EE 301 Signals & Systems

Homework 2
Solutions

Problem 1:
1
1 𝑇0 1 2 2𝜋
𝑎𝑘 = ∫ x(𝑡) 𝑒 −𝑗𝑘𝜔0 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = ∫ cos(𝜋𝑡) 𝑒 −𝑗𝑘( 2 )𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑇0 0 2 0
1
1 21
= ∫ (𝑒 𝑗𝜋𝑡 + 𝑒 −𝑗𝜋𝑡 )𝑒 −𝑗𝑘𝜋𝑡 𝑑𝑡
2 0 2
1 1
1 2 1 2
= ∫ 𝑒 −𝑗(𝑘−1)𝜋𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + ∫ 𝑒 −𝑗(𝑘+1)𝜋𝑡 𝑑𝑡
4 0 4 0

1 𝑒 −𝑗(𝑘−1)𝜋𝑡 1/2 1 𝑒 −𝑗(𝑘+1)𝜋𝑡 1/2

= ( )| + ( )|
4 −𝑗(𝑘 − 1)𝜋 𝑡=0 4 −𝑗(𝑘 + 1)𝜋 𝑡=0
𝑗(𝑘−1)𝜋 𝑗(𝑘+1)𝜋
1 𝑒− 2 − 1 𝑒− 2 − 1
= ( + )
4 −𝑗(𝑘 − 1)𝜋 −𝑗(𝑘 + 1)𝜋

𝑗(𝑘−1)𝜋 𝑗(𝑘−1)𝜋 𝑗(𝑘+1)𝜋 𝑗(𝑘+1)𝜋

1 𝑗(𝑘−1)𝜋 𝑒 − 4 − 𝑒+ 4 𝑗(𝑘+1)𝜋 𝑒− 4 − 𝑒+ 4
= (𝑒 − 4 + 𝑒− 4 )
4 −𝑗(𝑘 − 1)𝜋 −𝑗(𝑘 + 1)𝜋

𝜋 𝜋
1 −𝑗(𝑘−1)𝜋 −2𝑗𝑠𝑖𝑛 ((𝑘 − 1) 4) 𝑗(𝑘+1)𝜋 −2𝑗𝑠𝑖𝑛 ((𝑘 + 1) 4 )
= (𝑒 4 + 𝑒− 4 )
4 −𝑗(𝑘 − 1)𝜋 −𝑗(𝑘 + 1)𝜋

𝜋 𝜋
1 −𝑗(𝑘−1)𝜋 2𝑠𝑖𝑛 ((𝑘 − 1) 4) −
𝑗(𝑘+1)𝜋 2𝑠𝑖𝑛 ((𝑘 + 1) 4 )
= (𝑒 4
𝜋 +𝑒 4
𝜋 )
4 4(𝑘 − 1) 4 4(𝑘 + 1) 4

(𝑘 − 1) (𝑘 + 1)
1 −𝑗(𝑘−1)𝜋 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐 ( 4 ) −
𝑗(𝑘+1)𝜋 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐 ( 4 )
= (𝑒 4 +𝑒 4 )
4 2 2

1 −𝑗(𝑘−1)𝜋 (𝑘 − 1) 1 𝑗(𝑘+1)𝜋 (𝑘 + 1)
𝑎𝑘 = 𝑒 4 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐 ( ) + 𝑒 − 4 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐 ( )
8 4 8 4
Note: Consider the periodic signal 𝑦(𝑡) defined as
1
1 𝑓𝑜𝑟 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤
𝑦(𝑡) = { 2
1
0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 2
2
over a single period. Notice that 𝑥(𝑡) = cos(𝜋𝑡)𝑦(𝑡). Also, it can be shown that the Fourier
series coefficients of y(t) are
1 −𝑗𝑘𝜋 𝑘
𝑏𝑘 = 𝑒 4 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐 ( )
4 4
1 1
Then, recall that cos(𝜋𝑡) = 2 𝑒 𝑗𝜋𝑡 + 2 𝑒 −𝑗𝜋𝑡 and it can be considered as a periodic signal with
fundamental frequency 𝜔0 = 𝜋. Therefore, its Fourier series coefficients are
1
𝑐𝑘 = {2 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑘 = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑘 = −1
0 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒
Observe that 𝑎𝑘 = 𝑏𝑘 ⋆ 𝑐𝑘 , because 𝑥(𝑡) = cos(𝜋𝑡)𝑦(𝑡).

