Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Effective Length of Counterpoise Wire Under Lightning Current
Effective Length of Counterpoise Wire Under Lightning Current
Abstract—In a high soil resistivity area, counterpoise wires are large current can generate soil ionization around the electrode,
applied to decrease the grounding resistance of tower grounding makes the impulse response typically nonlinear.
devices. If the conductor of counterpoise wire is very long, although
The transient characteristic of a grounding electrode depends
the power frequency grounding resistance of the tower grounding
device is decreased, the lightning protection performance of the upon many electrical and geometrical parameters, which in-
transmission line is still not good. The influences of the length clude the size and the structure of the grounding device, soil pa-
of grounding electrodes on the lightning transient characteristic rameters, impulse current parameters, and the feed point. When
were analyzed. The dynamic and nonlinear effect of soil ionization the impulse current with high frequency dissipates in the soil,
around the grounding electrode was considered in the analysis
the distribution of the electric charge in the space varies with
model of transient characteristics for the grounding electrodes
under lightning impulse. The counterpoise wire has an effective time. And it shows the feature of the time-variable field.
length when lightning passes through it. When the length of a The engineering design of grounding devices in the protec-
grounding electrode exceeds the effective length, the grounding tion against lightning is in dire need of scientific guidance. The
conductor will not be utilized effectively. The simulating experi- scientific design of a grounding device is not only to enhance
ments were performed to analyze influences of the length of the
counterpoise wire on the impulse characteristics. The formulae to
the safety of the system but also to reduce the construction cost
calculate the impulse effective lengths of counterpoise wires were to the minimum.
proposed. The model proposed in the paper has been validated by There have been many papers concentrated on the transient
comparing the numerical results with experimental tests. performance of grounding wires from experimental tests and
Index Terms—Counterpoise wire, effective length, grounding de- simulation analysis [1]–[11]. Pioneering work was conducted
vice, lightning current, simulating experiment, transient charac- by Sunde in the late 1930s [12], [13].
teristic, transmission line. As mentioned in [14], sometimes the impulse impedance can
be much greater than the power frequency grounding resistance.
I. INTRODUCTION In China, in the high soil resistivity area, sometimes long coun-
terpoise wires with conductor lengths of longer than 200 m are
single horizontal electrode fed at one end, 1.55 for a single hori-
zontal electrode fed at the center, and 1.85 for 4-arm star config-
uration fed at the star center, the effective length is for one arm
of center-injection configurations. During their analysis, the soil
ionization phenomenon was not considered. On the other hand,
the influence of the impulse current was not considered too.
The influences of the length of horizontal grounding elec-
trodes on the lightning transient characteristic were analyzed by
simulating calculations and experiments in this paper.
(2)
the soil and conductors are normal to the surface of the con-
ductors. The longitudinal current is considered flowing inside
the conductors. The magnetic linkage interlinked with currents
is unvaried with the equivalent diameter of the conductors. Ac- Fig. 4. Relationship between impulse ground resistance and the length of the
cording to the physical definition, the series resistance and grounding electrode.
series inductance are unvaried with the equivalent diameter
of the grounding conductor. The soil ionization only affects the As is well known, the electric-field intensity on the boundary
shunt capacitance and shunt conductance . of the ionized zone is the critical value of soil breakdown.
The unit length series resistance, series inductance, shunt ca- The equivalent radius for each segment can be obtained by
pacitance, and shunt conductance of a grounding conductor are
given in [12], [13], and [18]. If a lightning current is injected into (10)
a grounding conductor, the inner self-inductance of a grounding
conductor can be neglected when comparing it with the external where is the current density leaked by the th segment, and
self-inductance due to the strong skin effect, so the self-induc- is the current leaked into earth from the th segment.
tance of the th segment can be calculated by If the current of each segment in every time step is known,
the equivalent radius can be determined from (10), which is
time-varying. The parameters of each segment can be evaluated
(5)
from (7)–(9). Therefore, the impulse response of a grounding
conductor can be obtained with the application of nodal anal-
where is the length of the th segment of the grounding elec- ysis and a suitable iterative algorithm, which takes into account
trode and is the permeability of free space. the nonlinearity of electrical parameters.
The resistance of the th segment with the length of can The value used for the critical field gradient in this paper
be calculated by is 300 kV/m as suggested by Mousa [17].
Fig. 5. Influence of the length of a ground electrode on the transient potential Fig. 7. Equivalent radii of the ionized soil zones of an electrode.
at the lightning injecting point.
