PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION
people around you, take a deep breath and gather
Introduction to Communication
What is Communication?
•The root of the word “communication” in Latin is
communicare, which means to share, or to make
common
.•Communication is defined as the process of
understanding and sharing meaning.Pearson, J., &
Nelson, P. (2000
Becoming a Good Communicator
Knowing how to communicate effectively is the
key to any relationship. Whether you’re giving a
presentation at work, working out a disagreement
with your significant other, or just having a chat
with a friend, knowing how to articulate your
ideas—and listen to those of others—is crucial
Ways To Become a Good Communicator
LEARN TO LISTEN.
Active listening is the basis of all good
communication. If you aren’t paying attention to
what others are saying, there’s no way you’ll be
able to respond effectively. Focus on what your
conversation partner is saying, and if necessary,
repeat it mentally to make sure you understand
the points they’re making.
PAY ATTENTION TO BODY LANGUAGE.
Pay attention to your conversation partner’s
body language: Are they fidgeting or standing
still? Yawning or smiling? Pay attention to your
own body language as well—if your words
exude confidence, but your body language
expresses nervousness, your conversation
partner will pick up on that. It’s important both
to read others’ body language, and to pay
attention to your own stance
OBSERVE HOW OTHERS COMMUNICATE
IN DIFFERENT CONTEXTS
It’s important to understand your audience. If
you’re giving a presentation at work, study how
others do it (or watch videos of famous lectures by
academics, businesspeople, or professionals in
your field). If you’re nervous about how to act at a
networking event or party, take cues from the
yourself.
DON’T BE AFRAID OF A BIT OF SILENCE.
Occasional lapses in conversation are natural, so
don’t sweat it. Plus, letting pauses occur naturally
is a good way to make sure you’re not interrupting
anyone’s train of thought.
USE ACTION VERBS AND CONFIDENT
LANGUAGE.
Even if you’re not feeling confident, you can still
sound confident. One good trick is avoiding filler
words like “um” and “uh” by slowing down your
speech a bit. Another is using strong action
verbs—use your resume for fodder and stick to
descriptive verbs like “evaluate,” “manage,” and
“advise
ASK QUESTIONS.
Ask clarifying questions: It’ll ensure you
understand what your conversation partner is
saying, and show that you’re paying attention.
FIND COMMON GROUND, EVEN IN AN
ARGUMENT.
Finding a shared interest or opinion with your
conversation partner is always a great strategy—
it’ll make the conversation more enjoyable for
both of you as well as show your conversation
partner that you’ve got something in common. But
finding common ground in an argument can be
just as important. If you disagree with someone,
try to find a related point that you do agree with—
it’ll show you’re trying to understand their point of
view.
BE PREPARED AND KNOW WHAT YOU’RE
TALKING ABOUT.
Knowing your subject matter will put you at ease
and make it easier to communicate your ideas to
others. If you’re preparing for a job interview,
make sure you are familiar with the position and
the company; if you’re giving a presentation, know
your stuff
FIND THE BEST WAY TO FRAME YOUR
STORY
Whether you’re giving a lecture or telling your
friend a funny story, it’s important to figure out
how to frame it to make it interesting and
engaging. Identify your hook (What makes your
story interesting? Why would others care about
it?) and pick a framing device: Are you taking your
listener on a journey? Explaining a theory? Or
making an argument for something? It’s important
to clearly define early on where your story is going.
RELAX
Though it’s important to be self-aware during an
important or stressful conversation, ultimately
one of the most effective communication
strategies is just relaxing, and acting like you
would normally—while, of course, remaining
professional.
Benefits of Effective Communication
Builds Trust Effectively
Effective communication fosters trust with others.
Your ability to listen attentively and embrace
different points of view helps others trust that you
are making optimal decisions for everyone in the
group. As you serve as a role model, this trust will
extend to your team and they will feel as though
they can trust their teammates to fulfill their
duties and responsibilities.
Helps Prevent or Resolve Problems
The ability to communicate effectively plays a
large role in resolving conflicts and preventing
potential ones from arising. The key is to remain
calm, make sure all parties are heard and find a
solution that is ideal for everyone involved
Providing clarity and direction
With effective communication skills, you’re able to
deliver clear expectations and objectives for your
team. This involves finding constructive ways to
point out when something isn’t working as well as
providing helpful feedback to get people back on
track. They will understand their specific tasks and
responsibilities, as well as those of their
teammates, which will help eliminate conflicts and
confusion.
Creates better relationships
Good communication also improves relationships,
both with employees and in your personal life with
friends and family members. Listening carefully
and offering quality feedback helps people to feel
heard and understood. This, in turn, nurtures
mutual respect.
Increases engagement
With people feeling more confident in their work
and in their understanding of what they need to
do, they become more engaged with their work as
a whole. According to a recent study exploring the
psychology of employee engagement, only 15% of
adult employees are engaged with their
employers. By prioritizing effective
communication, you can increase engagement,
and thus boost satisfaction, among your team
members.
