Wall System 2019 - Oct - 23

foundations 10/24/2019
Basics in building construction-walls
BM+CIII
Building Material & Construction III
Building Systems:
1. Foundation Systems
2. Structural System
3. Exterior Envelope
4. Interior Partitions
5. Mechanical Systems
6. Furnishings 7
7. Floor System
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WALL SYSTEM
DEFINITION :
Walls are vertical/inclined elements of a building that enclose, separate and
protect its interior spaces.
2
PURPOSE
• To provide shelter,
• Provide required level of enclosure and define space,
• To support other parts of the structure – upper structural system,
• To give privacy to the occupants from the outside building and between
compartments in the building,
• To modify the indoor climate and space quality,
• To define aesthetic character of a building.
REQUIREMENT
A. Structural stability (strength and stability) – the strength of material in resisting

compression and tensile stress and the way in which the materials are put together.
Structural stability refers to the following three resistances:
• Resistance to overturning,
• Resistance to crushing,
• Resistance to buckling.
B. Environmental control
• Resistance to weather,
• Resistance to air movement,
• Thermal resistance,
• Insulation capacity,
• Sound insulation.
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….. REQUIREMENT
C. Dimensional stability
• Against thermal induced movement,
• Against movement due to changes in moisture content,
• Against structural movement due to bending, buckling, compression and deflection
of elements,
• Against chemical reaction.
D. Fire resistance
• Combustibility – how easily a material will ignite and sustain ignition,
• Surface spread of flame – the rate at which flame will spread across one material
to ignite another surface.
E. Architectural character (aesthetic character)

• Texture,
• Color,
• Form and space.
WALL TYPES:
Wall types can be categorized on the bases of:
A. Location
• External /Perimeter wall,
• Internal /Partition wall.
B. Usage:
Structural Usage
• Load Bearing wall,
• Non Load Bearing wall.
o Wall that supports the live and dead loads of floor and roof systems is said to
be loadbearing.
o Wall which supports only its own weight and resists only lateral (wind, soil, or
seismic) loads is said to be non-loadbearing.
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WALL TYPES…..
Load bearing walls at sub structure levels can also be identified based on their
function:
Foundation wall – a wall below ground level that transmits the super structure
loads to the earth below or the foundation.
Retaining wall – a wall built to hold back and restrain the earth, fill or water without
cracking or falling out.
The main functions of retaining wall are:
• provide lateral support for mass of earth or other materials

• Keep earth (water) in a place,
• Maintain a difference in elevation of the ground surface on each side of the
wall.
Architectural usages
Guiding, separating, enclosing, screening, etc. walls
WALL TYPES…..
C. Construction Technique
• Masonry wall
• Monolithic wall
• Frame wall
• Membrane
Masonry walls – walls built of individual units that are bonded together with
some form of mortar.
Monolithic walls – walls built of materials placed in forms during construction.
Frame walls – walls constructed using frames at intervals and facing or

sheathing on one or both sides.
Membrane walls –walls constructed as a sandwich of two thin skins or sheets.
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WALL TYPES…..
D. Material Used
– Wood
– Brick
– Stone
– Concrete Blocks
– Concrete
– Glass
– Metal …etc.
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Retaining wall ….
Types of retaining wall
1. Gravity wall – a wall which depends of on its own weight or

mass to hold back the earth or water behind it.
• Are economical for height up to 3 meter.
2. Cantilevered wall – walls typically composed of horizontal

footing and vertical stem wall.
• It is economical for the height up to 10 meter
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Retaining wall ….
Types of retaining wall ...
3. Counterfort wall- counterforts are spaced at intervals and

act as tension members to support the stem
4. Buttress wall – is similar to the counterfort wall except that

the buttress are located on the side of stem opposite to the
retained material and act as compression member to support the
system.
and Sheet pile …
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Retaining wall ….
Types of retaining wall ...
Four typical modes of failure on retaining walls:
a. Overturning
b. Sliding
c. Bearing capacity failure
d. Deep seated shear failure
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7

