C-5 – Examples

336./p. 30 – Faires
An empty tin can with a height of 15 cm and a diameter of 7.5 cm is open at one end and closed
at the other end. If the vertical can, with the open end down, be slowly immersed in water
(density of 1 000 kg/m3), how far will the water rise inside the can, (a) when the closed end is at
the water surface and (b) when the closed end is 3 m beneath the water surface? Thermal
equilibrium obtains at all times; T = C; neglect any vapor pressure.

Given: empty tin can with one end open and the other end is closed
h = 15 cm
D = 7.5 cm
ρ = 1 000 kg/m3
Air @
p1 = 101 325 Paa
atm π 2 3
V1 = ( 0.075 ) ( 0.15 ) m
pressure 4

Required:
(a) y = ? (distance the water will rise when the closed end is at surface)
(b) y’ = ? ( if closed end is at a depth of 3 m from the surface)

Solution:
(a) closed end is at the water surface

patm

air at p2

when immersed:
π
V 2= ( 0.075 )2 ( 0.15− y ) m 3
4

determine the pressure p2 at a depth of 0.15 m:

g
p2= patm +γd = patm + ρd
k
 m
9.81
N s2 kg
p2=101 325 2 +
m 1 kg−m (
1000 3 ( 0.15 m )
m )
N −s2

p2=102 796.5 Paa

Since thermal equilibrium obtains at all times, T = C, Boyle’s law can be applied.

p1 V 1=p 2 V 2

π π
( 0.075 m )2 ( 0.15 ) m [ 101325 Paa ] = ( 0.075 m )2 ( 0.15− y ) m [ 102 796.5 Paa ]
4 4

0.15 ( 102101796.5
325
)=0.15− y
y=0.002m

(b) when the closed end is 3 m below the surface

patm

d = 3m

air at
p2
y’
h = 0.15m

at a depth of 3.15 m, the pressure p2 is,

 m
9.81
N s2 kg
p2=101 325 2 +
m 1 kg−m (
1000 3 ( 3.15 m )
m )
N −s2

p2=132 226.5 Paa

The volume V2 is now

π
V 2= ( 0.075 )2 ( 0.15− y ' ) m 3
4
Therefore,

π π
( 0.075 )2 ( 0.15 ) [ 101325 ] = ( 0.075 )2 ( 0.15− y ' ) [ 132 226.5 ]
4 4

101 325
y ' =0.15−( 0.15 ) [ 132 226.5 ]
y ' =0.035 m

342. An automobile tire contains a certain volume of air at 207 kPag and 21 oC. The barometric
pressure is 749.3 mm Hg. If, due to running conditions, the temperature of the air in the tire rises
to 71 oC, what will be the gage pressure? Assume that the air in the tire does not stretch.

Given: automobile tire

p1 = 207 kPag
T1 = 21 oC + 273 = 294 K
Pbar = 749.3 mm Hg
T2 = 71 oC + 273 = 344 K

Required:
p2 = ? (in kPag)

Solution:
Since the tire does not stretch, its volume remains constant, that is V = C, so Charles’ law can be
used to determine the pressure p2. However, since the barometric pressure is given, the standard
atmospheric pressure will be disregarded and will not be used to convert the pressure into an
absolute value. Instead,
patm = p 101.325 kPa
¯¿=749.3 mm Hg
( 760mm Hg )¿
patm =99.898 ≈ 100 kPa

∴ p 1=207+100
p1=307 kPaa
Using Charles’ law for V = C,
p2 T 2
=
p1 T 1
p2=( 306.898 kPaa ) ( 344
294 )

p2=359 kPaa−100 kPa

p2=259 kPag
343. Let the tire in Problem 342 initially contain 0.114 kg of air and have an automatic valve that
releases air whenever the pressure exceeds 234 kPag. Under certain running conditions, the
steady-state temperature becomes 82 oC. (a) What mass of air escapes? (b) What is the tire
pressure when the remaining air has returned to 21 oC?