Problem 2:
∞

𝑥(𝑡) = ∑ 𝑎𝑘 𝑒 𝑗𝑘𝜔0 𝑡
𝑘=−∞

1 𝑇
𝑎𝑘 = ∫ x(𝑡) 𝑒 −𝑗𝑘𝜔0 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑇 0
2𝜋
𝜔0 =
𝑇
a)
∞ ∞
𝑗𝑘𝜔0 (𝑡−𝑡0 )
𝑥(𝑡 − 𝑡0 ) = ∑ 𝑎𝑘 𝑒 = ∑ 𝑏𝑘 𝑒 𝑗𝑘𝜔0 𝑡
𝑘=−∞ 𝑘=−∞
𝐹𝑆
𝑥(𝑡 − 𝑡0 ) ↔ 𝑏𝑘 = 𝑒 −𝑗𝑘𝜔0 𝑡0 𝑎𝑘
𝐹𝑆
𝑥(𝑡 − 𝑡0 ) + 𝑥(𝑡 + 𝑡0 ) ↔ 𝑐𝑘
𝑐𝑘 = 𝑒 −𝑗𝑘𝜔0 𝑡0 𝑎𝑘 + 𝑒 +𝑗𝑘𝜔0 𝑡0 𝑎𝑘
𝑐𝑘 = 2cos(𝑘𝜔0 𝑡0 )𝑎𝑘
b)
𝑇
𝑥(𝑡) − 𝑥 (𝑡 − 2 ) 𝐹𝑆
↔ 𝑏𝑘
2
𝑗𝑘𝜔0 𝑇
𝑎𝑘 𝑒 − 2 𝑎𝑘
𝑏𝑘 = −
2 2
𝑎𝑘 𝑒 −𝑗𝑘𝜋 𝑎𝑘 𝑎𝑘 (−1)𝑘 𝑎𝑘 (1 − (−1)𝑘 )
𝑏𝑘 = − = − = 𝑎𝑘
2 2 2 2 2
𝑎 𝑘 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑑𝑑
𝑏𝑘 = { 𝑘
0 𝑘 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛
c)
𝑥(𝑡) + 𝑥(−𝑡)
𝐸𝑣{𝑥(𝑡)} =
2
∞ ∞
𝑗𝑘𝜔0 (−𝑡)
𝑥(−𝑡) = ∑ 𝑎𝑘 𝑒 = ∑ 𝑎𝑘 𝑒 𝑗(−𝑘)𝜔0 𝑡
𝑘=−∞ 𝑘=−∞
𝐹𝑆
𝑥(−𝑡) ↔ 𝑏𝑘 = 𝑎−𝑘
𝐹𝑆 𝑎𝑘 + 𝑎−𝑘
𝐸𝑣{𝑥(𝑡)} ↔ 𝑐𝑘 =
2

d)
𝑥(𝑡) + 𝑥 ∗ (𝑡)
𝑅𝑒{𝑥(𝑡)} =
2
∞ ∗ ∞ ∞

𝑥 ∗ (𝑡)
= ( ∑ 𝑎𝑘 𝑒 𝑗𝑘𝜔0 𝑡
) = ∑ 𝑎𝑘∗ 𝑒 −𝑗𝑘𝜔0 𝑡 ∗
= ∑ 𝑎−𝑘 𝑒 𝑗𝑘𝜔0 𝑡
𝑘=−∞ 𝑘=−∞ 𝑘=−∞
𝐹𝑆
∗
𝑥 ∗ (𝑡) ↔ 𝑏𝑘 = 𝑎−𝑘
∗
𝑎𝑘 + 𝑎−𝑘
𝐹𝑆
𝑅𝑒{𝑥(𝑡)} ↔ 𝑐𝑘 =
2
e)
∞ ∞ ∞
𝑑𝑥(𝑡) 𝑑 𝑑
= ( ∑ 𝑎𝑘 𝑒 𝑗𝑘𝜔0 𝑡 ) = ∑ 𝑎𝑘 (𝑒 𝑗𝑘𝜔0 𝑡 ) = ∑ 𝑗𝑘𝜔0 𝑎𝑘 𝑒 𝑗𝑘𝜔0 𝑡
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑘=−∞ 𝑘=−∞ 𝑘=−∞

