BO GIAO DUC VA OAO TAO

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 BO GIAO DUC VA DAO TAO
PHAN NGOC LIEN (Tdng Chu bien)
LUONG NINH -[TRUONG HUU QUYNH|(Chii bien)
DINH NGOC BAO - NGUYfiN HONG LifiN
NGUYfiN CANH MINH - NGHlfiM DINH VY

LICH SU (Tdi bdn ldn thd tu)

NHA XUAT BAN GIAO DUC VIET NAM

Chiu trc'ich nhiem .xudt bdn : Chu tich HDQT kiem Tdng Giam doc NGO TRAN AI
Pho T6ng Giam ddc iviem Tong bien tap NGUYEN QUY THAO

Bien tap lan ddn : LE HONG SON - BLT TUYET HLTONG

Bien tap lai han : NONG THI HUE
Bien re'litac do : CU DUC N G H I A
Bien tap ini thuat: N G U Y £ N THI HONG VY - LUU CHI DONG
Tiinh hay hia : LUU CHI DONG
Si(a hdn m PHONG SLfA BAN IN (NXB GIAO DUC TAI HA N O D
Che han CONG TY CO PHAN MI THUAT VA TRUYEN THONG

Ban quyen thuoc Nha xua't ban Giao dtic Viet Nam - Bo Giao cli.ic va Dao tao.

Sach CO sir dung mot so anh tir lieu trong cac bao tang. Tit dien Bach khoa Viet Nam. Lich sil
van minh the giai. Bai cuang lich sir Viet Nam - tap 1, Ljeh sir the giai thai can dai... va mot so
• sach nudc ngoai khae,

LICH sCr 10
Maso: CH015T0

In 95.000 cuon (ST) khd 17 x 24cm. In tai Cong ty co phan In Phu Tho.
Soxuat ban: 01-2010/CXB/558-1485/GD. So in: 697.
In xong va nop \au chieu thang 1 nam 2010.
 hdn mot
LICH s i THE GlOl THdl NGUYEN THUY,
CO DAI VA TRUNG DAI
 Chuffng I
XAH6I NGUYfiN THUY

S\S XUAT HIEN LOAI NGl/Cfl

Bai 2 VA BAY NGl/dl NGUYEN THUY

Lich .sir loai nguoi cho ta biet nhu'ng sir viec dien ra trong
doi song con ngirdi ke tir khi \iiat hien tren Trai Diit.
Khoa hoc, dac biet la Khao co hoc \'a C6 sinh hoc. da tim
diro'c nhi^u bang cu noi len sir' phat trien lau dai ttJ dong
vat cap thap ien dong vat cap cao. Dinh cao ciia qua trinh
nay la si,r chii\'en bien ti^v vuon thanh nguoi.

1. Sir xuQt hien loai ngudi va ddi song bdy ngi/di nguyen thuy
O chang dau cua qua trinh hinh thanh loai ngucri, co mot loai vuon co, song
khoang 6 trieu nam truoc day, da co the dung va di bang hai chan, diing tay di
cam nam, an hoa qua, cu, la va ca dong vat nho. Xuong boa thach cua chiing
dugfc tim thay a Dong Phi, Tay A va ca a Viet Nam.
Tren da tien trien, vugn co chuyen bien thanh Ngu&i tdi co, bat dau tir khoang
4 trieu nam trudc day. Di cot Ngudi tdi co duoc tim thay d Ddng Phi, Gia-va
(In-dd-ne-xi-a), Bae Kinh (Trung Qud'c) v.v... 6 Thanh Hoa (Viet Nam), tuy chua
tim tha'y di cdt nhung lai phat hien duoc cdng cu bang da cua Ngudi td'i cd.
 Ngudi td'i cd hau nhu da hoan toan di, dtmg bang hai chan. Ddi tay dugc tu
do de sir dung cdng eta, kie'm thirc an. Co the cua ho da cd nhiSu bien doi : tuy
tran cdn tha'p va bm ra sau, u may cdn noi cao, nhung hop so da ldn hon so vdi
loai vugn c6 va da hinh thanh trung tam phat tie'ng ndi trong nao.

A '^fet"^;^/ .*j«-U A * ^ ^

Hinh I - Ngucri toi co JM.^i. ^ulS^iwilS. ^ii: . .^AaA^i J

Tuy chua loai bd he't da'u tfch vugn tren ca the minh nhung Ngudi td'i co da
la ngudi. Day la hinh thiic tie'n trien nhay vgt tii vugn thanh ngudi, la thdi ki dau
tien ciia lich sit loai ngudi.
Tur chd sit dung nhiJng manh da cd sSn de lam cdng cu, Ngudi td'i co da biet
la'y nhiing manh da hay hdn cudi ldn, dem ghe mdt mat cho sac va viia tay c5m.
Nhu the, hg da bat ddu biet che' tac cdng cu. Cdng cu thd kech nay dugc ggi la
do dd cii (soki). Vdi nhirng chiec nu da kieu dd, ngudi ta chat cay lam gay hoac
diing true tiep lam vG khf, tu ve hay ta'n cdng cac con thii, de kiem thiic an.
Tur chd giii lira, la'y trong tu nhien nam nay qua nam khae d^ sudi am, duoi
da thli, nudng chin thiic an, con ngudi da bie't ghe hai manh da vdi nhau de lay
lira. Day la mdt phat minh ldn ma nhd nd, con ngudi cd the sir dung mdt thii
nang lugng quan trgng hac nha't, cai thien can ban ddi sd'ng ciia minh.
Qua lao ddng, che' tao cdng cu va sir dirng cdng cu, ban tay con ngudi kheo
leo din. Co the cung do dd bien ddi theo de cd tu the lao ddng thfch hgp. Tieng
ndi thudn thuc hon do nhu cSu trao ddi vdi nhau. Con ngudi tir cai bien, hoan
thien minh timg budc nhd lao ddng.
 0 mdt sd loai ddng vat da hinh thanh mdt each tu nhien quan be hgp doan,
cd ddi, cd dan va con dau dan. Ngudi td'i cd da cd quan he hgp quan xa hdi : cd
ngudi diing dau, cd phan cdng lao ddng giQa nam va nu, cung cham sdc con cai.
Hg sd'ng trong hang ddng, mai da hoac cung cd the dung leu bang canh cay, da
thli, sd'ng quay quan theo quan be rudt thit vdi nhau, gdm 5 - 7 gia dinh. Mdi
gia dinh cd ddi vg chdng va con nhd chiem mdt gdc leu bay gdc bang. Bay gid
chua cd nhirng quy dinh xa hdi nen ngudi ta ggi nhung hgp qudn xa hdi ddu tien
nay la bdy ngifdi nguyen tltiiy.

Bdy ngudi nguyen thuy vdn cdn sd'ng trong tinh trang "an ldng d Id" - mdt
cudc sd'ng tu nhien, bap benh, trien mien hang trieu nam.

- The'nao la Ngwd'i tdi co 7

- Tiie nao la biy ngctdi nguyen thuy ?

Ngudi tinh khon va 6c sang tao

De'n cud'i thdi da cii, khoang 4 van nam trudc day, con ngudi hoan thanh qua
tnnh tu cai bien minh, da loai bd het dau tfch vugn tren ngudi, trd thanh Ngudi
tinh klion hay cdn ggi la Ngudi hien dgi.
Ngu'di tinh khon c6 ca'u tao co the nhu ngu'di ngay nay : xirong cdt nho
hon Ngu'di td'i cd ; ban tay nho, kheo leo, cac ngdn tay linh boat; hop so
va the tfch nao phat then, tran cao, m|t phang ; co the gpn va linh hoat,
tao nen t\J the thi'ch hgp vdi cac hoat dpng phiic tap cua con ngiroi.
Di cdt Ngu'di tinh khdn diTOc tim tha'y d khap cac chau luc.

Day la budc nhay vgt thii hai, sau budc nhay vgt tir Vugn cd thanh Ngudi td'i
cd. CGng ttr day, khi ldp ldng mdng trdn ngudi khdng cdn niia, d Ngudi hien dai
lai xuat hien nhirng mau da khdc nhau, chia thanh da vang, den va trdng. Dd la
ba chiing tdc ldn.
Su khdc nhau dd la ket qua ciia su thfch iing Idu dai ciia con ngudi vdi nhiing
hoan canh tu nhien khdc nhau, chii khdng phai sir khdc nhau ve trtnh do
hieu bie't.
Trong viec che tao cdng cu, Ngudi tinh khdn da biet ghe hai na ciia mdt
manh da, lam cho nd ggn va sdc canh hon, dung lam nu, dao, nao. Hg cdn lay
xuong cd, canh cay dem mai hoac deo nhgn ddu de lam lao.
 Tir dd, con ngudi tien tdi biet che tao cung ten. Day la mdt thanh tuu ldm
trong qua tnnh che tao cdng cu va vu khf. Vdi cung ten, con ngudi mdi san bdn
cd hieu qua va an toan.
Thiic an ciia con ngudi da tang ldn ddng ke, nhd't la thiirc an ddng vdt, tir khi
kl thudt thdi dd cii dugc hoan thien va dac biet la tir khi cd cung tdn.
Ngudi ta cung cd the' rdi hang ddng ra dung leu, dinh cu d nhirng dia diem
thuan tien hofn. Cu tni "nha cira" phd bien d Ngudi tinh khdn tii cud'i thdi dd cu.
De'n khoang 1 van nam trudc day, loai ngudi tie'n vdo tltcfi dd men.
Diem ndi bat cua cdng cu da mdi la ngudi ta cd the ghe deo nhu'ng
manh da thanh hinh dang gon va chinh xac, thich hop vdi tCfng cong
viec, vdi nhieu kieu loai theo nhung yeu cau khae nhau (dao, riu,
due...), dugc mai nhin d ria ludi hay toan than, dugc khoan Id hay cd
nac de tra can.

Cd the ndi rang, cdng cu thdi dd cQ vdn la nhCrng manh dd dugc ghe deo
thd so, cdn cdng cu thdi dd mdi la nhung manh da da dugc con ngudi ghe sdc
va mai nhan thdnh hinh cdng cu.
Ciing thdi gian nay, ngudi ta biet dan ludi ddnh cd bdng sgi vd cdy va lam chi
ludi bdng da't nung, biet lam dd gdm de dung va dun nd'u (ndi, bat, vd...).

Hav neu nlidng tien bo kithuatkhi Ngudi tinli khon xuaihien.

Hay cbo biei nliung tie'n bg ki thuat cua thoi da mdi.

3. Cuoc each mang thdi dd mdi

Cdc nha khao cd coi tbdi dd mdi la mdt cudc cdch mqng, khi con ngudi tir
san bdn, lugm hdi, danh cd da tien tdi biet trdng trgt va chan nudi. Viec lugm
hdi nam nay qua nam khdc da dem lai kinh nghiem trdng va thu hoach theo thdi
vu mdt so cdy luong thuc va thuc pham nhu khoai, cii, bdu, bf, liia... Di san, bat
dugc thu nhd, ngudi ta giir lai de nudi va thudn dudng thdnh gia sue, trudc tidn
la chd rdi den ciru, lgn (heo), bd v.v...
Con ngudi cd dc sdng tao, va d thdi dd mdi nay, hg bdt ddu biet khai thdc tir
thien nhien cdi can thiet cho cudc sd'ng ciia minh, chii khdng chi thu lugm nhiing
cai cd sdn trong thidn nhien.
Ngudi ta cOng bdt ddu lam sach nhirng ta'm da thii de che thdn cho dm va cho
"cd van hod". Nhung chiec ciic (khuy) va kim lam bdng xuong tim tha'y trong
cdc di chi van hod da ndi len dieu dd.
 Ngoai ra, ngudi ta da biet dung dd trang siic, nhu vdng cd bang vd dc va
chudi hat xuong (bdng cdch dem khoan Id rdi lay ddy xau lai), vdng tay, vdng
cd chdn, hoa tai... bdng da mau.
Cac nha khao cd hgc cdn tim thd'y chid'c sao bang xuong dui Id, dan dd va cd
le cdn cd ca trdng bit da.
Nhu the', tiing budc, con ngudi khdng ngumg sang tao, kie'm dugc thiic dn
nhieu hon, sd'ng tdt hon va vui hctn. Tuy nhidn, qud trtnh dd rd't dai ( 4 - 5 van
nam), trong dd cudc sd'ng cdn thap kem va bap bdnh. Ddi sdng con ngudi chi
tie'n bd vdi td'c do nhanh hon va dn dinh hon tii thdi da mdi, khoang I van ndm
trudc ddy.

I ^ —
- Trinli bay nliung tien bg trong dij'i song con ngwdi thdi da md'i.

>AU HOI
/^
1. Tai sao iai go! 1^ "cuoc each mang thdi da m6i" ?
2. Hay cho biet nhiJng bi/dc tien trong lao dong va ddi song
ciia ngi/di nguyen thuy.

y
 Bai ^ XA HOI NGUYEN THUY

Tir khi Ngudi tinh khdn xuat hien, thi tdc hinh thanh
Cling la budc ddu tien ciia td chire xa hdi loai ngirdi.

1, Thi toe vd bo Igc

De'n giai doan Ngudi tinh khdn, so dan da tang ldn. Timg nhdm ngudi cGng
ddng diic hem, gdm 2 - 3 the' he gia tre ciing cd chung ddng mdu, dugc ggi la
thi toe - nhiing ngudi "cung hg".
Trong thi tdc, con chdu cd thdi quen tdn kfnh ldp dng ba, cha me. Ngugc lai,
dng ba, cha me deu cham lo, bao dam nudi day ta't ca con chdu cua thi tdc.
Trdn mdt viing sinh sdng thudn lgi nhu ven sdng, sudi... thudng khdng chi cd
thi tdc ma cdn cd bg lac.
Bd lac la tdp hgp mdt sd thi tdc, sd'ng canh nhau, cd hg hang vdi nhau va cung
cd mdt ngudn gd'c td tidn xa xdi. Giua cac thi tdc trong mdt bd lac thudng cd
quan he gdn bd vdi nhau, giiip dd nhau.
Duong nhidn, cdng vide thudng xuyen va hang ddu ciia thi tdc la kiem tbiic
an dd nudi sd'ng thi tgc.
Nhiing cdng viec nhu the, nhd't la viec san dudi, san bdy cdc con thii ldn, thii
chay nhanh, ludn ddi hdi su phdn cdng hgp If, su "chung lung da'u cat", mdi
ngudi mdi vide, phd'i hgp an y vdi nhau.
Yeu cdu ciia cdng viec va trtnh do lao ddng thdi nguydn thuy ddi hdi su hgp
tdc lao dong ciia nhilu ngudi, cua ca thi tdc.
Thiic an kie'm dugc chua nhilu, chua cd deu dan. Mgi ngudi cdn phai ciing
lam, ciing cd gdng dd'n miic cao nhat dd kie'm sd'ng nen tu nhidn ngudi ta thd'y
cdn phai cdng bang, phai dugc hudng thu bang nhau.
 Nhu the, trong thi tdc khdng chi cd su hgp tdc ma mgi ciia cai, mgi sinh boat
dugc coi la ciia chung, viec chung, lam chung, an chung.