Retaining wall ….
Detail on retaining wall ...
- 20 cm thick c-25 Reinforced concrete

retaining wall
- 4mm testudo dump proof course
- 25 cm thick Brick layer
- Selected aggregate –
- Dim 30 cm pvc Perforated pipe
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MASONRY WALLS
Masonry is the term used to refer to construction using
pieces of construction materials made into blocks and
stacked together using different binding mechanisms.
The properties and strength of such wall depend on:
• Quality of masonry material,
• Quality of mortar,
• Method of bonding used.
MORTAR
Used to bind masonry units together. In the early days
masonry was just piled up one on top of the other to
create rubble wall. Later binding materials such as
mud, lime and recently cement mortar started to be
used.
The advantages of using mortar are:
 Water exclusion: the mortar blocks passage of

water through masonry walls,
 Wind exclusion,
 Cushions the masonry units, to stand stable,
 They also emphasize the pattern in which the
masonry is arranged.
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MASONRY WALLS
Masonry can be used structurally

or as veneer.
Masonry walls may be:
• single or multi-wythe,
• solid or hollow, grouted or un-
grouted
• reinforced or unreinforced,
depending on the structural
requirements of the design.
• Cavity
• Veneer walls
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9
MASONRY WALLS
• Strong in compressive strength and weak in

tension loads (because of the weak points at the
joints between blocks),
• It is labor intensive and time taking,
• Economical,
• It can be shaped in to different forms fairly
easily,
• Mostly have naturally rich color and texture ,
• Most masonry materials are also durable.
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MASONRY WALLS
• strong in compression,
• Weak in tensile and flexural stresses, thus,
• require the incorporation of reinforcing material to encounter their weakness
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Masonry wall for building construction is

judged on the basis of:
(1) appearance,
(2) durability,
(3) strength,
(4) economy, and
(5) ease of maintenance.
Design and aesthetics will determine the

suitability of the
• color,
• texture,
• aging characteristics, and
• general qualities of the stone for
the type of building under
consideration.
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 General practice during masonry construction:
 Masonry units should be hard and strong,  Masonry units block should be soaked
free from crack ,fissures, vents or any in water before use so that it does not
other defects, absorb much water from the mortar,
 Masonry units should be laid in its natural  Mortar should be strong and proportion
bed with proper bond and formation of of its ingredients should be good,
vertical joints should be avoided, (Compo mortar can be used for work
above ground),
 No tensile stress should be developed,
 Facing and backing Masonry units
 Masonry work should be raised uniformly
should be well bonded by stronger
whenever possible so that uniform loading
Masonry unit pieces.
on the foundation occurs,
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MASONRY WALLS
Based on materials usage masonry walls can be categorized in to:
 Stone wall
 Block wall
 Glass block wall
 Brick wall …
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STONE WALL
The most common stone constructions are the one that can most easily be quarried and cut in
to different shape and designs.
The most popular stone that is used in stone construction

•Sand stone
•Lime stone
•Granite
Classification of stone masonry
A. Rubble masonry- where stones of random shape

and size are used. Rubble stone
B. Ashlar - refers to squared building stone finely or roughly

dressed on all faces.
• stone is cut with a great accuracy and laid, as

a result it’s more expensive and commonly used
as Facing material.
Ashlar stone
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CLASSIFICATION
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STONE WALL
Random Rubble Coursed Rubble
Coursed Ashlars Random Ashlars
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Hammer dressed
Quarry stones Irratic blocks
Ashlar Masonry
Irregular Coursed Regular Coursed Rubble Ashlar Masonry

Rubble
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CONCRETE BLOCK WALLS
• One of the most common masonry units.

• It consists of hardened cement and may be
completely solid or contain single or multiple
hollows.
• It is made from conventional cement mixes and
various types of aggregates. These include:
sand, gravel, crushed stone, expanded shale or
clay, volcanic ciders (Pozzolana), scoria,
pumice, etc.
• Various types of blocks are manufactured to be
used for wall construction.
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MASONRY WALLS - CONCRETE BLOCKS
It is popular because of its cost

advantages over brick work. (Most
blocks are equivalent in size of six or
more bricks).
Dense blocks - made from cement,

sand and dense or natural aggregate
with proportion of 1: 6 or 8.
Light weight concrete blocks - made

of cement and light weight aggregate
with 1:6 proportion used for the internal
partition.
size of HCB 20* 20 * 40 cm

20* 15 * 40 cm
20* 10 * 40 cm
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Advantages Of Hollow Concrete Block Masonry
A. Concrete blocks are regular in size, requiring no dressing work.