Fig. 9. Relation between the effective length and soil resistivity under different
time duration of the wavefront. Fig. 10. Relationship between the impulse grounding resistance and the length
of the horizontal grounding electrode.
Fig. 13. Influence of the soil resistivity on the effective length of the horizontal Fig. 14 Comparison of the effective lengths of end-injection type and
electrode. center-injection-type counterpoise wires.
(13)
[2] C. Mazzettie and G. M. Veca, “Impulse behavior of grounding elec- Yanqing Gao (S’02) received the B.Sc. degree from the Department of Elec-
trodes,” IEEE Trans. Power App. Syst., vol. 102, no. PAS-9, pp. trical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China, in 1999, where he is
3148–3154, Sep. 1983. currently pursuing the Ph.D. degree in the Department of Electrical Engineering,
[3] A. F. Otero, J. Cidras, and C. Garrido, “Frequency analysis of grounding Tsinghua University.
systems,” in Proc. 8th Int. Conf. Harmonics Quality Power, vol. 1, 1998, His research fields include overvoltage analysis in power system, grounding
pp. 348–353. technology, and electromagnetic compatibility (EMC).
[4] A. C. Liew and M. Darveniza, “Dynamic model of impulse character-
istics of concentrated earth,” Proc. Inst. Elect. Eng., vol. 121, no. 2, pp.
123–135, 1974.
[5] A. Geri, E. Garbagnati, and G. M. Veca et al., “Non-linear behavior of Rong Zeng (M’02) was born in Shaanxi, China, in 1971. He received the B.Sc.,
ground electrodes under lightning surge currents: computer modeling M.Eng., and Ph.D. degrees from the Department of Electrical Engineering at
and comparison with experimental results,” IEEE Trans. Magn., vol. 28, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China, in 1995, 1997, and 1999, respectively.
no. 2, pp. 1442–1445, Mar. 1992. From 1999 to 2002, he was a Lecturer in the Department of Electrical En-
[6] D. G. Leonid and M. Heimbach, “Frequency dependent and transient gineering, Tsinghua University. Currently, he is an Associate Professor in the
characteristics of substation grounding systems,” IEEE Trans. Power Department of Electrical Engineering at Tsinghua University. His research inter-
Del., vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 172–178, Jan. 1997. ests include high voltage technology, grounding technology, power electronics,
[7] M. Heimbach and D. G. Leonid, “Grounding system analysis in tran- and distribution system automation.
sients programs applying electromagnetic field approach,” IEEE Trans.
Power Del., vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 186–193, Jan. 1997.
[8] W. Xiong and F. Dawalibi, “Transient performance of substation
grounding systems subjected to lightning and similar surge currents,” Jun Zou was born in Wuhan, P. R. China, in 1971. He received the B.S. and
IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 1412–1417, Jul. 1994. M.S. degrees from Zhengzhou University in Zhengzhou, Henan Province, in
[9] F. Dawalibi, W. Xiong, and J. Ma, “Transient performance of substation 1994 and 1997, respectively, and the Ph.D. degree from Tsinghua University,
structures and associated grounding systems,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., Beijing, China, in July 2001, all in electrical engineering.
vol. 31, no. 3, pp. 520–527, May/Jun. 1995. His research fields include computational electromagnetics and electromag-
[10] J. Cidras, A. F. Otero, and C. Garrido, “Nodal frequency analysis of netic compatibility (EMC).
grounding systems considering the soil ionization effect,” IEEE Trans.
Power Del., vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 103–107, Jan. 2000.
[11] A. Geri, “Behavior of grounding systems excited by high impulse cur-
Xidong Liang was born in Jiangyin, China, in 1962. He received the B.Sc.,
rents: the model and its validation,” IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 14, no.
M.Sc., and Ph.D. degrees in high-voltage engineering from Tsinghua University,
3, pp. 1008–1017, Jul. 1999.
Beijing, China, in 1984, 1987, and 1991, respectively.
[12] E. D. Sunde, “Surge characteristics of a buried bare wire,” AIEE Trans.,
Currently, he is the Dean of the Department of Electrical Engineering, Ts-
vol. 59, pp. 987–991, 1940.
inghua University. From 1991 to 1992, he conducted research as a Visiting
[13] , Earth Conduction Effects in Transmission System. New York:
Scholar with the University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology
Dover, 1949.