4> — ;
- Id chuc \a iioi cua NgUo'i tinh khon la gi ?

2. Bud! ddu cua thdi dai kim khi

Tir chd dung nhiing cdng cu bdng da, bdng xuong, tre, gd, ngudi ta bat ddu
bie't che tao dd dung va cong cu bdng dong.
Cu dan Tay A va Ai Cap biet sir dung ddng sdm nhdt, thoat tidn la ddng dd
vao khoang 5500 nam trudc ddy. Cdch ngay nay khoang 4000 nam, nhidu cU ddn
tren Trai Ddt da biet dung ddng thau.
Khoang 3000 nam trudc day, cu dan d Tay A va Nam Au la nhiing ngudi dau
tien bie't diic va sir dung do sdt.
Cdng cu kim khf da md ra mdt thdi dai mdi ma tdc dung va nang sudt lao
ddng ciia nd vugt xa thdi dai dd dd. Dac biet la cdng cu bdng sdt tbi khdng cd
mgt cdng cu da nao cd the so sanh dugc. Nhd cd dd kim khf, nhd't la sdt, ngudi
ta cd the khai phd nhirng viing ddt dai ma trudc kia chua khai phd ndi, cd the
cay sdu cudc bdm, cd the xe gd ddng thuyen di bien, xe dd lam lau dai va ban
than viec due sdt ciing la mdt nganh san' xud't quan trgng bdc nhd't.
Day thuc su la mdt cudc cdch mang trong sdn xud't. Ldn dau tidn tren chang
dudng dai ciia lich sir lodi ngudi, con ngudi cd the ldm ra mdt lugng sdn
phdm thira.
Sud't thdi dd dd, con ngudi tir chd sd'ng bap benh tie'n tdi dii sd'ng. Vao budi ddu
cua thdi dai kim khf, con ngudi san xudt khdng nhiing dii sd'ng d miic cdn thdp
cua hang nghin nam trudc, ma cdn tao ra dugc mgt lugng sdn phdm thda
thucfng xuyen.

- Su xuiit hien cong cu bang kim loai co y nghia nliu the nao ?

3. Su xudt hien tu hQu vd xd hoi cd giai cdp

Trong xd hdi nguydn thuy, su cdng bdng va binh dang la "nguydn tdc vang".
Bdi liic d'y ngudi ta sd'ng trong cdng ddng, dua vao nhau vi tinh trang ddi sd'ng
cdn qud thdp, nhung khi bdt ddu cd san phdm thira thi lai khdng the dem chia ddu
cho mgi ngudi.

10
 Trong xa hdi, mdi thdnh vien cd nhiing chiic phdn khdc nhau. Ban ddu, mdt
sd ngudi dugc cu chi huy ddn binh, chuydn trach vd Id nghi hoac didu hdnh cac
cdng vide chung ciia thi tdc, bd lac (xay den, lam nha, ldm dudng, ddp dd...).
Nhiing ngudi nay lgi dung chiic phdn de chiem mdt phan sdn pham xa hdi cho
ridng minh khi cbi dting cdc cdng viec chung. Chdng bao Idu, hg cd nhieu ciia
cai hon ngudi khdc. The la cua tuhitu bdt ddu xua't hien. Quan he cdng ddng bat
ddu bi phd vd. Gia dinh cung thay ddi theo. Dan dng lam cdc viec nang nhgc
nhu cdy biia, lam thuy lgi, lam dan binh, nen da cd vai trd tru cdt vd gidnh lay
quyen quyet dinh trong gia dinh. Con cdi lay theo hg cha. Gia dinh phu he xud't
hien trong ldng thi tdc binh ddng thdi nguydn thuy.
Kha nang lao ddng ciia cdc gia dinh khdc nhau da thiic day thdm su phdn biet
giau - ngheo.
Xa hdi nguydn thuy, hay cdn ggi la xa hdi thi tgc bd lac, bi ran vd. Con ngudi
dang dumg trudc ngudng cira cua thdi dai xd hdi cd giai cap ddu tien - .\d ligi
cd dai.

Do dau ma co su' xuat hien tu' hitu ?

.AU HOI
r 1. Hay giai thich tfnh cgng dong cua thj tgc.

2. Tu hull xua't hien da dan tdi su" thay ddi trong xa hgi
nguyen thuy nhu" the nao ?

• J

11
 Chumg
XAH6IC6DAI

Bai ^ CAC QUOC GIA CO DAI

PHUONG DONG

Tren luu vuc cac ddng sdng Idn d chau A, chau Phi tir
khoang thien nien ki IV trudc Cdng nguyen (TCN),
cu dan phuang Ddng da bie't tdi nghe luyen kim, lam
ndng nghiep va chan nudi gia siic. Hg da xay dung nen
nhirng qud'c gia dau tien ciia minh, dd la xa hdi cd giai
cap dau tien ma trong dd thieu so ngudi cd cita thdng tri
da sd thanh vien cdng xa va nd le. Qua trinh hinh thanh
va phat trien ciia nha nudc d cac qud'c gia cd dai phuong
Ddng khdng gidng nhau, nhung the che chung la che do
quan chti chi»yen che. trong dd vua la ngudi ndm mgi
quydn hanh va dirge cha truydn, con ndi.
Phirong Ddng cung hi cai ndi ciia van minh nhan loai,
nai ma lan ddu tien con ngudi da biet sang tao ra chu
viet. van hoc. nghe thuat va nhidu tri thirc khoa hoc khdc.

1. Oi§u kien t u nhien vd %\S phdt tri§n kinh t§

Su xud't hien cdng cu bdng kim loai da bdo hidu su tan vd hoan toan cua chd'
do cdng xa thi tdc va la khdi ddu ciia thdi dai van minh - thdi dai con ngudi
12
 san xudt ra ngay cdng nhieu ciia cai, biet xdy dung nhiing cdng trtnh kien true
do so, cd chu vie't, nghe thudt, khoa hgc vd van chuong.
Budc chuyen minh vT dai dd da dien ra dau tien d phuong Ddng, tren
lull vuc cua cac ddng sdng ldn nhu sdng Nin d Ai Cap ; O-pho-rat va
Ti-go-rd d Ludng Ha ; sdng An, sdng Hang d An Do ; Hoang Ha d Trung
Qud'c v.v... d day cd nhOrng dieu kien thien nhien het sdc thuan ldi cho
ddi sd'ng cua con ngudi. NhOrng ddng bang ven sdng rdng, da't dai phi
nhieu va mem xdp, d l canh tac, lugng mua deu dan phan bd theo mua,
cd khf hau am ndng (trU Trung Qud'c). Vao mua mua hang nam, nudc
sdng dang cao, phu len cac chan rudng tha'p mot Idp dat phu sa mau
md, thfch hgp cho viec gieo trdng cac loai cay lUdng thuc.

Do cd dieu kidn tu nhien thuan lgi nen khodng 3500 - 2000 nam TCK,
cu dan da tap trung khd ddng theo timg bd lac trdn cdc thdm ddt cao gan sdng.
Ddu tidn Id cu dan cd d Tay A va Ai Cap, rdi ddn lugt cu dan tren cdc km vuc
sdng cdn lai. Luc nay, hg da bie't sir dung ddng thau cimg vdi nhumg cdng cu
bdng dd, tre va gd.
Cu dan trdn luu vuc nhiimg ddng sdng ldn d chdu A va chau Phi sd'ng chii ye'u
bdng nghe ndng. Hg da bidt trdng mdi nam 2 vu lua.
Nhung de dat dugc didu dd, trudc tidn ngudi dan d day phdi lo xdy dung he
thd'ng thuy lgi, dap de ngan lii, dao kenh mdng ddn nudc... Cdng viec tri thuy
khie'n mgi ngudi lien ket, gdn bd vdi nhau trong td chiic cdng xa. Ngodi vide
"ld'y nghd ndng lam gd'c", cdc cu dan ndng nghiep cd nay cdn ke't hgp nudi gia
siic, lam dd gdm va det vai de ddp umg nhu cdu hdng ngdy ciia minh. Hg tien
hanh trao ddi san phdm giiia viing ndy vdi viing khdc. Dd la nhumg nganh kinh
td bd trg cho nghd ndng.

Taj sao xa hoi co giai cap va nha nud'c lai phat trien sd'm d luu
vu'c cac con song lo'n thuoc chau A va chau Phi 7
Hay neu Ccic nganh kinh te chinh o' khu vuc nay.

2. Su hinh t h d n h cdc quoc gia co dai

San xua't phdt tridn td't yeu ddn de'n sir phan hod xa hdi, xudt hien ke gidu,
ngudi ngheo, quy tdc vd binh dan ; trdn co sd dd, giai cap vd nha nudc da ra ddi.

13
 Cdc qude gia cd dai phuong Ddng dugc hinh thdnh ttr rdt sdm. Tren luu vuc
sdng Nin, vao khoang giiia thidn nien ki IV TCN, cu dan Ai Cap cd dai da khd
ddng diic, sd'ng tap trung theo tumg cong xd.
De huy dong dugc nhieu nhan cdng lam thuy idi, cac cdng xa da tu ke't
hdp lai thanh cac lien minh cong xa, ggi la cac "Ndm". Khoang 3200
nam TCN, mot quy tdc cd the lUc da chinh phuc dUOc tat ca cac Ndm
va thanh lap nha nudc Ai Cap thdng nha't.

Hmh 2 - Tranh khdc tren tuong ham mo o Te-bo (Ai Cap) the ki XV TCN

6 luu vuc Ludng Ha, vao khoang thidn nien ki IV TCN, hang chuc nudc nhd
ciia ngudi Su-me da dugc binh thdnh. O An Do, nhtrng qud'c gia cd dai ddu tidn
da ra ddi tren luu vuc sdng An ttr khoang giira thidn nien ki III TCN.
Chd do cdng xa nguydn thuy d Trung Qud'c tan ra vao khoang cud'i thidn nien
ki III TCN. Vuong trieu nhd Ha dugc hinh thanh vdo khoang the ki XXI TCN
da md ddu cho xa hdi cd giai cdp va nha nudc d Trung Qud'c.
Nhu the, cdc qud'c gia cd dai phuong Ddng ddu da dugc hinh tJtdnh td khodng
thien nien ki IV - III TCN. Day la nhiing nha nudc ra ddi vdo loai sdm nhdt
the gidi.

<.«'.
Cac quo'c gia cd dai phu'o'ng Dong da ditdc hirJi thanh cr dau
va tit bao gid 7

14
3. Xd hdi cd dai phuong Odng
Nhu cdu ciia cdng tdc tri thuy cdc ddng sdng va xdy dung cdc cdng trtnh thuy
lgi da khie'n nhiing ngudi ndng dan d nhiimg viing nay gdn bd va rdng budc vdi
nhau trong khudn khd cua cdng xa ndng thdn. Cdc thanh vidn ciia cdng xa dugc
ggi la nong ddn cong xd.
Ndng dan cdng xa la bd phan ddng dao nha't, cd vai trd to ldn trong san xua't.
Hg nhdn rudng da't ciia cdng xa dd canh tdc, song phdi nop mdt phan san phdm
thu hoach dugc va lam khdng cdng cho quy tdc.
Trong qua trinh phdn hod xd hdi, dtrng dau giai cap thd'ng tri la nhiimg dng
vua chuyen che vd dgi ngu ddng dao quy tdc, quan lai, chii rudng dat va tdng
ldp tang lii. Dd Id tdng ldp cd nhidu ciia cdi vd quydn the, gitf chii'c vu tdn gido
hoac qudn If bg mdy nha nudc, dia phuong... Hg sd'ng gidu sang bdng sir bdc lot,
bdng lgc do nha nudc cap va do chiic vu dem lai.
No le la tdng ldp tha'p nhdt trong xd hdi. Hg cd ngudn gd'c la nhtrng tii binh
bi bat trong chien tranh hay nhtimg ndng dan ngheo khdng tra dugc ng. Hg
chuydn lam cdc viec nang nhgc vd hdu ha tdng ldp quy tdc.

Hay trinli bay vai h'o cua nong dan cong \a trong xii hgi co dai
ph Wong Dimg.

4. Ch§ do chuyen ch§ co dgi

Nhd su phdt tridn ciia ndn kinh te ndng nghiep, cac cu dan phuang Ddng da
sdm budc vdo xa hdi cd giai cdp va nha nudc ngay ttr budi ddu ciia thdi dai dd
ddng. Ttr thidn nien ki IV den thien nien ki III TCN, xa hdi cd giai cdp va nha
nudc deu da dugc hinh thdnh d luu vuc sdng Nin, sdng Ti-go-ro va O-pho-rat, sdng
An, sdng Hdng va Hodng Ha.
Xa hdi cd giai cap va nha nudc dugc hinh thanh tir lien minh bd lac, tLi:c la
nhidu bd lac cd quan he than thudc vdi nhau, lien ket vdi nhau do nhu cdu tri
thuy va xay dung cdc cdng trtnh thuy lgi. Nha nudc dugc lap ra dd dieu hanh va
qudn If xa hdi. Ca cdu bd mdy nhd nudc dd mang tfnh chat ciia mdt nhd nudc
chuyen che trung uong tap quyen. Diing ddu nha nudc la vua.

15
 De cai tri ndng dan cdng xa va
nd ie, vua da dUa vao quy tdc
va tdn giao, bat moi ngUdi phai
phuc tiing. Vua tU coi minh la
ngudi dai dien cua than thanh
d dudi tran gian, ngudi chii tdi
cao cua da't nUdc, tU quye't
dinh moi chinh sach va cdng
viec. Vua trd thanh vua chuyen
che ma ngUdi Ai Cap ggi la
Pharadn (cai nha ldn), ngudi
Ludng Ha ggi la Enxi (ngUdi
dUng dau), Trung Qud'c ggi la
Thien tir (con Trdi)...