Hence construction is very rapid.
B. Blocks are light and therefore easy to handle.
C. Because of their lightness, the loads transferred to foundations is
much less than the stone masonry.
D. There is a great saving in the material.
E. Because of larger size of the blocks, the number of joints in the
masonry is less. This results in saving in mortar.
F. Because of hollow space, the resulting wall has better insulating
properties against sound, heat and dampness.
G. Blocks can withstand the atmospheric actions, and do not require
plaster or any other covering.
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GLASS BLOCKS WALLS
Glass block is a translucent hollow block of glass with

clear, textured or patterned faces, made by fusing two
halves together with a partial vacuum inside.
Glass block may be used in none load bearing exterior

and interior walls, and in conventionally framed window
openings.
• The glass block units are laid in mortar with joints

≥ 6mm but ≤10mm thick.
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GLASS BLOCKS
• Various surfaces as well as

inserts and coatings to control
heat gain, glare, and brightness
are available
• Special and corner blocks are

also available
Panels are designed to be mortared

at their sills
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GLASS BLOCKS Wall details
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GLASS BLOCKS
Lateral support provided by panel

anchors or by a continuous channel
Detail at head and jambs should

allow for movement at setting,
Panel anchors secured to adjacent
construction provide horizontal joint
reinforcement as required
Panel Reinforcing
Interior standard unit panels may
not exceed 25m2 in unsupported
area.
Panel Reinforcing
Wall framing can be concrete,
masonry, wood, steel
or any other structural surround.
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MASONRY WALLS - Brick wall

Brick – a small of burned clay of size that can be conveniently held in one hand
and it has length slightly longer than twice its width.
Size of brick 6*12*25 cm

There are many different shapes, sizes, and types
of brick.
The three most widely used are
Common bricks – bricks sufficiently hard to safely carry

but have a poor texture and color.
Facing bricks – sufficiently hard burned to carry normal

loads, and capable of withstanding the effects of climate.
Engineering bricks – made from selected clay, carefully

prepared so that the finished brick is very solid and hard
and is capable of safely carrying much heavier loads than
other.
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LOAD
Bond
The word bond has three different meanings on masonry
construction:
1. The adhesion of the mortar to the masonry units to

hold the wall together,
2. The interlocking or the overlapping of individual
masonry unit in the wall, which divides and distributes
any load imposed on it, which is named as structural
Possible settlement
bonding and cause the entire wall to act as unified
mass, LOAD
LOAD
3. The variety of brick work patterns or designs, which
are creative and pleasing to the viewer.
Which in other word an arrangement of masonry units with a

purpose of:
• Obtain maximum strength during load distribution SPREAD OF LOAD

• Ensure the lateral stability SPREAD OF LOAD
• Create an acceptable appearance
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Bond …
For getting good bond, the following issues should be

observed:
•The brick should be of uniform in size and the

length of the brick should be twice its width plus
one joint.
•The amount of lap should be minimum of ¼

brick along the length of the wall and ½ brick
across the thickness of the wall.
•In alternate courses, the center line of the

header should coincide with the center line of
the stretcher in the course below or above it.
•The vertical joints in the alternate courses

should be along the same pretend.
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MASONRY WALLS
TERMINOLOGIES
Course: A course is a horizontal layer of masonry

units.
Stretcher: A stretcher is the longer face of a brick
as seen in the elevation of the wall.
Header: A header is the shorter face of a brick as
seen in the elevation of the wall.
Lap: Lap is the horizontal distance between the
vertical joints of successive brick courses.
Bed: Bed is the lower surface of the brick when laid
flat.
Closer: It is a portion of the brick with the cut made
longitudinally and is used to close up bond at the
end of the course.
Queen closer: It is a portion of a brick obtained by cutting a
brick length wise into two portions.
King closer: It is obtained by cutting the triangular piece
between the center of one end and the center of
the other side.
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Brick masonry is sometimes preferred over other types of masonry for the
following reasons:
• Bricks are of uniform size and shape, and hence they can be laid in any
definite pattern.
• Bricks are light in weight and small in size. Hence they can be easily
handled.
• Brick do not need any dressing.
• The art of brick laying can be understood easily.
• Ornamental works can be easily done with bricks.
• Light partition walls can be easily constructed in brick masonry.
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Jointing and pointing

Jointing
is the operation of finishing of mortar joint as the masonry works raised.
Joints depend on the exposure of the building, the type of brick and preference of the designer.
It is the weakest part of a masonry construction and it requires special care in laying and
finishing.
Pointing
is the term used to describe existing or new joints which have been racked out, 20 mm depth,
and filled with a specially selected mortar for the sake of appearance or as a weather
protection.
The pointing mortar mix must be slightly weaker than jointing mortar and has purposes:
 Water exclusion: the pointing makes the mortar water proof,

