Sim SDL Bce314l Ulo 1

UNIVERSITY OF MINDANAO
College of Engineering Education

Civil Engineering Program
Physically Distanced but Academically Engaged
Self-Instructional Manual (SIM) for

Self-Directed Learning (SDL)
Coverage: Week 1-3
Course/Subject: BCE 314L: HYDRAULICS

Course Coordinator: Engr. Clib James I. Delos Reyes
Co-Author: Engr. Dario A. Calaque Jr.
THIS SIM/SDL MANUAL IS A DRAFT VERSION ONLY; NOT FOR REPRODUCTION AND
DISTRIBUTION OUTSIDE OF ITS INTENDED USE. THIS IS INTENDED ONLY FOR THE
USE OF THE STUDENTS WHO ARE OFFICIALLY ENROLLED IN THE COURSE/SUBJECT.
EXPECT REVISIONS OF THE MANUAL.
2nd Floor, B&E Building
Matina Campus, Davao City
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
Cover Page ………………………………………………………………………………………………. i
Table of Contents………………………………………………………………………………………. 1
Course Outline…………………………………………………………………………………………... 3
Course Outline Policy………………………………………………………………………………… 5
Course Information…………………………………………………………………………………… 6
Topic/ Activity
Unit Learning Outcomes- Unit 1…………………………………………………………………. 6
Big Picture in Focus: ULO-1a…………………………………………………………………..….. 7
Metalanguage…………………………………………………………………………………... 7
Essential Knowledge………………………………………………………………………… 7
Self-Help………………………………………………………………………………………….. 10
Let’s Check ………………………………………………………………………………………. 10
Big Picture in Focus: ULO-1b…………………………………………………………………..…... 13

Metalanguage…………………………………………………………………………………... 13
Self-Help………………………………………………………………………………………….. 23
Let’s Check ………………………………………………………………………………………. 23
Let’s Analyze…………………………………………………………………………………….. 24
In a Nutshell…………………………………………………………………………………….. 25
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Big Picture in Focus: ULO-1c…………………………………………………………………..….. 26

Metalanguage…………………………………………………………………………………... 26
Self-Help………………………………………………………………………………………….. 33
Let’s Check ………………………………………………………………………………………... 33
Let’s Analyze…………………………………………………………………………………….. 35
In a Nutshell…………………………………………………………………………………….. 37
Q & A List ………………………………………………………………………………………… 37
Keywords Index………………………………………………………………………………. 38
Page 2 of 39
Telefax: (082) 296-1084
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Course Outline: BCE314L – Hydraulics
Course Coordinator: Clib James I. Delos Reyes, RCE

Email: cdelosreyes@umindanao.edu.ph
Student Consultation: By appointment
Mobile: -
Phone: Office Contact No. 2961084 local 133.
Effectivity Date: August 17,2020
Mode of Delivery: Blended (On-line with face to face or virtual sessions)
Time Frame: 216 hours
Student Workload: Expected Self-Directed Learning
Pre-requisite: BCE 222
Co-requisite: None
Credit: 4.0 units lecture, 1.0 unit dry laboratory
Attendance Requirements: A minimum of 95% attendance is required at all
scheduled Virtual or face-to-face sessions
Course Outline Policy
Areas of Concern Details

Contact and Non-contact Hours This 4-unit course self-instructional manual is designed
for blended learning mode of instructional delivery
with scheduled face to face or virtual sessions. The
expected number of hours will be 108 including the
face-to-face or virtual sessions. The face-to-face
sessions shall include the summative assessment tasks
(exams) since this course is crucial in the licensure
examination for civil engineers.
Assessment Task Submission Submission of assessment tasks shall be on 3rd, 5th, 7th
and 9th week of the term. The assessment paper shall be
attached with a cover page indicating the title of the
assessment task (if the task is performance), the name
of the course coordinator, date of submission and name
of the student. The document should be emailed to the
course coordinator. It is also expected that you already
paid your tuition and other fees before the submission
of the assessment task.
If the assessment task is done in real time through the

features in the Blackboard Learning Management
System, the schedule shall be arranged ahead of time by
the course coordinator.
Since this course is included in the licensure

examination for civil engineers, you will be required to
take the Multiple-Choice Question exam inside the
University. This should be scheduled ahead of time by
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your course coordinator. This is non-negotiable for all

licensure-based programs.
Turnitin Submission To ensure honesty and authenticity, all assessment
(if necessary) tasks are required to be submitted through Turnitin
with a maximum similarity index of 30% allowed. This
means that if your paper goes beyond 30%, the students
will either opt to redo her/his paper or explain in
writing addressed to the course coordinator the
reasons for the similarity. In addition, if the paper has
reached more than 30% similarity index, the student
may be called for a disciplinary action in accordance
with the University’s OPM on Intellectual and Academic
Honesty.
Please note that academic dishonesty such as cheating

and commissioning other students or people to
complete the task for you have severe punishments
(reprimand, warning, expulsion).
Penalties for Late The score for an assessment item submitted after the
Assignments/Assessments designated time on the due date, without an approved
extension of time, will be reduced by 5% of the possible
maximum score for that assessment item for each day
or part day that the assessment item is late.
However, if the late submission of assessment paper

has a valid reason, a letter of explanation should be
submitted and approved by the course coordinator. If
necessary, you will also be required to present/attach
evidences.
Return of Assignments/ Assessment tasks will be returned to you two (2) weeks
Assessments after the submission. This will be returned by email or
via Blackboard portal.
For group assessment tasks, the course coordinator will

require some or few of the students for online or virtual
sessions to ask clarificatory questions to validate the
originality of the assessment task submitted and to
ensure that all the group members are involved.
Assignment Resubmission You should request in writing addressed to the course
coordinator his/her intention to resubmit an
assessment task. The resubmission is premised on the
student’s failure to comply with the similarity index and
other reasonable grounds such as academic literacy
standards or other reasonable circumstances e.g.
illness, accidents financial constraints.
Re-marking of Assessment You should request in writing addressed to the program
Papers and Appeal coordinator your intention to appeal or contest the
score given to an assessment task. The letter should
explicitly explain the reasons/points to contest the
grade. The program coordinator shall communicate
with the students on the approval and disapproval of
the request.
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If disapproved by the course coordinator, you can

elevate your case to the program head or the dean with
the original letter of request. The final decision will
come from the dean of the college.
Grading System All culled from BlackBoard sessions and traditional
contact
Course discussions/exercises – 30%
1st formative assessment – 10%
2nd formative assessment – 10%
3rd formative assessment – 10%
All culled from on-campus/onsite sessions (TBA):