Hinh 3 -
Quach vang tac hinh vua Ai Cip
Tu-tan-kha-m6n (1361-1352 TCN)

Giiip viec cbo nha vua Id mdt bd mdy hanh chfnh quan lidu gdm toan quy tdc,
diing ddu la Vidia (Ai Cap) hoac Thira tudng (Trung Qud'c). Bg may nay lam cdc
viec thu thud, xay dung cdc cdng trtnh cdng cdng nhu den thap, cung dien,
dudng sd vd chi huy quan ddi. Nhu the', chd do nha nudc ciia xa hdi cd giai cap
ddu tidn d phuang Ddng, trong dd vua la ngudi diing ddu, cd quydn luc td'i cao,
goi la chd dd chuydn chd cd dai.

I — ——
— - O cac nuoc phu'Ong Dong, vua co nhifng quyen gi 7
~ Tai sao goi che do nliii nu'dc phu'o'ng Dong la che do chuyen
che CO dai •'

5. Vdn hod cd dai phUdng ©ong

Su xuat hien xa hdi cd giai cap va nhd nudc khdng chi ddn den dp biic, bdc
lot, da'u tranh... ma cdn la mdt bieu bien cua thdi dai van minh, trong dd
con ngudi san xudt dugc c ia cai ddi dao hon trudc va sang tao trong ddi sd'ng
van hod tinh thdn.

16
 a) Su ra ddi ciia Lich phdp vd Thien vdn hgc
Nhumg tri thiic Thidn van hgc va Lich phdp hgc ra ddi vdo loai sdm nhdt d
cdc qud'c gia cd dai phuong Ddng. Nd gdn lidn vdi nhu cdu san xud't ndng
nghiep. De cay cdy diing thdi vu, nhtimg ngudi ndng ddn ludn phai "trdng trdi,
trdng ddt". Dan ddn, hg biet den sir chuyen ddng ciia Mat Trdi, Mat Trang. Dd
la nhumg tri thu'c ddu tidn vd thien van. Ttr tri thiic dd, ngudi phuong Ddng sdng
tao ra lich. Vi vay, lich cua hg la nong lich, mdt nam cd 365 ngay dugc chia
thdnh 12 thdng.
Ddy cung la co sd dd ngudi ta tfnh chu ki thdi gian vd mua. Thdi gian dugc
tfnh bdng nam, thdng, tudn, ngay. Nam lai cd miia ; mtia mua Id miia nudc ldn,
mua khd Id mua nudc xud'ng, mua gieo trdng ddt bai. Thdi dd, con ngudi cdn
bie't do thdi gian bdng dnh sdng mat trdi vd tfnh dugc mdi ngay cd 24 gid.
Thien van hgc so khai va lich da ra ddi nhu the.
b) Chu viet
Sir phdt trien cua ddi sdng lam cho quan he ciia xa hdi lodi ngudi trd nen phong
phii va da dang ; ngudi ta cdn ghi chep vd luu giir nhiing gi da didn ra. Chtr viet ra
ddi bdt ngudn tu nhu cdu dd. Chir vidt Id mdt phat minh ldn ciia loai ngudi.
Cac cu dan phUdng Ddng la ngudi dau tien phat minh ra chd viet. Vao
khoang thien nien ki IV TCN, chU vie't da xuat hien d Ai Cap va
Ludng Ha.

Luc dau, chu viet chi la hinh ve nhOfng gl ma hg mudn ndi, sau dd hp
sang tao them nhuTig ki hieu bieu hien khai niem truU tUdng. ChU viet
theo each dd goi la chur tugng iiinii. Ngudi Trung Hoa xua ve f/fl de
chi ruong, ve ; ^ d e chi cay va ve ; ^ ^ de chi rung.

NgUdi Ai Cap xUa ve ^ ^ de chi nha, ve i ^ chi mdm, ve ( ^ chi

Mat Trdi...

Sau nay, ngudi ta each dieu hoa chUtUdng hinh thanh net va ghep cac
net theo quy udc de phan anh y nghT cua con ngudi mot each phong
phu hdn goi la chit tupng y. ChutUdng y chua tach khoi chutUdng hinh
ma thudng dUdc ghep vdi met thanh de phan anh tieng ndi, tieng goi
cd am sac, thanh dieu cua con ngudi.

Nguydn lieu dugc dung dd vidt cua ngudi Ai Cap la gidy lam bdng vd cay
papinit. Ngudi Su-me d Ludng Ha dung mdt loai cay say vdt nhgn lam btit vidt
ldn tren nhiing ta'm ddt set cdn udt rdi dem phoi ndng hoac nung khd. Ngudi
Trung Qud'c liic ddu khdc chu trdn xuang thii hoac mai rua, vd sau hg da bie't ket
hgp mdt sd net thanh chu va viet tren the tre hay tren lua.

2. LICH sir IOC - A 17

 c) Todn hgc
Do nhu cdu tfnh todn lai dien tfch rudng dd't sau khi ngap nudc. tfnh toan
trong xay dung, ndn Toan hgc xuat hien rdt sdm d phuomg Ddng.
Liic dau, cU dan phUdng Ddng biet vie't chd sd tU 1 den 1 trieu bang
nhOng kl hieu ddn gian. Ngudi Ai Cap cd dai rat gioi ve hinh hgc. Hg tinh
dUdc sd Pi (71) bang 3,16 ; ti'nh dugc dien tich hinh trdn, hinh tam giac,
the tfch hinh cau v.v... Cdn ngudi Ludng Ha gioi ve sd hgc. Hp cd the
lam cac phep cdng, trU, nhan, chia cho tdi mot theu. ChU sd ma ta dung
ngay nay, quen gpi la chu sd A-rap, ke ca sd 0, la thanh tUu Idn do
ngUdi An Do tao nen.

Nhiing hidu bidt ve todn hgc cua ngudi xua da dd lai nhidu kinh nghiem quy,
chudn bi cho budc phdt trien cao horn d thdi sau.

d) Kien true
Trong ndn van minh cd dai
phuang Ddng, nghe thuat kidn
true phat trien rat phong phii.
Nhidu di tfch kie'n tnic each day
hang nghin nam vdn cdn luu lai
nhu Kim tu thap d Ai Cap,
nhiing khu ddn thap d An Do,
thdnh Ba-bi-lon d Ludng Hd ...
Nhung cdng trinh cd xua
nay la nhtrng ki tfch ve siic lao
dgng va tdi nang sdng tao ciia
con ngudi.

Hinh 4 - COng I-so-ta thanh Ba-bi-lon

6 Luona Ha

2. LjCH S U l O C . B
 V{,'.'" f i ' f " <^s^)mm^

!§!«%• l.W»

Hinh 5 - Kim tir thap a Ai Cap

Hay cho bie't nhimg thanh tUii van hoa ldn ciia cac quoc gia
cd dai phu'o'ng Dong.

»AU HOI
/
1. Tai sao cu" dan tren lifu vUc cac ddng song Idn d chau A,
chau Phi c6 the sdm phat then thanh xa hgi c6 giai cap va
nha nudc ? Dac diem kinh te ciia cac viing nay la gi ?
2. Xa hgi cd dai phucing Dong gom nhu'ng tang I6p nao ? Hay
giai thich vi sao d day lai hinh thanh cac tang I6p xa hgi d6.
3. Em hieu the nao la che do chuyen che cd dai phUdng Dong ?
4. Cu dan phuang Dong thdi cd dai da c6 nhu'ng dong gdp gi
ve mat van hoa cho nhan loai ?
>

19
 CAC QUOC GIA CO DAI
Bai^ PHUONG TAY - HI LAP VA RO-MA

Nam tren bd Bae Dia Trung Hai, Hi Lap va Rd-ma bao

gdm bdn dao va nhidu dao nhd. Dia Trung Hai gidng nhu
mgt cai ho rdt ldn, tao nen su giao thdng thuan lgi giira
cac nudc vdi nhau ; do dd. ttr rat sdm da cd nhirng hoat
dgng hang hai. ngu nghiep va thuang nghiep bidn. Tren
CO sd dd. Hi Lap va Rd-ma da phat trien cao ve kinii te
va xa hdi. lam co sd cho mdt ndn van boa rat rue rd.

1. Thien nhien vd ddi sdng cua con ngudi

Canh sdng, mii, bien d vung Dia Trung Hdi dep de, mudn mau. Khf hau
dm dp, trong lanh. Ban ddu, cdc bd lac ddu sd'ng trong cdc thung lung. O day,
nhirng day niii cao ttr luc dia chay ra bidn da ngan cdch thung liing nay vdi
thung lung khdc, tao thdnh nhting ddng bdng nhd hep. Phdn ldn ldnh thd la niii
va cao nguyen. Ddt canh tdc da ft lai khdng mdu md ldm, chii ydu Id ddt ven ddi,
khd va rdn. Do dd, ludi cudc, ludi cdy bdng ddng khdng cd tdc dung.
Khoang ddu thidn nien ki I TCN, cu ddn viing Dia Trung Hdi bdt ddu bidt che
tao cdng cu bdng sdt.
Nhd cdng cu bdng sat, dien tfch canh tdc tang ban, viec trdng trgt da cd ke't
qua. Thuc ra, chi d nhiing viing dd't mdm vd td't mdi cd the trdng liia (liia mi,
Ilia mach). Ddt dai d day thuan tien ban cho viec trdng cdc loai cay luu nien, cd
gid tri cao nhu : nho, d liu, cam, chanh... Con ngudi phdi gian khd khai phd timg
mdnh dd't, phai lao ddng khd nhgc mdi bao dam dugc mdt phdn luong thuc.
Vi the', cdc nudc nay vdn phdi mua lua mi, liia mach ciia ngudi Ai Cap, Tay A...
Nhidu thg gidi, kheo tay da xudt hien. Hg lam ra nhiimg san phdm ndi tie'ng
nhu dd gdm, vdi dii cdc loai binh, chum, bat bdng gdm trdng men trang trf boa
van cd mau sdc va hinh ve dep.

20
 Da cd nhieu xUdng thu cdng chuyen san xuat mdt mat hang cd chat
lugng cao. Nhieu xUdng thu cdng cd quy md kha Idn : cd xUdng tU 10 -
15 ngudi lam, lai cd xUdng ldn sir dung tU 10 den 100 nhan cdng,
dac biet mo bae 6 At-tich cd tdi 2000 lao ddng.

Su phat tridn ciia thii cdng nghiep lam cho san xudt hang hod tang nhanh,
quan he thuang mai dugc md rdng. Ngudi Hi Lap va Rd-ma dem cdc sdn pTidm
ciia minh nhu rugu nho, ddu d liu, dd mi nghe, dd dung kim loai, dd gdm...
di bdn d mgi midn ven Dia Trung Hai. San phdm mua vd la lua mi, sue vat,
ldng thti ttr viing Hdc Hdi, Ai Cap..., to lua, huang lieu, xa xi phdm tir cdc nudc
phuong Ddng. Trong xa hdi chiem nd d viing nay, nd le la thii hang hod quan
trgng bdc nhdt. Nhidu noi nhu De-ld't, Pi-rd... trd thanh trung tam budn bdn nd
le ldn ciia the gidi cd dai.
Hang hoa dugc chuyen chd tren nhUng chiec thuyen Idn cd budm va
nhieu mai cheo cua cac nha budn giau. Mot chiec tau chd rUdu nho
cua Rd-ma dai tdi 40m, chUa dUdc 7000 den 8000 vd (tdc trpng tai tU
350 den 400 tan) bj dam tU thdi ay da dUdc cac nha khao cd hgc tim
tha'y vao nam 1967 d vung bien phfa nam nudc Phap.

Hinh 6 - Xuong che bien dau 6 liu 6 Nam I-ta-li-a (kho chum dung dau
duoc phat hien. co khoang 40 chum chiia gan 6000 lit dau an)

Hoat ddng thuong mai phdt dat da thiic ddy viec md rdng luu thdng tien te.
Cdc thi qud'c deu cd ddng tien rieng ciia minh. Ddng tidn Denariuxo ctia Rd-ma.
ddng tien cd hinh chim cii cua A-ten la nhumg ddng tien thudc loai cd nhat trdn
the gidi.

21
 Nhu the, ndn kinh te ciia cdc nha nudc d viing Dja Trung Hdi phdt trien
mau le. Hi Lap va Rd-ma sdm trd thdnh cdc qud'c gia gidu manh.

^ Trinh iyav v nghra ciia viec xuat hien cdng cu bang sat doi vcfi
vang Dia Trung Hai.

2. Thj quo'c Ota Trung Hai

Ven bd Bdc Dia Trung Hai cd nhidu ddi niii chia cdt ddt dai thanh nhidu vting
nhd, khdng cd didu kien tap trung ddng dan cu d mdt noi.
Mat khdc, khi dan cu sd'ng thidn vd nghd budn va nghd thii cdng thi su tap
trung ddng diic lai khdng can thie't. Mdi vting, mdi mdm bdn dao Id giang son
ciia mdt bd lac. Khi xa hdi cd giai cd'p binh thanh thi ddy cung Id mdt nudc. Mdi
thdnh vien la cdng ddn ciia nudc minh. Nudc thi nhd, nghd budn lai phdt tridn
nen ddn cu sd'ng tap trung d thdnh thi. Phan chu ydu ciia mdt nudc la thdnh thi
vdi mdt viing ddt dai trdng trgt d xung quanh. Thanh thi cd phd xd, Idu ddi, den
thd. san van ddng, nha hat va quan trgng ban ca la cd ben cang. Cho nen, ngudi
ta cdn ggi nudc dd la thi qudc'-^^ (thdnh thi la qud'c gia).
Chang han, At-tich la mot mui dat nhd d Odng Nam Hi Lap ngay nay,
xua kia la mdt thi qud'c, cd dien tfch hdn 2000 km^, dan sd khoang
400000 ngudi, phan Idn sd'ng 6 thanh thj A-ten (nay la thu dd cua Hi Lap),
cd 3 hai cang, trong dd ldn nha't la cang Pi-re. Ngudi ta ggi A-ten la
thj qud'c, dai dien cho ca At-ti'ch.

