Effectiveness of Risk Reduction Manageme

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Jose Abad Santos Campus

3058 Ave., Pasay City Tel No.831-8077
CHAPTER I
The Problem and its Background
Introduction
This study will identify if the barangays can perform well at its
capacity to handle disaster according to the standard given by the
government. The Barangay has the inherent responsibility of protecting
its members from the effects of fire explosion, serious weather
disturbance and other disasters affecting community, government as well
as private facilities (Allen, K. M. 2006). This Disaster Risk Reduction and
Management Plan purpose is to derive with a well-organized and in effect
system in the management of disaster. The practical structure of Action
requires a appropriate course of command and action. Therefore in the
Barangay Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Plan, an organization
assembly is made to deliver a vivid depiction of responsibilities and
system of command and action. The National Disaster Risk Reduction
and Management Plan (NDRRMP) fulfill the requirement of RA No. 10121
of 2010, which provides the legal basis for policies, plans and programs to
deal with disasters. The NDRRMP covers four thematic areas, namely,
Disaster Prevention and Mitigation; Disaster Preparedness; Disaster

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Response; and Disaster Rehabilitation and Recovery, which correspond to
the structure of the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management
Council (NDRRMC) (Chan, C. J. 2011.). The study is about the
Effectiveness of Disaster Risk Reduction Management of selected
barangays in metro manila. This study sought to know the common risk
reductions measures being implemented, to know if there is a significant
relationship between the risk reduction management of the three
barangays and to determine their level of effectiveness on Disaster Risk
Reduction Management.
Background of the Study
Typhoon, earthquakes, storm surge, el niño, volcanic eruptions and
other catastrophic events has always been hitting the Philippines.
Thousands of lives lost and billions of infrastructure and livelihood
destroyed. The BRRMC are in charge of situations such as disaster
striking the barangay sectors and creating a solution that would conform
to its rules and guidelines. In the rimes of disaster the most important
factor is being prepared and part of it is knowing what disaster you are
about to face.
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In history The National Disaster Coordinating Council (NDCC) it
has recorded 523 events from 1987 to 2000 with an average of 37
disasters annually (Office of Civil Defense, 2001). In actual events the
Philippines, being located within the Pacific ring of fire, has been
categorized among the top ten hazardous countries in the world on
interpretation of the numerous natural geo-meteological hazards to which
it is relentlessly exposed. In November 2, 1995, typhoon Rosing ravaged
the Municipality of Bula, Camarines Sur with devastating flood waters
reaching 7-20 feet and left 11 barangays and the 1 poblacion flooded
under water (Luna, 1994). The discharge of Mt. Pinatubo claimed 2,729
lives after releasing 800 million cubic meters of pyroclastic materials. It
has drowned approximately 500 villages that triggered floods that
continued 30 days to 6 months in the provinces of Zambales and Tarlac.
There has been proof of the weakness of cities, particularly the minor
settlements, to dangerous climate events. Last November 5, 1991, an
whole city disappeared in less than 1 hour after overwhelming waters
along with mud streams ravaged Ormoc City and claimed almost 4000
lives and destroying thousands of houses and left a whole lot of people
displaced (Luna, 1994).

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The researchers also experienced different situations that caused
them to investigate such events. The lack of preparations in part of the
researchers and in the part of the LGU proved to be very useless in times
of danger. The important factor in facing disaster is being ready and alert
when such event is at hand. Situations like floods and earthquakes cause
fear and panic to all individuals, which made the researcher realize that
events such as this may continue to occur. We must learn to adapt and
be resilient in the face of adversities such as disaster. In the observation
of the researcher some of the LGU lacks in the terms of preparedness and
readiness in handling situations such as disaster.
Statement of the Problem
The study seeks to find out the effectiveness of risk reduction
management of selected barangays in Metro Manila.
Specifically, this sought to answers to the following questions:
1. What is the profile of the respondents?
1.1 Gender
1.2 Age
1.3 Government Affiliation
1.4 Position
1.5 Length of Service
1.6 Educational Attainment
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2. What are the common risk reductions measures being implemented in
these barangays?
3. What is the level of effectiveness of the RRM of the 3 barangays?
Significance of the Study
The following person, people or group will benefit from the results
or the research conducted:
1. To the students of Arellano University and to all other college
students that will be interested in creating a study about risk reduction
management.
2. To the local government units, the findings of this study can
provide practical inputs for reviewing and reformulating, whenever
necessary, disaster management related policies or decisions, projects
and activities towards making their barangays resilient to disasters.
3. To other researchers who are in pursue of this study which might
contributing to the efficiency of qualitative method studies on disaster
preparedness and other disaster-related issues.
4. To the National Government, NGO and The National Disaster Risk
Reduction and Management Plan (NDRRMP), the findings of this study
can provide practical inputs for reviewing and reformulating, whenever

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necessary, disaster management related policies or decisions, projects
and activities towards making the country resilient to disasters.
5. To the residents of the Philippines, in pursuit of resiliency of
Disaster Risk Reduction Management, this study will help them be more
responsive and prepared in times of disaster and be aware of their rights
after the disaster.
Scope and Limitation
The study is limited to the effectiveness of the Risk Reduction
Management of selected barangays in Metro Manila.
1. The research is conducted and limited to barangay Brgy. 49 of
Pasay City, Brgy. Santo Niño of Marikina City, and Brgy. 868 of Pandacan
Manila only.
2. The profile of the respondents and their knowledge in the
effectiveness of Risk Reduction measures being implemented on their
barangay.
3. The common Risk Reduction being implemented on their barangay.

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Theoretical and Conceptual Framework
The theory used for the study is structural functionalism theory.
Structural Functionalism theory is theoretical understanding of society
that in order for social life to survive and develop in society there are a
number of activities that need to be carried out to ensure that certain
needs are fulfilled. In the structural functionalist model, individuals
produce necessary goods and services in various institutions and roles
that correlate with the norms of the society (Peters, B. G. 2011.).
Table 1 Schematic diagram of the conceptual framework of the study

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Definition of Terms
There are some terms used in the study that might not be well
understood. In order for the readers to understand the study very well,
the researcher defined the following terms using the standard and
contextual definition.
Adaptation- The adjustment in natural or human systems in response to
actual or expected climactic stimuli or their effects, which moderates
harm or exploits beneficial opportunities.
Climate Change- The Inter-Governmental Panel on Climate Change
(IPCC) defines climate change as: “a change in the state of the climate
that can be identified (e.g., by using statistical tests) by changes in the
mean and/or the variability of its properties, and that persists for an
extended period, typically decades or longer. Climate change may be due
to natural internal processes or external forcing or to persistent
anthropogenic changes in the composition of the atmosphere or in land
use”.
Disaster- A serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a
society involving widespread human, material, economic or environmental