Final exam – 40%
Submission of the final grades shall follow the usual

University system and procedures.
Referencing Style IEEE
Student Communication You are required to create a umindanao email account
which is a requirement to access the BlackBoard
portal.
Then, the course coordinator shall enroll the
students to have access to the materials and resources
of the course. All communication formats: chat,
submission of assessment tasks, requests etc. shall be
through the portal and other university recognized
platforms.
You can also meet the course coordinator in person

through the scheduled face to face sessions to raise
your issues and concerns.
For students who have not created their student email,

please contact the course coordinator or program
head.
Contact Details of the Dean Dr. Charlito L. Cañesares
Email: clcanesares@umindanao.edu.ph
Phone: (082) 296-1084 or 300-5456 loc. 133
Contact Details of the Program Engr. Showna Lee T. Sales
Head Email: ssales@umindanao.edu.ph
Phone: (082) 296-1084 or 300-5456 loc. 133
Students with Special Needs Students with special needs shall communicate with the
course coordinator about the nature of his or her
special needs. Depending on the nature of the need, the
course coordinator with the approval of the program
coordinator may provide alternative assessment tasks
or extension of the deadline of submission of
assessment tasks. However, the alternative assessment
tasks should still be in the service of achieving the
desired course learning outcomes.
Help Desk Contact Jetron J. Adtoon
Email: jadtoon@umindanao.edu.ph
Phone: 09055267834
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Frida Santa O. Dagatan

Email: cee@umindanao.edu.ph
Phone: 09562082442
Tel: 082-2272902
Library Contact Brigida E. Bacani
Email: library@umindanao.edu.ph
09513766681
Ronadora E. Deala, RPsy, RPm, RGC, LPT

Email: ronadora_deala@umindanao.edu.ph
Phone: 09212122846
Silvino P. Josol
Email: gstcmain@umindanao.edu.ph
Phone: 09060757721
Course Information- see/download course syllabus in the BlackBoard LMS
CC’s Voice: Hello future engineer! Welcome to this course BCE 312L: Hydraulics
By now, I am confident that you really wanted to become an engineer…
CO: Upon completion of the course, you are expected to:
CO 1: Demonstrate the different liquid properties that are involved in the

determination of pressure, forces and flow.
CO 2: Apply the continuity equation with reference to the conservation of mass,
energy equation with reference to the Euler equation, and Momentum equation
with reference to the 2nd Law of Newton on motion.
CO 3: Perform calculations related to (2.a) fluid pressure and forces with the
liquid is at rest, (2.b) flow velocity, flow rate, pressure, and forces when liquid is
flowing in pipes and open channels, (2.c) flow velocity and flow rates in
conjunction with different flow measuring devices.
CO 4: Design laboratory experimental procedure, perform the procedure, and
interpret the result.
Let us begin!
Big Picture
Week 1-3: Unit Learning Outcomes-Unit 1 (ULO-1): At the end of the unit, you are expected to
a. Determine the dimensions and units of physical quantities commonly used

in fluid mechanics through different systems of measurement.
b. Calculate common fluid properties used in analysis of fluid behavior given
appropriate information
c. Present various ways of measuring pressure at various locations in a static
fluid using barometers, manometers and pressure gauges.
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Big Picture in Focus: ULO-1a. Determine the dimensions and units of physical
quantities commonly used in fluid mechanics through different systems of
measurement.
Metalanguage
The most essential terms below are defined for you to have a better understanding of this
section in the course.
1. Fluid Mechanics. Is the branch of mechanics dealing with the properties of fluids in
various states and with their reaction to forces acting upon them.
2. Fluids. a substance, such as a liquid or gas, that can flow, has no fixed shape, and offers
little resistance to an external stress
3. Physical Quantity. Is any physical property that can be quantified, that is, can be
measured using numbers such as mass, amount of substance, length and many others.
4. System of Measurement. Is a collection of units of measurement and rules relating them
to each other. Systems of measurement in use include the International System of Units
(SI), the modern form of the metric system, the imperial system, and United States
customary units.
Essential Knowledge
Fluid Mechanics is one of the major courses in civil engineering. It is a bridge course between
what you have already studied in physics and mechanics of bodies. In Fluid Mechanics or any
engineering practices, physical quantities are quantified by giving a magnitude and a unit of
measurement.
Since in our study of fluid mechanics we will be dealing with a variety of fluid characteristics,
it is necessary to develop a system for describing these characteristics both qualitatively and
quantitatively.
The qualitative aspect serves to identify the nature, or type, of the characteristics.
The four primary quantities used to describe characteristics are
- length (L) -mass (M)
- time (T) -temperature (𝜃)
L, T, and M are the primary quantities that can be used to provide a qualitative description of
any other secondary quantity: for example 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝐿2 , 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝐿𝑇 −1 and so on, where the
symbol is used to indicate the dimensions of the secondary quantity in terms of the
primary quantities.
All theoretically derived equations are dimensionally homogeneous—that is, the dimensions
of the left side of the equation must be the same as those on the right side, and all additive
separate terms must have the same dimensions. It is also called general homogenous
equation.
When the equation is homogenous for specific system of units it will be called restricted
homogenous equation.
whereas
The quantitative aspect provides a numerical measure of the characteristics.