𝑑𝑥(𝑡) 𝐹𝑆
↔ 𝑏𝑘 = 𝑗𝑘𝜔0 𝑎𝑘
𝑑𝑡
𝑑 2 𝑥(𝑡) 𝑑 𝑑𝑥(𝑡) 𝐹𝑆
= ( ) ↔ 𝑐𝑘 = 𝑗𝑘𝜔0 𝑏𝑘 = −𝑘 2 𝜔02 𝑎𝑘
𝑑𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
f)
𝑇/3
1
𝑏𝑘 = ∫ x(3𝑡 − 1) 𝑒 −𝑗𝑘3𝜔0 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑇/3 0
Let 𝑡 ′ = 3𝑡 − 1.
𝑇−1 𝑡 +1 1 ′
1 ′ ) −𝑗𝑘3𝜔0 ( 3 )
𝑏𝑘 = ∫ x(𝑡 𝑒 ( 𝑑𝑡 ′ )
𝑇/3 −1 3

−𝑗𝑘𝜔0
1 𝑇−1 ′ −𝑗𝑘𝜔 𝑡 ′ ′
𝑏𝑘 = 𝑒 ∫ x(𝑡 ) 𝑒 0 𝑑𝑡
𝑇 −1

𝑏𝑘 = 𝑒 −𝑗𝑘𝜔0 𝑎𝑘
Note that the fundamental frequency of the resultant signal is 3𝜔0.

g)
∞ ∞
2 (𝑡) 𝑗𝑛𝜔0 𝑡
𝑥 = 𝑥(𝑡)𝑥(𝑡) = ( ∑ 𝑎𝑛 𝑒 ) ( ∑ 𝑎𝑚 𝑒 𝑗𝑚𝜔0 𝑡 )
𝑛=−∞ 𝑚=−∞
∞ ∞

= ∑ ∑ 𝑎𝑛 𝑒 𝑗𝑛𝜔0 𝑡 𝑎𝑚 𝑒 𝑗𝑚𝜔0 𝑡
𝑛=−∞ 𝑚=−∞
∞ ∞

= ∑ ∑ 𝑎𝑛 𝑎𝑚 𝑒 𝑗(𝑛+𝑚)𝜔0 𝑡
𝑛=−∞ 𝑚=−∞
∆
𝑘 = 𝑛 + 𝑚, 𝑚→𝑘−𝑛
∞ ∞

= ∑ ∑ 𝑎𝑛 𝑎𝑘−𝑛 𝑒 𝑗𝑘𝜔0 𝑡
𝑛=−∞ 𝑘=−∞
∞ ∞

= ∑ ( ∑ 𝑎𝑛 𝑎𝑘−𝑛 ) 𝑒 𝑗𝑘𝜔0 𝑡
𝑘=−∞ 𝑛=−∞
∞

= ∑ 𝑏𝑘 𝑒 𝑗𝑘𝜔0 𝑡
𝑘=−∞
∞

𝑏𝑘 = ( ∑ 𝑎𝑛 𝑎𝑘−𝑛 )
𝑛=−∞

𝑏𝑘 = 𝑎𝑘 ⋆ 𝑎𝑘
Problem 3:
I. 𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑎−1 𝑒 −𝑗𝜔0 𝑡 + 𝑎1 𝑒 𝑗𝜔0 𝑡
II. 𝑎−1 = 𝑎1∗ , 𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑎1∗ 𝑒 −𝑗𝜔0 𝑡 + 𝑎1 𝑒 𝑗𝜔0 𝑡
III. 𝑎−1 = 𝑎1 , 𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑎1 𝑒 −𝑗𝜔0 𝑡 + 𝑎1 𝑒 𝑗𝜔0 𝑡 = 𝑎1 (𝑒 −𝑗𝜔0 𝑡 + 𝑒 𝑗𝜔0 𝑡 ) = 2𝑎1 cos(𝜔0 𝑡)
2𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
IV. 𝜔0 = = 3, 𝑥(𝑡) = 2𝑎1 cos ( 3 𝑡)
6
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
V. −𝑥(𝑡 − 3) = −2𝑎1 cos ( 3 (𝑡 − 3)) = −2𝑎1 cos ( 3 𝑡 − 𝜋) = 2𝑎1 cos ( 3 𝑡) = 𝑥(𝑡)
1 3 1
VI. ∫ |𝑥(𝑡)|2 𝑑𝑡 = ∑∞ 2 2 2 2 2 2
𝑘=−∞|𝑎𝑘 | = |𝑎−1 | + |𝑎1 | = |𝑎1 | + |𝑎1 | = 2|𝑎1 | = 2
6 −3

