Copies of the genetic (Biology HT) A sequence of 3 bases is the code for a particular amino acid.

The
information are made. order of bases controls the order in which each amino acids combine and fold
Gametes are to produce a specific shaped protein such as enzymes..
The cell divides twice to form
made in
Meiosis halves
the number of
chromosomes
Cells divide by four daughter cells each with
reproductive
meiosis to half the number of
organs (in Affects phenotype by
form gametes chromosomes.
animals ovaries In non influencing the binding of
and testes) All haploid gametes are coding RNA polymerase and Making new proteins (protein

Genetic variants.
genetically different from DNA altering the quantity of synthesis) transcription and
each other. protein produced. translation

Gametes join at The new cell divides by mitosis. The number of cells
Affects phenotype by Composed of chains of amino acids.
increase. As the embryo develops cells differentiate.
fertilisation to In altering the sequence of A sequence of 3 bases (codon)
restore the number Meiosis leads to non-identical cells being coding amino acids and therefore codes for a particular amino acid.
of chromosomes formed while mitosis leads to identical cells DNA the activity of the protein
produced.
being formed
Meiosis
RNA polymerase binds to non-coding
DNA and Sexual and asexual reproduction DNA located in front of a gene.
the genome Protein synthesis
Advantages and
Genetic material in the
Edexcel GCSE BIOLOGY, (Biology HT only)
RNA polymerase produces a
disadvantages of sexual
and asexual reproduction nucleus is composed of GENETICS Part 1 complementary mRNA strand from
the coding DNA of the gene.
a chemical called DNA. DNA is polymer made
(Biology only)
from four different
Reproduction advantages/disadvantages
DNA structure DNA structure nucleotides. Each mRNA moves from the nucleus and
nucleotide consists of a attaches to a ribosome in the
Polymer made up of two cytoplasm.
Sexual Asexual strands forming a common sugar,
Needs two Only one parent double helix. phosphate group and
parents. needed (quicker). Contained in structures one of 4 different bases Ribosomes translate each triplet of
Produces variation Identical offspring called chromosomes. A A, C, G & T bases (codons) into specific amino
in the offspring. (no variation). gene is a small section of acids according to mRNA template
Phosphate
DNA on a chromosome. and sugar
back bone Repeating
If the environment Each gene codes for a
Vulnerable to nucleotide units.
changes variation sequence of amino acids (HT only) Not all parts code for
rapidly changing Amino acids are transferred to the
gives a survival to make a specific proteins. Non-coding parts can switch ribose
conditions due to ribosome by tRNA.
advantage by protein. genes on and off. Mutations may
sugar
lack of variation.
natural selection. affect how genes are expressed. phosphate
group base
Negative Negative mutation
mutations are not can affect all Dissolve salt and washing up liquid together with a mashed up Amino acids are linked together to
always inherited. offspring. sample of fruit (kiwi fruit is good) and place in a 60°C water bath for form polypeptides.
Extracting DNA

DNA can 15 minutes.

Natural selection be
can by speeded up Food/medicine extracted Filter and add protease solution to the filtrate in a boiling tube. Tilt
using selective production can be from the boiling tube and carefully add ice cold ethanol. In DNA the complementary strands
breeding to extremely quick. fruit C, A, T, G always link in the same
increase food The white layer that forms at the interphase is DNA and can be way. C always linked to G on the
production. pulled out on a glass rod opposite strand and A to T.
nucleotide
better hope – brighter future
 Copies of the genetic (Biology HT) A sequence of 3 bases is the code for a particular amino acid. The
information are made. order of bases controls the order in which each amino acids combine and fold
The cell divides twice to form to produce a specific shaped protein such as enzymes..
Meiosis halves
the number of
chromosomes
Cells divide by four daughter cells each with
meiosis to half the number of
Affects phenotype by
form gametes chromosomes.
In non influencing the binding of
All haploid gametes are coding RNA polymerase and
genetically different from DNA altering the quantity of
each other. protein produced.