Horn 30000 ngudi Id cdng ddn A-ten, cd tu cdch va cd quydn cdng dan^^).
Khoang 15000 kidu ddn (ddn nai khdc de'n ngu cu) dugc tu do sinh sd'ng, budn
bdn, ldm an, nhumg khdng cd quyen cdng dan. Chtmg ban 300000 nd le lao
ddng, phuc dich va khdng cd quydn gi cd, la tdi sdn rieng ciia mdi chii nd.
Uy the ciia quy tdc xuat than la bd lao ciia tbi tdc da bi ddnh bat. Quyen luc
xa hdi chuyen vdo tay cdc chii nd, chii xudng va nha budn. Day Id kd't qua ciia
mdt qua trinh ddu tranh gay go, quydt liet.
Thdng lgi quydt dinh cudc ddu tranh nay la sir hinh thanh mdt the che ddn
chil. Han 30 000 cdng dan hgp thdnh Dgi ligi cong ddn, bdu va cu ra cdc ca quan
nhd nudc, quyet dinh mgi cdng viec nha nudc.

(1) Truoc day goi la thanh hang.

(2) Vdi khoang hon 100000 ngudi niia, gom phu nu va tre em thuoc cac gia dinh cong dan.

22
 Ngudi ta khdng chap nhan cd vua. Cd
50 phudng, mdi phudng cir 10 ngudi, lam
thdnh mdt Hgi dong 500, cd vai trd nhu
"qud'c hdi", thay mat dan quyet dinh cdng
viec trong nhiem ki 1 nam. 6 day, ngudi ta
bdu 10 vien chtrc didu hanh cdng viec (nhu
kieu mdt chfnh phu) vd cting cd nhiem ki
1 nam. Vien chiic cd the tdi cir ndu dugc
bdu. Hdng nam, mgi cdng dan hgp mdt ldn
d qudng trudng, nai ai cung dugc phdt bidu
va bieu quyd't nhiing viec ldn ciia qud'c gia.
The chd dan chii nhu thd da phdt tridn
cao nhd't d A-ten. Nai nao khdng cd kieu td
chiic trdn thi cung cd hinh thiic dai hdi
nhan ddn.
Thi qud'c cd dai la dd thi budn ban, lam Hinh 7 - Pe-ri-clet
(495 ? - 429 TCN)
nghd thil cdng va sinh boat dan chii. Mdi
thanh thi la mdt nudc ridng. O dd, ngudi ta ban va quydt dinh nen budn ban vdi
nudc nao va loai.hang gi, dung ngdn quy vao viec gi, nen trg cap cho dan ngheo
bao nhieu ; cd bien phdp gi dd duy tri thd chd ddn chii va dac biet la cd chdp
nhan tidn hanh chien tranh hay khdng.
Ldnh thd ciia thi qud'c khdng rgng, nhung so dan lai ddng. Ddt trdng trgt d
day da ft, ma ngudi ta lai cang ft trdng liia, nhumg noi day cd didu kien tu nhidn
thuan lgi de phdt trien budn bdn. Do dd, cac thi qud'c ludn ludn giti quan he budn
bdn vdi nhau vd vdi cac viing xa. Nhd dd, cdc thi qud'c trd ndn rat giau cd.
Dac biet la A-ten, sau cudc chien tranh vdi Ba TU, trd thanh minh chu
cua cac qud'c gia Hi Lap, lai nam Uu the tren bien, quan If mdt ngan quy
rat Idn, cd thu nhap hang nam rat cao. A-ten da mien thue cho mpi cdng
dan va trg cap cho cac cdng dan ngheo du sdng.

Su giau cd ciia Hi Lap dua trdn ndn kinh td cdng thuang nghiep, sir dung lao
ddng nd le, lam cdc viec trdng, hdi nho, khai md, cheo thuyen va khudn vac...
khie'n cho su each biet giiia giau va ngheo, giiia chii nd va nd le ngay cang ldn.
O Rd-ma, su each biet ndy cdn ldn hom.
Nd le bi bdc lot va bi khinh re ndn thudmg phdn khdng chii nd. 6 Hi Lap. hinh
thiic phan khdng chii ye'u la trd ndi trong lao ddng va bd trdn, nhdt la khi cd
chie'n tranh. O Rd-ma thi hg ndi day khdi nghia chd'ng dd'i thuc su.

23
 Hinh 8 - Luoc d6 de quoc Rd-ma thdi cd dai

Chu khae tren dau cdng Khai

hoan mdn Trai-an :

IMP (eratori) CAESARI DIVI

NERVAE FILIO NERVAE TRA-
lANO OPTIMO AVG (usto) GER-
MANICO DACICO PONTIF (ici)
MAX (imo) TRIB (uniciae)
POTEST (atis) XVIII IMP (eratori) VII
COS (consuli) VI P (atri) P (atriae)
FORTISSIMO PRINCIPI SENAWS
PQR.

(Thugng vien va dan chung Rd-ma

dang tang Khai hoan mdn [nay]
cho Hoang de Xe-da, [va] con Hinh 9 - Khai hoan mdn Trai-an
cua Ne-rva than thanh [la] Ne-rva (Be-ne-ven-td, Nam I-ta-li-a)
Trai-an, dUc dp va cao ca, ngudi
chien thang Giec-man va Da-xi-a, Dai TUte, Hd dan 18 ki, Tdng chi huy
7 tran. Chap chfnh 6 ki, Qud'c phu, Nguyen thii anh dung nha't).

^
Thi quoc la gi 7
The che dan chu cd dai bieu hien o' chd nao 7
3. Vdn hod cd dai Hi Lap vd Rd-ma
Viec sir dung cdng cu bdng sdt va sir tidp xiic vdi bidn da md ra cho cu ddn
Dia Trung Hdi mdt chan trdi mdi, ndng hg ldn mdt trinh do cao ban vd san xudt
vd budn ban trdn bien. Dd cung Id ca sd de hg dat tdi trinh do sdng tao van hod
cao hom thdi trudc.

a) Lich vd chd viet

Ngudi Hi Lap da cd hieu biet chfnh xdc hom vd Trdi Dd't va he Mat Trdi. Nhd
di bien, bg da tha'y Trdi Dd't khdng phai nhu cdi dia ma nhu hinh qua cau trdn,
nhung hg vdn tudng Mat Trdi chuydn dgng quanh Trdi Dd't. Tuy nhidn, hg da
bie't neu tfnh mdi vdng nhu the .la 360 ngdy thi khdng chfnh xac. Vd sau, ngudi
Rd-ma da tfnh dugc 1 nam cd 365 ngay va 1/4 ndn hg dinh mdt thdng ldn lugt
cd 30 va 31 ngdy, ridng thdng bai cd 28 ngdy. Song, nhu the so vdi thuc td vdn
bi chdm mdt ft. Dti sao, phep tfnh lich ciia ngudi Rd-ma cd dai da rat gdn vdi
nhting hieu bid't ngdy nay.
Ngudi Ai Cap, Ludng Ha va mdt sd cu dan khdc da cd chti vidt cd. Nhumg
chii ciia hg cd qud nhidu hinh, net, kf hieu ; khd nang phd bidn bi han che. Cudc
sd'ng "bdn ba" trdn bien, trtnh do phdt tridn ciia ndn kinh td da dat ra cbo cu dan
Dia Trung Hdi nhu cdu sdng tao ra mdt thii chtr vidt gdm cdc kf'hieu dan gidn,
nhumg phai cd khd nang ghep chd rdt linh hoat thanh tir de the hien y nghT ciia
con ngudi.
He thd'ng chii cdi ciia ngudi Hi Lap va ngudi Rd-ma da ra ddi tir dd. He chti
cdi Rd-ma, tiie la he A, B, C... ban ddu gdm 20 chii, sau thdm 6, lam thdnh he
thd'ng chii edi hoan ehinh nhu ngay nay.
Hg cung cd he chti sd ma ngdy nay ta thudng dimg dd ddnh sd cdc dd muc
ldn, ggi la "sd La Ma".
Su ra ddi ciia he thd'ng chii cai la mdt phdt minh va cd'ng hidn ldn lao ciia cu
dan Dia Trung Hai cho nen van minh nhan loai.

b) Su ra ddi cua khoa hgc

Nhiing hidu bidt khoa hgc thuc ra da cd ttr hang nghin nam trudc, tir thdi cd
dai phuang Ddng. Nhung phdi ddn thdi cd dai Hi Lap va Rd-ma, nhimg hieu bidt
dd mdi thuc su trd thanh khoa hgc.
Vdi ngudi Hi Lap, Todn hgc da vugt ldn tren viec ghi chep va giai cdc bai
rieng biet. Nhiing nha todn hgc ma ten tudi vdn cdn lai ddn nay, da dd lai nhumg
dinh If, dinh dd cd gid tri khai qudt hod cao.

25
 Dinh If ndi tidng trong Hinh hgc ciia Ta-let, nhiing cd'ng hie'n ciia trudng phdi
Pi-ta-go ve tfnh chdt cua cdc so nguydn va dinh If vd cdc canh ciia tam giac
vudng cting vdi tien de vd dudng thdng song song ciia Q-clft,... sau nhidu the ki
vdn la nhiing kidn thtrc co sd cua Todn hgc.
c) Vdn hgc
Trudc ngUdi Hi Lap cd dai, d Ai Cap va Ludng Ha mdi chi cd van hgc
dan gian. Dd la nhUng bai thd, truyen huyen thoai dugc truyen mieng
tu ngUdi nay qua ngudi khae rdi mdi ghi lai.
O Hi Lap, sau cdc anh hung ca ndi tie'ng ciia Hd-me la I-li-dt va 0-di-xe, da
xudt hien nhiing nhd van cd tdn tudi md nhung tdc phdm ciia bg de lai vdn cdn
nguyen gia tri ddc ddo cbo den ngay nay. Cdc nhd van dd chii ydu la nhiing nha
bien kich va cdc tdc phdm ciia hg la nhUng kich ban ; bdi vi tbdi dy, kich (cd kem
theo hdt) Id hinh thiic nghe thuat dd phd bien nha't va dugc ua chudng nhat.
Ngudi Rd-ma tu nhan Id hgc trd va ngucri thira kd' ciia van hgc - nghe thuat
Hi Lap. Tuy nhien, dua tren mdt nen kinh te phdt tridn cao, d thdi hung thinh ciia
Rd-ma cung da xud't hien nhiing nhd van hod, nhd tha ndi tidng nhu Lu-cre-xa,
Vidc-gin v.v...

Hinh 10 - Den Pac-te-ndng (Hi Lap)

26
 d) Nghe thudt
Ngudi Hi Lap cd dai da dd lai rat nhidu tugng va ddn dai dat tdi trtnh do
tuyet ml.
Dd la nhUng tUdng nhd, tugng ban than vdn dugc dUng d cac quang
trudng. Lai cd nhUng tugng than Idn dUng d den, nhU tugng nU than
A-te-na dpi mu chien binh, hoac cac tac pham dieu khae nhU NgUdi lUc si
nem dTa, than Ve nU Mi-Id v.v...
Rd-ma co nhieu cdng trtnh kidn tnic nhu ddn dai, cdu mdng ddn nudc, trudng
dau... oai nghidm, dd so, hoanh trdng va thie't thuc, nhumg khdng tinh td, tuoi
tdn, mem mai, gdn gui nhu nhumg cdng trinh d Hi Lap.

Hinh 11 - Da'u trudng d Rd-ma

Gia tri nghe thuat Hi J^ap duoc the hien nliw the nao 7

»AU HOt
/
1. Hay trinh bay vai trd cua thu cong nghiep trong nen kinh te
cua cac qud'c gia cd dai Hi Lap va R6-ma.
2. Ban chat cua nen dan chu cd' dai la gi ?
3. Van hoa cd dai Hi Lap va R6-ma da phat then nhuthe nao ?
Tai sao ndi cac hieu biet khoa hgc den day mdi trd thanh
khoa hoc ?

11
 Chuang ,
TRUNG QU6c THCfl PHONG KI^N

Bai 5 TRUNG QUOC THClI PHONG KIEN

0 Trung Qud'c vao : *• ihe ki cudi trudc Cong nguyen.

do su phat tridn san .\uai, xa hgi phan hoa giai cap. nen
chd dg phong kidn dugc hinh thanh sdm. Nha Tan da khdi
ddu xay dimg bg may chinh quyen phang kidn. Hoang do
cd quydn tuyet ddi. Thdi phong kien, kinh td Tning Quoc
piuit tridn. nhai la nong nghiep. nhung nen kmh te nay trai
qua thang tram tiieo >>\.x hulig thinh cua cac vuiTng trieu.
Cuoi thai Minh, mam mdng (.(uaii he san xuai tu ban chii
nghia duivc hiiih thanh nhuiig kliong j)hat tridn dugc. Tren
CO sd nhtmg didu kien kinh te \a hoi nidi, ke thira nhfmg
truyen thong cua nen van hod co. nhan dan Trung Quoc
dat dir^jc nhieu thanh tuu van hoa rue rd.

1. Trung Qud'c thdi Tdn, Hdn

Ttr thdi cd dai, trdn luu vuc Hodng Ha va Trudng Giang cd nhidu qud'c gia nhd
ciia ngudi Trung Qud'c. Giiia cdc nudc nay thudng xuydn xay ra cdc cudc chien tranh
nhdm xau xe vd thdn tfnh ldn nhau, lam thanh cue dien Xuan Thu - Chien Qud'c.
Ddn thd ki IV TCN, Tdn trd thanh nudc cd tidm lire vd kinh td vd quan su manh
hon ca. Dua vdo uu the dd, nha Tdn da ldn lugt tidu diet cdc dd'i thii, chdm diit tinh
trang chia cdt lanh thd.

28
 Nam 221 TCN, Tdn da ^ '" ' .5i<*"^
thd'ng nhdt dugc Trung Qud'c.
Thdi Tdn, edc giai cd'p mdi
dugc hinh thdnh. Quan lai la
ngudi cd nhieu rudng ddt tu trd
thdnh dia chii. Ndng dan ciing
bi phan hod. Mdt bd phan giau
cd trd thanh giai cdp bdc lot.
Mdt sd khdc vdn giii dugc
rudng dd't dd cay cay trd thanh
ndng ddn tu canh. So ndng dan
cdng xa cdn lai Id nhiing ngudi
rd't ngheo, khdng cd rudng,
phdi nhan rudng ciia dja chii dd
cay cdy - ggi Id ndng ddn ITnh
canh. Khi nhdn rudng, hg phai
nop mdt phdn hoa lgi cho dia
chil, ggi la td rudng dat. Dd'n
ddy, quan he bdc lot dia td ciia
dia chil da thay the cho quan
he bdc lot ciia quy tdc dd'i vdi
ndng dan cdng xa. Chd do
phong kidn dugc xdc lap.

