Wollo University Kombolcha Institute of Technology School of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Wollo University
Kombolcha Institute of Technology
School of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Introduction to power systems
ECEG-3154 (6 ECTS)
BY: Tadesse.Y
8/28/2021 1
Chapter Three: Transmission Line Parameters
Outlines
 Introduction
 Resistance and Conductance
 Inductance for single phase and three phase with equal phase spacing
 Capacitance for single phase and three phase with equal phase spacing
 Shunt admittances
 Parallel circuits three phase lines
8/28/2021 2
Transmission Line Parameters
Introduction
 The power transmission line is one of the major components of an electric power system.
 Its major function is to transport electric energy, with minimal losses, from the power sources to the load
centres, usually separated by long distances.
 The four basic transmission line parameters are: series resistance, series inductance, shunt capacitances and
shunt conductance.
 A.C transmission line has resistance, inductance and capacitance uniformly distributed along its length.
 These are known as constants or parameters of the line.
 The performance of a transmission line depends to a considerable extent upon these constants. Because
these constants determine whether the efficiency and voltage regulation of the line will be good or poor.
8/28/2021 3
Transmission Line design consideration
 An overhead transmission line consists of conductors, insulators, support structures, and, in most cases, shield wires.
 EHV lines often have more than one conductor per phase; these conductors are called a bundle. Bundle conductors have a
lower electric field strength at the conductor surfaces, thereby controlling corona. They also have a smaller series reactance.
 i. conductors: The most common conductor used for transmission is hard-drawn copper, aluminium, steel etc.
 Copper: The merits of copper metal as a line conductor are:
 It has a best conductivity in comparison to other metals.
 It has higher current density.

 The metal is quite homogeneous.
 It has low specific resistance .
 It is durable and has a higher scrap value.
8/28/2021 4
Cont…
 Aluminium: Next to copper aluminium is the conductor used in order of performance as far as the
conductivity is concerned. Its merits and demerits are:
 It is cheaper than copper
 It is lighter in weight
 For same ohmic resistance, its diameter is about 1.27 times that of copper.
 At higher voltages it causes less corona loss

 Since the diameter of the conductor is more.
 Since the conductors are liable to swing, so it requires larger cross arms.
 As the melting point of the conductor is low .
8/28/2021 5
Cont…
 In the modern over head transmission system, bare aluminium conductors are used (for purpose of heat
dissipation) which are classifies as:
 AAC - All Aluminium Conductors
 AAAC - All Aluminium Alloy Conductors
 ACSR – Aluminium Conductors Steel Reinforced
 ACAR - Aluminium Conductors Alloy Reinforced

Steel: It is lowest in conductivity
 It has high internal reactance
 It is much subjected to eddy current and hysteresis loss
 In a damp atmosphere it is rusted
8/28/2021 6
Cont…
 Ii. The line supports: these are poles and the chief requirements for such supports are:
 They must be mechanically strong The different types of poles

which can be used as line
 They must be light in weight without the loss of strength. supports are:
 They must have least number of parts.
 They must be cheap. a. Wooden poles