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Ex. A standard for length might be a meter or foot, for time an hour
or second, and for mass a slug or kilogram.
Such standards are called units, and several systems of units are in common use as described
in Table 1a.1
Table 1a.1. Basic Units in Fluid Mechanics. Two systems of units that are widely used in
engineering are the English System and the International System (SI).
Also, Prefixes for forming multiples and fractions of SI units are given in Table 1.2. For
example, the notation kN would be read as “kilonewtons” and stands for 103 𝑁. Similarly, mm
would be read as “millimeters” and stands for 10−3 𝑚.
Table 1a.2. Prefixes for S.I. Units
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SUPPLEMENTARY PROBLEMS:
Example 1a.1.
Given: A tank of liquid having a total mass of 36 kg rests on a support in the equipment bay of
the Space Shuttle.
Find: Determine the force (in newtons) that the tank exerts on the support shortly after lift off
when the shuttle is accelerating upward as shown in Fig. 1.1. at 15 𝑓𝑡/𝑠2 .
Solution for Example 1a.1
A free-body diagram of the tank is shown in Fig. 1.1., where 𝑊, is

the weight of the tank and liquid, and 𝐹𝑓 , is the reaction of the floor
on the tank. Application of Newton’s second law of motion to this
body gives:
or
where we have taken upward as the positive direction. Since

𝑊 = 𝑚𝑔, Eq. 1 can be written as
Before substituting any number into Eq. 2, we must decide on a

system of units, and then be sure all of the data are expressed in
these units. Since we want 𝐹𝑓 in newtons, we will use SI units so
that
Figure 1.1.
Ans.
Example 1a.2. Represent each of the following quantities in the correct SI form.
(a) 𝐺𝑁 ∙ 𝜇𝑚 (b) 𝑘𝑔/𝜇𝑚

(c) 𝑁/(𝑘𝑠)2 (d) 𝑘𝑁/𝜇𝑠
Solution for Example 1a.2.
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Self-Help: You can also refer to the sources below to help you further
understand the lesson:
*Cengel, A. and Cimbala, J. (2014). Fluid Mechanics: Fundamentals and Applications. 3 rd Ed.
Singrapore: McGraw-Hill Education.
*White, F. (2008). Fluid Mechanics. 6th Ed. Boston: McGraw-Hill Higher Education
Let’s Check
Now that you know the most essential concepts of dimensions and unit systems in international
context. Let us try to check your understanding of these theories.
Activity 1a.1: SI Prefixes and Unit Conversions
Instructions:
- You will need to determine the various steps needed to convert different units commonly used
on fluid mechanics into different systems of measurement.
- You will also be tested to on your ability to represent each following quantities with
combination of units in the correct SI form using an appropriate prefix.
- Show your complete solution and Box your Final answer.
Assessment task: Problem Set
I. Evaluate each of the following to three significant figures, and express each answer in SI units
using an appropriate prefix:
(a) (425 𝑚𝑁)2

(b) (67 300 𝑚𝑠)2
(c) [723(106 )]1/2 𝑚𝑚
(d) 749 𝜇𝑚/63 𝑚𝑠
(e) (34 𝑚𝑚) (0.0763 𝑀𝑠)/263 𝑚𝑔
(f) (4.78 𝑚𝑚)(263 𝑀𝑔)
II. Express the following quantities into English System Units/SI Units
(a)14.2 𝑘𝑚 𝑡𝑜 𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑡 (f) 160 𝑎𝑐𝑟𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑚2

(b) 8.1 𝑁/ 𝑚3 𝑡𝑜 𝑙𝑏/𝑓𝑡 3 (g) 15 𝑔𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑡𝑜 𝑚3
(c) 1.61 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 𝑡𝑜 𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔𝑠/𝑓𝑡 3 (h) 60.3℉ 𝑡𝑜 °𝐾
(d) 240 𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑡𝑜 𝑚 (i) 79.1 ℎ𝑝 𝑡𝑜 𝐽/𝑠
𝑁∙𝑚 𝑓𝑡∙𝑙𝑏
(e) 0.0320 𝑡𝑜
𝑠 𝑠
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Let’s Analyze
Getting acquainted with the essential concepts of dimensions and unit systems is not
enough, what also matters is you should also be able to solve application problems involving
units of length, mass, and volume.
Activity 1a.2: Conversions to Solve Problems
Instructions:
- Partial credit is possible so please show all work when applicable.
-In your answer to the following question, you can write out the equations and the solution to
the system of equations by hand. However, please be sure to type out the specific details asked
for in the following questions.
- Box your final answer
Note: a. Problems that are indicated with (##) refers to your last two digit school id number.
Example: 380625; last two digit is 25
b. Problems that are indicated with (*) refers to your first digit school id number.
Example: 380625; first digit is 3
Assessment Task: Problem Solving
1. The store is selling lemons at ## pesos. Each lemon yields about 4 tablespoons of juice. How
much will it cost to buy enough lemons to make four 9-inch lemon pies, each requiring */5 of a
cup of lemon juice? Hint: 1 cup = 16 tablespoons
2. A client weighs *## lbs. If the order is to receive a drug at the dosage of ##.5 mg/slugs of
body weight , how many mg of the drug will the client receive?
3. A certain object weighs 3## Newton at the earth’s surface. Determine the mass of the object
(in kilograms) and its weight in (N) when located on a planet with an acceleration of 4 𝑓𝑡/𝑠2
4. A tank of oil has a mass of ## slugs.

a. Determine its weight in lbs and in newtons at the earth’s surface
b. What would be its mass (in slugs) and its weight (in pounds) if located on the moon’s surface
where the gravitational acceleration is approximately 1/6 that at the earth’s surface?
5. Clouds can weigh thousands of pounds due to their liquid water content. Often this content
is measured in grams per cubic meter. Assume that a cumulus cloud occupies a volume of one
cubic kilometer, and its liquid water content is 1.* 𝒈/𝒎𝟑 .
a. What is the volume of this cloud in cubic miles?
b. How much does the water in the cloud weigh in pounds?
In a NutShell
This introductory lesson discussed several fundamental aspects of fluid mechanics. Methods
for describing fluid characteristics both quantitatively and qualitatively are considered. The use
of dimensions is helpful in checking the generality of equations, as well as serving as the basis
for the powerful tool of dimensional analysis.
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Activity 1a.3: Dimensional Homogeneity using Dimensional Analysis
Description: This activity will help you understand how dimensional analysis reduce the
quantity of variables in a problem; determine the consistency of a dimensional equation and
derive relation between different physical quantities involved in a physical phenomenon
Assesment task: Open-ended Problem
- Require critical thinking in making various assumptions and provide necessary data. There is
no unique answer to the problem. I will cite one example of restricted homogenous equation
and you will give another.
Example of Restricted Homogenous Equation
𝑑 = 4.9𝑡 2 (𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑓𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒)
Where: d= distance = length=L

t= time = T
Find Homogeneity:
𝐿 = 4.9𝑇 2
𝐿 ≠ 𝑇 2 (is not homogenous since the variables are not equal) but we can say
𝑔 9.81 𝑚 𝐿
4.9 is actually 𝑜𝑟 ; where 𝑔 = 𝑠2 = 𝑇 2 = 𝐿𝑇 −2
2 2
Rewriting Equation:
𝑑 = 4.9𝑡 2
𝑔
𝐿 = 2 𝑡2
𝐿 = 𝐿𝑇 −2 𝑇 2
𝐿=𝐿 now it became dimensionally homogenous
It is classified as restricted homogenous equation