Given: the tire in Prob. 342 is equipped with an automatic valve

p1 = 307 kPaa
T1 =294 K
mi = 0.114 kg
pL ≥ 234 kPag + 100 kPa = 334 kPaa
T2 = 82 oC + 273 = 355 K (steady-state temperature because of the automatic valve)

Required:
(a) mout = ?
(b) pr = ? (if Tr = 21 oC + 273 = 294 K)

Solution:
(a) To determine the amount of air that escapes, solve first for the volume of the tire. From
Thermodynamics by Faires, et al, Item B1, p. 583, the gas constant for air is R = 0.287 08 kJ/kg-
K.
p1 V t=mR T 1

kN−m
V t=
mR T 1
=
(
( 0.114 kg ) 0.287 08
kg−K )
( 294 K )

p1 kN
307 2
m

V t =0.031 3 m3

Check the pressure at the steady-state temperature of the tire whether it will exceed the limiting
pressure pL = 334 kPaa.
p2 T 2
=
p1 T 1
355
p2=307 kPaa
294 ( )
 p2=371 kPaa>334 Kpaa

Therefore, the automatic valve will open, thus releasing some air because the pressure p 2
exceeded the limiting pressure. Solving for the mass mr that remains in the tire,
kN
p V
mr = L t =
m (
334 2 ( 0.0313 m3 )
)
RT2 kN −m
(
0.287 08
kg−K
( 355 K ) )
mr =0.103 kg

∴ m out =m i−m r =( 0.114−0.103 ) kg

mout =0.011 kg
(b) If the temperature returns to 294 K, then,
kN −m
pr =
mr R T r
=
( 0.103 kg ) 0.287 08 ( kg−K
( 294 K ) )
Vt 0.031 3 m3

pr =278 kPaa−100 kPa=178 kPag

348./p.31 – At 2 068.44 kPaa, 37.8 oC, 0.142 m3 of methane have a total mass of 1.82 kg. Using
Avogadro’s principle find the mass of carbon dioxide contained in a 0.85 m 3 tank at 2 068.44
kPaa, 37.8 oC.

Given: ideal gases methane and carbon dioxide at p = 2 068.44 kPaa and T = 37.8 oC
V CH = 0.142 m3
4

m CH =¿ 1.82 kg
4

V CO =¿ 0.85 m3
2

Required:
m CO =¿ ? (using Avogadro’s principle)
2

Solution:
M CH v CH =M CO vCO
4 4 2 2

V CH V CO
M CH 4
( )
mCH
=M CO 4

mCO
4
2
( ) 2

( MV )CO
m CO = m 2

2
( MV )CH ( CH4
4
)

Determine the molecular mass of the gases,

 kg
M CH =( 1 )( 12 ) + ( 4 ) ( 1 )=16
4
kg−mol

kg
M CO =( 1 )( 12 ) + ( 2 ) ( 16 )=44
2 Helium at kg−mol

p =101.325 kPaa
( 44 )( 0.85 )
∴ mCO = ( 1.82 kg )
( 16 ) T( 0.142
2
= 21.1) oC

mCO =30 kg
2

358./p. 32 – It is planned to lift and move logs from almost inaccessible forest areas by means of
balloons. Helium at atmospheric pressure (101.325 kPaa) and temperature (21.1 0C) is to be used
in the balloons. What minimum balloon diameter (assume spherical shape) will be required for a
gross lifting force of 20 metric tons? For He, R = 2.077 67 kJ/kg-K.

Given: balloons containing helium to move logs

GLF = 20 metric tons

Required:
D = ? (if balloon is spherical in shape)

Solution:
Since helium is lighter than air, the balloon containing helium will float and is capable of
carrying a load and is given by the equation

GLF=F g −F gair He
 GLF= ( mgk ) −( mgk )
air He

g
GLF= ( m air −m He )
k

g pV pV
GLF=
k [( ) ( ) ]
RT air
−
RT He

The material used in the balloon is considered elastic, so equality in pressure will occur, that is,
pair = pHe, the temperature is also assumed the same inside and outside, so T air = THe and the
volume of displaced air is equal to the volume of helium inside the balloon, V air = VHe. With
these conditions, the equation becomes