 Wind exclusion: fills up air holes,
 They also emphasize the pattern in which the masonry is arranged.
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Standard Patterns for brick walls are:
• Running bond
The simplest of all brick structures, this
pattern consists of all stretchers. Metal ties
are used when this type of wall is used in
cavity-wall or veneer-wall construction.
• Flemish bond
Each course of brick consists of alternate

stretchers and headers. Headers in alternate
courses are centered over the stretchers in the
intervening courses. Half brick or “snapped”
headers can be used where structural bonding
between two wythes is not required.
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• English bond
This pattern consists of alternate courses of
headers and stretchers. The headers are
centered on the stretchers and joints between
stretchers in all courses are aligned vertically.
. Block or stacked bond

There is no overlapping of units because all
vertical joints are aligned.
Generally, this patterned wall is bonded to
the backing with rigid steel ties and
reinforcement in the horizontal mortar joints.
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• Common or American bond

A variation of the running bond, this pattern introduces a
course of full-length headers at regular intervals, generally
every fifth, sixth, or seventh course.
. English cross or Dutch bond
This is a variation on the English Bond, but it differs in

that vertical joints between the stretchers in alternate
courses do not align vertically.
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Brick Bonds ….
Stretcher Bond Common Bond
English Bond Flemish Bond
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MASONRY WALLS CONSTRUCTION

Every brick project starts with putting / lying leads or corners of the project. Generally there are
three ways of lying brick masonry project:
A. Rack-back lead – it is used when the wall does

not have a corner and on the basis of this it serves
as guide to attach a line for lying a brick wall.
B. Straight lead – its build plumb or right angle

on one end
C. Right angle lead – it consists of straight leads

joined together to form corner
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MASONRY WALLS CONSTRUCTION
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Construction process
Masonry construction
To build the wall we must prepare the mortar and prepare

the masonry units before start laying the masonry units.
1. Preparation of the masonry units - masonry units
should be wet before layer them so they do not absorb
water from mortar and obtaining adherence mortar.
2. Preparation of mortar – to make the mortar, the mix will

have thick sand –cement ratio of 5:1. Sand and
cement should be mixed dry, out from the tray.
3. Spread the mortar- with the point of towel, which

ensure that the masonry units are laid evenly and also
help to squeeze out excess mortar on the sides the
masonry units are set in place.
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Construction process ……
B. Laying the masonry units
4. Lay the first course of masonry units in the mortar.
Beginning with the second unit, apply mortar to the head joint
end of each unit, then shove the masonry units in to place firmly
so that the mortar is squeezed out of all sides of joints. And
check the course for correct height.
5. Throw another mortar layer and work on lead wall make

sure courses are staggered for structural purpose until the fifth
course.
6. Build another lead on the other end of foundation or grade

beam.
7. Filling in the leads in any bonding types as needed.

Starting with stretch a mason’s line between the complete leads.
When you reach the final unit, mortar both sides of it and push it
straight down to squeeze the mortar out from the joints.
…. To build a higher wall, simply build more five courses lead at
each end of the wall.
N.B: verify the vertical level of the wall after each layer. Do not build
more than 1.2 meter height of wall per day.
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Cavity wall
Cavity
Is a wall consists of an outer leaf or skin separated

(50 mm- 70 mm) from an inner leaf by an air space Wall tie
called a cavity.
The cavity has the following functions:

•It improves the thermal efficiency of the wall
as the air in the cavity is good insulation
•It prevents water from reaching the internal
skin D.P.C.
The two skins of masonry units each acting
independently are not very strong or stable and it
requires a wall tie, that tie them together at regular
intervals, using galvanized steel or plastic.
Wall ties occur 90 cm apart horizontally and 45

cm vertically Stainless-steel wire wall tie
with plastic disc to hold
sheet insulation in place.
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Performance of masonry walls: st

 Design
 workmanship,
 materials
in addition to these:
■ Mortar joints must be full
■ Mortar must be compatible with and well bonded to the units
■ Drainage cavity must be kept free of mortar droppings
■ Appropriate flashing material must be selected for the
expected service life of the building
■ Flashing details must provide protection for all conditions
■ Flashing must be properly installed
■ Weep holes must be properly sized and spaced
■ Weep holes must provide rapid drainage of penetrated
moisture
With adequate provision for moisture drainage, masonry wall
systems can provide long-term performance with little required
maintenance.
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MASONRY WALLS - Concrete Blocks
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Reinforced Blocks
MASONRY WALLS -
Concrete Blocks
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MASONRY WALLS - Cladding and Combinations
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Monolithic Walls
Monolithic walls – a wall built of material placed in forms
during construction.
 traditional earth wall (rammed earth) and
 modern concrete walls are examples.
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Monolithic Walls
It is important to achieve the required alignment

and verticality during casting so that there is
minimal rectification work. The following
should be observed:
a) formwork should be in good condition;

b) proper bracing and strutting; and
c) thorough checks on plumb and alignment
before casting.
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Monolithic Walls
the Roman Pantheon, still the largest unreinforced solid

concrete
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CONCRETE WALLS - Precast Concrete