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losses and impacts, which exceeds the ability of the affected community
or society to cope using its own resources.
Disaster Risk- The potential disaster losses, in lives, health, status,
livelihoods, assets, and services, which could occur to a particular
community or a society over some specified future time period.
Disaster Risk Management- The systematic process of using
administrative directives, organizations, and operational skills and
capacities to implement strategies, policies and improved coping
capacities in order to lessen the adverse impacts of hazards and the
possibility of disaster.
Disaster Risk Reduction- The concept and practice of reducing disaster
risks through systematic efforts to analyze and manage the causal factors
of disasters, including through reduced exposure to hazards, lessened
vulnerability of people and property, wise management of land and the
environment, and improved preparedness for adverse events.
Early Warning System- The set of capacities needed to generate and
disseminate timely and meaningful warning information to enable
individuals, communities and organizations threatened by a hazard to

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prepare and to act appropriately and in sufficient time to reduce the
possibility of harm or loss.
Exposure- People, property, systems, or other elements present in hazard
zones that are thereby subject to potential losses.
Hazard- A dangerous phenomenon, substance, human activity or
condition that may cause loss of life, injury or other health impacts,
property damage, loss of livelihoods and services, social and economic
disruption, or environmental damage.
Mitigation- The lessening or limitation of the adverse impacts of hazards
and related disaster.
Natural Hazard- Natural process or phenomenon that may cause loss of
life, injury or other health impacts, property damage, loss of livelihoods
and services, social and economic disruption, or environmental damage.
Preparedness- The knowledge and capacities developed by governments,
professional response and recovery organizations, communities and
individuals to effectively anticipate, respond to, and recover from, the
impacts of likely, imminent or current hazard events or conditions.

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Prevention- The outright avoidance or adverse impacts of hazards and
related disasters.
Public Awareness- The extent of common knowledge about disaster risks,
the factors that lead to disasters and the actions that and be taken
individually and collectively to reduce exposure and vulnerability to
hazard.
Recovery- The restoration, and improvement where appropriate, of
facilities, livelihoods and living conditions of disaster-affected
communities, including efforts to reduce disaster risk factors.
Residual Risk- The risk that remains in unmanaged form, even when
effective disaster risk reduction measures are in place, and for which
emergency response and recovery capacities must be maintained.
Resilience- The ability of a system, community or society exposed to
hazards to resist, absorb, accommodate to and recover from the effects of
a hazard in a timely and efficient manner, including through the
preservation and restoration of its essential basic structures and
functions.
Response- The provision of emergency services and public assistance
during or immediately after a disaster in order to save lives, reduce health

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impacts, ensure public safety ad meet the basic subsistence needs of the
people affected.
Risk- The combination of the probability of an event and its negative
consequences.
Risk Assessment- A methodology to determine the nature and extent of
risk by analyzing potential hazards and evaluating existing condition of
vulnerability that together could potentially harm exposed people,
property, services, livelihoods and the environment on which they depend.
Risk Management- The systematic approach and practice of managing
uncertain to minimize potential harm and loss.
Sustainable Development- Development that meets the needs of the
present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet
their own needs.
Vulnerability- The characteristics and circumstances of a community,
system or assets that make is susceptible to the damaging effects of a
hazard.
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CHAPTER II
Review of Related Literature and Studies
Disaster is an occurrence focused in space, in which a society or
one of its subdivisions undergoes physical destruction and social
disruptions, such that all or some essential functions of the society or
subdivision are impaired. Property can be lost, peace and order can be
shattered, and at worst, disasters can lead to death. Casualties are
always equated to the word disaster as its main end is to destroy.
Natural disasters and calamities increase their number and their level of
intensity as years go by. According to the November 2015 report from the
United Nations, the rate of weather-related disasters such as cyclones,
typhoons and droughts is growing. Between 2005 and 2014, the annual
average of weather-related disasters was 335, an increase of 14 percent
from 1995 to 2004 and almost twice the average recorded form 2985 to
1995.
In the past 20 years, 90 percent of major disasters have been
caused by 6, 457 recorded floods, storms, heat waves, droughts and other
weather events. Indonesia, India and the Philippines are among the five
countries by the highest number of disasters, besides the United States
and China.
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Disasters often follow natural hazards. A disaster's severity depends
on how much impact a hazard has on society and the environment. The
scale of the impact in turn depends on the choices we make for our lives
and for our environment. These choices relate to how we grow our food,
where and how we build our homes, what kind of government we have,
how our financial system works and even what we teach in schools. Each
decision and action makes us more vulnerable to disasters - or more
resilient to them.
Disaster risk reduction is the concept and practice of reducing
disaster risks through systematic efforts to analyze and reduce the causal
factors of disasters. Reducing exposure to hazards, lessening vulnerability
of people and property, wise management of land and the environment,
and improving preparedness and early warning for adverse events are all
examples of disaster risk reduction.
Global and local developments in the 21st century have influenced
the undertaking of this study. Globally, almost all regions of the world
have been increasingly at risk, or vulnerable to natural (and man-made)
cataclysms. The Indian Ocean tsunami in December 2004 and the
Fukushima earthquake and tsunami in 2011, Hurricane Katrina which
ravaged the Mississippi delta in 2005 and more recently Hurricane Sandy
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which inundated the New York environs in 2012 are very well
documented and by now common knowledge.
The world is increasingly at risk due to the effects of climate change
and extreme weather. Thus, global summits such as that at Hyogo, Japan
and regional ASEAN meetings have emphasized the need for disaster risk
reduction. The Philippines, which is located in the so-called Pacific “ring
of fire” is vulnerable to the occurrence of tropical cyclones (typhoons) and
floods, earthquake and tsunami, volcanic eruptions, landslides and the
like. (Sobremisana, V.S., and Pilar, N.N. 2014)
These natural calamities bombard the country, though earthquakes
are reported to be the most threatening to property and economy,
majority of these disasters were caused by flood. The high level of flooding
incident can be attributed to the Southwest Monsoon that happens
around August yearly. However, the major cause of mortality rate is
always typhoons and storms. This is to be “expected from the country
that is the most-exposed large country in the world to typhoons and
tropical cyclones. Around 20 tropical cyclones or storms enter the
country’s area of responsibility in a year and of these usually 7 to 9 make
landfall.” (Bankoff, G. (2003). Cultures of disaster: society and natural
hazards in the Philippines. Psychology Press.). Of all the natural disasters