Improves productivity
When team members understand their roles, the
roles of others and your expectations, they can
focus more on their work and less on workplace
issues. With effective communication, conflicts
are resolved quickly, employees can better
manage their workload and distractions are
minimized. These benefits contribute to greater
productivity for you and your team.
In ConclusionBecoming a good communicator is
not an easy feat to accomplish. It takes years or
even so a lifetime to be good at communicating.
What matters most is be yourself when expressing
yourself to others and be mindful with your words
and actions while speaking. Also do not forget to
listen to the people/person you are talking to and
make them feel involved by letting them speak if
necessary.
PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION:
Nature of Language and Types of
Communication.
Learning Outcomes
•Demonstrate an understanding of the key ideas
in language and communication.
•Understand the role of language in human
communication.
•Differentiate the types of communication and all
it’s sub-categories.
Introduction
Communication is simply the act of transferring
information from one place, person or group to
another.Every communication involves (at least)
one sender, a message and a recipient. This may
sound simple, but communication is actually a
very complex subject.The transmission of the
message from sender to recipient can be affected
by a huge range of things. These include our
emotions, the cultural situation, the medium used
to communicate, and even our location. The
complexity is why good communication skills are
considered so desirable by employers around the
world: accurate, effective and unambiguous
communication is actually extremely hard.
Lesson 1:The Nature of Language
According to William G. Moulton(an American
linguist) language is a wonderful rich vehicle for
communication. We can use it to convey wishes
and commands, to tell truths or lies, to persuade
listeners and to express our emotions.
The Difference Between Language and
Communication
Language vs Communication
•Language can only be produced or utilized into
the maximum extent by humans.
•Language is only exclusive for humans.
•Language has diversity.•Language for humans
has many types. (Sign language(ASL), braille, texts,
phone calls etc.)
•Animals cannot make use of language. (Can only
imitate)
•Communication can be both used by humans or
animals. (While a person can communicate with
another human being/s animals can only do so
much.)
Three Main Compositions of Language
•Grammar- the structure of a language/system of
rules
•Phonology- the sound system( way to pronounce
each letters or words)
•Lexicon- vocabulary (words used in a language
Speech Community
What is a Speech Community?
•A speech community is a group of people who
share rules for conducting and interpreting at least
one variety of a language or dialect. The term can
be applied to a neighborhood, a city, a region or a
nation.
Process of Learning Language
Process of Learning Language
Language Acquisition- the process of learning your
first language/mother tongue. This usually takes
place at home with your parents or guardians.
Process of Learning Language
Language Learning- the process of learning your
second language, this takes place at school our any
environment outside home.
Language Contact
Language contact is the social and linguistic
phenomenon by which speakers of different
languages (or different dialects of the same
language) interact with one another, leading to a
transfer of linguistic feature.
Language Change
Language Change is the result of language contact
in which 2 or more speakers from different speech
communities interact or communicate with each
other by adapting to each other’s language finding
their common ground.
Lesson 2: Types of Communication
Introduction
Since communication is generally defined as the
exchange of thoughts and ideas, various contexts
come into play. Context is the circumstance or
environment in which communication takes
place.Communication may then be classified
according to (1) communication mode, (2) context
and (3) purpose and style.
Types of Communication According to
Mode
Verbal – Non-verbal Communication
Verbal- Non-verbal communication is a type of
communication where two or more people
communicate with each other by speaking and
gestures.
Visual Communication
Visual communication is the type of
communication that uses visuals to convey
information and or messages.
Types of Communication According to
Context
Intrapersonal Communication
Intrapersonal Communication from the latin prefix
intra meaning within or inside is a type of
communication which means talking to oneself.
Interpersonal Communication
Interpersonal Communication from the latin
prefix inter meaning between or among is a type
of communication which involves 2 or more
people.
Types of Speech Situations under Interpersonal
Communication
Conversation
Conversation is a communication situation where
a person wants to establish or deepen one’s
relationship with the other individual (less formal
and profound)
Transactional
Transactional is a type of communication situation
that aims to accomplish or resolve something at
the end of the conversation(formal or serious)
Extended Communication
•Extended Communication is a type of
communication that involves the use of electronic
media/devices.
0rganizational Communication
This type of communication focuses on the
communication that takes place among group of
people with the same objectives or goal.
Types of Organizational Communication in a
Formal Structure
Downward Communication
Downward Communication is a type of
communication flow that comes from the upper to
lower positions.
Upward Communication
A complete opposite of downward
communication flow: the message is delivered
from the lower to the upper positions
Horizontal Communication
Is a lateral approach ,a type of communication in
an organization which is also considered between
2 or more people with the same positions
Crosswise Communication
A type of communication where two different
departments/branches collaborate for a common
cause.
Type of Organizational Communication in an
Informal Structure
Informal/Grapevine communication
Informal/grapevine communication comes from
unofficial channels of message flow (meaning the
source of the information is hard to pinpoint or
can’t be traced). This type of communication
involves different levels of the organization and
occurs due to dissatisfaction of some employees
accompanied by uncertainty and other negative scientific disciplines and explored their
factors that are against the company rules. relationships to each other.