Tdn Thuy Hoang Id vi vua

khdi ddu viec xdy dung bd Hinh 12 - Tuong ngudi bang dai nung
trong khu lang mo Tan Thuy Hoang
may chfnh quydn phong kidn
tap quydn. Vua Tdn xung Id Hodng dd, tu coi minh Id dang td'i cao, cd quydn
hanh tuyet dd'i, quydt dinh mgi van dd ciia dat nudc. Dudi vua cd he thdng quan
van, quan vd. Thira tudng diing ddu cdc quan van, Thdi uy diing ddu cdc quan
vd. Day la hai chiic quan cao nhat ciia tridu dinh de giiip Hoang dd tri nudc ;
ngoai ra cdn cd cdc quan coi giti tai chfnh, luomg thuc...
Hoang de cdn cd mdt luc lugng quan sir ldm dd duy tri trat tu xa hdi, trdn dp
cdc cudc ndi day trong nudc, tidn banh chidn tranh xam lugc vdi bdn ngoai.
Hodng dd chia ddt nudc thdnh cdc qudn, huyen ; dat cdc chiic quan Tbdi thii
(d quan) vd Huyen lenh (d huyen). Cdc quan lai phdi hodn toan tuan theo menh
ldnh ciia Hodng dd vd luat phdp ciia nha nudc.
Nhd Tdn tdn tai dugc 15 nam, rdi bi cudc khdi nghla ndng dan do Trdn Thdng,
Ngd Qudng ldnh dao lam cho suy sup. Luu Bang, mdt dia chii phong kidn
ldn ngdi, lap ra nhd Han (206 TCN - 220).

29
 Cac hoang dd tridu Hdn tidp tuc ciing cd bd may cai tri, md rdng hinh thuc
tidn cir cd con em gia dinh dia chii tham gia vdo chfnh quydn.
Til' ddt gd'c ciia Trung Hoa d viing trung luu sdng Hodng, nha Tan va nhd Han
da ldn lugt doat ldy viing thugng luu sdng Hoang (Cam Tiic), thdn tfnh viing
Trudmg Giang cho ddn luu vuc sdng Chau, lan ddn phfa ddng Thien San, xam
lugc Tridu Tien vd ddt dai ciia ngudi Viet cd.
<^'^)
^ V^e sg do to chdc bo mav nha nudc didi Tan.

2. Su phdt trien chd do phong kidn dudi thdi Dudng

Cac cudc chien tranh lien mien hao ngudi tdn cua lam cho mau thuin
giai cap ngay cang gay gat. Ndng dan khap ndi vung day khdi nghTa,
cac the luc cat cUcung tranh gianh l i n nhau, nha Han lung lay rdi sup
dd. Trung Qud'c lai budc vao thdi ki loan lac keo dai.
Sau may t h d k i rd'i ren, L y U y d n dep tan dugc phe ddi lap, ddn dp khdi nghia
ndng ddn, ldn ngdi Hodng dd, lap ra nhd D u d n g (618 - 907).

Chd do phong kidn Trung Qud'c dudi thdi Dudng da dat ddn dinh cao ciia nd.
So vdi cdc tridu dai trudc, kinh td phdt tridn tuomg dd'i todn dien. Ciing vdi cdc
bien phdp gidm td thud, bdt suu dich, nha Dudng ldy ddt cdng va rudng bd
hoang chia cho ndng dan ggi la che do qudn dien. Khi nhdn rudng, ndng dan
phai thuc hien nghTa vu dd'i vdi nhd nudc theo chd do td, dung, dieu*^\ Ngudi
ta cting dp dung nhiimg kT thudt canh tdc mdi vdo sdn xudt nhu chgn gidng, xdc
dinh thdi vu. Nhd vay, sdn lugng tang nhidu ban trudc. Thii cdng nghiep va
thuang nghiep budc vao giai doan thinh dat. Xudng thii cdng (ggi la tdc phudng)
luyen sdt, ddng thuydn cd hdng chuc ngudi lam viec.
Vdo thdi Dudng, ttr cdc tuydn dudmg giao thdng da dugc binh thdnh trong cdc
thd ki trudc, hai "con dudng to lua" trdn dat lidn va tren bidn cung dugc thiet
lap, md rdng.
Vd chfnh tri, nha Dudng tidp tuc ciing cd chfnh quyen trung uong, ldm cho
bd may cai tri phong kidn dugc hodn chinh. Cac hodng dd nha Dudng cir ngudi
than tfn cai quan cdc dia phuang, dac biet giao cho cdc cdng thdn hoac ngudi
than tdc giir chtrc Tiei do sif, tran ai cac midn bien cuong. Ddng thdi, nha Dudng
md cdc khoa thi dd tuydn chgn (khdng chi trong gidi quy tdc ma cd con em dia
chil) nhiimg ngudi dd dat ra lam quan. Nhu the, che dg phong kien da tao
dieu kien cho quy tdc, dia chii dugc tham gia vdo bd mdy cai tri tir trung uong
ddn dia phuang. Chfnh quydn phong kien thdi Dudng dugc tang cudng nhdm
nang cao quydn luc tuyet ddi ciia Hodng de.
(1) To : thue rudng (bang liia) : diiiiii : thue than (bang lao dich) ; dieu : thue hd khau (bang vai lua).

30
 Cdc hodng ddnha Dudng tidp tuc chfnh sdch xam lugc md rdng lanh thd. Nha
Dudng dem quan ldn chidm viing Ndi Mdng, chinh phuc Tay Vuc, xam lugc bdn
ddo Tridu Tidn, cung cd chd do dd hd dAn Nam (lanh thd Viet Nam hdi dd), dp
Tdy Tang phdi thdn phuc. Nhd vay, Trung Qud'c dudi thdi Dudng trd thanh mdt
dd qud'c phong kie'n phdt tridn nhd't.
Den cudi thdi DUdng, mau thuin xa hpi trd nen sau sac, ndng dan sdng
trong canh cung cUc do td thue qua nang ne, sUu dich lien mien. Nan
ddi thudng xuyen dien ra. Ndng dan lai ndi day chd'ng chinh quyen, tieu
bieu la cudc khdi nghTa do Hoang Sao lanh dao nd ra vao nam 874.
Nha Dudng bj lat dd, Trung Qud'c rdi vao thdi ki Ngu dai - Thap qud'c
nhung Trieu Khuong D i n lai tieu diet dugc cac the lUc phong kien khae,
lap ra nha Tdng vao nam 960. Sau dd, mien Bae Td'ng lai bi nUdc Kim
danh chiem. Den cudi the ki XIII, ca hai nUdc Kim va Nam Tdng lan lUdt
bi Mdng Co tieu diet.

^^ ~ Nhifng bieu hien sif thinh tri ve kinh te, chinli tri cua .xii hgi
phong kien Trung Quoc difd'i thcfi Duong la gi i'

3. Trung Qud'c thdi Minh, Thanh

Dau the kl XIII, tren thao nguyen Mdng Co hinh thanh nha nudc phong
kie'n chuyen che quan sU do Gien-git Khan (Thanh Cat Tu Han) lam
vua. Nam 1271, vua Mdng Co la Khu-bi-lai (Hdt Tat Liet) len ngdi
Hoang de, thie't lap trieu Nguyen d Trung Qud'c (1271 - 1368). Dudi sU
thd'ng trj ciia nha Nguyen, nhan dan Trung Qud'c lien tiep dUng len dau
tranh. Nam 1368, khdi nghTa ndng dan lat dd dUdc nha Nguyen. Chu
Nguyen ChUdng len ngdi Hoang de 6 Nam KinhC), lap ra nha Minh
(1368-1644).

Cdc vua tridu Minh da thi hdnh nhidu bien phdp nhdm khdi phuc va phdt
trien kinh td. Ddn ddu thd ki XVI, mdm mdng quan he sdn xudt tu ban chu nghTa
da xua't hien d Trung Qude.
Mpt sd nghe da cd nhdng xudng thii cdng tUdng ddi ldn. O Giang Tay cd
nhiing trung tam lam dd gdm Idn nhU Canh Difc cd tdi 3000 Id sU. Cd
nhuTig chil xudng det nam trong tay hang van lang bae tien vdn, hang
chuc khung ciri va hang chuc thg. NhUng ngUdi thg nay lam thue de lay
tien cdng. Bay gid, cac nha budn Idn cung xuat hien. Hp cd nhieu vdn va
nguyen lieu, dem giao cho cac hd thii cdng lam de thu thanh pham. Cac
thUdng nhan bao mua, dem hang di trao ddi khap trong va ngoai nUdc.
Hoat dgng ciia hp tham nhap vao ca fTnh vUc ndng nghiep nhU miia xuan
hg xuat vd'n cho ndng dan trdng mfa, mua ddng thu lai bang dUdng.

(1) Ddi Minh Thanh To (1403 - 1424), kinh dd ddi len Bae Kinh.

31
 Cac thanh thi d thdi Minh mgc len nhieu va rdt phdn thinh. Bdc Kinh, Nam
Kinh khdng chi la trung tam chfnh tri ma cdn la trung tam kinh te ldn.
Minh Thdi Td rdt quan tam ddn viec xay dung chd do quan chii chuyen chd tap
quydn nhdm cham diit tinh trang hdn chie'n va muu phdn. Nam 1380, dng quydt
dinh bd cdc chiic Thira tudng. Thai uy va thay vao dd la cdc Thugng thu phu trdeh
cdc bd. Nha Minh da lap ra 6 bd (Lai, Hg, Ld, Binh, Hinh, Cdng), hoan chinh bd
may quan lai. Cdc quan d tinh chiu sir cbi dao cua cdc bd d tridu dinh. Hoang dd
tap trung mgi quydn hanh trong tay, true tidp ndm quan ddi. Hodng dd cdn tang
cudng phong tude va ban cap dd't dai cho con chdu trong hoang tdc, cdng thdn thdn
tfn dd lam chd dira cho tridu dinh.
Cud'i thdi Minh, viec bao chidm va tap trung rudng dat vdo tay giai cap quy tdc,
dia chil didn ra nghiem trgng. Cdc vuang cdng cd nhidu "hodng trang", rudng dat
mdnh mdng. Dia chir d dia phuomg cd tdi hang nghin mdu rudng. Ngugc lai,
ndng dan ddi ngheo vi ft rudng, suu dich va td thud' nang nd. Nhidu ngudi phdi cdm
rudng, ban vg dg con, hoac bd que huang di tha phuomg cdu thuc. Khdi nghTa ndng
dan lai nd ra. Cudc ndi day cua Ly Tu Thanh lam cho tridu Minh sup dd.

1 ^iji'-'ji.^»

Hinh 13 - Toan canh Cd cung Bdc Kinh

Giiia liic dd, mdt bd tdc d Ddng Bdc Trung Qud'c Id Man Thanh da ddnh bai
Ly Tu Thanh, lap ra nha Thanh (1644 - 1911). Gid'ng nhu tridu Nguydn trudc
ddy, nhd Thanh thi hdnh chfnh sdch dp biic ddn tdc. Giai cap thd'ng tri Thanh
budc ngudi Trung Qud'c phai theo phong tuc ciia ngudi Man tir y phuc ddn ddu
tdc. Mac dii cdc hodng dd Thanh dting cdc bien phap vd vd, mua chugc giai cap
dia chil ngudi Han, gidm nhe td thud cho ndng dan, khuydn khfch khdn hoang,
nhumg khdng thd lam cho mau thudn dan tdc diu di. Cdc cugc khdi nghTa ndng
dan nd ra d khdp noi da lam cho chfnh quydn nhd Thanh suy yeu ddn.

32
 Lgi dung co hdi trdn, tu ban phuomg Tdy dua nhau nhdm ngd, xdm lugc
Trung Qud'c. Chfnh sdch "be quan tod cang" ciia nha Thanh khdng nhiing khdng
ban chd dugc viec thuong nhan chau Au dua nhidu hdng lau vdo Trung Qud'c ma
cdn gay ndn cudc xung dot kich liet, ddn ddn su suy sup cua chd do phong kidn
Trung Qud'c.

•Nhimg mam mong cua quan he san xuat tw ban chu nghla
du'di thdi Minli da xuat hien nliif the nao 7
Anh huong cua chinh sach ap bwc dan tgc cua theu Thanh ddi
voi SLf phat trien cua lich su' Trung Quoc nliW the nao7

4. Vdn hod Trung Qud'c thdi phong kidn

Dudi thdi phong kidn, nhan dan Trung Qud'c dat dugc nhidu thdnh tuu van
hod rue rd, ddc ddo.
Trong ITnh vuc tu tudng, Nho gido gitr vai trd quan trgng. Ngudi ddu tidn khdi
xudng Nho hgc la Khdng Tif. Thdi Han Vti Dd, Nho gido trd thdnh cdng cu sdc
ben phuc vu cho nhd nudc phong kidn tap quydn, trd thdnh co sd If luan va tu
tudng ciia chd do phong kie'n Trung Qud'c.
Cac quan niem ve quan he giUa vua - tdi, cha - con, chdng - vg la
giudng mdi, ki cUdng ciia dao dUc phong kie'n. Nho giao, mac du sau
nay cd ft nhieu thay ddi qua cac thdi dai, nhung v i n la cdng cu tinh than
de bao ve che dp phong kien. Nho giao mpt mat de xudng con ngudi
phai tu than, ren luyen dao ddc pham chat ; mat khae giao due con
ngudi phai thUc hien dung bdn phan ddi vdi qud'c gia la tdn quan (trung
thanh vdi nha vua); ddi vdi gia dinh, con phai giU chu hieu va phuc tung
cha. NhUng ve sau, cting vdi sU suy ddi ciia giai cap dia chii phong
kien, Nho giao cang td ra bao thii, ldi thdi va kim ham su phat trien ciia
xa hpi.

Phat gido d Trung Qude cung thinh banh, nha't la vdo thdi Dudmg. Cdc nhd su
nhu Huydn Trang, NghTa TTnh da tim dudng sang An Do dd tim hidu gido If ciia
dao Phdt. Ngugc lai, nhidu nhd su ciia cdc nudc Ai Do, Phu Nam ciing ddn
Trung Qud'c truydn dao. Kinh Phat dugc dich ra chii Hdn ngay mdt nhieu. Khi
Bdc Td'ng mdi thdnh lap, nha vua cung tdn siing Phat gido, cho xdy chiia, tac
tugng, in kinh va tidp tuc cir cdc nha su di tim hidu them vd dao Phat tai An Do.