𝑚
Because 𝑑 = 4.9𝑡 2 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑦 𝑡𝑜 𝑆. 𝐼. 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑔 = 9.81 2
𝑠
Now its your Turn!
1. Cite an example of restricted homogeneous equation contained in a technical article found in

an engineering journal in your field of interest. Define all terms in the equation, determine why
it is a restricted equation and provide a complete journal citation title, date, etc.
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Big Picture in Focus: ULO-1b. Calculate common fluid properties used in

analysis of fluid behavior given appropriate information.
Metalanguage
1. Fluid Property. Is a characteristic of a specific fluid that is expressed by basic

dimensions quantified by basic unit.
2. Fluid Statics. Is the branch of fluid mechanics that studies "fluids at rest and the
pressure in a fluid or exerted by a fluid on an immersed body.
3. Fluid Dynamics. Is a subdiscipline of fluid mechanics that describes the flow of fluids—
liquids and gases
4. Compressible Fluids. fluids with variable density
5. Incompressible Fluids. fluids with constant density
Essential Knowledge
The study of fluid mechanics involves the same fundamental laws you have encountered in
physics and other mechanics courses. These laws include Newton’s laws of motion,
conservation of mass, and the first and second laws of thermodynamics.
The broad subject of fluid mechanics can be generally subdivided into two:
- Fluid statics
- fluid dynamics
Fluids can flow continuously as a result of shearing action. This includes any liquid or gas.
Types of Fluids
 IDEAL FLUIDS
- Assumed to have no viscosity- no resistance to shear
- Incompressible
- Have uniform velocity when flowing
- No friction between moving layers of fluid
 REAL FLUIDS
- Exhibits infinite viscosities
- Non- uniform velocity distribution when flowing
- Compressible
- Experience friction and turbulence in flow
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Types of Real Fluids
 Newtonian Fluids- have constant viscosity no matter the amount of shear applied for a
constant temperature.
Ex. Water, mineral oil, gasoline, alcohol
 Non-Newtonian Fluids - when shear is applied to non-Newtonian fluids, the viscosity of

the fluid changes. The behavior of the fluid can be described one of four ways:
 Dilatant – viscosity increases when shear increases

Ex. Quicksand, Corn flour and water
 Pseudoplastic – viscosity decreases when shear increases

Ex. 𝐾𝑒𝑡𝑐ℎ𝑢𝑝
 Rheopectic – viscosity increases when shear increases (time dependent)

Ex. 𝐶𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚, 𝑔𝑦𝑝𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑒
 Thixotropic- viscosity decreases when shear increases (time dependent)

Ex. 𝑃𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑡, 𝑎𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑡, 𝑔𝑙𝑢𝑒
Figure 1b. Viscosity Vs. Stress on Non-Newtonian Fluids
It will be necessary to define and discuss certain fluid properties that are intimately
related to fluid behavior. It is obvious that different fluids can have grossly different
characteristics.
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Properties of Fluids
𝒎 𝒑
𝝆= 𝝆=
𝑽 𝑹𝑻
𝝉 𝑨𝒖
𝝁= 𝑭=𝝁
𝒅𝒖/𝒅𝒚 𝒚
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𝝁
𝒗=
𝝆
𝑾
𝜸= 𝜸 = 𝝆𝒈
𝑽
𝝆𝒇𝒍𝒖𝒊𝒅 𝜸𝒇𝒍𝒖𝒊𝒅
𝒔= =
𝝆𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝜸𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓
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∆𝒑 ∆𝒑𝑽 (𝑷𝒇 − 𝑷𝒊 )𝑽𝒊

𝑬𝑩 = − =− =−
∆𝑽 ∆𝑽 𝑽𝒇 − 𝑽𝒊
𝑽
𝟏
𝜷=
𝑬𝑩
𝑽 𝟏 𝒈
𝑽𝑺 = = =
𝒎 𝝆 𝜸
𝟒𝝈𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽
𝒉=
𝜸𝑫
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𝟖𝝈
𝒑=
𝑫
𝟐𝝈
𝒑=
𝑫
𝟒𝝈
𝒑=
𝑫
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Gases are highly compressible in comparison to liquids, with changes in gas density directly
related to changes in pressure and temperature through different conditions:
𝑷𝟏 𝑽𝟏 𝑷𝟐 𝑽𝟐
=
𝑻𝟏 𝑻𝟐
𝑷𝟏 𝑽𝟏 = 𝑷𝟐 𝑽𝟐
𝑬𝑩
𝒄=√
𝝆
𝑷𝟏 𝑽𝒌𝟏 = 𝑷𝟐 𝑽𝒌𝟐
𝒌−𝟏
𝑻𝟐 𝑷𝟐 𝒌 𝑽𝟏 𝒌−𝟏
=( ) =( )
𝑻𝟏 𝑷𝟏 𝑽𝟐
𝒄 = √𝒌𝑹𝑻
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Example 1b.1. If the conical tank with a height of 20 in and has a base radius of 10 in holds 30.5
kg of oil, what is the density of oil in 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 ?
Solution:
Convert 𝑖𝑛3 𝑡𝑜 𝑚3 :
1𝑓𝑡 3 0.3048 𝑚 3
𝑉𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑒 = 2094 𝑖𝑛3 𝑥 (12 𝑖𝑛) 𝑥 ( ) = 0.03431 𝑚3
1 𝑓𝑡
Ans.
Example 1b.2. What is the increase in the density of helium when the pressure changes from
230 kPa to 450 kPa while the temperature remains constant at 20°C?
Solution:
Example 1b.3. When the force P is applied to the