b. Steel tubular poles
 Their maintenance cost should be minimum. c. Reinforced concrete poles
d. Steel towers
 They must be easily accessible for point and erection of line conductors.
 They must have longer life.
 They must be of pleasing shape.
8/28/2021 7
Cont…
 iii. Insulators: Insulators for transmission lines above 69 kV are typically suspension-type insulators,
which consist of a string of discs constructed porcelain, toughened glass, or polymer.
 iv. Shield Wires: Shield wires located above the phase conductors protect the phase conductors against
lightning.
 They are usually high- or extra-high-strength steel, Alumo-weld, or ACSR with much smaller cross section
than the phase conductors.
 The number and location of the shield wires are selected so that almost all lightning strokes terminate on
the shield wires rather than on the phase conductors.
 Shield wires are grounded to the tower. As such, when lightning strikes a shield wire, it flows harmlessly to
ground, provided the tower impedance and tower footing resistance are small.
8/28/2021 8
Resistance and Conductance
 i. Resistance: It is the opposition of line conductors to current flow. The resistance is distributed uniformly
along the whole length of the line. However, the performance of a transmission line can be analysed
conveniently if distributed resistance is considered as lumped.
 The variation of resistance of metallic conductors with temperature is practically linear over the
normal range of operation. Suppose 𝑅1 and 𝑅2 are the resistances of a conductor at 𝑡1 ºC and 𝑡2 ºC (𝑡2 > 𝑡1 )
respectively. If α1 is the temperature coefficient at 𝑡1 °C, then,
8/28/2021 9
Cont…
 The resistance of transmission line conductors is the most important cause of power loss in a
transmission line.
 However, for ac, the current distribution is non-uniform. As frequency increases, the current in a
solid cylindrical conductor tends to crowd toward the conductor surface, with smaller current
density at the conductor center. This phenomenon is called skin effect.
 A conductor with a large radius can even have an oscillatory current density versus the radial
distance from the conductor center. With increasing frequency, conductor loss increases, which,
from causes the ac resistance to increase.
8/28/2021 10
Cont…
 Conductance: Conductance accounts for real power loss between conductors or between conductors and ground.
 For overhead lines, this power loss is due to leakage currents at insulators and to corona.
 Insulator leakage current depends on the amount of dirt, salt, and other contaminants that have accumulated on
insulators, as well as on meteorological factors, particularly the presence of moisture.
 Corona occurs when a high value of electric field strength at a conductor surface causes the air to become
electrically ionized and to conduct.
 The real power loss due to corona, called corona loss, depends on meteorological conditions, particularly rain,
and on conductor surface irregularities.
 Losses due to insulator leakage and corona are usually small compared to conductor I2R loss.
 Conductance is usually neglected in power system studies because it is a very small component of the shunt
admittance.
8/28/2021 11
Inductance and inductive reactance
 A current-carrying conductor produces concentric magnetic flux lines around the conductor. If the current
varies with the time, the magnetic flux changes and a voltage is induced. Therefore, an inductance is
present, defined as the ratio of the magnetic flux linkage and the current
 The magnetic flux produced by the current in transmission line conductors produces a total inductance
whose magnitude depends on the line configuration.
 To determine the inductance of the line, it is necessary to calculate, as in any magnetic circuit with
permeability by determining the following quantities.
 Magnetic field intensity H
 Magnetic field density B
 Flux linkage
8/28/2021 12
Inductance for solid cylindrical conductor
 Consider a solid cylindrical conductor with radius r, carrying current I.
 For simplicity, assume that the conductor:
(1) It is sufficiently long that end effects are neglected.
(2) It is nonmagnetic and
(3) It has a uniform current density (skin effect is neglected).