3. LICH SU I O C - A •'•'
 Sir hgc bdt ddu tir thdi Tay Hdn da trd thanh ITnh vuc nghidn ciiu ddc lap, ma
ngudi dat ndn mdng la Tu Md Thidn. Bd Sifki do dng soan thao Id mdt tdc phdm
ndi tie'ng, cd gid tri cao vd mat tu lieu va tu tudng. Ddn thdi^Dudng, co quan bidn
soan lich sir ciia nha nudc, ggi la Sif qudn, duge thanh lap.
Van hgc la mdt trong nhirng ITnh vuc ndi bat nhdt ciia ndn van hoa
Trung Qud'c dudi thdi phong kidn. Tho Dudmg phdn dnh todn dien bd mat xa hdi
bay gid vd da dat ddn dinh cao ciia nghe thuat. Ten tudi nhidu nhd tho cdn
sdng mdi ddn ngdy nay, tieu bieu nhat Id Ly Bach, Dd Phii, Bach Cu Di...
Tidu thuydt la mdt hinh thiic van hgc mdi phdt tridn d thdi Minh, Thanh.
6 Trung Qud'c, tai cdc thdnh phd ldn thudmg cd nhting ngudi chuydn lam
nghd kd chuyen vd su tfch lich sir. Dua vao dd, cdc nha van da vidt thdnh tieu
thuydt. Nhidu tdc phdm ldn, ndi tidng da ra ddi trong giai doan nay nhu
Tam quoc diin nghia ciia La Qudn Trung, Thuy hif ciia Thi Nai Am, Tdy du ki
ciia Ngd Thtra An, Hong Idu mgng ciia Tdo Tuydt Cdn...

La Quan Trung viet Tam quoc dl§n nghTa dUa vao cau chuyen dugc luu
truyen trong dan gian ve ba ngudi LUu Bj, Quan Vu va TrUdng Phi ke't
nghTa 6 vudn dao. Npi dung cd ban ciia tac pham mieu ta cupc da'u
tranh ve quan sU, chi'nh tri phUc tap giUa ba nudc Nguy, Thiic, Ngd.

Tac pham Tiiu^ hd ciia Thi Nai Am tudng thuat lai dien bien ciia cupc
khdi nghTa ndng dan do Tdng Giang lam thii ITnh tai viing LUdng Sdn Bae.
Tac pham da ca ngdi tai muu lugc, Idng qua cam cua nhufng anh hiing
ao vai nen da bi chfnh quyen dUdng thdi cam lUu truyen. NhUng hinh
anh cua cac anh hung hao ban Ludng Sdn Bae v i n an sau vao Idng
dan va da tao them ngudn sire manh tinh than cd vu cupc da'u tranh
chd'ng phong kien ciia ndng dan Trung Qud'c.

Ngd ThUa An ke chuyen sU Huyen Trang va cac dd de tim dudng sang

An Dp lay kinh Phat trong cac tap Tay du ki ndi tieng. Tfnh each ciia
cac nhan vat dUdc bieu hien tren sudt doc dudng day nguy nan trac trd.
Cudi cung thay trd Huyen Trang da dat dUdc muc dfch.

l-iong lau mong ciia Tac Tuyet Can viet ve cau chuyen hung suy cua
mdt gia dinh quy tpc phong kie'n va tinh yeu ciia mgt ddi trai gai -
Gia Bao Nggc va Lam Dai Ngpc. Qua dd, tac gia da ve len bp mat cua
xa hpi phong kien trong giai doan suy tan.

34 3. LjCH S U l O C - B
 Hinh 14 - Mdt doan Van If trudng thanh

Cdc ITnh vuc Todn hgc, Thidn van hgc, Y dugc. ciia Trung Qud'c cting dat
dugc nhidu thanh tuu quan trgng.
Quyen Ci^u chuang toan thuat thd\ Han neu cac phUdng phap tinh dien
tich va khd'i lugng khae nhau... To Xung Chi (thdi Nam - Bae trieu) da
tim ra sd Pi den 7 sd le.

Thdi Tan, Han, Trung Qud'c phat minh ra nong Ijcti, chia 1 nam thanh
24 tiet de ndng dan cd the dua vao dd ma biet thdi vu san xua't. TrUdng
Hanh cdn lam dugc mdt dung cu de do dpng da't gpi la dia dong nghi...

TU rat sdm, Trung Qud'c da cd nhieu thay thudc gidi. Noi tieng nhat la
Hoa Da (thdi Han), ngudi dau tien ciia Trung Qud'c da biet dung phiu
thuat de chUa benh. Tac pham Ban thao cWOng muc ciia Ly Thdi Tran
la mpt quyen sach thudc rat cd gia tri.

Vd mat kT thuat, Trung Qude cd 4 phdt minh quan trgng : gidy, kT thudt in,
la bdn va thudc sung. Dd la nhiing cd'ng hidn rdt ldn ciia nhan dan Trung Qud'c
vdi ndn van minh the gidi.
Trung Qud'c cd nhidu cdng trtnh kidn tnic nghe thuat dac sdc : Van If trudng
thanh, nhiing cung dien ed kinh, nhiing btrc tugng Phdt sinh ddng... cdn dugc
luu giir de'n ngay nay.

35
 Hinh 15 - Tuong Phat bang ngpc thach trong cung
dien duoc tac tii mot khdi ngoc thach trang va duoc
kham da quy

Hav tim hieu them ve 4 phat muili lon cua Trung Quoc thoi
phong kien.

.AU HOI
r 1. Che do phong kien Trung Quoc dugc hinh thanh nhu the nao ?
2. Su thinh trj ciia che do phong kie'n du6i thdi Duong dugc bieu
hien nhuthe nao ?
3. Hay neu nhu'ng thanh tUu van hoa chii yeu ciia Trung Quo'c
thdi phong kie'n.

36
Chuang.
AN D 6 THdl PHONG KI^N

CAC QUOC GIA AN VA VAN HOA

BaiQ TRUYEN THONG AN DO

Lanh thd An Do nhu hinh "tam giac ngugc"". hai ben giap
bidn, canh phfa bae ndi vdi chau A. nhung lai ngan each
bdi day nui cao nhdt the gidi - day Hi-ma-lay-a. nen cdn
dugc ggi la tieu lite dia Nam A. Dien tfch ,An Dp kha
rdng ldn. han 3 trieu km-, gap khoang 10 lan Viet Nam
va gan 15 lan nirdc .A.nh. Hai bd bidn lai cd hai da_\ nui
Ddng Gat va Tay Gat. ngan cach bdi cao ngu\en De-can.
Do toan mii cao. rimg ram, rimg nguyen sinh nen lanh
thd An Do bi ngan each nhau dang ke giiia Ddng va Tay.
Bae va Nam. Chi cd mien Bae la bang phang. bai luu \uc
cua hai con sdng ldn. Xua kia phai ke ca con sdng d
Tay Bdc An Do. ggi la sdng An (iiichis). Nhd nd ma co
ten ggi An Do va lanh thd .An Do {Hindustan), noi khoi
ngudn ciia ndn van hoa .4n Do. Cdn a Ddng Bae ban dao
la liru vuc sdng Hang {Gaiv.ia) rgng ldn \a mau md. la
que huong. nai smh truong nen van hoa tru_\en ihdng cua
van minh An Dd.

37
1. Thdi kl cdc qude gia ddu tien
Khodng 1500 nam trudc Cdng nguydn, viing sdng Hdng d Ddng Bdc cd dieu
kien thuan lgi, mua thuan gid boa ndn da tidn bd vugt ldn, cd vai trd ndi trdi trdn
cd midn Bdc An Do.
Tii cdc bd lac trdng liia vd chan nudi tren bd sdng Hdng, bdt ddu hinh thanh
mdt sd nha nudc ddu tidn, dumg ddu la cdc tidu vuang, thudng xuyen phdt trien
kinh td, xay dung ddt nudc ldm manh va tranh gianh dnh hudng vdi nhau.
Den khodng 500 nam trudc Cdng nguydn, nudc Ma-ga-da ldn manh hom ca,
dugc nhidu nudc khdc tdn phuc.
NgUdi Hi Lap da tUng den tham kinh do ciia Ma-ga-da la Pa-ta-li-pu-tra,
ke lai : cd phd dai 2 km, tren ben dudi thuyen, dpe hufu ngan sdng
_Hang. Vua md dau nudc nay, Bim-bi-sa-ra, dugc coi la cung thdi va la
ban cua Phat td.

Lam-pa^^ca~--~.,^

GAN-DHA-RA /

^^^^ Top-ra* y ^ ^

De-li / \ ~~
''^y^
i) >/ Ma-thu-ra \ ^^.j^
• Sa-ra-va-xti
Bai-rat» A - g r a i ; : ^ ^ ^ .

-pu-traA

J \ \ • San-chi MA-GA-DA^^

u PA-LA Tam-ra-li-pti y—

•/PEA^^'^'^
/

^ /

\ • fiiagm-ga
BIEN A-RAP \ rRa^met-xva
\ rSa-ra-va-na""'
\ ' Ben-gO-la

• Yl^J Kan-chi-pu-ram

K
\ PAN-OY-A^

Hinh 16 - r XRVAN-CA
Liroc dd An Dp
thdi CO dai
•
•
C6t A-sfl-ca
Thanh thj c6
u
Trdi qua ban 10 ddi vua, ddn the ki III TCN, xudt hien dng vua kiet xuat nhd't
ciia nudc nay va ndi tieng bae nhdt trong lich sir An Dg - vua A-sd-ca.

38
 A-sd-ca xay dung da't nudc hung cudng, rdi dem quan di danh cac nudc
nho, nham muc dich phat then, thau tdm quyen lUc va thd'ng nha't
An Dp. Sau khi danh thing nhieu ddi thii, dng da thdng nha't dugc gan
he't ban dao An Dp, chi trU mpt viing da't d cue Nam xa xdi (sau la nUdc
Pan-dy-a).

Chan canh binh dao, tan sat, dng trd ve mdt Idng theo dao Phat va
tao dieu kien de Phat giao truyen ba rdng khap dat nUdc An Dp.
6 nhieu ndi, dng cdn cho dung nhieu cdt da, khae chu, gpi la "chi du
A-sd-ca" ndi ve Idng siing tin cua minh va viec cai quan da't nudc.

A-sd-ca qua ddi cud'i the ki III TCN. An Do budc vao mdt thdi ki chia re,
khiing hodng keo dai may thd ki cho ddn ddu Cdng nguyen.

^ - Qua trinh hinh thanh va phat trien cua nha nu'dc Ma-ga-da
dien ra nlnf the'nao 7

2. Thdi kl VUdng tridu Gup-ta vd su phdt tridn vdn hod

truydn thd'ng An Od
Ddn ddu Cdng nguydn, midn Bdc An Do da dugc thd'ng nha't lai, budc vao
mdt thdi ki mdi phdt trien cao va rat dac sdc ciia lich sir An Dg - thcri Vuong
trieu Giip-ta.
Vuang tridu nay do vua Giip-ta lap, cd vai trd td chiic khdng cu, khdng cho
cac tdc d Trung A xam lan tir phfa tdy bdc, thdng nhdt midn Bdc An Do ; tid'p
do, td'n cdng chidm cao nguyen De-can, ldm chii gdn nhu todn bd mien Trung
^Dd.
Vuang tridu Giip-ta cd 9 ddi vua, qua gdn 150 nam (319 - 467), vdn giii dugc
su phdt trien va net dac sdc cd dudi thdi Hdu Giip-ta (467 - 606) vd Vuomg tridu
Hdc-sa tie'p theo (606 - 647), tiic la ttr the ki IV ddn the ki VII. Net dac sdc ndi
bat ciia thdi ki nay la sif dinh hinh vd phdt trien cua vdn hod truyen titdng An Do.
O Bdc An Do, thdnh phd Ka-pi-la-va-xtu la qud huong ciia nha hidn tridt
Sft-ddc-ta, sau trd thdnh Phat td, hieu Id Sa-ky-a Mu-ni (Thfch Ca Mau Ni).
Dgo Phdt dugc truydn bd manh me dudi thdi vua A-sd-ca, tidp tuc dudi cac tridu
dai Giip-ta vd Hdc-sa, den thd ki VIT.
Cimg vdi su truyen ba Phat gido, ldng tdn sung ddi vdi Phat, ngudi ta da ldm
hang chuc ngdi cinia hang (due deo hang dd thdnh chiia). Ddy la nhiing cdng
trinh kidn tnic bdng da rat dep va rdt ldn. Cimg vdi chua la nhtimg pho tugng
Phat dugc dieu khdc bdng da hoae tren dd.

39
 Ciing vdi Phat gido. An Do gido
(hay Hindu gido) ciing ra ddi va phdt
tridn. Ddy la tdn gido bdt ngudn tir tfn
ngudng cd xua cua ngudi An. An Do
gido thd rdt nhidu thdn, chii ydu Id bd'n
thdn : bd ba Brama (thdn Sdng tao thd
gidi), Siva (than Huy diet), Visnu
(thdn Bao hd), va Indra (than Sd'm
set). Dd Id nhifng luc lugng sidu nhien
md con ngudi sg hai. Ngudi ta xay
dung nhidu ngdi ddn bdng dd rd't dd
so, hinh chdp niii, la nai ngu tri cua
thdn thdnh va cung tac bdng dd, hoac
dtic bdng ddng rdt nhidu pho tugng
thdn thdnh de thd, vdi nhting phong
cdch nghe thudt rat ddc ddo.
Hinh 17 -ht dudng trong chiia hang
Ngudi An Do sdm cd chii vidt, nhu A-gian-ta (An Do)
chii cd vting sdng An tir 3000 nam TCN,
chtf cd viing sdng Hdng cd the cd tir 1000 nam TCN. Ban ddu Id kidu chii dan so
Brahmi, dugc dung dd khdc tren cot A-sd-ca, rdi dugc ndng ldn sdng tao thanh
he chii Phgn (Sanskrit) dugc hodn thien tir thdi A-sd-ca cd chti vidt va ngii phdp.
Ngdn ngii Phan diing phd bidn dudi thdi Giip-ta trong viec vidt van bia.
Ngdn ngii vd van tu phdt tridn la didu kien dd chuydn tai, truydn bd van hgc,
van bod An Do.
Thdi Gup-ta da cd nhiing cdng trinh kidn true, dieu khdc, nhiing tdc phdm
van hgc tuyet vdi, lam ndn cho van hod truydn thdng An Do, cd gid tri vTnh ciru,
xuydn sud't thdi gian lich sir ciia lodi ngudi.
Ngudi An Do da mang van hod, dac biet la van bgc truydn thd'ng cua minh,
truydn bd ra ben ngoai. Ddng Nam A la nai chiu anh hudng rd ret nha't ciia van
hod An Dd.