GLF= ( gk )( pVT )[ R1 − R1 ] air He

Solving for V,
( GLF ) ( kT )
V=
1 1
gp
[ −
R air R He ]
1 000 kg kg −m
(20 metric ton x metric )
ton (
f
9.81
kg −s )
( 294.1 K ) m

f
2

V=
m kN 1 1 kg −K
( s )( m )[ 0.287 08 2.077 67 ] kN −m
9.81 2
101.325 2
− m

3 π D3
V =19 337.12 m =
6

6 ( 19 337.12m 3 )
D=
√
3

D=33.3 m

5.27/p. 156 – Burghardt

A hot air balloonist wishes to operate at an altitude where the pressure is 94 kPaa and the
temperature is 274 K. The balloon diameter is 10 m and the payload is 200 kg. What temperature
must the air in the balloon be to achieve this.

Given: hot air balloon

TC = 274 K
pC = 94 kPaa
 D = 10 m

Fg = 200 kgf
Required:
TH = ?

Solution:
Since hot air is lighter than cold air, the lifting force of the hot air balloon is

F g=F g −F g
C H

F g= ( mgk ) −( mgk )
C H

g
F g= [ m −m H ]
k c

g Hot
pV Air pV
F g=
[( ) ( ) ]
−
k RT C RT
TH
H

The hot air balloon has an opening where heat is supplied to keep the air inside the balloon hotter
than the surrounding air, so that pC = pH and the volume occupied by the hot air inside the
balloon is equal to the volume of cold air displaced, thus VC = VH.

F g= ( gk )( pVR )[ T1 − T1 ]
c H

1 1 F kR
[ −
Tc TH
= g
]
gpV

1 1 F g kR
= −
T H T c gpV
 kg m−m kN −m
1
=
1
−
(
( 200 kg f ) 9.81
kgf −s2
)(
0.287 08
kgm −K )
T H 274 K m kN π
( 9.81
s)(
2
94 2
m )[ 6
( 10 m )3 ]
T H =402.7 K

5.28 – Burghardt
A 0.10 m3 scuba tank holds air at 20 MPaa and 10 oC. At a depth of 100 m in water (ρ =1 000
kg/m3)
a diver uses 0.04 m3/min of air at a pressure equal to that of the water surrounding her. Assume
the temperature of the air remains at 10 oC. Determine the time until the air is consumed.

Given: scuba diver

Vt = 0.10 m3
p1 = 20 MPaa patm
T1 = 10oC + 273 = 283 K

d = 100 m

Required:
t = ? ( the time until the air is consumed)

Solution:
The initial mass m1 in the scuba tank is ρ = 1 000 kg/m3
kN
p V
m 1= 1 1 =
m( )
20 000 2 ( 0.10 m3 )

RT1 kN −m
(
0.287 08
kg−K
( 283 K ) )
m 1=24.617 kg

The pressure that surrounds the diver at a depth d = 100 mV̇isused = 0.04 m /min
3

at p surrounding her
 g
p= p atm + ρd
k
Air
m
D = 1.83 m 9.81
N s2 kg
pp=101 325 +
1 = 2 070 kPaa 2
m 1 kg−m
T1 = 27 C + 273 = 300 K N−s
o 2
[(
1 000 3 ( 100 m )
m ) ]
N
p=1 082 325 |(¿ Paa)|
m2

Therefore, mass flow rate ṁ used consumed by the diver is

N m3

ṁused =
p V̇ used (
=
1 082325
m2)(
0.040
min )
RT N−m
(287.08
kg−K )
( 283 K )
kg
ṁ used=0.533
min

Assuming that all the air in the scuba tank will be consumed by the diver, then,

m1 24.617 kg
t= =
ṁused kg
0.533
min

t=46.2min

360./p.32 – Faires
(a) A sphere, 1.83 m in diameter, contains air at 2 070 kPaa and 27 oC. How many drums 15 cm
in diameter and 60 cm long, which are initially devoid of any gas, can be filled to a pressure of
345 kPaa and 18 oC? Assume that the temperature of the air left in the sphere remains at 27 oC.
(b) The same as (a) except that the drums initially contain air at 138 kPaa and 18 oC.