Figure 1
 According to Ampere’s law states that:
 To determine the magnetic field inside the conductor, select the dashed circle of radius x < r shown fig 1.
8/28/2021 13
Cont…
 Now assume a uniform current distribution within the conductor, that is:
 then,
 For a nonmagnetic conductor, the magnetic flux density Bx is:
 The differential flux per-unit length of conductor in the cross-hatched rectangle of width dx shown in
Figure 1 is:
 Computation of the differential flux linkage dl in the rectangle is tricky since only the fraction the square of
(x/r) of the total current I is linked by the flux. That is,
 Integrating this equation from x = 0 to x = r, determines the total flux linkages Lint inside the conductor:
8/28/2021 14
Cont…
 The internal inductance Lint per-unit length of conductor due to this flux linkage is then
then,
 Next, in order to determine the magnetic field outside the conductor, select the dashed circle of radius x > r
shown in Figure 2, as the closed contour for Ampere’s law.
 Noting that this contour encloses the entire current I, integration of yields:
Figure 2
 Since the entire current I is linked by the flux outside the conductor;
8/28/2021 15
Cont…
 Integrating the above equation between two external points at distances D1 and D2 from the conductor
center gives the external flux linkage between D1 and D2:
 The external inductance L12 per-unit length due to the flux linkages between D1 and D2 is then;
 The total flux linking the conductor out to external point P at distance D is the sum of the internal flux
linkage, and the external flux linkage, the above equation from D1 = r to D2 = D gives:
8/28/2021 16
Inductance for single phase two wire line system
 Consider a single-phase two-wire line consisting of two solid cylindrical conductors x and y shown in fig. 3
 Conductor x with radius rx carries phasor current Ix = I referenced out of the page.
 Conductor y with radius ry carries return current Iy = -I.
 The total flux linking conductor x is:
Figure 3
 The inductance of conductor x is then;
8/28/2021 17
Cont…
 Similarly, the total flux linking conductor y is:
 The inductance of conductor y is then;
 The total inductance of the single-phase circuit, also called loop inductance, is;
8/28/2021 18
Inductance for three phase three wire with equal phase spacing
 Consider a three-phase three-wire line consisting of three solid cylindrical conductors a, b, c, each with
radius r, and with equal phase spacing D between any two conductors shown in fig. 4.
 To determine inductance, assume balanced positive-sequence currents
Ia, Ib, Ic that satisfy Ia + Ib + Ic = 0.
 The total flux linking the phase a conductor is:

Figure 4
The inductance of phase a is then;

Due to symmetry, the same result is obtained for and
for However, only one phase need be considered for
balanced three-phase operation of this line, since the flux linkages of
each phase have equal magnitudes and 120 displacement.
8/28/2021 19
Inductance: composite conductors, unequal phase spacing and bundled conductors
 A stranded conductor is one example of a composite conductor.
 consider a single-phase two-conductor line consisting of two composite conductors x and y shown in fig.5
 Conductor x has N identical sub-conductors, each with radius rx and with current (I/N) referenced out of
the page. Similarly, conductor y consists of M identical sub-conductors, each with radius ry and with return
current (I/M).
 The total flux linking sub-conductor k of conductor x is;
 Since only the fraction (1/N) of the total conductor current I is linked
by this flux, the flux linkage of (the current in) sub-conductor k is;
Figure 5
8/28/2021 20
Cont…
 The total flux linkage of conductor x is:
 Using (sum of ln s = ln of products), the above equation can be

rewritten in the following form:
 Dxy is the MNth root of the product of the MN distances

from the sub-conductors of conductor x to the subconductors of
conductor y.
 Associated with each sub-conductor k of conductor x are the M
distances Dk1’, Dk2’,.., DkM to the sub-conductors of
conductor y.
 For N sub-conductors in conductor x, there are therefore MN of
these distances.
 Dxy is called the geometric mean distance or GMD between
conductors x and y.
8/28/2021 21
Cont…
 Similarly, for conductor y,:
 The total inductance L of the single-phase circuit is:

L = Lx + Ly H/m per circuit
 Also, Dxx is the N2 root of the product of the N2 distances between
the sub-conductors of conductor x.
 Associated with each subconductor k are the N distances Dk1; Dk2; ...
; Dkk = r; ... ; DkN.

 For N sub-conductors in conductor x, there are therefore N2 of these
distances.
 Dxx is called the geometric mean radius or GMR of conductor x.
 Dyy, the GMR of conductor y, is the M2 root of the product of the M2