plate, the velocity profile for a Newtonian fluid
that is confined under the plate is approximated
𝑏𝑦 𝑢 = (12𝑦 1/4 ) 𝑚𝑚/𝑠, where y is in mm.
Determine the minimum shear stress within the
fluid. Take 𝜇 = 0.5(10−3 ) 𝑁 ∙ 𝑠/𝑚2 .
Solution:
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Example 1b.4. A certain gas weighs 16.0 𝑁/𝑚3 at a certain temperature and pressure. What
are the values of its density, specific volume, and specific gravity relative to air weighing
12.0𝑁/𝑚3 ?
Solution: Ans.
Ans.
Ans.
Example 1b.5. A liquid has an absolute viscosity of 3.2 𝑥 10−4 𝑙𝑏 ∙ 𝑠𝑒𝑐/𝑓𝑡 2 . It weighs56 𝑙𝑏/𝑓𝑡 3 .
Determine its absolute viscosity (in centipoise) and kinematic viscosity (stokes).
Solution:
Ans.
Ans.
Example 1b.6. A rigid steel container is partially filled with a liquid at 15 atm. The volume of
the liquid is 1.23200L. At a pressure of 30 atm, the volume of the liquid is 1.23100L. Find the
average bulk modulus of elasticity of the liquid over the given range of pressure if the
temperature after compression is allowed to return to its initial value. What is the coefficient
of compressibility?
Solution:
∆𝑷 (𝟑𝟎 − 𝟏𝟓)(𝟏𝟎𝟏. 𝟑)
𝑲=− =− = 𝟏. 𝟖𝟕𝟐𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝒌𝑷𝒂 𝒐𝒓 𝟏. 𝟖𝟕𝟐 𝑮𝑷𝒂
∆𝑽 𝟏. 𝟐𝟑𝟏𝟎𝟎 − 𝟏. 𝟐𝟑𝟐𝟎𝟎
𝑽 𝟏. 𝟐𝟑𝟐𝟎𝟎
𝜷 = 𝟏/𝑲 = 𝟏/𝟏. 𝟖𝟕𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟑𝟒 𝑮𝑷𝒂−𝟏 Ans.
Example 1b.7. Determine the distance h that a

column of mercury in the tube will be depressed
when the tube is inserted into the mercury at a
room temperature of 68°F. Set D = 0.12 in. Assume
𝜎𝐻𝑔 = 31.9(10−3 )𝑙𝑏/𝑓𝑡
Solution:
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Example 1b.8. A small drop of water at 80℉ is in contact with the air and has a diameter of
0.0200 in. If the pressure within the droplet is 0.082 psi greater than the atmosphere, what is
the value of the surface tension?
Solution:
Ans.
Example 1b.9.(a)Calculate the density, specific weight, and specific volume of oxygen 100℉
and 15 psia. (b) What would be the temperature and pressure of this gas if it were
compressed isentropically to 40% of its original volume? (c) If the process described in (b)
had been isothermal, what would be the temperature and pressure have been?
Solution:
Example 1b.10. A jet aircraft flies at a speed of 550 mph at an altitude of 35,000 ft, where the
temperature is −66℉ and the specific heat ratio is 𝑘 = 1.4
Solution:
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Munson, B. (2013). Fluid Mechanics. 7th Ed. Hoboken, NJ; Wiley
Fox, R. (2012). Fluid Mechanics. 8th Ed. Hoboken NJ: Wiley & Sons
Giles, Ranals: et. al. (2014). Schaum’s outlines fluid mechanics and hydraulics. 4 th Ed. New York:
McGraw-Hill Higher Education
Let’s Check
Now that you have finished learning fundamental principles of different fluid properties. Let us
try to check your understanding of these theories and concepts
Activity 1b.1: Basic Fluid Properties
Instructions: Use formulas and concepts of different fluid properties to solve problems given
appropriate information.
- Assume standard values of any fluid property unless stated.
- Show all work for maximum credit.
- Box your final answer.
1. A tank contains 500 kg of a liquid whose specific gravity is 2. Determine the volume of the
liquid in the tank in𝑓𝑡 3 .
2. The density of a certain type of jet fuel is 775 kg/m3. Determine its specific gravity and
specific weight in SI units.
3. Determine the mass of air in a 2𝑚3 tank if the air is at room temperature, 20 °C, and the
absolute pressure within the tank is 200 kPa (abs).
4. The viscosity of a certain fluid is 5𝑥10−4 poise. Determine its viscosity in both SI and English
units.
1
5. Given 𝑢 = 10𝑦 6 , where u is the velocity of water at 20℃ in m/s and 𝑦 is the distance from
boundary. Determine the shear stress in the water at y = 2 𝑚𝑚 if viscosity is 1𝑥10−3 𝑃𝑎 ∙ 𝑠 in
MPa
6. A 1𝑚3 volume of water is contained in a rigid container. Estimate the change in the volume
of the water (𝑚3 ) when a piston applies a pressure of 35 MPa.
7. Determine the speed of sound at 20 °C in natural gas (methane). Express your answer in m/s.
Assume specific heat ratio of methane is 1.31.
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8. Determine the height that water at 60 °F will rise due to capillary action in a clean, -in.-
diameter tube. What will be the height if the diameter is reduced to 0.01 in.?
9. Carbon dioxide at 30℃ and 300 kPa absolute pressure expands isothermally to an absolute
pressure of 165 kPa. Determine the final density of the gas.
10. An atomizer forms water droplets 45𝜇𝑚 in diameter. Find the excess pressure within these
droplets for water at 30℃.
Let’s Analyze
Getting acquainted with the different principles of fluid properties through formulations is
not enough, what also matters is you should also be able to apply this principles to solve
real-life application problems.
Activity 1b.2: Applications involving Fluid Properties
Instructions: Apply principles of physics such as Newton’s law of motion, the conservation of
mass and other laws related to the physical properties of fluids.
- Unless specific values of required fluid properties are given in the statement of the problem,
use standard values.
-Show all work for maximum credit
-Box/Highlight your final answer
Example: 380625; first digit is 3
1. Two engineers wish to estimate the distance across the lake. One pounds two rock together
under water on one side of the lake and the other submerges his head and hears a small sound
0.4* seconds later, as indicated by a very accurate stop watch. What is the distance between
two engineers in feet?
2. A cubical ice block of 2* cm side and of 20 𝑘𝑔 weight is allowed to slide down along a glass
plane inclined at ##° to the horizontal on which there is a film of oil having viscosity
2.16𝑥10−3 𝑁 ∙ 𝑠/𝑚2 .What will be the terminal velocity of the block if the film thickness is
0.025 𝑚𝑚 in m/s?
3. The water strider bug shown in the figure supported on the

