at present constitutes about 5
percent of the building market. The green building is evaluated by holistic approach
where each component is considered in context of the whole building and its social and
environmental impacts. The important components of green building are as under:
Materials, Energy, Water, Health.
Materials: The materials to be used in the green building should be ecofriendly.

These should be obtained from local renewable resources with minimum embodied
energy and should be causing minimum waste during its use. These should be recyclable.
Such materials will reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
Green buildings use reclaimed materials i.e., use of materials which have been
used in previous buildings. Materials such as bricks, doors, windows, frames etc. can be
used for another purpose depending on the size and strength, in the new building. This
reduces the embodied energy and reduces environmental impacts.
Some toxic materials are used along with the construction materials. Paints for
example used as coating material consist of pigments (heavy metals like cadmium, lead
and chromium used in pigments), petrochemicals and solvents, benzene, formaldehyde
and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) which are used as binder (to hold the paint) and
carrier (to disperse the binder). Some preservatives, thickeners, thinners and driers are
also used. These toxic chemicals cause indoor pollution and are harmful to human health.
These should be replaced by ecofriendly natural products.
Energy: The green buildings conform to energy efficient guidelines. Solar panels
can meet the hot water requirements and efficient lighting. Compact Fluorescent Lamps
(CFLs) can reduce the electricity requirements. Natural day light reduces electricity
requirement during day time. Heating and cooling costs of such buildings can be reduced
by passive solar designs. Use of insulating materials and glass windows play a major role
in such designs. Low E glazed windows should be used. The energy performance rating
of windows, doors and skylights is done in terms of potential for gaining and loosing heat
and transmitting sunlight into the building. The non-solar heat flow conducted through a
window, door or sunlight is measured in terms of u-factor which is reciprocal to their
energy efficiency (i.e., lower the u-factor more is the energy efficiency).
Insulation for heat is an important factor for energy efficient building. Traditional
mud houses (consisting of soil mixed with water and straw) are generally found in the
villages and this cob technique is also being used in modern construction to have stronger
Page 86 of 90
Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133
and thinner walls which provide insulation for heat and noise. During day time the
material absorbs heat and the outer exposed side keeps the inside cool while during night
time it radiates the absorbed heat to the interior. Stone bricks are also used in buildings
which have less embodied energy than bricks from brick kilns although quarrying of
stone has environmental impacts. Natural materials like lime, gypsum, clay etc. can be
used for making strong and breathable walls.
A green building can have green roof system. E-rated reflective roof coating will
reduce roof heating.
In an attempt to use renewable resources in ecofriendly buildings, the traditional

biomass roofing (i.e., thatch and wood tiles made from local renewable source) is
preferred which forms a biodegradable, appealing and durable roofing.
The roof can provide natural substrate and processes for plant growth. A water
proof layer (material for water retention) and proper drainage helps plant growth and at
the same time protects the roof and building from damage. For green roofs small plants
with fibrous roots and low water requirements are best suited. Green roof has the
following advantages:
• Absorbs atmospheric CO2 .
• Improves energy efficiency.
• Causes cooling in summer and provides insulation in winter.
• Absorbs noxious pollutants, sound and noise from atmosphere.
• Absorbs rainwater which may otherwise flood the sewer lines.
• Preserves biodiversity, attracts butterflies, bees and local birds.
• Improves aesthetics of the building.
Reducing energy consumption and saving energy will reduce fossil fuel
consumption and thereby reduce the threat of global climate change. In green building
the use of ecofriendly construction material with low embodied energy helps in reducing
carbon emission. This is an important consideration as the building sector contributes a
substantial percentage of greenhouse gases. Carbon emission can further be reduced by
reducing energy consumption for heating, cooling and lighting and use of energy efficient
gadgets.
Reduction in energy consumption in green building will not only reduce global
warming and pollution but will also provide financial savings as the cost of fast depleting
fuel will increase in near future.
Water: Water requirement in the green building is minimized. Water is used

efficiently by employing water efficient appliances like low flush toilets, waterless urinals
etc. The waste water is treated and used for gardening and flushing by the use of double
plumbing system. Permeable pavements and rainwater harvesting technology help in
recharging ground water.
Health: Indoor pollution is harmful to the health of residents. People who spend
their time indoors with less ventilation get exposed to toxic materials, volatile organic
compounds (VOCs) from paints, solvents, plastics and also mites, molds, spores, microbes
and many other indoor pollutants. They suffer from various types of diseases like asthma,
Page 87 of 90
Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133
headache, palpitation and chronic fatigue, nausea, eye irritation, skin disorders, liver and
kidney damage and even cancer. Green building provides sufficient air circulation and the
stale air is replaced by fresh one. The non-toxic materials and breathable walls help
maintain good indoor air quality. Non-toxic materials like lead free paints i.e., water
soluble, natural or organic paints are used. Green buildings with proper ventilation for
air circulation are good for health and well-being. Natural day light while reduces
electricity requirements, also improves productivity e.g., students studying in day light
classrooms are known to perform better (20–26% better) than those studying with least
day light.
Buildings are evaluated on the basis of a number of parameters of environmental

importance. Different ratings are given to such green buildings. “Platinum rating” is the
highest rating for green buildings. LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environment Design)
standards have been developed by USA and many countries have adopted by amending
these suitably. A completed building may be rated with different levels as LEED certified,
Silver, Gold or Platinum.
Self-Help