distances between the sub-conductors of conductor y.
8/28/2021 22
Completely transposed three phase line
 To calculate inductance for three-phase lines with stranded conductors and equal phase spacing, r’ is
replaced by the conductor GMR .
 If the spacings between phases are unequal, then balanced positive-sequence flux linkages are not obtained
from balanced positive-sequence currents.
 However, balance can be restored by exchanging the conductor positions along the line, a technique called
transposition.
 Consider a completely transposed three-phase line shown fig. 6.
Figure 6
8/28/2021 23
Cont…
 The line is transposed at two locations such that each phase occupies each position for one-third of the line length.
Conductor positions are denoted 1, 2, 3 with distances D12, D23, D31 between positions.
 The conductors are identical, each with GMR denoted DS.
 To calculate inductance of this line, assume balanced positive-sequence currents Ia, Ib, Ic, for which Ia + Ib + Ic = 0.
 The total flux linking the phase a conductor while it is in position 1 is:
 Similarly, the total flux linkage of this conductor while it is in positions 2 and 3:
 The average of the above flux linkages is:
8/28/2021 24
Cont…
 Using (Ib + Ic) = -Ia;
 and the average inductance of phase a is:
 The same result is obtained for and for However, only one phase need be
considered for balanced three-phase operation of a completely transposed three-phase line.
 Defining;
 we have;
 Deq, the cube root of the product of the three-phase spacings, is the geometric mean distance between phases.
 Also, DS is the conductor GMR for stranded conductors, or r0 for solid cylindrical conductors.
8/28/2021 25
Reading assignment: bundled conductors
Examples:
1. A single phase line has two parallel conductors 2 metres apart. The diameter of each conductor is 1·2 cm.
Calculate the loop inductance per km of the line.
2. The three conductors of a 3-phase line are arranged at the corners of a triangle of sides 2 m, 2·5 m and
4·5 m. Calculate the inductance per km of the line when the conductors are regularly transposed. The
diameter of each conductor is 1·24 cm.
Figure 7
8/28/2021 26
Cont..
Exercise: Evaluate the total inductance of a single phase two conducting lines for N = 3 and M =2 shown
fig.8 below.
8/28/2021 Figure 8 27

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Wollo University

Kombolcha Institute of Technology

School of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Introduction to power systems

 Resistance and Conductance

 Parallel circuits three phase lines

 These are known as constants or parameters of the line.

 Copper: The merits of copper metal as a line conductor are:

 It has a best conductivity in comparison to other metals.

 It has higher current density.

 The metal is quite homogeneous.

 It has low specific resistance .

 It is durable and has a higher scrap value.

 It is cheaper than copper

 At higher voltages it causes less corona loss

 Since the diameter of the conductor is more.

 As the melting point of the conductor is low .

 AAC - All Aluminium Conductors

 AAAC - All Aluminium Alloy Conductors

 ACSR – Aluminium Conductors Steel Reinforced

 ACAR - Aluminium Conductors Alloy Reinforced

Steel: It is lowest in conductivity

 It has high internal reactance

 It is much subjected to eddy current and hysteresis loss

 In a damp atmosphere it is rusted

 They must be mechanically strong The different types of poles

 They must have least number of parts.

 They must be cheap. a. Wooden poles

 They must have longer life.

 They must be of pleasing shape.

respectively. If α1 is the temperature coefficient at 𝑡1 °C, then,

density at the conductor center. This phenomenon is called skin effect.

and on conductor surface irregularities.

permeability by determining the following quantities.

 Magnetic field intensity H

 Magnetic field density B

 For simplicity, assume that the conductor:

(1) It is sufficiently long that end effects are neglected.

(2) It is nonmagnetic and

(3) It has a uniform current density (skin effect is neglected).

 According to Ampere’s law states that:

 For a nonmagnetic conductor, the magnetic flux density Bx is:

(x/r) of the total current I is linked by the flux. That is,

 Conductor y with radius ry carries return current Iy = -I.

 The total flux linking conductor x is:

 The inductance of conductor x is then;

 The inductance of conductor y is then;

 To determine inductance, assume balanced positive-sequence currents

Ia, Ib, Ic that satisfy Ia + Ib + Ic = 0.

 The total flux linking the phase a conductor is:

The inductance of phase a is then;

 Using (sum of ln s = ln of products), the above equation can be

 Dxy is the MNth root of the product of the MN distances

 The total inductance L of the single-phase circuit is:

; Dkk = r; ... ; DkN.

 Dyy, the GMR of conductor y, is the M2 root of the product of the M2

 Consider a completely transposed three-phase line shown fig. 6.

 The average of the above flux linkages is:

 and the average inductance of phase a is:

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