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that the Philippines have experienced all through its history, earthquakes
pose the greatest risk to the life, property, and economy. The earthquake
that hit Bohol just this 2013 is a grim reminder of the great human
suffering this disaster caused (Sobremisana, V. S., and Pilar, N. N. 2014.).
Earthquakes, though most of the time perceptible, can be detected but
not prevented, and fault lines that run beneath the deepest sections of
the Earth, cannot be moved to another place, these are the reasons why
earthquakes pose more risk, especially to property, than any other
disaster that wreak havoc to the land.
Though typhoons, hurricanes, floods and other water-related
calamities tally and claim more lives than earth-associated calamities,
earthquakes and the likes threaten the economy more as it deals more
damage to the land and property and can deter and break the flow of the
normal functioning of the society. Recovery, too, is harder, comparatively
speaking, than the ravages dealt by water-related disasters because the
displacement and distortion of land is most of the unrepairable. It can
take months just to reconstruct structures, fill holes and bridge gaps
created by earthquakes. It is recorded that the Philippines is being
shaken by 500 earthquakes per year, but most of them are too weak to be
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felt. Of the 500 tremors per year, only 60 of them are medium in terms
and 2 are strong in terms of intensity.
In the local scene, a JICA-funded project entitled “Metropolitan
Manila Earthquake Impact Reduction Study” (MMEIRS) was undertaken
between 2002 and 2004 to assess Metro Manila’s vulnerability to a major
earthquake. Since Metro Manila is the frontline city of the Philippines,
and the center of the government, financial, commercial, and social
activities, the impact of a large earthquake will greatly affect the nation.
The JICA funded project MMEIRS created a damage scenario in the
event that the West Valley Fault (Marikina Fault) triggers a 7.2 intensity
earthquake. The estimated results in damages are: 170,000 heavily
damaged or collapsed (13% of total) residential buildings; 340,000
moderately damaged (26% of total) residential buildings; 10,000
liquefaction-affected buildings alongside Manila Bay; 8-10% heavily
damaged or collapsed hospital, school, firefighting, police and government
buildings; 34,000 dead from pressure of collapsed buildings; 110,000
with non-life threatening injuries; and 500 fire outbreaks, among other
statistics (Sobremisana, V. S., and Pilar, N. N. 2014.).
The government cannot effectively reach the whole nation without
decentralization as their range of jurisdiction in national level is vast. In

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order to reach the farthest ends of the country and inform the people
about movements on the national level, the power is then broken down
into a more focused regional scale, subdivided into city and municipality
level, and finally barangay level, where it is easier to disseminate national
agendas.
“The LGU is the closest level of organized government to the people,
and therefore it has a key role in broad-spectrum disaster risk
management practices and processes.”( Fernandez, A. L., Britton, N. R.,
Fernandez, J. C., & Pooyan, Z. 2004, November.). The LGU or the
barangay, also referred to as local authority, is the smallest
administrative division of the government. It is the extension of the
national government to execute task in a given limited jurisdictions in a
more concentrated manner. These barangays are therefore most suited to
perform and has the natural responsibility to handle risk management in
a small but concentrated scale, in order to ensure that the citizens has
the proper coordination with the government, especially when it comes to
the safety of the nation’s people. However, the task for disaster risk
management is not solely relying on the arms of the government, because
in reality, it is a shared responsibility with every sector of society.

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Disregarding the warnings of the local authorities and ignorance of
the people to the public policies is, most of the times, the main reason
why many lives are being claimed by the disasters, like what happened in
Iligan City. From the study “Barangay Government Disaster
Preparedness: The Case of Typhoon Sendong Affected Iligan
Communities” by Dr. Liwayway S. Viloria, Princess Angelica D. Mamon,
Chris G. Escuadra, Chrisjen L. Anaya, Jhona D. Landong. Which is
posted in the website of philippinesociology.com; According to researchers
of the said study “Asia has been the worst catastrophic events affected
region. The National Disaster Coordinating Council (NDCC) has recorded
523 events from 1987 to 2000 with an average of 37 disasters annually
(Office of Civil Defense, 2001).
In particular the Philippines, being located within the Pacific ring of
fire, has been classified among the top ten hazardous countries in the
world on account of the numerous natural geo-meteological hazards to
which it is constantly exposed. In November 2, 1995, typhoon Rosing
ravaged the Municipality of Bula, Camarines Sur with devastating flood
waters reaching 7-20 feet and left 11 barangays and the 1 poblacion
submerged under water (Luna, 1994). The eruption of Mt. Pinatubo
claimed 2,729 lives after releasing 800 million cubic meters of pyroclastic
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20
materials. It has inundated approximately 500 villages that triggered
floods that lasted 30 days to 6 months in the provinces of Zambales and
Tarlac. There has been proof of the vulnerability of cities, especially the
smaller settlements, to extreme weather events. Last November 5, 1991,
an entire city vanished in less than 1 hour after devastating waters along
with mud streams ravaged Ormoc City and claimed approximately 4000
lives and destroying thousands of houses and left a whole lot of people
homeless (Luna, 1994). Iligan City, however had not been as vulnerable
as other provinces or cities, until the onslaught of Typhoon Sendong on
December 17, 2011.”.
Our country is one part of Asia that is vulnerable to different kinds
of calamities that yearly destroys billions of infrastructure and livelihood,
not only that but taking thousands of lives in the process. It is a given
fact that we are exposed to greater risks if we do not follow a certain
framework for safeness so guidelines are implemented by the government
for people to follow. As written in Critical Success Factors for effective risk
management procedures in financial industries, “The effective risk
management framework includes the risk management policies and
procedures that cover risk identification, acceptance, measurement,
monitoring, reporting and control”. (Prapawadee Na Ranong and Wariya

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Phuenngam, 2009). This risk management framework was created to
improve preparedness and lessen vulnerability of people from disasters.
These rules are imposed not only to reduce the number of casualties or
safeguard the lives of the citizens but ultimately to save lives of the
people.
According to researchers of the said study “Asia has been the worst
catastrophic events affected region. The National Disaster Coordinating
Council (NDCC) has recorded 523 events from 1987 to 2000 with an
average of 37 disasters annually (Office of Civil Defense, 2001). In
particular the Philippines, being located within the Pacific ring of fire, has
been classified among the top ten hazardous countries in the world on
account of the numerous natural geo-meteological hazards to which it is
constantly exposed. In November 2, 1995, typhoon Rosing ravaged the
Municipality of Bula, Camarines Sur with devastating flood waters
reaching 7-20 feet and left 11 barangays and the 1 poblacion submerged
under water (Luna, 1994). The eruption of Mt. Pinatubo claimed 2,729
lives after releasing 800 million cubic meters of pyroclastic materials. It
has inundated approximately 500 villages that triggered floods that lasted
30 days to 6 months in the provinces of Zambales and Tarlac. There has
been proof of the vulnerability of cities, especially the smaller settlements,

