Protista

Ciliates
-characterized by presence of hair like bodies called (cilia)
Animal like Protista (Protozoa)

General Characteristics
Habitat: Fresh water, ponds, rivers, lakes and damp soil
Locomotory Organ: cilia (hair like projections)
Nutrition: Heterotrophic (free living or Paramecium / parasite
Blantidium coli
Reproduction: Asexual (transverse fission) sexual (conjugation)
Contractile vacuole: Osmoregulation (for control of water
balance
Pellicle: Thin layer of protein, present below cell membrane
which give a definite changeable shape, same as protozoa.

Contractile vacuole -collects excess fluid from the protoplasm

and periodically empties it into the surrounding medium. It may
also excrete nitrogenous wastes.

Damp soil: A 'wet soil' or 'fully saturated soil' is a soil that has all
pore spaces filled with water devoid of air.

Transverse fission
The Colpodea 
are a class of ciliates, of about 200 species common in
freshwater and soil habitats.
The body cilia are typically uniform, and are supported
by dikinetids of characteristic structure, with cilia on both
kinetosomes.
The mouth may be apical or ventral, with more or less
prominent associated polykinetids. Many are asymmetrical,
the cells twisting sideways and then untwisting again prior to
division, which often takes place within cysts. Colpoda, a kidney-
shaped ciliate common in organic rich conditions, is
representative.

Most ciliates placed here were originally considered

advanced trichostomes, on the assumption that they lacked true
oral cilia. However the Bursariomorphida, large carnivorous
ciliates whose oral cavity forms a deep anterior pocket, were
considered heterotrichs because of their prominent oral
polykinetids. The modern class was first defined
by Small & Lynn in 1981, based mainly on the structure of the
body kinetids.

Kinetosomes also called as basal body. acts as an

organizing center for the production of the microtubules
found in the cilia.
Microtubules -major components of the cytoskeleton
Dikinetids/polykinetids
A kinetid is an ultra-structural and cytoskeletal feature of
protists (little things that used to be called protozoa) that
refers to the structures attached to the base of the
cilium/flagellum inside the cell. 
Ultra-structure- fine structure, especially within a cell, that
can be seen only with the high magnification obtainable
with an electron microscope.
Cytoskeleton- made up of microtubules, actin
filaments, and intermediate filaments. A system of
filaments or fibres that is present in the cytoplasm of
eukaryotic cells (cells containing a nucleus).

Trichostomes any ciliate protozoan of the holotrichous,

(order of ciliates that covered entirely with flagella) order of
Trichostomatida (subphylum of ciliophora). Free-living
forms are found in freshwater and salt water .
Trichostomes usually have a heavily ciliated vestibule
(outer cavity) that leads to the ventrally located mouth.
Body ciliation is uniform, although it may be reduced in
parasitic species.
freshwater (e.g., Tillina)
salt water (e.g., Woodruffia)

Apical or ventral- adjective for apex, the tip of a

pyramidal or rounded structure, refers to the front part
of the organism