1^ Trinli bay su'phat hien ciia van hoa truven tiidng An Do.

»AU HOI
1. Tai sao ndi thdi Giip-ta la thdi ki dinh hinh va phat then cua
v.an hoa truyen thd'ng An Do ?
2. Nhu'ng ye'u td van hoa truyen thd'ng nao ciia An Do c6 anh
hudng ra ben ngoai va anh hudng de'n nhufng noi nao ?

40
 s i ; PHAT TRIEN LICH SlT
Bai 7 VA NEN VAN HOA DA DANG
CUA AN DO

An Do thdi Giip-ta bat dau phat trien tren luu vuc sdng
Hang d phfa bae, lam ca sa hinh thanh nen van hoa
truydn thdng An Do - van hoa Hindu. Nen van hoa dd
tiep tuc phat trien d thdi Hau Giip-ta va Hac-sa (the ki
V - Vll), dirge md rdng trdn toan lanh thd .4n Do. va
tidp tuc duy tri a cac thdi ki sau cting vdi nhirng nen
van hoa khae.

1. Su phdt tridn cua lich stf vd vdn hod truydn thd'ng tren todn
Idnh thd An Od
Ddn thdki VII, An Do lai bi rai vdo tinh trang chia re, phan tdn. Nguydn nhan
ciia nd mdt phdn la do chfnh quydn trung uong suy ydu ; mat khdc do trdi qua
6 - 7 the ki, tren dd't nudc rdng ldm va ngan each nhau, mdi viing lanh thd lai cd
nhiing didu kien va sdc tbdi rieng ciia minh, nen dd't nudc chia thanh hai midn, Bdc
va Nam ; mdi midn lai tdch thdnh ba nudc ridng, thdnh sdu nudc, trong dd, nudc
Pa-la d viing Ddng Bdc vd nudc Pa-la-va d midn Nam cd vai trd ndi trdi ban.
Trong trudng hgp nay, su phdn liet khdng ndi ldn tinh trang khiing hodng, suy
thodi ma lai phan dnh su phdt tridn tu cudng ciia cdc viing dia phuang. Mdi nudc
lai tie'p tuc phdt tridn sdu rdng ndn van hod ciia minh, trdn ca sd van boa truydn
thd'ng An Do - chii vidt, van hgc va nghe thuat Hindu, dac biet la van hgc va
nghe thuat thdi Giip-ta.
Nudc Pa-la-va d mien Nam, thudn tien ve ben cang va dudmg bien, da cd vai
trd tfch cue trong viec phd bidn van hod An Do ddn cac nudc Ddng Nam A.
Nhu the', ngay tir ddu Cdng nguyen va trong 5 thd ki tidp theo (thd ki VII - XII),
vdn hod truyen thdng cua An Do phdt trien rgng tren todn ldnh thd vd co dnh
hifdng ra ben ngodi.

4> Su'phat trien van hoa thoi Gup-ta dwa den diSu gi ^
41
2. Vuong tridu Hdi gido Od-lr
An Do da trai qua mdt thdi ki phdt tridn, nhdt Id vd van hod truydn thd'ng,
nhumg su phan tdn khdng dem lai siic manh thd'ng nhdt dd ngUdi An Do eg the
chd'ng cu dugc cudc tdn cdng tir bdn ngodi ciia ngudi Hdi giao gd'c Tho (Tude).
Nam 1055, thil ITnh ciia ngudi Thd ddn quan ddnh chidm Bdt-da, rdi cdi theo
Hdi gido, lap nen mdt vuomg qud'c Hdi gido d day - viing Ludng Ha. Dao Hdi
(Ixlam) bdt ddu dugc truydn bd ddn I-ran va Trung A, lap nen mdt vuomg qud'c
Hdi gido niia trdn viing gidp 'Tay Bdc An Do. Ngudi Hdi gido gd'c Trung A bat
ddu tidn hanh mdt cudc chinh chie'n vdo ddt An Do, timg budc chinh phuc cdc
tieu qud'c An rdi lap ndn Vuang qud'c Hdi gido An Do, ggi tdn la De-li (do vua
ddng dd d Dd-li, mdt thdnh phd Bdc An).
Trong ban 300 nam tdn tai va phdt tridn, Vuong trieu Hdi gido De-li (1206 -
1526) da truyen bd, dp dat Hdi gido vao nhiing cu ddn theo Phat gido va Hindu
gido, tu ddnh cho minh nhting uu tien vd rudng dd't, dia vi trong bd mdy quan
lai. Vf nhu ngoai thud rudng da't (1/5 thu hoach), nhiing ngudi khdng theo dao
Hdi phai nop thdm mdt khoan, ggi la "thue ngogi dgo" -jaziah.
Mac dii cdc dng vua da cd gdng thuc thi nhieu chfnh sdch mdm mdng de gitf
ydn ddt nudc, nhung su phan biet sdc tdc va tdn gido khdng thd lam tan di ndi
bdt binh ciia nhan ddn.
Mat khdc, mdt ydu to van hod mdi - van hod Hdi gido - ciing dugc du
nhap vdo An Dg, vd'n da cd mdt ndn van hod rat phong phii va da dang.
Cd mdt sd cdng trinh kidn true do chfnh quydn Hdi giao xdy dung, mang ddm
da'u an kie'n trtic Hdi gido. Trai qua 6 ddi vua, chinh chidn nhidu horn xdy dung,
nhung kinh dd Dd-li cung da trd thdnh "mdt trong nhiing thdnh phd ldn nhat the
gidi" d thd ki XIV, nhu mdt ngudi duong thdi nhan xet sau khi da di rdt
nhidu noi.
Didu quan trgng d day la sif phdt Men nhau giQa hai nen vdn minh dgc sdc
Id An Do Hindu gido va A-rap Hdi gido. Su giao luu van hod Ddng - Tay cung
dugc thiic ddy hom^').
Didu khdng kem quan trgng ntia Id thdi Vuang tridu Hdi gido Dd-li cung la
thdi md cdc thuang nhan An Do mang dao Hdi ddn mdt sd nai, mdt sd nudc d
Ddng Nam A, noi ma mdt vai cdng ddng nhd Hdi^ gido A-rap mang de'n tir trudc
da dugc gia tang sdu dam ban vdi thuang nhan Pjt\ Do theo dao Hdi.

4y Nhimg net chinh ve Vu'o'ng tiiiu Hoi giao De-li.

(1) Ngudi A-rap Hdi giao tan cdng vao luu virc sdng An nam 710, chau Au nam 732, sau dd lap qud'c
gia Codc-dd-ba d Tay Ban Nha. Cac tii nhu hod Iwc (Chimi), ri(ffu (Alcool), dqi .vo'(Algebra) v v
cd gdc tit A-rap.

42
3. Vuong tridu Md-gdn
The kl XV, Vuang trieu Hdi gido Dd-li bdt ddu suy ydu, thi cung la liic md
mdt bd phan dan Trung A khdc do thii ITnh - vua Id Ti-mua Leng chi huy,
cung theo dao Hdi nhung lai tu nhdn Id ddng ddi Mdng Cd, bdt ddu td'n cdng
An Do tii nam 1398. Tuy the, phai ddn chdu ngi ciia dng Id Ba-bua mdi thuc hien
dugc viec danh chidm De-li, lap ra mdt vuong tridu mdi, ggi la Vuang trieu
Mo-gon (gd'c Mdng Cd).
Vuong tridu Md-gdn (1526 - 1707) la thdi ki cudi cting ciia chd do phong
kie'n An Do. Tuy Id thdi ki cudi cimg, nhung khdng phai chi cd khiing hoang,
suy thoai va tan ra. That vay, cdc vi vua thdi ki ddu da ra siic ciing cd vuomg tridu
theo hudmg "An Do hod" va xdy dung ddt nudc. Ddn thdi tri vi ciia vi vua thii tu
la A-ca-ba, An Do dat dugc budc phdt tridn mdi.
Trong nira the ki tri vi, A-co-ba (1556 - 1605) da thi hanh mdt sd chfnh sdch
tfch cue :
- Xay dung mdt chfnh quyen manh me, dua trdn su lien kdt tdng ldp quy
tdc, khdng phdn biet ngudn gd'c, sd quan lai gd'c Mdng Co (thuc ra Id gd'c
Trung A Hdi giao), gdc An Do Hdi gido va cd gd'c An Do An gido, cd ti le
gan nhu bang nhau ;
- xay dung khd'i hod hgp dan tdc tren ca sd ban chd su phan biet sdc tdc, tdn
gido va cung ed bien phdp ban chd su bdc lot qud dang ciia chii ddt, quy tdc ;
- Tien hanh do dac lai rudng ddt dd dinh ra miic thue dting va hgp If, thd'ng
nha't cdc he thd'ng can dong va do ludng ;
- Khuye'n khfch va hd trg cdc hoat ddng sdng tao van hod, nghe thudt.

Hinh 18 - Cdng lang A-co-ba d Xi-can-dra (ddu the ki XVII)

Nhumg chfnh sdch dd lam cho xd hdi /m Do dn dinh, kinh td phdt tridn, van
boa cd nhidu thdnh tuu mdi, dat nudc thinh vugng. A-co-ba dugc coi nhu la

43
 mdt vi anh hung dan tdc ; ngdy nay tdn
dng dugc dat cho nhidu dudng phd,
cdng trtnh, xiimg vdi danh hieu ciia
dng la Ddng Chi ton A-ca-ba.
Tuy nhidn, hdu hdt cdc vua ciia
vuong tridu nay ddu dung quydn
chuyen chd, ddc dodn dd cai tri mdt
dd't nudc rdng ldm nhumg rdt da dang,
phan tan. Mdt sd vi vua da dting bien
phdp dan dp quydt liet, hinh phat khdc
nghiet dd bdt dan chung phuc tting,
ddng thud va lao dich nang nd, bdt cdc
quy tgc cd y chd'ng ddi phdi vang ldi.
Con vd chdu ciia A-ca-ba la Gia-han-
ghi-a (1605 - 1627) vd Sa Gia-han
(1627 - 1658) da chidm doat rat nhidu
ciia cai. De chiing td quydn luc, y
mud'n ciia minh, cdc dng da cho khdi Hinh 19 - Lang Ta-gia Ma-han
cdng xay dung nhidu cdng trinh kidn (d A-gra, the kl XVII)
tnic, dac biet la lang md Ta-gia Ma-han va Idu ddi Thdnh Dd (La Ki-la), dudi
thdi Sa Gia-han, trdn hai bd sdng Y-a-mu-na d Bdc An Do.
Nhting cdng trinh dd da trd thanh di san van hod bd't hii, nidm tu hao vTnh ciru
ve su sdng tao, nidm xiic ddng sau sdc vd tinh cam cao quy ciia con ngudi.
Nhumg Gia-han-ghi-a va Sa Gia-han da lam cho su dd'i khdng ciia nhdn ddn tang
them, do lam dung quydn luc, cdng quy cting siic lao ddng ciia dan. Hai dng vua
ndy hdu nhu da dot chdy tdt ca thdnh qua ciia vua A-ca-ba.
It lau sau, tinh trang chia re va khiing hoang xud't hien trd lai.
Trong liic dd, thuc ddn Bd Ddo Nha ddn tir thdi ki ddu vuang tridu vd ngay
cdng nhidu, nhdt la dudi thdi Sa Gia-han. Hg da lap cdc didm budn ban nhu
Diu, Da-man... Vua cudi ciia Vuomg tridu Id Ao-reng-dep da phdi dd'i dien vdi
thuc ddn Anh vd budc ddu de mat Ma-drdt, Bom-bay.

- Nhifng net chinli ve Vu'o'ng trieu Md-gdn.

•AU HOI
1. Trinh bay nhu'ng chinh sach cua A-cd-ba va y nghTa ciia no.
2. Hay cho bie't vi tri ciia VUdng trieu Hoi giao De-li va
Vuong trieu M6-g6n trong Ijch sir An Do.

44
 Chuang
D6NG NAM A THCa PHONG KI^N

Sir HINH THANH VA PHAT TRIEN

Bai ^ CAC VUONG QUOC CHINH
6 DONG NAM A

Ddng Nam A ttr lau vdn dugc coi la mdt khu vuc dia If -
lich sir - van hoa rieng biet va cdn dugc ggi la khu vuc
chau A gid miia. Gid mtia kem theo mua rat thuan lgi
cho viec phdt tridn nen ndng nghiep lua nudc. Tren ca sd
phat tridn ciia dd sat va nen kinh te ndng nghiep kia
nudc, ttr nhung the ki ddu ciia Cdng nguyen, cac vuang
qude cd ddu tien da dugc hinh thdnh o Ddng Nam A ;
tidp dd den khoang the ki IX - X, cac qud'c gia phong
kidn Ddng Nam A dugc xac lap va phdt trien thinh dat
cho tdi nira ddu the ki XVIII.

1. Su ro ddi cua cdc vuong qud'c cd d Odng N a m A

Ddng Nam A la mdt khu vuc khd rdng, bi chia cdt bdi nhiing day mii, rimg
nhiet ddi va bien. Vi the, d day khdng cd nhting ddng bdng rdng ldn dd trdng
Ilia, nhiing thao nguydn mdnh mdng dd chan nudi ddn gia siic ldm. Nhung thidn
nhien da "uu dai" cho viing nay mdt didu kien hdt siic thuan lgi - dd la gid miia.
Gid miia kem theo mua rat thfch hgp cho su phdt tridn ciia cay liia nudc. Vi thd,

45
 cu dan Ddng Nam A tir rdt xa xua da bidt trdng liia va nhidu loai cay an cii,
an qua khdc.
Ngay tUthdi dai dd da, ngudi ta da tim thay da'u vet cUtru ciia con ngUdi
d hau khap cac nU6c Ddng Nam A. Den nhumg the ki dau Cdng
nguyen, cudan Ddng Nam A da biet sir dung dd sat. Ndng nghiep van
la nganh san xua't chinh, nhung d mdi nudc da hinh thanh mgt sd nganh
thil cdng truyen thdng nhU det, lam do gdm, nghe due ddng va sat...
Do nhu cau trao ddi san pham, viec budn ban theo dUdng ven bien rat
phat dat. Mpt sd thanh thi - hai cang da ra ddi va boat dpng nhpn nhip
nhu 6 c Eo (An Giang - Viet Nam), Ta-kd-la (ban dao Ma Lai) v.v...