surface of a pond by surface tension acting along the interface
between the water and the bug’s legs.
Assume 𝝈 = 𝟕. ##𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟑N/m
(a) Determine the minimum length of this interface needed to

support the bug. Assume
the bug weighs and the surface tension force acts vertically upwards.
(b) Repeat part (a) if surface tension were to

support a person weighing *## N.
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4. Eight kilometers below the surface of the ocean the pressure is 81.* MPa. Determine the
density of sea water at this depth if the density at the surface is 𝟏𝟎##𝒌𝒈/𝒎𝟑 and the average
bulk modulus of elasticity is 𝟐. ## 𝑮𝑷𝒂.
5. The tanker carries 1.5 𝑥 10^6 barrels of crude oil in its hold. Hint: Each barrel contains 42
gallons, and there are 7.48 𝑔𝑎𝑙/𝑓𝑡 3 .
Determine the weight of the oil in pounds if its specific gravity is 0.##.
In a NutShell
Various important fluid properties are defined, including fluid density, specific weight,
specific gravity, viscosity, bulk modulus, speed of sound, vapor pressure, and surface
tension.
The ideal gas law is introduced to relate pressure, temperature, and density in common
gases, along with a brief discussion of the compression and expansion of gases. The
distinction between absolute and gage pressure is introduced and this important idea
is explored.
Activity 1b.3: How it Works, Fluid Properties
Description: Properties of fluid determine how fluids can be used diversely in engineering,
technology and even to our day-to-day life. This activity will help you realize the importance of
different fluid property in determining important measurements in relation to human day
things and processes.
Assessment Task: Open-ended Problem
- Require critical thinking in making various assumptions and provide necessary data. There
is no unique answer to the problem.
1. Estimate the number of pounds of mercury it would take to fill your chosen container.
Note:
- Your container should be in a regular shape as possible to calculate volume easily.
- Take a picture of the container and paste it together with your calculations
- List all assumptions
2. Obtain a photograph/image of a situation in which the surface tension of a fluid is important.

Print this photo and write a brief paragraph that describes the situation involved
Note:
-Maximum of 100 words
- Organize your sentence structure with (introduction, body and conclusion).
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Big Picture in Focus: ULO-1c. Present various ways of measuring pressure at

various locations in a static fluid using barometers, manometers and pressure
gauges.
Metalanguage
1. Fluid Pressure. Is a measurement of the force per unit area on an object in the fluid or
on the surface of a closed container.
2. Free Surface. Is the surface of a fluid that is subject to zero parallel shear stress, such as the
interface between two homogeneous fluids.
3. Gage Pressure. Is the difference between the absolute pressure and the atmospheric
pressure
4. Absolute pressure. Is equal to gauge pressure plus atmospheric pressure.
Essential Knowledge
Pressure
 Pressure is defined as a normal force exerted by a fluid per unit area.

 We speak of pressure only when we deal with a gas or a liquid. The counterpart of pressure
in solids is normal stress.
 Since pressure is defined as force per unit area, it has the unit of newtons per square meter
(N/m2), which is called a pascal (Pa).
That is, 1 Pa = 1 N/m2
 The pressure unit Pascal is too small for pressures encountered in practice. Therefore, its
multiples kilopascal (1 𝑘𝑃𝑎 = 103 𝑃𝑎) and megapascal (1 𝑀𝑃𝑎 = 106 𝑃𝑎) are commonly
used.
 Other pressure units commonly used in practice, especially in Europe, are bar and standard
atmosphere
 The actual pressure at a given position is called the absolute pressure, and it is measured
relative to absolute vacuum (i.e., absolute zero pressure).
 Most pressure-measuring devices, however, are calibrated to read zero in the atmosphere ,
and so they indicate the difference between the absolute pressure and the local atmospheric
pressure. This difference is called the gage pressure
Pressure at Point
 Pressure is the compressive force per unit area, and it gives the impression of being a vector.
However, pressure at any point in a fluid is the same in all directions. That is, it has
magnitude but not a specific direction, and thus it is a scalar quantity.
 This can be demonstrated by considering a small wedge- shaped fluid element that was
obtained by removing a small triangular wedge of fluid from some arbitrary location within
a fluid mass.
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 Since we are considering the situation in which there are no shearing stresses, the only
external forces acting on the wedge are due to the pressure and the weight.
Pascal’s Law:
“At any point in a fluid at rest, the pressure is the same in all directions”
Variation of Pressure with Depth
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Formula of pressure at any depth is
𝑷 = 𝜸𝒉
Where: P = Pressure
𝛾 = specific weight of liquid
h = height measured from fluid surface.
Application of Pascal’s Law
Two hydraulic cylinders of different areas could be connected, and the larger could be used to
exert a proportionally greater force than that applied to the smaller.
Noting that 𝑃1 = 𝑃2 since both pistons are at the same level.
The area ratio 𝐴2 /𝐴1 is called the ideal mechanical advantage of the hydraulic lift.
𝐹 𝐹 𝐹 𝐴
𝑃1 = 𝑃2 → 𝐴1 = 𝐴2 → 𝐹2 = 𝐴2
1 2 1 1
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The Manometer
∆𝑃
 An elevation change of ∆𝑧 in a fluid at rest corresponds to , which suggests that a fluid
𝛾
column can be used to measure pressure differences.
 A device based on this principle is called a manometer, and it is commonly used to measure
small and moderate pressure differences.
 A manometer mainly consists of a glass or plastic U-tube containing one or more fluids such
as mercury, water, alcohol, or oil.
Rules of thumb:
When evaluating, start from the known pressure end and work towards the unknown end
At equal elevations, pressure is constant in the SAME fluid
When moving down a manometer, pressure increases
When moving up a manometer, pressure decreases
Types of Manometer
 Piezometer is the simplest form of manometer that is tapped into the wall of
pressure conduit for measuring pressure.
 Open manometer is a tube bent into a U-shape to contain one or more fluids of
different specific gravities.
 Differential manometer cannot measure pressure but can measure pressure
difference.
Piezometer Differential manometer
Open manometer
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Example 1c.1. The underground storage tank