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to extreme weather events. Last November 5, 1991, an entire city
vanished in less than 1 hour after devastating waters along with mud
streams ravaged Ormoc City and claimed approximately 4000 lives and
destroying thousands of houses and left a whole lot of people homeless
(Luna, 1994). Iligan City, however had not been as vulnerable as other
provinces or cities, until the onslaught of Typhoon Sendong on December
17, 2011.”.
Our country is one part of Asia that is vulnerable to different kinds
of calamities that yearly destroys billions of infrastructure and livelihood,
not only that but taking thousands of lives in the process. “The study
reveals that most of the barangays are not prepared for the disaster due
to lack of budget, which apparently resulted to negligence and over-
confidence; only one barangay was able to implement its Barangay
Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Plan (BDRRMP). The lack of
proper information-based systems and the ignorance of the residents
have contributed to their unpreparedness. Delayed response and relief are
due to impassable roads, among other things. In the aftermath, barangay
government officials have helped in the distribution of the relief goods and
have coordinated with the city and national governments, the NGOs, and
other private sector groups regarding their barangay long term

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rehabilitation.”. The study conducted in iligan is an example of lack of
preparation on the part of the local and national government. As said by
the researchers the level of their implementation of the risk reduction
management was at most in the minimum level among the area of its
jurisdiction.
MMEIRS was a serious call for preparedness, exhorting the local
authorities to plan for any eventuality. The study provided for a period of
eight years (2004 to 2012) for the Metropolitan Manila Development
Authority (MMDA) and all concerned to come up with plans, in order to
reduce the impact of a major earthquake. Since natural calamities are
inevitable there is no choice but for governments to formulate policies and
take action to reduce the impact of such calamities. Following the global
trend, the Philippines has adopted two major legislations shifting the
focus from conventional disaster management practice which used to
emphasize disaster response (search, rescue and relief operations), to the
new thrust on anticipatory risk reduction. These are the Climate Change
Act of 2009 [23] and the Disaster Risk Reduction Management Act of
2010 [22]. The problem appears to be that despite the occurrence of
catastrophic earthquakes in Haiti, Christchurch in New Zealand, and
Fukushima Japan; and the above-mentioned legislation and the early

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warning served by the MMEIRS Project, there is a need to ascertain if,
indeed, the MMDA and its component cities have forged the
corresponding legislative and administrative action to prepare for the
eventuality of an earthquake (Sobremisana, V. S., and Pilar, N. N. 2014.).
According to the United Nations Hyogo (UN) Framework for Action
(HFA) “In the context of sustainable development, the HFA focuses on four
priority areas for action, including principles and techniques to guide
vulnerable communities toward achieving disaster resilience, namely:
Make Disaster Risk Reduction a Priority. Ensure that disaster risk
reduction is a national and local priority with a strong institutional basis
for implementation. Know the Risk and Take Action. Identify, assess, and
monitor disaster risk and enhance early warning. On the basis of this
knowledge, effective early warning system should be developed, one that
is appropriately adapted to the peculiar situation of the people at risk.
Build Understanding and Awareness. Use knowledge, innovation, and
education to build a culture of safety and resilience at all levels.
Knowledge and understanding of appropriate vulnerability measures
combined with commitment to act is the key to disaster reduction.

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Reduce Risk. Cut down underlying risk factors. Communities and
countries can be resilient to disasters by investing in double, well-known
ways of reducing vulnerability and risk. Be prepared and Ready to Act.
Strengthen disaster preparedness for effective response at all levels.
Preparedness through conducting risk assessments, among others,
prior to investing in development programs and projects at all levels of
society can make people more resilient to natural hazards.”. The HFA is
an important aspect of risk reduction management as it prioritizes the
proper implementation of risk reduction measures with the strength of
the law in enforcing it to the officials assigned by the state. HFA is policy
made by the UN in order to standardized the rules in risk reduction
management among countries who are seeking to adapt it into their
system.
From the study of “Critical Success Factors for effective risk
management procedures in financial industries” by Prapawadee Na
Ranong and Wariya Phuenngam; According to the researcher “Over the
last few decades, risk management has become an area of development in
financial institutions. The area of financial services has been a business
sector related to conditions of uncertainty. The financial sector is the
most volatile in the current financial crisis. Activities within the financial
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sector are exposed to a large number of risks. For this reason, risk
management is more important in the financial sector than in any other
sectors (Carey, 2001). Carey regards financial institutions as the main
point of risk-taking in an uncertain environment.
Risk is a function of the likelihood of something happening and the
degree of losing which arises from a situation or activity. Losses can be
direct or indirect. For example, an earthquake can cause the direct loss of
buildings. Indirect losses include lost reputation, lost customer
confidence, and increased operational costs during recovery. The chance
of something happening will impact the achievement of objectives
(Partnerships BC, 2005 and NIST, 2004). “Risks are usually defined by
the adverse impact on profitability of several distinct sources of
uncertainty. While the types and degree of risks and organization may be
exposed to depend upon a number of factors such as its size, complexity
business activities, volume etc” (SBP, 2003, p.1) Risk can be classified
into systematic and unsystematic risk (Al-Tamimi and Al-Mazrooei, 2007).
Systematic risk refers to a risk inherent to the entire system or entire
market. It is sometimes called market risk, systemic risk or un-
diversification risk that cannot be avoided through diversification.
Whereas, unsystematic risk is risk associated with individual assets and

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hence can be avoided through diversification. It is also known as specific
risk, residual risk or diversifiable risk”.
Risk management involves identifying, measuring, monitoring and
controlling risks. The process is to ensure that the individual clearly
understands risk management and fulfills the business strategy and
objectives (SBP, 2003).
Based on the definition above, the meaning of risk involves: The
likelihood and consequence of something occurring, the chance of
something happening impacting the achievement of objectives. And risk
management is about: The process to eliminate, reduce and control risks,
It involves identifying, analyzing, measuring, monitoring and controlling
risks, Reducing the negative and emerging opportunities, Achievement of
business strategy and objectives. In order to facilitate a better
understanding of risk management, the authors will describe the
important process of risk management. Ergo, the following review will
explain the publication of risk management frameworks.”
The following review of Critical Success Factors will discuss Critical
Success Factors for effective risk management. There are a number of
papers on Critical Success Factors contributing to risk management.
Grabowski and Roberts (1999) examine the problem of risk mitigation and
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suggest a process designed to support the high level of performance in an
organization. They identify the four important factors as: Organizational
Structuring and Design, Communication, Organizational Culture, Trust
Galorath (2006) focuses on the importance of risk management, the
essence of risk management and assesses the processes to implement
risk management. He argues that risk management requires five
activities, which are as follows: Top-level management support, an
integral part of the entire program management structure and processes.