 Can be structural or non structural
 Economical when large no. of identical pieces are
made
 Advantages
 Better quality control of concrete elements
 Elements can be cast and erected in all weather
conditions,
 Fast construction time
Types of precast concrete panels-
1-under sill cladding panels
2-storey high or more non structural cladding
panels
3-structural cladding panels
4-permanent shuttering-i.e., cladding units used
as permanent formwork to in-situ concrete.
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CONCRETE WALLS - Precast Concrete
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CONCRETE WALLS
Surface Treatments
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CONCRETE WALLS
Precast Concrete
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Frame Walls
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FRAMED WALLS
Frame walls – a wall is constructed as a frame at intervals

together with facing or sheathing on one or
both sides.
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Wood Frame Walls

• Three types of light frame construction are used:
 Slab
 Platform
 Balloon
Slab Platform balloon
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Slab type
• In slab style buildings the

concrete floor is placed on top of
the stem wall.
• The remaining of the building is
built the same as platform or
balloon construction.
– Wood structure must be
attached to concrete.
Concrete Slab
Stem Wall
Footing
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• Balloon construction
This type of construction has four

major differences from platform.
1. The studs are continuous

from the bottom sill to the last
top plate.
2. The sub floor is installed after
the studs are in place.
3. Fire stops are used to enclose
the space between the studs
at each floor.
4. The second story joists are
supported by a rim joist.
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CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
1. Construction of footing
Continuous concrete or masonry pad.
If used, installed before the

foundation.
 Supports the foundation wall.

 Size of footing depends on
the load of building and the
load bearing characteristics
of the soil.
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CONSTRUCTION PROCESS ...
2. Construction of foundation
(foundation wall)
• Concrete or masonry wall

that supports the building.
• Must either extend below
frost depth or be engineered
for above frost line.
• Should include anchor bolts
to attach building to
foundation.
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3. construction of sill plate
• Wooden member attached to

the foundation.
• Pressure treated lumber
recommended.
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4. Construction of floor joist
• The floor joists provide the support

for the floor.
• Size and spacing determined by
the designed floor load.
• Rim joist attaches to end of floor
joists to fill in the space and tie the
ends together.
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5. Construction of Sub floor
• The sub floor is attached to

the floor joists.
• Plywood, MDF or particle
board is commonly used.
• Concrete sub floors are also
used
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6. Construction of sole plate
• The sole plate is fastened to

the end of the studs before it
attached to the sub floor.
• Anchors the wall to the sub
floor.
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7. construction of studs
• The studs form the structure for the

walls.
• Spacing and size is determined by
the loads, desired insulation value
and uses of the building.
• Different stud arrangements are
used to attach the walls together at
the corners.
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8. construction of top plate
• The first top plate attached to the

ends of the studs.
• The second top plate is nailed to
the first one. It is used to
increase the load bearing
capacity.
• Note: the plates overlap at the
corners to help tie the walls
together.
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9. construction of bracing
• The purpose of the brace is to

reinforce the building ability to
Force
resist “racking” forces.
• Racking forces are parallel to the
wall.
• Braces are set in the edge of the
studs.
Force
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10. construction of wall cladding
• Sheathing is the first layer of

material on the outside surface of
the walls.
• Sheathing may be sheet material,
plywood, MDF. etc. or
dimensioned lumber.
• Sheet material is more common.
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st
10. construction of wall cladding
• Sheathing is the first layer of

material on the outside surface of
the walls.
• Sheathing may be sheet material,
plywood, MDF. etc. or
dimensioned lumber.
• Sheet material is more common.
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11. When the building is

multistory, the parts from the
joists up is repeated.
• In platform construction, the

process repeats for each
floor.
• Joists are placed to form the
ceiling for the first story and
the floor for the second story.
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joists up is repeated …
• A second sub floor is installed

on the second story joists.
• May be the same material or
different material from the first
story sub floor.
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joists up is repeated…
• The second story sole plate

