CHAPTER 1: REVIEWING NUMBER CONCEPTS

Number Definition examples

Natural number Numeri naturali – 1 to infinity 1,2,3,4,5 …
Odd number Numeri dispari (not negative) 1,3,5,7 …
Even number Numeri pari (not negative) 2,4,6,8 …
integer Numeri interi – positive and negative … -3,-2,-1,0,1,2,3 …
Prime Numbers Numeri primi (not includes 0 and 1) 2,3,5,7,11 …
Square number Numeri al quadrato 1,4,9,16 …
Fraction frazioni 1 1 1
, , …
2 3 4

Operation symbols
+ addition
- subtraction
x multiplication
: division

= is equal to
≠ is not equal to
≈ is approximately to
< is less than
≤ is less than or equal to
> is greater than
≥ is greater than or equal to
∴ therefore

√ square root of

Multiples
A multiple of a number is found when you multiply that number by a positive integer. The first
multiple of any number is the number itself.
LMC: the lowest common multiple of two or more number is the smallest number that is multiple
of all the given numbers.
Examples:
Find the LCM of 12 and 18

12=22 ×3 and 18=2× 32 LCM ( 12 ;18 )=22 × 32=36

Factors
A factor is a number that divides exactly into another number with no remainder.
HCF: the highest common factor of two or more numbers is the highest number that is factor of all
the given numbers.
Examples:
Find the HCF of 12 and 18

12=22 ×3∧18=2 ×3 2 LMC ( 12 ; 18 )=2 ×3=6

Prime number

A prime number is any counting number that has exactly two factors − itself and 1.

1 is not a prime number

Composite number
A composite number has more than two factors.

Prime factors
Prime factors are the factors of a number that are also prime numbers.

Powers and roots

Square number and square root
A number is squared when it is multiplied by itself. 5 ×5=52=25

The square root of a number is the number that was multiplied by itself to get the square number.
√ 25=5

To find a square root, break the number into its prime factors and use one factor from each pair.
Example:
Find  .
Solution:
Use a factor tree to write 1225 as a product of its prime factors.
1225 = 5 × 5 × 7 × 7       
Take one factor from each repeated pair of factors, then multiply these together to find the square
root.

*suggestion for solution of LCM and HCF problems:

When in the problem means or find “maximum”, so you must apply the HCF. Otherwise, if all isn’t
in a problem, you must calculate the LCM*
 CHAPTER 2: MAKING SENSE OF ALGEBRA

Substitution

Examples: a=2 and b=8, evaluate:

a. ab=2 ×8=16
b. 3 b−2 a=3 ( 8 )−2 (2 )=24−4=20

Adding and subtracting like terms

Example: simply:

a. 4 a+2 a+3 a=9 a

b. 5 x+ 2 y −7 x=−2 x +2 y

Multiplying and dividing in expression

Examples: simplify:

a. 4 ×3 x=12 x
b. 4 ab ×2 bc=8 a b 2 c

Working with brackets

Example: remove the brackets to simplify the following expression:

a. 2 ( 2 x +6 ) =4 x +12
b. xy ( 2−3 x )=2 xy−3 x 2 y

Indices

y × y × y= y3

Operation with indices

x m × x n=x m+ n

Example: 4 3 ×4 6=43 +6=4 9

x m : x n =x m−n

Examples: 3 4 :3 2=34 −2 =32

n
( x m ) =xmn
6
Example: ( x 3 ) =x 3 ×6 =x 18

1
x−m = m ( when x ≠ 0 ) x 0=1
x

−2 1
Example: 4 =
42

Fractional indices

Same rules of the previous section

m 1 1
m× m
n
x =x n
=( x ) =( √n x )
n m

2
Example: 27 3 =(√3 27)2=32=9

Ability:
Solve for x:
x 3 3
x 4 x 4 4 3 4
16 =8 →( √ 16) =8 → 16 =8 →16 ( 2 =8 ) =8 16 =8
 CHAPTER 3: LINES, ANGLES AND SHAPES
Basic angle facts and relationships
Angle on a line

y
x

x + y=180 °

Angle round a point

w x
z y

w + x+ y+ z =360°

Vertically opposite angles

x
y y
x
 x=x∧ y = y
2 x+2 y=360 °
Parallel lines and associated angles

y
x

y x

x=x alternate
y= y corresponding
x + y=180 ° co−interior
Angle relationship
Complementary angle
x + y=90 °

Supplementary angle
x + y=180 °

Angles round a point

Their sum is equal to 360 °
Example:

z
x
y
 x + y + z=360 °

Vertically opposite angle

x
y y
x

x=x∧ y = y
2 x+2 y=360 °
Example:

90 °
x 48 °

48 ° +90 ° + x=180 °−(angle on line)

x=180 °−90 ° −48 ° → x=42°

Angles and parallel lines

Corresponding angles
 x= y

Alternate angles

x= y

Co-interior angles

x + y=180 °
Example:

47 ° 62 °

b c
a
a=47 ° ( alternate angles )∧c=62° ( alternate angle)
a+ b+c=180 °
∴ b=180 °−47 °−62 ° → b=71°

CHAPTER 11: PYTHAGORAS’ THEOREM AND SIMILAR SHAPES

Pythagoras’ theorem

a 2+b 2=c 2 → c= √ a2+ b2

Example:

x x 2=52 +32=9+25=34
5 cm
x=√ 34=5.8 cm

3 cm

Checking for right-angles triangles

if a 2+b 2 is equal to c 2, so it’s a rectangle triangle. If a 2+b 2 is not equal to c 2, so it isn’t a rectangle
triangle.
Example:

5.3 m 4.22 +3.12=27.25

4.2 m
5.32=28.09 ≠ 27.25 , so it is n' t a rectangletriangle

3.1 cm

Understanding similar triangles

correspondig angles are equal

E “internal” ratios of sides are the same

for both triangles:

AB DE
=
BC EF
A C F
 D

E Ratios of corresponding sides are equal:

AB BC AC
= =
DE EF DF

A C D F

Understanding similar shapes

A shape is similar if the ratio of corresponding side is equal and the corresponding angles are
equal.
You can use the ratio of corresponding sides to find unknown sides of similar shapes just as you
did with similar triangles.
20 m
Example:

8m x 20
=
x 12 8
12 m 12× 20
x= =30 m
8

Area of similar shapes

Scale of factor of areas = (scale of factor of lengths) 2

Example:

10 4 2 40 × 4 2
=( ) → x =
40 x 10 √ =8 m

4m x
A=10 A=40
Volume of similar shapes
Scale factors of volume = (scale factor of lengths)3
Example:

x 12 3 40× 123 3
=( ) → x = 3
=2560 m
40 3 3

12 m 3m
V =x V =30 cm3

Understanding congruence triangles

1. SAS – side angle side
2. SSS – side side side
3. ASA – angle side angle
4. RHS – right-angle (90°) side hypotenuse (only for rectangle triangle)

1 2

3 4