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CHAPTER III
Research Methodology
Locale of the Study
The chosen barangays on the study of the effectiveness of risk
reduction management of selected barangay in Metro Manila. Barangay
49 which is illustrated in table 1.1 that has a population of 420
people and the name of the Chairman of the barangay is Luis R.
Santos. Barangay Santo Niño which is illustrated in table 1.2 that
has a population of 39,479 people and the name of the Chairman of
the barangay is Josef, Rizaldy Cruz and Barangay 868 which is
illustrated in table 1.3. that has a population of 2,395 people and
the name of the Chairman of the barangay is Lourdes A. Asistol.
Research Design
The study used the correlational method. The data were obtained
through individual interviews using likert scale from barangay officials.

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Validation of Questionnaires
The questionnaires were pilot tested to psychology students after
which it was rechecked by the researcher’s adviser before it was officially
distributed for purpose of this study.
Statistical Treatment
1. Percentage
This will employ to determine the frequency counts and percentage
distribution of personal related variables of the respondents
%=F/n x 100
% is the percentage
F is the Frequency
N is the total number of respondents
100 is a constant value
2. Average Weighted Mean
This will be used to determine the assessment of the respondents with
regards to their personal profiles

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Weighted Mean =
X is the weighted mean
F is the frequency
x is the weight of each item
N is the number of cases
Map of Brgy. 868 of Pandacan Manila

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Table 1.1
Map of Brgy. 49 of Pasay City
Table 1.2
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Map of Brgy. Santo Niño of Marikina City
Table 1.3
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Research Instrument
The questionnaire used in this study was designed to obtain information
on the effectiveness of risk reduction management of barangays in Metro
Manila.
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Chapter IV
Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation of Data
This chapter presents the data in tabulated form which were
analyzed and interpreted to answer the following specific sub-problems.
The study sought to look the efficiency of risk reduction management of
barangay in Metro Manila, on providing risk reduction management on
victims of calamities of barangays in Metro Manila.
Specifically the study answered the following questions:
Table 1.1
Demographic Profile of the Respondents

In terms of Gender
Sex f %
M 8 53
F 7 47
Total 15 100
Table 1.1 presents the demographic profile of the respondents. It
can be seen that there is an almost equal numbers of male and female on
the surveyed respondents. Male respondents consist of 53% among the
total respondents and female respondents consist of 47%.

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Table 1.2

In terms of Age
Age f %
48
and
above 5 33
38-
47 3 20
28-
37 5 33
18-
27 2 14
Total 15 100
The table 1.2 projects demographic profile of the respondents in
terms of age. It can be said tha ages 48 and above and 28-37 years old
has the same percentage which is 33%, it is also the highest in terms of
age. The ages 38-47 amount to 20% of the total number of respondents
and 18-27 amount to 14% out of the total number of respondents and is
the lowest number of respondents in terms of age.

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Table 1.3

In terms of Government affiliation
Governmen
t affiliation F %
Barangay 15 100
City hall
employee
BDCC
Others
Total 15 100
The table 1.3 presents the demographic profile of the respondents
in terms of Government affiliation. It can be said that in terms of
Government affiliation, 100% of the respondents are Barangay Officials.
All of the respondents are employed as a barangay official. This is to be
expected as the target respondents of this research are barangay officials.

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Table 1.5

In terms of Length of Service
Length
of
Service f %
12
years
and
above 6 40
8-11
years
4-7
years 4 27
3 years
and
below 5 33
Total 15 100
The table 1.5 projects the demographic profile of the respondetns in
terms of length of service. It can be seen that most of the respondents are
seasoned employees on their respective barangays. In terms of Length of
service 40% of the respondents are 12 years and above which is the
highest and 33% of the respondents answered 3 years and below which is
the lowest in terms of length of service.

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Table 1.6

In terms of Educational Attainment
Educational
Attainment f %
College
grad. 3 20
Undergrad
College 4 27
High school
grad. 8 53
Undergrad
High school
Total 15 100
Table 1.6 presents the demographic profile of the respondents in
terms of educational attainment. It can be said that in terms of
Educational attainment, 53% of the respondents are High School
graduate which is the highest while 20% answered college graduate which
is the lowest.
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Table 3.1
In terms of problems encountered in the implementation of the Disaster

Risk Management- Disaster Risk reduction (DRM-DRR) program
Verbal Rank
Area of Concern W.M. Description
Agree 1
Budget 4.4
Political will (Leadership of Disagree 10
Officials) 2.27
Awareness thru education Disagree 7
& information 2.87
Disagree 9
Community participation 2.4
Community resistance Moderately 2.5
(community are Agree
continuously refusing to
changes and program
implemented by
government) 3.67
Moderately 2.5
Lack of disaster Agree
management plan 3.67
Disagree 8
Manpower 2.47
Moderately 5
Delayed implementation of Agree
project 3.4
Moderately 6
Agree
Poor implementation of law 3.06
Moderately 4
Insufficient assistance Agree
from National Government 3.47
Lack of coordination Disagree 11
between LGU, NGO,NG &
other agency 2.13
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Composite W.M. 3.07
Table 3.1 presents the problems encountered in the implementation
of the Disaster Risk Management- Disaster Risk reduction (DRM-DRR)
program the response of the respondents on composite weighted mean is
3.07. The first in the ranking is budget with a weighted mean of 4.4 and a
verbal description of Agree and a rank of 1, second is Community
resistance (community are continuously refusing to changes and program
implemented by government) and Lack of disaster management plan with
a weighted mean of 3.67 and a verbal description of Moderately Agree and
a rank of 2.5 and the last would be Lack of coordination between LGU,
NGO,NG & other agency with a weighted mean of 2.13 and a verbal
description of Disagree and a rank of 11.