Types of Communication According to Purpose About the Model
and Style
•The most basic and common of all
Formal Communication communication models
Employs formal language delivered orally or in .•It highlights public speaking.
written form.
•This model suggests that the speaker variable is
Examples very important.
Public Talks •Without the speaker there will be no speech to
be produced.
Speech
Informal communication
Certainly does not employ formal language. It
involves personal and ordinary conversations with
friends family members or acquaintances about
any topics under the sun.
Example
Conversation with friends and/or family

Laswell
Communication Models and Principle
Harold Laswell was an influential social scientist
Learning Outcomes
who contributed to the field of political science
•Explain the various communication models and through research on political psychology,
how they help understanding the communication quantitative methods, and public policy.
process
About the Model
•Discuss the value of communication in enhancing
•He described communication as being focused on
one’s personal and professional relationship
the following Ws: Who says What in Which
Lesson 3: Communication Models channel to Whom and with What effect as seen in
A model can be defined as a visual presentation the model.
that identifies, classifies and describes various •Similar to Aristotle’s model in the sense both are
parts of a process. In the communication process, linear and have the same components with the
sender, message, media, and receiver are addition of two: medium and effect
associated. Communication process starts with
the transmission of a message by communicator
and end with receiver’s feedback
Aristotle
Aristotle was one of the greatest philosophers
who ever lived and the first genuine scientist in
history. He made pioneering contributions to all
fields of philosophy and science, he invented the
field of formal logic, and he identified the various
Shannon and Weaver
In 1948, Shannon was an American
mathematician, Electronic engineer and Weaver
was an American scientist both of them join
together to write an article in “Bell System
Technical Journal” called “A Mathematical Theory
of Communication” and also called as “Shannon-
Weaver model of communication”.
About the Model
•It was originally conceptualized for the
functioning of radio and television as a serving
model for technical communication.
•Later on adopted in the field of Communication
Berlo
David Kenneth Berlo (1929-1996) was the
eleventh president of Illinois State University. A
native of St. Louis, Missouri, Berlo was interested
in communication and earned his psychology
degree and later his PhD in communication from
the University of Illinois. While there, Berlo wrote
what would become a popular textbook in the
field of communication, The Process of
Communication. In 1958, Berlo became the first
chairperson for the new department of General
Communication Arts at Michigan State University
and served in that capacity until his appointment
as Illinois State University’s newest president in
1971.
About the Model
•David Berlo’s model conceptualized in 1960 is
probably the most well-known among the
communication models.
•Initially Berlo’s model was called SMCR which
stands for sender of the message, sent through a
channel or medium to a receiver. However it was
modified later on to include noise, hence the
acronym SMCRN
General Principles of Effective Communication
1.Know your purpose
When you communicate, your purpose is not what
you want to do; instead, it is what you want your
audience to do as a result of reading what you
wrote or listening to what you said.
2. Know your audience
Audience analysis involves identifying the
audience and adapting a speech to their interests,
level of understanding, attitudes, and beliefs.
Taking an audience-centered approach is
important because a speaker's effectiveness will
be improved if the presentation is created and
delivered in an appropriate manner.
3. Know you topic
Your audience needs to recognize you as a credible
speaker and being knowledgeable about your
topic is an easy way to do this. A good
understanding will help you explain difficult parts
of the topic and give you more confidence during
the questions and answers session.
4. Adjust your speech or writing to the context of
the situation.
A speaker can use information about the audience
to adapt his or her message to the particular
audience while preparing the speech.
Demographic information helps the speaker
anticipate the audience and imagine how they will
respond to different aspects of the message
5. Work on the feedback given to you.
To improve your skills and grow professionally, it's
essential that you get feedback on your work – you
can't fix something that you don't know is broken!
In the long run, constructive criticisms will prove
beneficial to you as you learn to address the
Principles of Oral Communication •Establish an effective value system that will pave
the way for the development of your integrity as a
1. Be clear with your purpose
person.
You should know by heart your objective in
•Provide complete and accurate information.
communicating.
•Disclose vital information adequately and
2. Be complete with the message you deliver
appropriately
Make sure that your claims are supported by facts
and essential information.
3. Be concise
You don’t need to lengthen your speech or
become wordy with your statements. Brevity in
speech is a must.
4. Be natural with your delivery
Punctuate important words with appropriate
gestures and movements. Exude a certain degree
of confidence even if you are anxious.
5. Be specific and timely with your feedback
Inputs are most helpful when provided on time.
When the listener/receiver and speaker give each
other a back and forth feedback, it is mostly due to
the speaker’s good engagement with the
audience.
Principles of Written Communication
.Be clear: Always be guided with your purpose in
communicating
2.Be concise: Always stick to the point
3.Be concrete: Support your claims with enough
facts
4.Be correct: Observe your grammar
5.Be coherent: Provide logical statements
connected to the topic at hand
6.Be complete: Include all necessary and relevant
information
7.Be courteous: Avoid any overtone/undertone or
insinuation to eliminate confusion and
misinterpretation
Ethics of Communication
Ethical Considerations in an Organization for
Effective Communication