used in a service station contains gasoline filled
to the level A. Determine the gage pressure at
each of the five identified points. Note that point
B is located in the stem, and point C is just below
it in the tank.
Take 𝜌𝑔 = 730 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 .
Solution:
Example 1c.2. Because of a leak in a buried

gasoline storage tank, water has seeped in
to the depth shown in Fig. E2.1. The
specific gravity of the gasoline is 0.68.
Determine the pressure at the gasoline–
water interface and at the bottom of the
tank. Express the pressure in units of
𝐥𝐛/𝐟𝐭 𝟐 , 𝐥𝐛/𝐢𝐧𝟐 , and as a pressure head in
feet of water.
Solution:
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Example 1c.3. Calculate the pressure in kPa at A, B, C, and D. in figure below.
Solution:
Ans.
Ans.
Ans.
Ans.
Example 1c.4. The water in a tank is pressurized by air,

and the pressure is measured by a multifluid manometer
as shown in Fig. below. The tank is located on a
mountain at an altitude of 1400 m where the
atmospheric pressure is 85.6 kPa. Determine the air
pressure in the tank if h1 =0.1 m, h2 =0.2 m, and h3 =
0.35 m. Take the densities of water, oil, and mercury to
be 1000 kg/m3, 850 kg/m3, and 13,600 kg/m3,
respectively.
Solution:
Ans.
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Example 1c.5. A manometer is used to measure the

pressure in a tank. The fluid used has a specific gravity of
0.85, and the manometer column height is 55 cm, as shown
in the Fig. If the local atmospheric pressure is 96 kPa,
Determine the absolute pressure within the tank in kPa.
Solution:
Example 1c.6. Fresh and seawater flowing in parallel horizontal pipelines are connected to
each other by a double U-tube manometer. The pressure difference between the two pipelines
is to be determined in kPa. ℎ𝐻𝑔 = 0.1 𝑚 ; ℎ𝑊 = 0.5 𝑚; ℎ𝑠𝑒𝑎 = 0.3 𝑚
Solution:
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Example 1c.7. The diameters of ram and plunger

of an hydraulic press are 200 mm an 30 mm
respectively. Find the weight lifted by the
hydraulic press when the force applied at the
plunger is 400 N.
Solution:
Ans.
Munson, B. (2013). Fluid Mechanics. 7th Ed. Hoboken, NJ; Wiley
Fox, R. (2012). Fluid Mechanics. 8th Ed. Hoboken NJ: Wiley & Sons
Giles, Ranals: et. al. (2014). Schaum’s outlines fluid mechanics and hydraulics. 4th Ed. New York:
McGraw-Hill Higher Education
Let’s Check
In this unit, you have learned about variations of pressure with depth in a fluid at rest and types
of pressure measuring devices. Now, you will gain more knowledge about these concepts by
performing the activity below.
Activity 1b.1: Pressure-Depth Variations
Instructions:
- Determine pressure at various locations in a fluid at rest
- Assume standard values of any fluid property unless stated.
- Show all work for maximum credit.
- Highlight/Box your final answer.
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Assessment Task: Problem Set
1. The soaking bin contains ethyl alcohol (s=0.79) used for

cleaning automobile parts. If h = 7 ft, determine the pressure
developed at point A and at the air surface B within the
enclosure in psi?
2. A tank contains three liquids namely oil with sp. gr. of 0.80, gasoline of sp. gr. of 0.90, and sea
water. The depths are 25.6 inch, 17.7 inch, and 21.7 inch, respectively. Compute the water
pressure at a depth of 0.80 meters in psf.
3. Piston A has a cross-section of 1,200 𝑐𝑚2 while that of B is 800 𝑐𝑚2 . B is higher than A by 2
m. If the intervening passages are filled with oil having sp. Gr. Of 0.8 and a force of 4 kN is acting
on B.
a.) What must be the pressure (kPa) at piston in B
b.) What must be the pressure (kPa) at piston A
c.) what must be the force (N) exerted at piston A.
4. The gage pressure of the air in the tank shown in Fig. below is measured to be 65 kPa.
Determine the differential height h of the mercury column in cm.
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5. Freshwater and seawater flowing in parallel horizontal pipelines are connected to each other
by a double U-tube manometer, as shown in the Fig. Determine the pressure difference between
the two pipelines in kPa. Take the density of seawater at that location to be 𝜌 = 1035 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 .
Let’s Analyze
Getting acquainted with concepts of pressure transmission throughout a stationary fluid is not
enough, what also matters is you should also be able to apply this principles to solve real-life
application problems.
Activity 1c.2: Applications involving Pressures
Description/Instructions: The characteristics of fluid pressure describe above have a number

of implications and applications in engineering.
- Apply necessary fluid property principles and Pascal’s Law.
- Unless specific values of required fluid properties are given in the statement of the problem,
use standard values.
-Show all work for maximum credit
-Box/Highlight your final answer
Example: 380625; first digit is 3.
1. The oil derrick has drilled 1* km into the ground before

it strikes a crude oil reservoir. When this happens, the
pressure at the well head A becomes ## MPa. Drilling “mud”
is to be placed into the entire length of pipe to displace the
oil and balance this pressure. What should be
its density so that the pressure at A becomes zero?
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2. In 1896, S. Rova Rocci developed the prototype of the current sphygmomanometer, a device
used to measure blood pressure. When it was worn as a cuff around the upper arm and inflated,
the air pressure within the cuff was connected to a mercury manometer. If the reading for the
high (or systolic) pressure is 1## mm and for the low (or diastolic) pressure is 8* mm,
determine these pressures in psi and Pascals.
3. An air-filled, hemispherical shell is

attached to the ocean floor at a depth of 1*m
1* m as shown in Fig. below. A mercury
barometer located inside the shell reads
765 mm Hg, and a mercury U-tube
manometer designed to give the outside
water pressure indicates a differential
reading of 735 mm Hg as illustrated.
Based on these data what is the
atmospheric pressure at the ocean
surface in kPa?
4. A load on a hydraulic lift is to be raised