(UMIST), Manchester, U.K. Then, he was an Associate Professor with Tsinghua
[14] B. P. Gupta and B. Thapar, “Impulse characteristics of grounding elec-
University in 1993 and a Professor in 1997. His interests include outdoor insula-
trodes,” J. Inst. Eng. (India), vol. 64, no. 4, pp. 178–182, Feb. 1981.
tion, composite insulators, and organic outdoor insulation materials, and EMC.
[15] G. R. Xie, Overvoltage of Power System (in Chinese). Beijing, China:
Dr. Liang is the Senior Member of CSEE from 1998 and a Member of CIGRE
Hydraulic and Electrical Power Press, 1985.
SC33 from 2000.
[16] J. L. He, R. Zeng, Y. P. Tu, J. Zou, S. M. Chen, and Z. C. Guan,
“Laboratory investigation of impulse characteristics of transmission
tower grounding devices,” IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 18, no. 3, pp.
994–1001, Jul. 2003. Bo Zhang was born in Datong, China, in 1976. He received the B.Sc. and
[17] A. M. Mousa, “The soil ionization gradient associated with discharge Ph.D. degrees in theoretical electrical engineering from the North China Elec-
of high currents into concentrated electrodes,” IEEE Trans. Power Del., tric Power University, Baoding, China, in 1998 and 2003, respectively.
vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 1669–1677, Jul. 1994. He is currently a postdoctoral researcher with the Department of Electrical
[18] F. W. Grover, Inductance Calculations. New York: Van Nostrand, Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China. His research interests include
1947. computational electromagnetics, grounding technology, and EMC in power sys-
tems.
Jinliang He (M’02–SM’02) was born in Changsha, China, in 1966. He received Jaebok Lee was born in Iri, Korea, in 1962. He received the B.Sc., M.Sc., and
the B.Sc. degree in electrical engineering from Wuhan University of Hydraulic Ph.D. degrees in electrical engineering from Inha University, Inchon, Korea, in
and Electrical Engineering, China, in 1988, the M.Sc. degree in electrical engi- 1985, 1987, and 1999, respectively.
neering from Chongqing University, Chongqing China, in 1991, and the Ph.D. Currently, he is a Principle Researcher of the electrical environment and
degree in electrical engineering from Tsinghua University, Beijing, China, in transmission group of the Korea Electrotechnology Research Institute (KERI),
1994, respectively. Changwon, Korea, where he has been since 1987 as a Researcher of the Power
Currently, he is Vice Chief of High Voltage Research Institute at Tsinghua System Insulation Coordination Lab. He was actively involved in electromag-
University. He became a Lecturer in the Department of Electrical Engineering netic-compatibility (EMC) design of low-voltage power and control systems.
at Tsinghua University in 1994, and an Associate Professor in the same De- His interests include surge protection and electromagnetic compatibility (EMC)
partment in 1996. From 1994 to 1997, he was the head of High Voltage Labo- in power systems and electronic systems and grounding technology.
ratory at Tsinghua University. He was also a Visiting Scientist in Korea Elec- Dr. Lee is a member of the Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers (KIEE)
trotechnology Research Institute, involved in research on metal oxide varistors and a Korea Chapter member of IEC TC 77A.
and high voltage polymeric metal oxide surge arresters from 1997 to 1998. In
2001, he was promoted to a Professor at Tsinghua University. His research in-
terests include overvoltages and EMC in power systems and electronic systems,
grounding technology, power apparatus, dielectric material, and power distribu- Sughun Chang was born in Seoul, Korea, in 1974. He received the B.Sc. and
tion automation. He is the author of three books and many technical papers. M.Sc. degrees in electrical engineering from Inha University, Inchon, Korea, in
Dr. He is a senior member of the China Electrotechnology Society, and a 1996 and 1999, respectively.
member of the International Compumag Society, the vice chief of China Light- Currently, he is with the Korea Electrotechnology Research Institute (KERI),
ning Protection Standardization Technology Committee, and members of Elec- Changwon, Korea. He was actively involved in electromagnetic-compatibility
tromagnetic Interference Protection Committee and Transmission Line Com- (EMC) design of low-voltage power and control system. His research interests
mittee of China Power Electric Society, member of China Surge Arrester Stan- include surge protection and EMC in power systems and electronic systems and
dardization Technology Committee, members of Overvoltage and Insulation grounding technology.
Coordination Standardization Technology Committee in China Electric Power Mr. Chang is a member of the Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
Industry. (KIEE).