1
|𝑎1 | =
2
Since it is given that 𝑎1 is a positive and real number,
1
𝑎1 =
2
𝜋 𝜋
𝑥(𝑡) = 2𝑎1 cos ( 𝑡) = cos ( 𝑡)
3 3
𝜋
𝐴 = 1, 𝐵= , 𝐶=0
3
Problem 4:
a)
∞ ∞
𝑗𝑛𝜔0 𝑡
𝑧(𝑡) = 𝑥(𝑡)𝑦(𝑡) = ( ∑ 𝑎𝑛 𝑒 ) ( ∑ 𝑏𝑚 𝑒 𝑗𝑚𝜔0 𝑡 )
𝑛=−∞ 𝑚=−∞
∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
𝑗𝑛𝜔0 𝑡 𝑗𝑚𝜔0 𝑡
= ∑ ∑ 𝑎𝑛 𝑒 𝑏𝑚 𝑒 = ∑ ∑ 𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑚 𝑒 𝑗(𝑛+𝑚)𝜔0 𝑡
𝑛=−∞ 𝑚=−∞ 𝑛=−∞ 𝑚=−∞
∆
𝑘 = 𝑛 + 𝑚, 𝑚→𝑘−𝑛
∞ ∞

𝑧(𝑡) = ∑ ∑ 𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑘−𝑛 𝑒 𝑗𝑘𝜔0 𝑡

𝑛=−∞ 𝑘=−∞
∞ ∞

= ∑ ( ∑ 𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑘−𝑛 ) 𝑒 𝑗𝑘𝜔0 𝑡
𝑘=−∞ 𝑛=−∞
∞

= ∑ 𝑐𝑘 𝑒 𝑗𝑘𝜔0 𝑡
𝑘=−∞
∞

𝑐𝑘 = ∑ 𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑘−𝑛
𝑛=−∞

𝑐𝑘 = 𝑎𝑘 ⋆ 𝑏𝑘
b)
∞

𝑥(𝑡) = ∑ 𝑎𝑘 𝑒 𝑗𝑘𝜔0 𝑡
𝑘=−∞
∞ ∗ ∞ ∞

𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑥 ∗ (𝑡)
= ( ∑ 𝑎𝑘 𝑒 𝑗𝑘𝜔0 𝑡
) = ∑ 𝑎𝑘∗ 𝑒 −𝑗𝑘𝜔0 𝑡 ∗
= ∑ 𝑎−𝑘 𝑒 𝑗𝑘𝜔0 𝑡
𝑘=−∞ 𝑘=−∞ 𝑘=−∞
∗
𝑏𝑘 = 𝑎−𝑘
∞ ∞
∗
𝑐𝑘 = ∑ 𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑘−𝑛 = ∑ 𝑎𝑛 𝑎𝑛−𝑘
𝑛=−∞ 𝑛=−∞

∞
1 𝑇0 1 𝑇0 1 𝑇0 1 𝑇0
∫ |x(𝑡)| 𝑑𝑡 = ∫ 𝑥(𝑡)𝑥 (𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = ∫ 𝑥(𝑡)𝑦(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = ∫ ( ∑ 𝑐𝑘 𝑒 𝑗𝑘𝜔0 𝑡 ) 𝑑𝑡
2 ∗
𝑇0 0 𝑇0 0 𝑇0 0 𝑇0 0
𝑘=−∞

∞
1 𝑇0 1 𝑇0
∫ |x(𝑡)|2 𝑑𝑡 = ∑ (𝑐𝑘 ∫ 𝑒 𝑗𝑘𝜔0 𝑡 𝑑𝑡)
𝑇0 0 𝑇0 0 𝑘=−∞

𝑇
Calculate the integral ∫0 0 𝑒 𝑗𝑘𝜔0 𝑡 𝑑𝑡;
𝑇0
𝑗𝑘𝜔0 𝑡
𝑒 𝑗𝑘𝜔0 𝑇0 − 1 𝑒 𝑗𝑘2𝜋 − 1 1 − 1
∫ 𝑒 𝑑𝑡 = = = = 0, 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑘 ≠ 0
0 𝑗𝑘𝜔0 𝑗𝑘𝜔0 𝑗𝑘𝜔0
If 𝑘 = 0;
𝑇0 𝑇0
𝑗𝑘𝜔0 𝑡
∫ 𝑒 𝑑𝑡 = ∫ (1)𝑑𝑡 = 𝑇0 , 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑘 = 0
0 0