Given: spherical tank containing air that transfers it to drums

Drum
d = 15 cm
h = 60 cm
pd = 345 kPaa
 Td = 18 oC + 273 = 291 K

Required:
(a) no. of drums = ? (if drums are initially devoid of any gas)
(b) no. of drums = ? (if drums are at pdi = 138 kPaa and Tdi = 18 0C)

Solution:
Determine the initial mass m1 of air in the spherical tank.
kN π
p V
m 1= 1 1 =
(
2 070 2
m 6 )[
( 1.83 m )3 ]
RT1 kN −m
(
0.287 08
kg−K
( 300 K ) )
m 1=77.126 kg

(a) If the drums are initially devoid of any gas, the mass of air needed to fill each of the drums to
the specified pressure and temperature is
π
p V
md = d d =
4 [
( 345 ) ( 0.15 )2 ( 0.60 ) ]
RTd ( 0.287 08 ) ( 291 )

kg
m d =0.044
drum

As the drums are filled with air from the spherical tank, its pressure will drop until such time that
the pressure goes down to 345 kPaa. At this pressure, it cannot fill another drum and there will
be some air remaining in the tank. Solving for the mass of air mL that is left in the tank as its
temperature remains at 27 oC, then,

π
mL =
( 345 )
6 [
(1.83 )3 ]
( 0.287 08 ) ( 300 )

m L =12.854 kg

The available mass ma of air in filling the drums is therefore,

ma=m1−mL =77.126−12.854

m a=64.272kg
 ma 64.272 kg
∴ no . of drums= =
md kg
0.044
drum

no . of drums=1 460.7 ≈ 1 461drums

(b) If the drums initially contain air, the mass mdi per drum is,

π
m di=
p di V d
=
( 138 )
4[( 0.15 )2 ( 0.60 ) ]
R T di ( 0.287 08 )( 291 )

kg
m di =0.017 5
drum

The mass of air mN needed to fill the drums to the desired pressure and temperature is

kg
m N =0.044−0.0175=0.026 5
drum

ma 64.272 kg
∴ no . drums= =
mN kg
0.026 5
drum

no . drums=2 425.4 ≈ 2 425 drums

363. A 1.70 m3 tank containing air at 121 oC is evacuated from atmospheric pressure until the
vacuum is 734 mm Hg. (a) What mass of 121 oC air is left in the tank? (b) What mass was
pumped out? (c) If the air left in the tank is cooled to a temperature of 2 oC, what is the pressure
in kPaa and in mm Hg?

Given: a tank containing air

Vt = 1.70 m3
p1 = 101.325 kPaa
T1 = T2 = 121 oC + 273 = 394 K
p2 =734 mm Hg vac = -734 mm Hg

Required:
(a) mL = ?
(b) mout = ?
(c) p’ = ? (in kPaa and in mm Hg, if the air left in the tank is cooled to T’ = 2 oC)
Solution:
(a) The mass of air mL left in the tank is
p2 V 2
mL=
RT2

but the given pressure p2 must be converted into an absolute pressure in kPaa.

p2=(−734 mm Hg ) ( 101.325 kPaa

760 mm Hg )
+101.325 kPa

p2=3.466 kPaa

( 3.466 ) (1.70 )
∴ mL =
( 0.287 08 )( 394 )

m L =0.052 kg

(b) For the mass that was pumped out,

mout =m1−mL

so that the initial mass m1 of the air in the tank is

p 1 V 1 ( 101.325 )( 1.70 )
m 1= =
R T 1 ( 0.287 08 )( 394 )

m 1=1.523 kg

∴ m out =1.523−0.052=1.471 kg

(c) If the remaining air is cooled to T’ = 2 oC + 273 = 275 K, then

kN−m
p' =
mL RT '
=
(
( 0.052 kg ) 0.287 08
kg−K )
( 275 K )

Vt ( 1.70 m3 )

p' =2.415 kPaa

In mm Hg,
760 mm Hg
p' =2.415 kPaa ( 101.325 kPa )

p' =18.1 mm Hg|¿|

367. There are withdrawn 5.67 m3 of oxygen measured 103 kPaa of and 32 oC from a 1.42 m3
tank containing O2 initially at 690 kPaa and 60 oC. What is the pressure of the air remaining in
the tank if its temperature is 54 oC? For O2, R = 0.259 90 kJ/kg-K