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Table 4.1
Program objectives effectivity of Barangay’s current Disaster Risk

Management-Disaster Risk Reduction program in attaining its stated
goals
Verbal Rank
Area of Concern W.M. Description
Save lives of people at risk 4.27 Effective 2
Reduce immediate threats to life, 4

public health and safety, and public
private property 4.07 Effective
Provide necessary care, shelter, and 5

medical services to residents and Moderately
other members of the general public 3.73 Effective
Restore the operations of facilities, 6

whether public or privately owned
for health, safety, and welfare of
community (e.g. Hospital, utilities, Moderately
transportation) 3.27 effective
Assess damage to infrastructure, 3

public facilities, and the built
environment and needs 4.13 Effective
Expedite the restoration of services, 7

the economy, and the community at
large; and begin the process of Slightly
recovery 2.4 effective
Keep the public information 4.6 Effective 1

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Composite W.M. 3.78
Table 4.1 presents Program objectives effectivity of Barangay’s
current Disaster Risk Management-Disaster Risk Reduction program in
attaining its stated goals the response of the respondents on composite
weighted mean is 3.78. The first in the ranking is Keep the public
information with a weighted mean of 4.6 and a verbal description of
Effective and a rank of 1, second is save lives of people at risk with a
weighted mean of 4.27 and a verbal description of Effective and a rank of
2 and the last would be Expedite the restoration of services, the economy,
and the community at large; and begin the process of recovery with a
weighted mean of 2.4 and a verbal description of Slightly effective and a
rank of 7.
Table 4.2.1
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The level of responsiveness of staff/personnel for Disaster Risk

Management-Disaster Risk Reduction.
Verbal Description
Area of Concern W.M. Rank
Responsive
Transportation Personnel 4.53 1.5
Responsive
Communication Personnel 4.53 1.5
Public Works and Engineering Responsive
Personnel 4.47 3.5
Responsive
Firefighting Personnel 4.47 3.5
Moderately
Emergency management & Responsive
information management 3.27 11
Moderately
Mass care, Housing and human Responsive
services personnel 3.4 10
Moderately
Responsive
Resource Support Personnel 3.6 8
Moderately
Public Health and Medical Services Responsive
Personnel 3.8 7
Slightly
Responsive
Urban Search and Rescue Personnel 2.87 14
Slightly
Hazardous materials Response Responsive
personnel 2.33 17
Slightly
Responsive
Natural Resources Personnel 2.87 14
Moderately
Responsive
Public safety and Security personnel 3.93 5
Moderately
Responsive
Recovery management task force 3.53 9
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Slightly
Responsive
Relief Volunteers 2.93 12
Moderately
Responsive
Disaster Management trainers 3.87 6
Slightly
Responsive
Logistics Officer 2.87 14
16 Slightly
Experts (i.e., Forecasting specialists, Responsive
surveyors, slope stability experts) 2.67
Composite W.M. 3.53
Table 4.2.1 presents the level of responsiveness of staff/personnel
for Disaster Risk Management-Disaster Risk Reduction the response of
the respondents on composite weighted mean is 3.53. The first in the
ranking is Transportation Personnel and Communication Personnel with
a weighted mean of 4.53 and a verbal description of Responsive and a
rank of 1.5, second is Public Works and Engineering Personnel and
Firefighting Personnel with a weighted mean of 4.47 and a verbal
description of Responsive and a rank of 3.5, the last would be Hazardous
materials Response personnel with a weighted mean of 2.33 and a verbal
description of Slightly Responsive and a rank of 17.

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Table 4.2.2
Physical resources for emergency response

in a disaster situation
Verbal
Description
Area of Concern W.M. Rank
Slightly
Sufficient
Life Savings jacket 2.87 9
Slightly
Sufficient
Lifesaving buoys 2.47 11
Slightly
Sufficient
Rescue boat 2.13 13.5
Sufficient
Search light 4.6 2.5
Moderately
Sufficient
Water proof battery 3.27 8
Sufficient
Generators 4.87 1
Slightly
Sufficient
Diving Suit 2.13 13.5
Slightly
Sufficient
Ambulance 2.06 15
Vehicles Sufficient
(Transportation) 4.47 5.5
Early warning Sufficient
device 4.47 5.5
Sufficient
Portable toilets 4.6 2.5
Sufficient
Evacuation Area 4.4 7
Sufficient
Fire alarm system 4.53 4
Telephone Services 2.73 10 Slightly
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Sufficient
Slightly
Sufficient
Health facilities 2.2 12
Composite W.M. 3.48
Table 4.2.2 presents the level of Physical resources for emergency
response in a disaster situation the response of the respondents on
composite weighted mean is 3.48. The first in the ranking is Generators
with a weighted mean of 4.87 and a verbal description of Sufficient and a
rank of 1, second is Search light and portable toilets with a weighted
mean of 4.6 and a verbal description of Sufficient and a rank of 2.5, the
last would be Ambulance with a weighted mean of 2.06 and a verbal
description of Slightly Sufficient and a rank of 15.
4.2.3.
Funding for DRR-DRM programs to minimize impacts and increase

capacity building in pre, actual and post disaster recovery processes
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Verbal
Description
Area of Concern W.M. Ranking

Prevention and Sufficient
Mitigation 4.07 3
Emergency Sufficient
Preparedness
and risk
reduction 4.2 1.5
Emergency Sufficient
Response 4.2 1.5
Moderately
Rehabilitation Sufficient
and recovery 3.73 4
Composite W.M. 4.05
Table 4.2.3 presents the Funding for DRR-DRM programs to
minimize impacts and increase capacity building in pre, actual and post
disaster recovery processes, the respondents on composite weighted mean
is 4.05. The first in the ranking is Emergency Preparedness and risk
reduction and Emergency Response with a weighted mean of 4.2 and a
verbal description of Sufficient and a rank of 1.5 , second is Prevention
and Mitigation with a weighted mean of 4.07 and a verbal description of
Sufficient and a rank of 3, the last would be Rehabilitation and recovery
with a weighted mean of 3.73 and a verbal description of Moderately
Sufficient and a rank of 4.

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4.3.1.
Program activities on Prevention and Mitigation. Based on the experiences

of the respondents on past disaster. The needed Disaster Risk
Management-Disaster Risk Reduction (DRM-DRR) plans for your areas.
Verbal
Description
Moderately
Hazard Mapping and Agree
urban planning 2.13 10
Education and Strongly Agree
Awareness 4.13 7
Sufficient shelter food & Agree
cloths 3.67 8
Antibiotics and medical Strongly Agree
kits 4.53 1.5
Transportation to help Strongly Agree
the effected people 4.53 1.5
Community involvement Strongly Agree
and participation 4.47 4
Infrastructure 3.13 9 Agree
Declogging of water ways Strongly Agree
and canals 4.4 6
Dredging of rivers 4.47 4 Strongly Agree
Early warning Strongly Agree
mechanism 4.47 4
Composite W.M. 3.99
Table 4.3.1 presents the Program activities on Prevention and
Mitigation. Based on the experiences of the respondents on past disaster.