Gametes join at The new cell divides by mitosis. The number of cells
Affects phenotype by Composed of chains of amino acids.
increase. As the embryo develops cells differentiate.
fertilisation to In altering the sequence of A sequence of 3 bases (codon)
restore the number Meiosis leads to non-identical cells being coding amino acids and therefore codes for a particular amino acid.
of chromosomes formed while mitosis leads to identical cells DNA the activity of the protein
produced.
being formed
Meiosis
RNA polymerase binds to non-coding
DNA and Sexual and asexual reproduction DNA located in front of a gene.
the genome Protein synthesis
Advantages and
Genetic material in the
Edexcel GCSE BIOLOGY, (Biology HT only)
RNA polymerase produces a
disadvantages of sexual
and asexual reproduction nucleus is composed of GENETICS Part 1 complementary mRNA strand from
the coding DNA of the gene.
a chemical called DNA. DNA is polymer made
(Biology only)
from four different
DNA structure nucleotides. Each mRNA moves from the nucleus and
nucleotide consists of a attaches to a ribosome in the
Polymer made up of two cytoplasm.
Sexual Asexual strands forming a common sugar,
Needs two Only one parent double helix. phosphate group and
parents. needed (quicker). Contained in structures one of 4 different bases Ribosomes translate each triplet of
Produces variation Identical offspring called chromosomes. A A, C, G & T bases (codons) into specific amino
in the offspring. (no variation). gene is a small section of acids according to mRNA template
Phosphate
DNA on a chromosome. and sugar
back bone Repeating
If the environment Each gene codes for a
Vulnerable to nucleotide units.
changes variation sequence of amino acids (HT only) Not all parts code for
rapidly changing Amino acids are transferred to the
gives a survival to make a specific proteins. Non-coding parts can switch ribose
conditions due to ribosome by tRNA.
advantage by protein. genes on and off. Mutations may
sugar
lack of variation.
natural selection. affect how genes are expressed. phosphate
group base
Negative Negative mutation
mutations are not can affect all Dissolve salt and washing up liquid together with a mashed up Amino acids are linked together to
always inherited. offspring. sample of fruit (kiwi fruit is good) and place in a 60°C water bath for form polypeptides.
DNA can 15 minutes.
Natural selection be
can by speeded up Food/medicine extracted Filter and add protease solution to the filtrate in a boiling tube. Tilt
using selective production can be from the boiling tube and carefully add ice cold ethanol. In DNA the complementary strands
breeding to extremely quick. fruit C, A, T, G always link in the same
increase food The white layer that forms at the interphase is DNA and can be way. C always linked to G on the
production. pulled out on a glass rod opposite strand and A to T.
nucleotide
better hope – brighter future
 Copies of the genetic (Biology HT) A sequence of 3 bases is the code for a particular amino acid. The
information are made. order of bases controls the order in which each amino acids combine and fold
The cell divides twice to form to produce a specific shaped protein such as enzymes..
Meiosis halves
the number of
chromosomes
four daughter cells each with
half the number of
Affects phenotype by
chromosomes.
influencing the binding of
All haploid gametes are RNA polymerase and
genetically different from altering the quantity of
each other. protein produced.

Gametes join at The new cell divides by mitosis. The number of cells
Affects phenotype by
increase. As the embryo develops cells differentiate.
fertilisation to altering the sequence of
restore the number Meiosis leads to non-identical cells being amino acids and therefore
of chromosomes formed while mitosis leads to identical cells the activity of the protein
produced.
being formed
Meiosis
RNA polymerase binds to non-coding
DNA and Sexual and asexual reproduction DNA located in front of a gene.
the genome Protein synthesis
Advantages and
Genetic material in the
Edexcel GCSE BIOLOGY, (Biology HT only)
RNA polymerase produces a
disadvantages of sexual
and asexual reproduction nucleus is composed of GENETICS Part 1 complementary mRNA strand from
the coding DNA of the gene.
a chemical called DNA. DNA is polymer made
(Biology only)
from four different
DNA structure nucleotides. Each mRNA moves from the nucleus and
nucleotide consists of a attaches to a ribosome in the
cytoplasm.
common sugar,
Needs two Only one parent phosphate group and
parents. needed (quicker). one of 4 different bases Ribosomes translate each triplet of
Contained in structures
Produces variation Identical offspring called chromosomes. A A, C, G & T bases (codons) into specific amino
in the offspring. (no variation). gene is a small section of Phosphate
acids according to mRNA template
DNA on a chromosome. and sugar
back bone Repeating
If the environment Each gene codes for a
Vulnerable to nucleotide units.
changes variation sequence of amino acids (HT only) Not all parts code for
rapidly changing Amino acids are transferred to the
gives a survival to make a specific proteins. Non-coding parts can switch ribose
conditions due to ribosome by tRNA.
advantage by protein. genes on and off. Mutations may
sugar
lack of variation.
natural selection. affect how genes are expressed. phosphate
group base
Negative Negative mutation
mutations are not can affect all Dissolve salt and washing up liquid together with a mashed up Amino acids are linked together to
always inherited. offspring. sample of fruit (kiwi fruit is good) and place in a 60°C water bath for form polypeptides.
15 minutes.
Natural selection
can by speeded up Food/medicine Filter and add protease solution to the filtrate in a boiling tube. Tilt
using selective production can be the boiling tube and carefully add ice cold ethanol. In DNA the complementary strands
breeding to extremely quick. C, A, T, G always link in the same
increase food The white layer that forms at the interphase is DNA and can be way. C always linked to G on the
production. pulled out on a glass rod opposite strand and A to T.
nucleotide
better hope – brighter future
 (Biology HT) A sequence of 3 bases is the code for a particular amino acid. The
order of bases controls the order in which each amino acids combine and fold
to produce a specific shaped protein such as enzymes..
Meiosis halves
the number of
chromosomes

Gametes join at
fertilisation to
restore the number
of chromosomes
Meiosis
Advantages and
disadvantages of sexual
and asexual reproduction
(Biology only)
The new cell divides by mitosis. The number of cells
increase. As the embryo develops cells differentiate.
Meiosis leads to non-identical cells being
formed while mitosis leads to identical cells
being formed
DNA and Sexual and asexual reproduction
the genome Protein synthesis
Genetic material in the
Edexcel GCSE BIOLOGY, (Biology HT only)
nucleus is composed of GENETICS Part 1
a chemical called DNA. DNA is polymer made
from four different
DNA structure nucleotides. Each
nucleotide consists of a
common sugar,
phosphate group and
one of 4 different bases
A, C, G & T
Phosphate
and sugar
back bone Repeating
nucleotide units.
(HT only) Not all parts code for
proteins. Non-coding parts can switch ribose
sugar
genes on and off. Mutations may
affect how genes are expressed. phosphate
group base

In DNA the complementary strands

C, A, T, G always link in the same
way. C always linked to G on the
opposite strand and A to T.
nucleotide
better hope – brighter future