Chapter 4: Industrial

Revolution in the 17 th

Century
Chapter Outline:
• The Age of Enlightenment
• Copernican Revolution
• Darwinian Revolution
• Freudian Revolution
• Information Age
• Mesoamerican Period (12 B.C. -3rd Century A.D.)
• Middle East ( 17th Century)
• African Revolution
 “Change is hardest at the
beginning, messiest in the
middle and best at the end.”

Robin S. Shara
The Age Of Enlightenment

•Period in Europe in the 18th century when

many writers and thinkers began to question
established beliefs such as:
•Authority of kings or of the church in favor
of reason and scientific proof.
•The idea that everyone was of equal value
and had equal rights.
Copernican Revolution
Aristotle (384-322 Proved that the earth is spherical
B C., Greek) Earth was the center of the universe,
i.e. all celestial bodies revolved around
the earth
Aristarchus (310 - The 1st to propose the idea that the sun
230 B.C., Greek ) was the center of the universe

Hipparchus ( 190 - Greatest astronomer of ancient times

120 B.C., Greek ) Measured earth’s distance to the
moon.
Discovered the wobbling of the earth
Copernican Revolution
Claudius Ptolemy ( 85 – Used Hipparchus observations to
165 A.D. Greek) develop Ptolemaic System describing
the earth as the center of the
universe.
Nicolaus Copernicus (1473 Concluded that the sun and not the
– 1543, Polish) earth is the center of the universe
Galileo Galilei (1564 – Supported Copernican model of the
1642, Italian ) universe ( phases of Venus & presence of
moons orbiting Jupiter)
Johannes Kepler ( 1571 – Formulated the three laws of
1630, German ) planetary motion
• It was in the 16th Century that the twin forces of
Renaissance and Protestant Reformation where many
religious beliefs were opened to doubts.

• Nicolaus Copernicus, a Polish canon then put forward the

1st modern Heliocentric Theory publishing his ideas in a
short paper called Commentariolus.

• Attached to Ptolemaic system for some foundations,

Copernican model soon proved itself more accurate than
Ptolemy thru the concepts of “epicycles”

• Georg Joachim Rheticus- asst. of Copernicus published

the work “On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres”
which was initially greeted with madness.

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• Intro indicated the Copernican model was
purely a mathematical instrument and not a
description of the physical world.
• The model was used for the computations of
the great calendar made by Pope Gregory XIII
in 1582.
• With problems that arise with the predictive
accuracy, Danish Astronomer Tyco Brahe
illustrated that the Copernican model did not
adequately describe planetary movements.
• Solution was provided by Brahe’s student,
Johannes Kepler – that of “Elliptical”orbits

This Ph
 Darwinian Revolution
• Charles Robert Darwin ( 1809-1882)
• A biologist known for his works in
evolution and the process of natural
selection
• Studied Divinity in Cambridge where
he met Adam Sedgwick and the
naturalist John Henslow who brought
back his interest in biology & geology.
• Rejected the idea of Lamarck that
acquired characteristics are
inheritable.

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Darwinian Revolution
• Charles Robert Darwin ( 1809-1882)
• Made observations on diversity of organisms, fossils,
comparison to South American organisms,
comparison of organisms in the Galapagos Island.
• Evolution by means of natural selection & because of
the following reasons:
A. Overpopulation and variation
B. Competition and selection
C. Environmental change
 Freudian Evolution:
• Sigmund Freud (1856 – 1939)
• Explained how human mind works
and cure its mild mental illness.
• He call his method psychoanalysis
and its goal is to make unconscious
conscious.
• Developed topographical and
structural model of the mind to
basically explain the source of
human behavior.

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 Hypnosis or Hysteria
• Freud together with Breuer published
“Studies in Hysteria”
• claiming they have found a process to
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release the repressed memory from the

unconscious,
• allowing the patient to consciously
recall the memory and
• confront the experiences, both
emotionally and intellectually.
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Freudian Evolution:
•Topographical Model of the Mind
• The mind is divided into three regions:
• Conscious mind- thoughts that focus on the
present state of mind
• Preconscious mind- what can be retrieved
from the memory
• Subconscious mind – primitive desires, wishes
or impulse which is mediated by the
preconscious mind
Model
•Structural Model of the Mind
• Elaborates topographical model which preconscious mind is
divided into:
a. Ego – drives a socially acceptable way to satisfy
the demands of the id as it operates the conscious
and unconscious mind
b. Id- comprises Eros, the life or survival instinct of
man and Thanatos the death or destructive instinct
of man
c. Super-ego – operates based on the principles of
morality that drive man to become socially
responsible and behave in an acceptable manner.
Structural Model of the Mind
 Information Age