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The needed Disaster Risk Management-Disaster Risk Reduction (DRM-
DRR) plans for your areas the respondents on composite weighted mean
is 3.99. The first in the ranking is Antibiotics and medical kits and
Transportation to help the effected people with a weighted mean of 4.53
and a verbal description of Strongly Agree and a rank of 1.5, second is
Community involvement and participation, Dredging of rivers and Early
warning mechanism with a weighted mean of 4.47 and a verbal
description of Strongly Agree and a rank of 4, the last would be Hazard
Mapping and urban planning with a weighted mean of 2.13 and a verbal
description of Moderately Agree and a rank of 10.
4.3.2.
The Emergency preparedness and risk reduction. Level of responsiveness

of DRR-DRM program for disaster risk factors at the community level.
Verbal
Description
The communities that 3.2 5 Moderately
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organize themselves to Responsive

monitor potential disaster
The warning systems in place Responsive
to the community level 4.27 2
The communities understand Responsive
official warning and react 4.53 1
The community vulnerable Strongly Agree
have evacuation
plans/maps 2.27 7
The training, simulation Moderately
exercise, or local drills Responsive
conducted, at the community
level 3.53 3
The training conducted at the Slightly
community level 2.87 6 Responsive
The disaster awareness and Slightly
public information projects or Responsive
programs being undertaken to
the community 3.27 4
Composite W.M. 3.42
Table 4.3.2 presents the Emergency preparedness and risk
reduction. Level of responsiveness of DRR-DRM program for disaster risk
factors at the community level the respondents on composite weighted
mean is 3.42. The first in the ranking is communities understand official
warning and react with a weighted mean of 4.53 and a verbal description
of Responsive and a rank of 1, second is warning systems in place to the

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community level with a weighted mean of 4.27 and a verbal description of
Responsive and a rank of 2, the last would be the community vulnerable
have evacuation plans/maps with a weighted mean of 2.27 and a verbal
description of Strongly Agree and a rank of 7.
4.3.3.
Emergency Response based on the experience of the respondents, The

extent of responsiveness of plan for life preservation and supply of the
basic needs of affected population during the actual and immediately after
the disaster occurrence.
Verbal
Description
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Moderately
Responsive
Relief operation 3.6 3.5
Moderately
Responsive
Search and rescue 3.53 6
Dissemination/Inform Moderately
ation sharing of Responsive
disaster related
information 3.53 6
Moderately
Development/provisio Responsive
n of temporary shelter 3.6 3.5
Slightly
Health service 2.87 10 Responsive
Moderately
Psycho social support 3.33 8 Responsive
Early recovery Slightly
mechanism 2.4 11 Responsive
Management of dead Moderately
and missing 3.53 6 Responsive
Evacuation Moderately
management 3.2 9 Responsive
Social protection Responsive
intervention 4.27 2
Civil & uniformed Responsive
services coordination 4.53 1
Composite W.M. 3.49
Table 4.3.3 presents the Emergency Response based on the
experience of the respondents, the extent of responsiveness of plan for life
preservation and supply of the basic needs of affected population during
the actual and immediately after the disaster occurrence the respondents
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on composite weighted mean is 3.49. The first in the ranking is Civil &
uniformed services coordination with a weighted mean of 4.53 and a
verbal description of Responsive and a rank of 1, second is Social
protection intervention with a weighted mean of 4.27 and a verbal
description of Responsive and a rank of 2, the last would be early recovery
mechanism with a weighted mean of 2.4 and a verbal description of
Slightly Responsive and a rank of 11.
4.3.4
The efficiency of rehabilitation and recovery of government action

taken to restore and improved the living conditions of the affected
residents.
Verbal Description
Livelihood for affected Slightly Efficient
victims 2.07 5
Slightly Efficient
Search and retrieval 2.4 3
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Shelter/Relocation for Not Efficient

affected victims 1.87 7
Psycho Social Slightly Efficient
Counselling 2 6
Infrastructure and Slightly Efficient
Relocation plan 2.13 4
Post disaster need Moderately
assessment 3.87 1 Efficient
Moderately
Environmental Protection 3.13 2 Efficient
Composite W.M. 2.50
Table 4.3.3 presents the efficiency of rehabilitation and recovery of
government action taken to restore and improved the living conditions of
the affected residents the respondents on composite weighted mean is
2.50. The first in the ranking is Post disaster need assessment with a
weighted mean of 3.87 and a verbal description of Moderately Efficient
and a rank of 1, second is Environmental Protection with a weighted
mean of 3.13 and a verbal description of Moderately Efficient and a rank
of 2, the last would be Shelter/Relocation for affected victims with a
weighted mean of 1.87 and a verbal description of Not Efficient and a
rank of 7.
Sample and Sampling Techniques

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The researcher used purposive sampling because of a defined group
that is needed for the study. The researchers surveyed 15 barangay
officials, 5 from each barangays, as their respondents. The group of
respondents which is the barangay officials were the target for this study
because they are in charge of Disaster Risk Reduction Management of the
barangay.
CHAPTER V
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Conclusion
From the findings, the following conclusions were made, drawn.
1. The primary problem encountered in the implementation of the
Disaster Risk Management- Disaster Risk reduction (DRM-DRR) program

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in the barangays in metro manila is budget, second is Community
resistance and Lack of disaster management plan. The least would be
Lack of coordination between LGU, NGO, NG & other agency which shows
the good relationship of barangays and other government and non-
governmental institutions.
2. The current and most effective Barangay Disaster Risk
Management-Disaster Risk Reduction program is keep the public
information, second is save lives of people at risk. The least effective
among the current programs is Expedite the restoration of services, the
economy, and the community at large; and begin the process of recovery.
3. The best in terms on the level of responsiveness of staff/personnel
for Disaster Risk Management-Disaster Risk Reduction are
Transportation Personnel and Communication Personnel, second is
Public Works and Engineering Personnel and Firefighting Personnel. The
barangays are lacking in Hazardous materials Response personnel on the
level of responsiveness of staff/personnel.
4. The best in terms of level of Physical resources for emergency
response in a disaster situation Generators second is Search light and
portable toilets. The barangays are lacking in Ambulance on the level of
physical resources.
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5. The prioritized in terms of funding for DRR-DRM programs to
minimize impacts and increase capacity building in pre, actual and post
disaster recovery processes is Emergency Preparedness and risk
reduction and Emergency Response and the least prioritized by the
respondents is Rehabilitation and recovery.
6. The needed program and activities on Prevention and Mitigation,
based on the experiences of the respondents on past disaster is
Antibiotics and medical kits and Transportation to help the effected
people the least would be Hazard Mapping and urban planning.
7. The highest level of responsiveness of DRR-DRM program for
disaster risk factors at the community level in terms of Emergency
preparedness and risk reduction is that the communities understand
official warning and react and the least responsive factor on the
community level is that the community vulnerable to disaster has
evacuation plans/maps.
8. The highest on the level in the extent of responsiveness of plan for
life preservation and supply of the basic needs of affected population
during the actual and immediately after the disaster occurrence, In terms
of Emergency Response based on the experience of the respondents is