Given: a tank containing oxygen

Vt = 1.42 m3
Vw = 5.67 m3 O2
p1 = 690 kPaa
pw = 103 kPaa
T1 = 60 oC
Tw = 32 oC
O2 out

Required:
Pr = ? (if Tr = 54 oC + 273 = 327 K)

Solution:
The initial mass m1 of oxygen in the tank is
p1V t ( 690 ) ( 1.42 )
m 1= =
R T 1 ( 0.259 90 )( 60+273 )

m 1=11.321 kg

The mass of withdrawn oxygen mw is

pw V w ( 103 ) (5.67 )
mw = =
R T w ( 0.259 90 )( 32+273 )

mw =7.367 kg

and the mass remaining mr is

m r =m1 −m w =11.321−7.367

mr =3.954 kg

The pressure of oxygen remaining in the tank is therefore,

kN −m
pr =
mr R T r
=
(
(3.954 kg ) 0.259 90
kg−K )
( 327 K )

Vt 1.42 m3

pr =237 kPaa
370. A closed vessel A contains 0.085 m3 (VA) of carbon dioxide at pA = 3 446 kPaa and a
temperature TA = 49 oC. This vessel connects with vessel B, which contains an unknown volume
of carbon dioxide VB at 103 kPaa and 10 oC. After the valve separating the two vessels is opened,
the resulting pressure and temperature are pm = 1 380 kPaa and Tm =21 oC, repectively. What is
the volume VB? For CO2 , R = 0.188 96 kJ/kg-K.

Given: two vessels connected by a pipe with a valve that is initially closed

Vessel A (CO2)

VA = 0.085 m3 Vessel B (CO2)

pA = 3 446 kPaa pB = 103 kPaa
TA =49 0C TB =10 oC
valve

With the valve opened:

Pm = 1 380 kPaa
Tm = 21 oC + 273 = 294 K

Required:
VB = ? (volume of vessel B)

Solution;
With the valve closed, the two vessels have their corresponding masses of carbon dioxide in it.
For vessel A,
p V ( 3 446 )( 0.085 )
m A= A A =
R T A ( 0.188 96 )( 49+273 )

m A =4.814 kg
For vessel B,
pB V B ( 103 ) ( V B )
mB = =
R T B ( 0.188 96 ) ( 10+273 )

mB =1.926 V B kg

With the valve opened, the two vessels became a single vessel and the carbon dioxide will mix,
resulting in the pressure pm and temperature Tm. The volume and mass will now be Vm and mm,
respectively. Solving for the volume Vm,
 mm R T m
V m=
pm

but

V m =V A +V B

and

m m=m A + m B

( m A +m B ) R T m
∴ ( V A +V B )=
pm

( m A +mB ) R T m
V B= −¿ V A
pm

mB R T m m A R T m
V B− = −V A
pm pm

( 1.926 V B ) ( 0.188 96 ) ( 294 ) ( 4.814 ) ( 0.188 96 ) ( 294 )

V B− = −0.085
1 380 1380

V B −0.078 V B =0.109

0.109
V B= =0.118 m3
( 1−0.078 )

382./p 34 – For a certain ideal gas, R = 0.277 kJ/kg-K and k = 1.384. (a) What are the values of
cp and cv? (b) What mass of this gas would occupy a volume of 0.425 m3 at 517.11 kPaa and 26.7
o
C? (c) If 31.65 kJ are transferred to this gas at constant volume in (b), what are the resulting
temperature and pressure?

Given: ideal gas

R = 0.277 kJ/kg-K
k = 1.384

Required:
(a) cp = ?
Cv = ?
(b) m = ? (if V1 = 0.425 m3, p1 =517.11 kPaa, T1 = 26.7 oC + 273 = 299.7 K)
(c) T2 = ?
p2 = ? (if Qv = 31.65 kJ)
Solution:
(a) For the specific heats,
kJ
c p=
kR
=
(
(1.384 ) 0.277
kg−K )
k −1 ( 1.384−1 )

kJ
c p=0.998
kg−K

kJ
cv=
R
=
( 0.277
kg−K )
k −1 ( 1.384−1 )

kJ
c v =0.721
kg−K
(b) For the mass,
kN
pV
m= 1 1 =
m (
2
( 0.425 m3 )
517.11
)
RT1 kN −m
0.277 (
kg−K
( 299.7 K ) )
m=2.647 kg