serves the same function as
the first story.
• It attaches the second story
studs to the floor.
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• The second story studs form

the walls for the second
story.
• Usually the same spacing
as the first story, but lumber
may be smaller dimensions.
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• The second story top plate

serves the same function as
the first story plate--support the
joists (floor or ceiling).
• In a two story building, the
second story plates also
supports the rafters.
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• Roof construction follows………
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OPENINGS IN WALLS
 Openings are invariably left in the walls for the

provision of doors, windows cupboards, etc.
 These openings are bridged by the provisions of
either a lintel or an arch.
 Both lintels and arches are structural members
designed to support the loads of the portion of the
wall situated above the openings.
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OPENINGS IN WALLS
1. Arches
An arch is normally a curved member of either

stone. Concrete, steel, etc.
Arches are constructed where:

 Loads are heavy,
 Span is large, and
 Architectural appearance is required.
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OPENINGS IN WALLS
2. Lintels
 A lintel is a horizontal member, which is placed
across the opening.
 Lintels are easy to build and the supporting
walls need not be very strong.
 At least 10cm length of bearing is a minimum
requirement.
 For very long spans, the bearing for the lintel
end should be equal at least to its depth.
87
WALL FINISH
A material used to cover the exterior or interior walls of a building or structure.
It is available in a wide variety of materials that are chosen based on their

appearance and functional characteristics.
Based on applications there are different types of wall finishing:
Tile cladding
Vinyl siding
Metal cladding
Wood shingles
Masonry cladding
Wallpaper
plaster
Painting
Gypsum board …
AAU-EiABC, Chair Building Construction

Addis Ababa, Ethiopia 88
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WALL FINISH
CURTAIN
WALLS
Metal and Glass
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WALL FINISH
Clinker Finish Tile cladding
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WALL FINISHES
Plaster Over Masonry
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WALL FINISHES
Plaster Partitions

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WALL FINISHES
Gypsum Board

WALL FINISHES
Gypsum Board
Application

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WALL FINISHES
Ceramic Tiles


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WALL FINISHES
Plastic Laminate

CURTAIN WALLS
Precast Concrete

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CURTAIN WALLS
Metal and Glass


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foundations 10/24/2019

Basics in building construction-walls

Basics in building construction-walls

Basics in building construction-walls

Basics in building construction-walls

Basics in building construction-walls

Basics in building construction-walls

A. Structural stability (strength and stability) – the strength of material in resisting

Structural stability refers to the following three resistances:

Basics in building construction-walls

E. Architectural character (aesthetic character)

Basics in building construction-walls

Basics in building construction-walls

The main functions of retaining wall are:

• provide lateral support for mass of earth or other materials

Basics in building construction-walls

Monolithic walls – walls built of materials placed in forms during construction.

Frame walls – walls constructed using frames at intervals and facing or

Membrane walls –walls constructed as a sandwich of two thin skins or sheets.

Basics in building construction-walls

Basics in building construction-walls

Types of retaining wall

1. Gravity wall – a wall which depends of on its own weight or

• Are economical for height up to 3 meter.

2. Cantilevered wall – walls typically composed of horizontal

Basics in building construction-walls

Types of retaining wall ...

3. Counterfort wall- counterforts are spaced at intervals and

4. Buttress wall – is similar to the counterfort wall except that

and Sheet pile …

Basics in building construction-walls

Types of retaining wall ...

Four typical modes of failure on retaining walls:

Basics in building construction-walls

Detail on retaining wall ...

- 20 cm thick c-25 Reinforced concrete

Basics in building construction-walls

Basics in building construction-walls

The advantages of using mortar are:

 Water exclusion: the mortar blocks passage of

Basics in building construction-walls

Masonry can be used structurally

Masonry walls may be:

Basics in building construction-walls

• Strong in compressive strength and weak in

Basics in building construction-walls

Basics in building construction-walls

Masonry wall for building construction is

Design and aesthetics will determine the

Basics in building construction-walls

 General practice during masonry construction:

Basics in building construction-walls

Based on materials usage masonry walls can be categorized in to:

Basics in building construction-walls

The most popular stone that is used in stone construction

Classification of stone masonry

A. Rubble masonry- where stones of random shape

B. Ashlar - refers to squared building stone finely or roughly

• stone is cut with a great accuracy and laid, as

Basics in building construction-walls

Basics in building construction-walls

Basics in building construction-walls

Random Rubble Coursed Rubble

Size of brick 61225 cm