• Communication-
• the act or process of using
words, sounds, signs, or
behaviors to express or
exchange information or to
express ideas , thoughts,
feelings, etc. to someone else
• Computer is the greatest tool
used to access the world
wide web
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 1. First Modern Information Revolution
Three (Mid 19th Century)
Modern • Telegraph invention- Samuel
Information Morse
• Telephone – Alexander Graham
Revolution Bell
• Proved the feasibility of radio
(Alberts & communication –Guglielmo
Marconi
Papp (1997)
Three Modern Information
Revolution
(Alberts & Papp (1997)

2. Second Modern Information

Revolution
(Mid 20th Century)
• Early generation computers – Lee
de Forest
• Television as one of the best
communication tools – Philo
Taylor
• Artificial satellites built –Sergci
Korolev
• Quantified info & measured in
bits – Claude F. Shanon
Three Modern Information Revolution
(Alberts & Papp (1997)
3.Third Modern Information
Revolution (1980’s)
-labeled as “knowledge
revolution”
-development of
communication-related
technologies that improved
society
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ND
Mesoamerican Period (1200 B.C. -3rd Century A.D.)
Three Civilizations:
1. Olmecs
- Priest & nobles who lived in ceremonial centers are the top
of the society
- Normal people live in farming villages around the elites
- Carved colossal heads from volcanic rocks as portrait of
rulers
- Invented calendar and carved hieroglyphic writing into stone
- The mother culture of mesoamerica
Three Civilizations:
2. Mayans (300 B.C. -900 A.D)
-developed farming such as shifting agriculture & raised
bed farming
-organized into city –state w/o political unity but bounded Mesoamerican
economically
Period (1200
- developed numbering system including place value and
the concept of zero B.C. -3rd
- hieroglyphic form of writing that were used for recording Century A.D.)
astronomical observations, rituals and religious matters
but was burnt during the invasion of Spanish
conqueror.
-solar calendar with 365 days and ritual calendar with 260
days
 Mesoamerican Period (1200 B.C. -
3rd Century A.D.)

Three Civilizations:
3. Aztecs ( 12th -15th Century)
- Built chinampas or “floating gardens” to
plant crops
- Built empire which has a ruler with his
council consisting of nobles, priest, and
military leaders
- Developed a calendar with 365 days
and a ritual calendar with 260 days
- Believed that illness is a punishment
from the gods but still uses herbs and
medicine for treatment.
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 Middle East ( 17th Century)
• Extends from Egypt to Afghanistan where Islam arose
• Islam - Arabic word – “submission to God”
• the religion of right actions, rules & laws w/c began in 7th
century
• symbolized by 5 obligatory acts or five pillars:
• Witness (Shahada)
• Worship (Salat)
• Fasting (Sawm) Koran –
• Tithing (Zakat) Islam bible
• Pilgrimage (Hajj)
Contributions to
Geography
➢Salat prayers require knowledge in Geography
to know the direction of the Qublah… This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND

➢In 1166, Al Idrisi produced very accurate maps

➢Al-Muqdishi, a geographer also produced a
colored map
➢Muslims are great navigators like Christopher
Columbus & Ferdinand Magellan

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Contributions to
Mathematics
➢Muslims invented symbols to express an
unknown quantity
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➢Muslims use zero and decimal system

➢Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi (Early

9th Century), one of the directors of the
House of Wisdom, introduced algebra in
solving equation. This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA
 Medical Contributions
➢Arabs made use of human cadaver to study
and understand its anatomy and physiology.
➢Abu-Ali al-Husayn ibn Abdillah Ibn-Sina or
Avicenna (ca. 970-1037) wrote an
encyclopedia of medical knowledge, translated
into Latin and was used as a textbook in
Europe up to 17th century.
➢Abu Bakr Mahummad Ibn Zakariyya al-Razi
(854-925 CE) spearheaded the construction of
the first Islamic Bimaristans (hospital).
African Revolution (pioneers of
some advancement in s & t)

➢Mathematics, metallurgy,
architecture & engineering,
astronomy, medicine, & navigation…
➢made 1st method of counting
➢Developed the concepts of Math
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that is globally accepted & used

today in high schools
➢Used advanced techniques for
furnace that made it fuel efficient
w/c was 200-400ᵒC hotter than
1600ᵒC hotter used by Romans
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African Revolution (pioneers of
some advancement in s & t)

➢Created the building of Zimbabwe

and the 11 interconnected rock-
hewn churches of Lalibela in Ethiopia
(wonders of the world)
➢Observations on Sirius A & B by
Dogon people
➢Cushitic people use their knowledge
of stars & constellations to calculate
& establish an accurate calendar

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 African Revolution (pioneers of some
advancement in s & t)

➢Pioneered some medical practices like

➢ installation of false teeth, filling of dental cavities , broken
bone setting, bone fraction, vaccination, brain surgery, skin
grafting & autopsy
➢Made use of the bark of salix capensis This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-S

as source of aspirin, kaopectate for

treating diarrhea and Rauwofia
vomitoria as source of reserpinefor
hypertension and snakebite
➢Built boats in varying sizes with the
largest that can carry a load of 80 tons
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