(c) If heat at constant volume is transferred to (b), the resulting temperature and pressure will be,

Qv =mc v ( T 2−T 1 )

Qv
T 2= +T
mc v 1

31.65 kJ
T 2= + 299.7 K
kJ
(
(2.647 kg ) 0.721
kg−K )
T 2=316.3 K

Since the process is constant volume, then,

p2 T 2
=
p1 T 1

316.3
p2=( 517.11 kPaa ) [ 299.7 ]
 p2=545.75 kPaa

389. The partial pressures of a four-component gaseous mixture (CO, CH 4, N2, Ar) at 33 oC are
respectively: 7, 21, 14, 28 kPaa. For the mixture find its pressure and volumetric analysis.

Given: four-component gaseous mixture at T = 33 oC

pCO = 7 kPaa
pCH = 21 kPaa
4

p N = 14 kPaa
2

p Ar = 28 kPaa
Required:
pm = ?
χi = ?

Solution:
The pressure of the mixture is
pm =∑ p i=7+21+14 +28
i
pm =70 kPaa
For the volumetric fraction,
pCO 7
χ CO = = =0.10
pm 70

p CH 21
χ CH = 4
= =0.30
4
pm 70

p N 14
χN = 2
= =0.20
2
p m 70

p Ar 28
χ Ar = = =0.40
pm 70

404./p. 36 – (a) Derive the following equation from the change of entropy between any two
states of an ideal gas with constant specific heats:
v2 p2
∆ s=c p ln +c v ln
v1 p1
(b) Helium changes its state from 586.06 kPaa and 194 L to 9 459.67 kPaa and 28.3 L. What is Δ
S for 0.2 kg-mol? For He, M = 4.003 kg/kg-mol, cp = 5.202 8 kJ/kg-K and cv = 3.123 3 kJ/kg-K.

Solution:
(a) Derivation of another formula for entropy for an ideal gas:
From the equation
T v
Δ s=c v ln 2 + Rln 2
T1 v1
Let: R = cp - cv,
T2 v2
Δ s=c v ln + ( c p −c v ) ln
T1 v1

T2 v v
Δ s=c v ln −c v ln 2 +c p ln 2
T1 v1 v1

T2 v2 v2
(
Δ s=c v ln
T1
−ln
v1 )
+ c p ln
v1

T2
v T
Δ s=c p ln 2 +c v ln 1
v1 v2
v1
[ ]
v2 T v1
Δ s=c p ln
v1 [ ( )( )]
+c v ln 2
v2 T1

T2 p2 v1 R
Since = and = , therefore,
v2 R T1 p1

v2 p
Δ s=c p ln
v1 [
+c v ln 2
R( )( pR )]1

v2 p
Δ s=c p ln +c v ln 2
v1 p1

Using the other equation for entropy,

T2 p2
Δ s=c p ln −Rln
T1 p1

T2 p
Δ s=c p ln −( c p−c v ) ln 2
T1 p1

T2 p2 p2
Δ s=c p ln −c p ln + c v ln
T1 p1 p1

T2 p2 p2
(
Δ s=c p ln
T1
−ln
p1 )
+c v ln
p1
 T2

[ ]
T p
Δ s=c p ln 1 +c v ln 2
p2
p1
p1

T2 p1 p
[ ( )( )]
Δ s=c p ln
p2 T1
+ c v ln 2
p1

T2 v2 p1 R
But = and = , therefore,
p2 R T1 v1

[
Δ s=c p ln ( vR )( vR )]+c ln pp
2

1
v
2

v2 p
Δ s=c p ln +c v ln 2
v1 p1

(b) For He,

Δ S=m Δ s=Mn Δ s

kg kJ 28.3 9 459.67
(
Δ S= 4.003
kg−mol ) [(
( 0.2 kg−mol ) 5.2028
kg−K
ln
194 ) ( )
+ ( 3.1233 ) ln( 586.06 )]
kJ
Δ S=−1.06 3 4
K