Let’s Check

- Environmental Science - Student 38
- Role of Bye-laws in Environmental Regulation - Students 39 and 40
- Use of Various Eco-Friendly Materials in Cons. - Students 41 and 42
- Concept of Green Building - Students 43 and 44
➢ Students will search for a green building construction (local or international),

explain the methods and/or innovations used. Provide pictures as supporting
documents. The essay must have at least 300 words and must be
Page 88 of 90
Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133
Turnitin/plagiarism checked. The essay must be uploaded in blackboard

assignment feature for checking.
Let’s Analyze
1. In your own words, how is environmental science related to civil engineering?
2. Why is it important to consider environmental factors in our building design?
3. Give one green building rating system in the Philippines and name the
qualifications needed.
4. In your own words, what is green building?
5. Identify what integral part in building construction that is harmful to the

environment and explain how to solve this.
Reason -8
Content -8
Accuracy -4
Nutshell
Performance (Promotional Video)
➢ Students will create a promotional video considering the following questions:
• Why Civil Engineering?

• Why enroll Civil Engineering in University of Mindanao?
Page 89 of 90
Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133
The video must be at least two minutes long and must be emailed to the course
coordinator for grading. The rubric for promotional video will be uploaded in
blackboard.
NOTE: Ten (10) points will be deducted for not following instructions and five
(5) points will be deducted in every five (5) minutes late submission.
Q&A List
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Big Picture ULO-4a: Let’s Check Oct. 07, 2020 BB’s assignment feature
Big Picture ULO-4a: Let’s Analyze Oct. 08, 2020 BB’s assignment feature
Big Picture ULO-4a: In a Nutshell Oct. 09, 2020 BB’s assignment feature
Big Picture ULO-4a: Q&A list Oct. 09, 2020 BB’s Forum Feature
Big Picture ULO-4b: Let’s Check Oct. 12, 2020 BB’s assignment feature
Big Picture ULO-4b: Let’s Analyze Oct. 13, 2020 BB’s assignment feature
Big Picture ULO-4b: In a Nutshell Oct. 14, 2020 Email
Big Picture ULO-4b: Q&A list Oct. 14, 2020 BB’s Forum Feature
Fourth Exam Oct. 15-16, 2020 BB’s assignment feature
Page 90 of 90

Cee-Bsce-Bce 111-Sim

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Cee-Bsce-Bce 111-Sim

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

College of Engineering Education

2nd Floor, B&E Building

Physically Distanced but Academically Engaged

Self-Instructional Manual (SIM) for

Course/Subject: BCE 111 – CIVIL ENGINEERING ORIENTATION

2a.8 Budget ............................................................................................................................................................. 42

2. Construction Waste Management ............................................................................................................ 76

Course Outline: BCE 111 – Civil Engineering Orientation

Course Coordinator: Marie Fe Y. Lacsado, RCE, MEng-CE

Course Outline Policy

Areas of Concern Details

shall be attached with a cover page indicating the

If the assessment task is done in real time through

You will be required to take the Multiple-Choice

Please note that academic dishonesty such as

However, if the late submission of assessment

For group assessment tasks, the course

coordinator his/her intention to resubmit an

If disapproved by the course coordinator, you can

All culled from on-campus/onsite sessions (TBA):

Submission of the final grades shall follow the

You can also meet the course coordinator in

For students who have not created their student

Course Information- see/download course syllabus in the BlackBoard LMS

CO: Upon completion of the course, you are expected to:

CO 1. Demonstrate knowledge of the history of Civil Engineering and the

a. Identify a framework of the human activity as an aid in thinking about

Big Picture in Focus: ULO-1a. Identify a framework of the human activity as an

1. Engineering. Is the application of science to the optimum conversion of natural

Engineering is an occupation with extremely wide reach. The term 'engineering'

1a.1 A Capsule History

1a.2 Core of Engineering

1a.3 Symbolic Notation and Engineering

The preceding has introduced some conceptual constructions and associated

1a.4 Essential Components

1a.5 Change and Engineering

For engineers, the term progression is especially informing in the

As an illustration, consider an aircraft cleared for take-off. Evidently it may

The example represents homogeneous progressions and involve some

Thus, homogeneous progressions describe the magnitude of a time-dependent

The practice of engineering involves many informing progressions which are

In distinction to the general homogeneous progression, the progression is

While the meaning of the terms of homogeneous progressions generally follow

A very special meaning to the family of heterogeneous progressions was

These three node progressions are discussed in Essential Components.

1a.6 Engineering and Time

➢ Students 1 and 2 will report

Table 1a: Grading Rubric for Essay

You will be graded according to the grading criteria below.

1b.1 Prehistoric Engineering

From Minoan to Roman Times

1b.2 Medieval Engineering

Irrigation and Water Supply

Below is a list of mechanical engineering inventions during medieval period:

Metal rods were used to complete the break.

1b.3 Renascent Engineering

1b.4 Expansive Engineering

1b.5 Contemporary Engineering

Factors affecting Contemporary Engineering theory and practice

In understanding the lesson, the book “Engineering in Time: The Systematics of

Table 2a: Grading Rubric for Essay

1. What are the contributions of the different era of engineering?