Then;
∞ ∞
1 𝑇0 2
1 𝑇0
1 ∗
∫ |x(𝑡)| 𝑑𝑡 = ∑ (𝑐𝑘 ∫ 𝑒 𝑗𝑘𝜔0 𝑡 𝑑𝑡) = c0 𝑇0 = 𝑐0 = ∑ 𝑎𝑛 𝑎𝑛−0
𝑇0 0 𝑇0 0 𝑇0
𝑘=−∞ 𝑛=−∞
∞
1 𝑇0
∫ |x(𝑡)|2 𝑑𝑡 = ∑ |𝑎𝑛 |2
𝑇0 0
𝑛=−∞
 MATLAB Assignment
Solutions
Part 1:
ii)
1 𝑇 2𝜋
𝑎𝑘 = ∫ 𝑥𝑝 (𝑡) 𝑒 −𝑗𝑘 𝑇 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑇 0
2𝜋 2𝜋
1 2 −𝑗𝑘2𝜋𝑡 1 𝑒 −𝑗𝑘 5 𝑡 2 1 𝑒 −𝑗𝑘 5 2 − 1
𝑎𝑘 = ∫ 𝑒 5 𝑑𝑡 = | =
𝑇 0 5 −𝑗𝑘 2𝜋 𝑡=0 5 −𝑗𝑘 2𝜋
5 5
2𝜋 2𝜋 2𝜋 2𝜋 2𝜋
𝑒 −𝑗𝑘
5 (𝑒 −𝑗𝑘
5 −𝑒 +𝑗𝑘
5 ) 𝑒 −𝑗𝑘 5 (−2𝑗𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑘 )) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑘
2𝜋
)
5 2𝜋
5
= = = 2𝑒 −𝑗𝑘 5
−𝑗𝑘2𝜋 −𝑗𝑘2𝜋 𝑘2𝜋
2 −𝑗𝑘2𝜋 2
𝑎𝑘 = 𝑒 5 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐(𝑘 )
5 5
𝑎0 = 0.4, 𝑎1 = 0.0935 − 𝑗0.2879, 𝑎2 = −0.0757 + 𝑗0.0550
a(1:3)

ans =

0.4000 + 0.0000i 0.0937 - 0.2879i -0.0756 - 0.0551i

They are almost the same.

iii)
∞
2𝜋
𝑥𝑝 (𝑡) = ∑ 𝑎𝑘 ejk 𝑇 𝑡
𝑘=−∞
𝑀
2𝜋
𝑥𝑝,𝑀 (𝑡) = ∑ 𝑎𝑘 ejk 𝑇 𝑡
𝑘=−𝑀

period=5;
Length=2;
signal_type=1;
figureonoff=1;
[a_k , x_p]=signal_generator(signal_type,period,Length,figureonoff);
dt=0.001;
n=-period:dt:(2*period-dt);
M=3;
x_pM = a_k(1)*ones(1,length(n));
for k=1:M
x_pM = x_pM + a_k(k+1)*exp(1i*k*(2*pi/period)*n) ...
... + conj(a_k(k+1))*exp(-1i*k*(2*pi/period)*n);
end
iv)

𝑥𝑝,𝑀 (𝑡) converges to 𝑥(𝑡) as M increases.

v)
Part 2:

Part 3:

Average power of the periodic signal is 0.1333. Due to Parseval’s relation,

∞
1 𝑇 2
∫ |𝑥𝑝 (𝑡)| 𝑑𝑡 = ∑ |𝑎𝑘 |2 = 0.1333
𝑇 0
𝑘=−∞

However,
 𝑀 ∞

∑ |𝑎𝑘 / ∑ |𝑎𝑘 |2
|2
𝑘=−𝑀 𝑘=−∞

is 0.9953, 0.9971, 0.9996, 0.9999 for M=3,5,10 and 20, respectively. Therefore, further
increase in the convergence is not expected.

Part 4:
2𝜋
𝑏𝑘 = 𝑎𝑘 e−jk 𝑇 Δ𝑡

b_k =a_k.*exp(-1i*(0:100)*(2*pi/period)*delay);

Δ𝑡 = 1

Δ𝑡=4
Part 5:

2𝜋
𝑐𝑘 = 𝑗𝑘 𝑎
𝑇 𝑘

c_k =a_k.*(1i*(0:100)*(2*pi/period));
Part 6:
𝐿 = 2 and 𝑇 = 5.

𝐿 = 4 and 𝑇 = 10.

Signals are different but the FS coefficients are the same. It is the time scaling property of
CTFS. However, note that the fundamental period is different. Therefore, the synthesis
equation changes.