ARELLANO UNIVERSITY
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Civil & uniformed services coordination and the least would be early
recovery mechanism.
9. The highest in terms of efficiency on rehabilitation and recovery of
government action taken to restore and improve the living conditions of
the affected residents is Post disaster need assessment the least efficient
would be Shelter/Relocation for affected victims.
10. That there is no significant relation between the risk reduction
management of the three barangays.
Recommendations
In the light of findings and conclusion, the following are advanced
for recommendation:
1. That the funding for the implementation of the Disaster Risk
Management- Disaster Risk reduction (DRM-DRR) program in the

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barangays in metro manila be increased in order for the barangays to
improve their capacity in acting their duty in times of Disaster.
2. That a seminar-workshop or counselling session be made to the
barangay officials in order to increase their knowledge in terms of
barangay Disaster Risk Management- Disaster Risk reduction (DRM-DRR)
program.
3. That the barangay officials increase their physical resources in
order to meet the needs in terms of actual and immediately after the
disaster occurrence.
4. That the barangay officials seek the national and other local
government units in order improve the barangay Disaster Risk
Management- Disaster Risk reduction (DRM-DRR) program.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Viloria, L. S., Mamon, P. A. D., Escuadra, C. G., Anaya, C. L., & Landong,
J. D. BARANGAY GOVERNMENT DISASTER PREPAREDNESS: THE CASE
OF TYPHOON SENDONG AFFECTED ILIGAN COMMUNITIES.
Fernandez, G., Uy, N., & Shaw, R. (2012). Chapter 11 Community-Based

Disaster Risk Management Experience of the Philippines. Community-
Based Disaster Risk Reduction (Community, Environment and Disaster
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Risk Management, Volume 10) Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 10,

205-231.
Mangunay, Kristine Felisse (2013). Marikina’s disaster response council

named one of NCR’s best. Retrieved from
http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/468587/marikinas-disaster-response-
council-named-one -of-ncrs-best#ixzz3ywbdA0fA/
Birkmann, J., & von Teichman, K. (2010). Integrating disaster risk

reduction and climate change adaptation: key challenges—scales,
knowledge, and norms. Sustainability Science, 5(2), 171-184..
Fernandez, A. L., Britton, N. R., Fernandez, J. C., & Pooyan, Z. (2004,

November). Comparative Study of Institutional Arrangements in Urban
Disaster Reduction Management. In Proceedings of the First Beijing
Haidian Forum for Earthquake Preparedness and Disaster Mitigation (pp.
1-3).
Na Ranong, P., & Phuenngam, W. (2009). Critical Success Factors for

effective risk management procedures in financial industries: A study
from the perspectives of the financial institutions in Thailand.
SOBREMISANA, V. S., & PILAR, N. N. (2014). Disaster Risk Reduction

Management in the City of Mandaluyong: Focus on Earthquake Impact
Reduction.
Barangay Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Planning &

Budgeting Workshop. (2011). Jagna, Bohol: GIFT Project.
Bollin, C., Cárdenas, C., Hahn, H., & Vatsa, K. S. (2003). Disaster risk
management by communities and local governments. Inter-American
Development Bank..
Barangay Disaster Risk Reduction And Management Council. (2009).

Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Plan. Retrieved from
http://www.brgycarmen.ph/bdrrm-plan/
National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Plan. (2011).

Retrieved from http:// http://www.ndrrmc.gov.ph/index.php/13-
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reduction-and-management-plan-2011-2028/

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ARELLANO UNIVERSITY

Jose Abad Santos Campus

The Problem and its Background

capacity to handle disaster according to the standard given by the

government. The Barangay has the inherent responsibility of protecting

its members from the effects of fire explosion, serious weather

disturbance and other disasters affecting community, government as well

as private facilities (Allen, K. M. 2006). This Disaster Risk Reduction and

Management Plan purpose is to derive with a well-organized and in effect

system in the management of disaster. The practical structure of Action

requires a appropriate course of command and action. Therefore in the

Barangay Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Plan, an organization

assembly is made to deliver a vivid depiction of responsibilities and

system of command and action. The National Disaster Risk Reduction

and Management Plan (NDRRMP) fulfill the requirement of RA No. 10121

Disaster Prevention and Mitigation; Disaster Preparedness; Disaster

Response; and Disaster Rehabilitation and Recovery, which correspond to

the structure of the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management

Council (NDRRMC) (Chan, C. J. 2011.). The study is about the

Effectiveness of Disaster Risk Reduction Management of selected

reductions measures being implemented, to know if there is a significant

relationship between the risk reduction management of the three

barangays and to determine their level of effectiveness on Disaster Risk

Background of the Study

Typhoon, earthquakes, storm surge, el niño, volcanic eruptions and

other catastrophic events has always been hitting the Philippines.

Thousands of lives lost and billions of infrastructure and livelihood

destroyed. The BRRMC are in charge of situations such as disaster

In history The National Disaster Coordinating Council (NDCC) it

has recorded 523 events from 1987 to 2000 with an average of 37

disasters annually (Office of Civil Defense, 2001). In actual events the

categorized among the top ten hazardous countries in the world on

interpretation of the numerous natural geo-meteological hazards to which

it is relentlessly exposed. In November 2, 1995, typhoon Rosing ravaged

the Municipality of Bula, Camarines Sur with devastating flood waters

lives after releasing 800 million cubic meters of pyroclastic materials. It

has drowned approximately 500 villages that triggered floods that

continued 30 days to 6 months in the provinces of Zambales and Tarlac.

settlements, to dangerous climate events. Last November 5, 1991, an

whole city disappeared in less than 1 hour after overwhelming waters

displaced (Luna, 1994).

The researchers also experienced different situations that caused

them to investigate such events. The lack of preparations in part of the

be resilient in the face of adversities such as disaster. In the observation

readiness in handling situations such as disaster.

Statement of the Problem

The study seeks to find out the effectiveness of risk reduction

management of selected barangays in Metro Manila.

Specifically, this sought to answers to the following questions:

1. What is the profile of the respondents?

2. What are the common risk reductions measures being implemented in

3. What is the level of effectiveness of the RRM of the 3 barangays?

Significance of the Study

or the research conducted:

1. To the students of Arellano University and to all other college

students that will be interested in creating a study about risk reduction

2. To the local government units, the findings of this study can

provide practical inputs for reviewing and reformulating, whenever

necessary, disaster management related policies or decisions, projects

and activities towards making their barangays resilient to disasters.

3. To other researchers who are in pursue of this study which might

contributing to the efficiency of qualitative method studies on disaster

preparedness and other disaster-related issues.