Four (4) Premises of GAD

GNED 10: 1.  GAD is not a war of the sexes;

Gender and Society 2.  GAD is not anti-male;
3.  Both men and women are victims of
gender inequality, although victims
are more often women than male; and
4.  Both women and men have a share in
the struggle for gender equality

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• Difference

Between Sex What is SEX?
and Gender

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 Sex is … Sex is …
v  biological characteristics
of being a female or a generally permanent
male.
v  Physical attributes Universal
pertaining to a person’s
body contours, features, Categorized as male
hormones, genes, and female
chromosomes and
reproductive organs Attributes are equally
values

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Sex Characteris-cs

Primary sex
v Primary Sex Characteris4cs
characteristics
v Secondary Sex Characteris4cs
refers to the
sexual and
reproductive
organs.

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 Primary Sex Characteris-cs Primary Sex Characteris-cs
WOMEN
MEN
Uterus, ovary
(estrogen and penis, testes
progesterone) (androgen
ovum, fallopian and
tubes cervix, testosterone),
vagina, clitoris, scrotum,
etc. Women can sperm, vas
become deferens, etc.
pregnant.&
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Secondary Sex Characteris-cs Secondary Sex Characteris-cs

ü  development of the
breast
ü  pelvic widens & hips
broaden
ü  voice deepens
slightly
ü  hair grown under the
arms
& in the pelvic region
ü ovaries start to function
ü  regular menstruation
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ü  the body become more muscular
ü  shoulder & chest become broader
ü  adam’s apple grows
ü  vocal cord enlarge
ü underarm, pubic hair & hair on
•  the face, chest & shoulders
•  start to grow
ü  penis & testes enlarge
ü  testes begin to make sperm
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 What is Sex Roles? Sex Roles
Female Male
n  Child- n  Ovum
Ø A function in which a male or female
assumes because of the basic bearing fertilization
physiological or n  Produces
•  anatomical difference n  Lactation spermatozoa
•  between the sexes. which
Ø A role which can be performed by only n  Gestation determine
one of the sexes.
child’s sex

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What is Gender? Gender refers to ..

Gender refers to ..
Expecta-on
assigned by
culture and held about the
differen-ated society to characteris-cs,
roles, a@tudes women and ap-tudes,
and values men.

and likely behaviors

of both women and
men.

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 Gender is … What is Gender Role?

• Sociologically constructed §  it is a learned behaviors in a given

society or community of social
• Changing, 4me and place bound groups and
• Present in both women and men §  influenced by perceptions and
• Categorized as feminine and masculine expectations
§  arising from cultural, economic,
•  environmental, social and religious
factors.

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Gender Roles Gender Socialization

Women Men Feminine Masculine

Cooking Leader
n  n 
Submissive Dominant
n  Childcare n  Providing
n  Housekeeping income for
Gentle Aggressive
the family Emotional Adventurer
Talkative Not emotional
Passive Assertive
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 Roots of Gender Socialization

Agents of Gender 1. Family Child-Rearing

Socialization
Gender begins the
moment a child is born.

•  Family •  School
Dressing girl babies in
•  Media pink and boy babies in
blue.
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Roots of Gender Socialization

1. Family Child-Rearing
v Verbal Appellations
•  Examples:
The process of VERBAL
APPELLATION …
ü  “brave boys” and “pretty girls”;

telling children what

they are and what is ü  “boys don’t cry” and “girls don’t climb
trees”
expected of them.

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 Roots of Gender Socialization

Child-Rearing

v Canalization
The process of •  The girls are encouraged to play house and
CANALIZATION … mimic domestic chores of their mothers.
q people direct children’s
attention
to gender appropriate •  The association with different kinds of toys
teaches the children their prescribed roles in life
objects.
in the future.
q Boys are given like cars
and machines while girls
are given dolls and toy
kitchen utensils.
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Agents of Gender Agents of Gender

Socialization Socialization

2. School 3. Media

•  TV, Prints and Cyberspace

•  Gendered lessons
•  Influence of pornography
•  Unequal treatment of
teachers to female and male •  Media and Societal
students violence
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 Gender Issues
Gender Stereotyping...
•  Gender Stereotyping…
ü  biased percep-on of
women as the weaker §  society’s perceptions and value systems
sex and that instill an image of :
§  women as weak and dependent
ü  their roles, func-ons
§  men are strong, independent, powerful,
and abili-es are dominant, decisive and logical.
primarily -ed to the
home.
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