by pouring oil from a thin tube. The
height of oil (meters) in the tube
required in order to raise that weight is
to be determined. Assume relative
density of oil equals to 0.##.
5. Determine the pressure difference (𝑃𝐴 − 𝑃𝐵 ) in Pascal.
Assume specific gravities of
Benzene= 8.## kerosene= 7.*## water=9.## mercury=13.##*
Air=12.##
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In a NutShell
In this unit, the pressure variation in a fluid at rest is considered, along with some important
consequences of this type of pressure variation. It is shown that for incompressible fluids at
rest the pressure varies linearly with depth. Pressure measuring devices called manometers,
which utilize static liquid columns, are analyzed in detail. A brief discussion of mechanical and
electronic pressure gages is also included.
Activity 1c.3: Exploring Fluid Pressures
Description: the topic that this activity will explore will be pressure and depth. The deeper the
object is placed in the fluid, the more pressure it experiences.
Assessment Task: Open-ended Problem
- Require critical thinking in making various assumptions and provide necessary data. There
is no unique answer to the problem.
- Show all works for maximum credit
- List all assumptions and data.
1. Because of elevation differences, the water pressure in the second floor of your house is lower
than it is in the first floor. For tall buildings, this pressure difference can become unacceptable.
Discuss possible ways to design the water distribution system in very tall buildings so that the
hydrostatic pressure difference is within acceptable limits
2. Although it is difficult to compress water, the density of water at the bottom of the ocean is
greater than that at the surface because of the higher pressure at depth. Estimate how much
higher the ocean’s surface would be if the density of seawater were instantly changed to a
uniform density equal to that at the surface.
Q & A List
List 1: After series of discussion and exercises, kindly list down your questions or issues in
conjunction with the topics. Write the answers after clarification under the column provided.
This portion helps you in the review of concepts and essential knowledge.
Do you have any questions for clarification?

Questions/Issues Answers
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
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Keywords Index
Index: The keywords presented here will help you remember the concepts and essential
knowledge. Here are the few subject index.
A B C D
Absolute Pressure Bulk Modulus Capillarity Differential
Atmospheric Centipoise manometer
pressure Centistoke Dimensional
Center of pressure analysis
Compressible flow Dynamic viscosity
Compressibility
Curved Surface
F G H I
Fluid system Gas constant Hydrostatic force on Ideal fluid
Fluid properties Gauge pressure plane and curved Ideal plastic fluid
Fluids, Newtonian Gravity specific surface Incompressible
Fluids, Non- flow
Newtonian
Force
K M N O
Kinematic viscosity Manometer Newtonian fluid One dimensional
Mass density flow
P R S T
Pascal’s law Real fluid Shear Temperature
Piezometer Simple Manometer Total Pressure
Poise Specific gravity Types of flow
Pressure Specific volume Types of fluids
Pressure diagram Surface tension
Pressure head
Properties of fluids
U V
U-tube manometer Vacuum pressure
Viscosity
Viscous flow
Volume, specific
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UNIVERSITY OF MINDANAO

College of Engineering Education

Physically Distanced but Academically Engaged

Self-Instructional Manual (SIM) for

Coverage: Week 1-3

Course/Subject: BCE 314L: HYDRAULICS

Big Picture in Focus: ULO-1b…………………………………………………………………..…... 13

Big Picture in Focus: ULO-1c…………………………………………………………………..….. 26

Course Outline: BCE314L – Hydraulics

Course Coordinator: Clib James I. Delos Reyes, RCE

Course Outline Policy

Areas of Concern Details

If the assessment task is done in real time through the

Since this course is included in the licensure

your course coordinator. This is non-negotiable for all

Please note that academic dishonesty such as cheating

However, if the late submission of assessment paper

For group assessment tasks, the course coordinator will

If disapproved by the course coordinator, you can

All culled from on-campus/onsite sessions (TBA):

Submission of the final grades shall follow the usual

You can also meet the course coordinator in person

For students who have not created their student email,

Frida Santa O. Dagatan

Ronadora E. Deala, RPsy, RPm, RGC, LPT

Course Information- see/download course syllabus in the BlackBoard LMS

CO: Upon completion of the course, you are expected to:

CO 1: Demonstrate the different liquid properties that are involved in the

a. Determine the dimensions and units of physical quantities commonly used

The quantitative aspect provides a numerical measure of the characteristics.

Table 1a.2. Prefixes for S.I. Units

Solution for Example 1a.1

A free-body diagram of the tank is shown in Fig. 1.1., where 𝑊, is

where we have taken upward as the positive direction. Since

Before substituting any number into Eq. 2, we must decide on a

(a) 𝐺𝑁 ∙ 𝜇𝑚 (b) 𝑘𝑔/𝜇𝑚

Solution for Example 1a.2.

Activity 1a.1: SI Prefixes and Unit Conversions

Assessment task: Problem Set

(a) (425 𝑚𝑁)2

(a)14.2 𝑘𝑚 𝑡𝑜 𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑡 (f) 160 𝑎𝑐𝑟𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑚2

Activity 1a.2: Conversions to Solve Problems

Assessment Task: Problem Solving

4. A tank of oil has a mass of ## slugs.

Activity 1a.3: Dimensional Homogeneity using Dimensional Analysis

Assesment task: Open-ended Problem

Example of Restricted Homogenous Equation

𝑑 = 4.9𝑡 2 (𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑓𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒)

Where: d= distance = length=L

𝐿=𝐿 now it became dimensionally homogenous

It is classified as restricted homogenous equation

Now its your Turn!

1. Cite an example of restricted homogeneous equation contained in a technical article found in

Big Picture in Focus: ULO-1b. Calculate common fluid properties used in

1. Fluid Property. Is a characteristic of a specific fluid that is expressed by basic

4. Compressible Fluids. fluids with variable density

5. Incompressible Fluids. fluids with constant density

Types of Real Fluids

Ex. Water, mineral oil, gasoline, alcohol

 Non-Newtonian Fluids - when shear is applied to non-Newtonian fluids, the viscosity of

 Dilatant – viscosity increases when shear increases

 Pseudoplastic – viscosity decreases when shear increases

 Rheopectic – viscosity increases when shear increases (time dependent)

Benzene= 8.## kerosene= 7.## water=9.## mercury=13.##