Su phdt tridn ciia cdc nganh kinh td la co sd cho su ra ddi ciia hang loat qud'c
gia nhd d Ddng Nam A. Su ra ddi cua cdc vuomg qud'c cd Ddng Nam A cdn gdn
lidn vdi tdc ddng vd mat kinh td ciia cdc thuong nhdn An va dnh hudng ciia van
hod An Do. Cdc nudc Ddng Nam A da tidp thu va vdn dung van hod An Do dd
phdt trien sdng tao van hod ciia ddn tdc minh.
Trong khoang 10 thd ki ddu sau Cdng nguyen, hang loat qud'c gia nhd da
dugc hinh thanh va phdt tridn d khu vuc phia nam Ddng Nam A nhu Vuomg qud'c
Cham-pa d viing Trung Bd Viet Nam, Vuang qud'c Phii Nam d ha luu sdng
Me Cdng, cdc vuang qud'c d ha luu sdng Md Nam va tren cdc dao ciia In-dd-ne-xi-a.
Tbdi dy, cdc qud'c gia nay cdn nhd be, phdn tdn trdn cdc dia ban hep, sd'ng ridng
re vd nhidu khi tranh chdp ldn nhau. Dd cting chfnh la nguydn nhan ddn tdi su
sup dd ciia cdc vuang qud'c cd, dd rdi, tren co sd dd binh thdnh ndn cdc qud'c gia
phong kidn ddn tdc hflng manh sau nay.

- Dieu kien hinli tliduli cac vu'dng qude cd ci Ddng Nam A la gi 7

2. Su hinh thdnh vd phdt tridn cua cdc qud'c gia phong kidn
Odng Nam A
Trong khoang tii thd ki Vll den X, d khu vuc Ddng Nam A da hinh thdnh mdt
sd qud'c gia, lay mdt bd tdc ddng va phdt tridn nhat ldm ndng cdt, thudmg dugc
ggi la cdc qud'c gia phong kidn "dan tdc" nhu Vuong qud'c Cam-pu-chia ciia
ngudi Kho-me, cdc vuomg qude ciia ngudi Mdn vd ngudi Mien d vtmg ha luu
sdng Me Nam, cua ngudi In-dd-nd-xi-a d Xu-ma-to-ra vd Gia-va v.v...
Tir khodng nita sau the ki X de'n nira ddu thd ki XVIII la thdi ki phdt tridn ciia
cdc qud'c gia phong kidn d Ddng Nam A.

46
 THAI

BINH

DWONG

O"^

\PMNm\: T6n vLfong quoc cd MO-GIO-PA-HIT: TSn quoc gia phong kien Bien gidi qu6c gia ngay nay

Hinh 20 - Lugc dd cac qud'c gia Ddng Nam A co dai va phong kien

6 In-dd-ne-xi-a, den cud'i the kl XIII ddng vua Gia-va manh len, da
chinh phuc dUdc Xu-ma-td-ra, thdng nha't In-dd-ne-xi-a dudi VUdng
trieu Md-gid-pa-hi't hiing manh trong 3 the ki (1213 - 1527), bao gdm
hdn 10 nudc nho va dao phu thudc, cd "san pham quy, ddng hang thir hai
sau A-rap". Tren ban dao Ddng DUdng, ngoai cac qud'c gia Dai Viet va
Cham-pa, VUdng qud'c Cam-pu-chia tU the ki IX cung budc vao thdi ki
Ang-co huy hoang. Tren luu vUc sdng l-ra-oa-di, tir giUa the ki XI,

47
 qud'c gia Pa-gan cf mien Trung da manh len, chinh phuc cac tieu qude
gia khae, thd'ng nha't lanh thd, md dau cho qua trinh hinh thanh va phat
then ciia Vudng qud'c Mi-an-ma.

Cung trong thd ki XIII, do su tan cdng ciia ngudi Mdng Co, mdt bd phan
ngudi Thdi, vd'n sinh sd'ng d thugng ngudn sdng Me Cdng da di cu d at xud'ng
phfa nam, dinh eu d luu vuc sdng Me Nam va lap nen Vuong qud'c Su-kbd-thay -
tidn than ciia nudc Thdi Lan sau nay. Mdt bd phan khdc dinh cu d viing trung
luu sdng Me Cdng, lap ndn Vuong qud'c Lan Xang (Lao) vao giifa thd ki XIV.

Hitih 21 - Toan canh dd thi co Pa-gan (Mi-an-ma)

The kl X - X V l 11 cdn la giai doan phat then thjnh vugng ciia nen kinh te
khu vUc, hinh thanh nhung viing kinh te quan trgng, cd kha nang cung
cap mdt khd'i lugng Idn lua gao, ca, san pham thii cdng (vai, hang sdn,
dd sU, thudc nhudm, che pham kim khi v.v...) va nha't la nhufng san vat
thien nhien (cac loai gd quy, hUdng lieu, gia vi, da quy, nggc trai, canh
kien v.v...). Da cd mpt thdi lai budn ciia nhieu nudc tren the gidi den day
budn ban, mang san vat ciia Ddng Nam A ve nUdc hg, hay de'n nhtimg
ndi khae xa xdi hdn.

Cting vdi su phat tridn kinh td vd vdi qud trinh xdc lap cdc qud'c gia "dan tdc",
van hod dan tdc ciing ddn dugc hinh thdnh. Sau mdt thdi gian tidp thu vd chgn
lgc, cdc ddn tdc Ddng Nam A da xay dung dugc mdt nen van hod rieng ciia
minh va ddng gdp vdo kho tdng van hod chung ciia lodi ngudi nhtfng gia tri tinh
thdn ddc ddo.

48
 Tir nua sau the ki XVIII, cac qud'c gia Ddng Nam A budc vao giai doan suy
thodi, mac du xa hdi phong kien vdn tidp tuc tdn tai cho tdi khi trd thanh thudc
dia ciia cac nudc tu ban phuang Tay vao giiia thd ki XIX.

Hinh 22 - Toan canh khu den thap Bd-rd-bu-dua (In-dd-n6-xi-a)

- Hay ke ten va chi tren hrgc dd cac qud'c gia phong kien 6'
Ddng Nam A.

>AU HOI
r
1. Dieu kien tu nhien ciia Dong Nam A c6 nhting thuan Igi va kho
khSn gi ddi vdi sU phat then kinh te va Ijch sir cua khu vuc ?
2. Su phat trien thjnh dat cua cac qude gia phong kie'n Dong
Nam A the ki X - XVIII dUdc bieu hien nhu the nao ?
3. Lap bang tdm tat cac giai doan Ijch sir trong sU phat trien
GLia khu vuc Dong Nam A den gitifa the ki XIX.
J
4. LICH SU10C - A 49
 Bai 9 VU^ONG QUOC CAM-PU-CHIA
VA VUONG QUOC LAO

Cam-pu-chia va Lao - hai qud'c gia ldng gidng gdn giii

Ciia Viet Nam, da cd mdt truydn thd'ng lich sir lau ddi va
mdt nen van hod dac sac.

1. Vuong qud'c Cam-pu-chia

Ddt nudc Cam-pu-chia nhu mgt ldng chao khdng Id, xung quanh la rimg va
eao nguydn bao bgc, cdn ddy chao la Bidn Hd va viing phu cdn vdi nhiing cdnh
ddng phi nhidu, mdu md.
6 Cam-pu-chia, tdc ngudi chidm da sd la Kha-me. Dia ban sinh tu ddu tien
ciia ngudi Kho-me d phfa bdc nudc Cam-pu-chia ngay nay, trdn cao nguydn
Cd Rat va man trung luu sdng Md Cdng. Ngudi Kho-me gidi san bdn, quen dao
ao, ddp hd trii nudc. Hg da sdm tidp xtic vdi van hod An Do, bidt khdc bia bdng
chii Phan. Ddn the ki VI, vuong qud'c cua ngudi Kho-me dugc hinh thanh ma sir
sach Trung Qud'c ggi la nudc Chdn Lap ; cdn ngudi Kho-me tu ggi tdn nudc
minh la Cam-pu-chia.
Thdi ki Ang-co (802-1432) la thdi ki phdt tridn cua Vuong qud'c Cam-pu-chia.
Ang-co la ten kinh dd, dugc xdy dung d Tdy Bdc Bidn Hd (nay thudc tinh
Xiem Riep). Sau nay, ngudi ta ldy Ang-co dat ten cho thdi ki dai nhd't va phat
trien nha't eiia nudc Cam-pu-chia phong kidn.
Dudi thdi Ang-co, ngudi dan sd'ng chii yeu bang ndng nghiep. NgUdi ta
dao nhieu hd, kenh, mang de trCr va dieu phdi nudc tudi. Hd Ba-ray Tay
cd dien tich rgng 14000 ha, chda dugc 47,7 trieu m^ nudc. Ngoai ndng
nghiep, cU dan cdn danh bat ca d Bien Hd, khai thac lam san quy va
san bat thu tren rtmg. Thu cdng nghiep d Cam-pu-chia da cd nhieu thd
kheo tay, dac biet la cac nghe lam dd trang sUc va cham khae tren da,
tren cac bdc phti dieu ciia cac den thap.
Nhd su dn dinh viing chdc vd kinh td, xa hdi, cdc vua Cam-pu-chia thdi
Ang-co da khdng ngimg md rdng quydn lire ciia minh ra ben ngodi. Trong cdc

^0 4. L ! C H S i r i 0 C - B
the ki X - XII, Cam-pu-chia trd thdnh mdt trong nhiing vuong qud'c manh va
ham chie'n tran nhdt Ddng Nam A.
Dudi thdi Giay-a-vac-man Vll (1181 - 1201), quan Cam-pu-chia da tien
danh Cham-pa (1190) va bie'n vUdng qud'c nay thanh mdt tinh ciia
Ang-co, sau do lai tien hanh thu phuc viing trung va ha lUu Me Nam,
tien den tan Say Phong (gan Vieng Chan). O thugng luu sdng Me Nam,
vua Giay-a-vac-man Vll da tien danh va thu phuc dja ban ciia VUdng
qud'c Mdn Ha-ri-pun-giay-a, tie'n tdi sat bien gidi Mi-an-ma. Ve phia
nam, lanh thd Cam-pu-chia dUdc md rdng tdi mien Bae ban dao Ma Lai.

Nhung tir cud'i thd ki XIII, Cam-pu-chia bdt ddu suy ye'u. Thdm vao dd,
Vuong qud'c Thdi thdnh ldp vao thd ki XTV da nhidu ldn gdy chie'n vdi Cam-pu-chia,
tan phd kinh thdnh Ang-co. Sau 5 ldn bi ngudi Tbdi xdm chie'm, nam 1432 ngudi
Kho-me phai bd kinh dd Ang-co, lui vd phia nam Bidn Hd, tiic la khu vuc
Phndm Pdnh ngay nay. Ttir dd, chfnh quydn phong kidn Cam-pu-chia ludn phai
dd'i phd vdi nhiing cudc tdn cdng tii bdn ngoai vd lao vdo nhiing vu muu sdt,
tranh gianh dia vi ldn nhau. Tmh hinh didn bidn rd't phiic tap, khidn ddt nudc
Cam-pu-chia hdu nhu suy kiet khi thuc ddn Phdp de'n xdm lugc (1863).
Trong hon mdt nghin nam dudi chd do phong kidn, ngudi Cam-pu-chia da
xdy dung nen mdt ndn van hod ridng, hdt siic ddc ddo.
Ttr nhiing thd ki ddu Cdng nguydn, ngucri Kho-me da hgc chtf Phan ciia ngudi
An. Trdn co sd dd, tir thd ki VII, ngudi Kho-me da sang tao ndn he thd'ng chii
vie't rieng ciia minh. Tir dd vd sau, cdc bai van bia, ngoai phdn md ddu theo thdi
quen vidt bdng chii Phan, cdn phan ldm ddu dugc vidt bdng chii Kho-me cd.

KS'

Hinh 23 - Ang-co Vat (Cam-pu-chia)

51
 Ddng van hgc dan gian va van hgc vidt vdi nhiing truyen thdn thoai, truyen
cudi, truyen trang, truyen tho v.v... deu phan dnh nhiing tinh cam ciia con ngUdi
ddi vdi thidn nhien, dd't nudc, tinh cam giiia nhumg con ngudi ciing sd'ng chung
trong mdt cdng ddng.
Nghe thudt kie'n tnic Cam-pu-chia gdn chat vdi nhiing tdn giao da truydn ba
d ddy. Thdi ki ddu, Cam-pu-chia tidp thu van hod Hindu gido. The ki XII,
Phat gido Dai thura lai cd anh hudng ldn d Cam-pu-chia. Nhiing cdng trtnh kidn
tnic Hindu gido va Phat gido da xud't hien. Noi tidng nhat la qudn the kidn tnic
Ang-co Vat va Ang-co Thom.

- Sw phat hien cua Cam-pu-chia thdi Ang-co dudc bieu hien

nliW the'nao 7

2. Vuong qude Ldo

Da't nudc Lao ngay nay gdn lidn vdi ddng sdng Me Cdng. Sdng Md Cdng vtra
la ngudn tdi nguydn thuy van ddi dao, true giao thdng cua ddt nudc, viia la ydu
to ciia su thd'ng nhdt Ldo vd mat dia II. Ddng bdng ven sdng tuy hep nhung mau
md la vua liia cua Lao. Noi day da cd con ngudi sinh sdng tir lau ddi, ma chu
nhan ddu tidn la ngudi Lao Thong.
Ngudi Ldo Thong cd thd la chu nhdn ciia cdc ndn van hod dd dd, dd ddng cd
tir hang nghin nam trudc va da sang tao ra nhiing chum da khdng Id cdn ndm rai
rdc hien nay tren cdnh ddng Chum (Xieng Khoang). Mai den the ki XIII mdi cd
mdt nhdm ngudi ndi tidng Thdi di cu den ddy, sinh sd'ng boa hgp vdi ngudi
Lao Thong, ggi la ngudi Lao Liim (ngudi Lao d thd'p, de phdn biet vdi ngudi
Ldo Thong d vimg ddi niii).
Td chiic xa hdi so khai ciia ngudi Ldo la cdc mudng cd.
Cudan trong cac mudng chii yeu trdng lua nUdng, san ban va lam mgt
sd nghe thu cdng. Quan he kinh te - xa hgi dan dan phat then. Theo
truyen thuyet, vi vua dau tien ciia Lao la Khun Bo-lom da len ngdi va
thuc hien cha truyen con ndi. Cd 15 vua ke tie'p nhau tri vi da't nudc
trong vdng 500 nSm. Vua Lao luc dau gpi la Khiin, sau la Thao, rdi 1^
Phia (Phia).

Pha Ngifm la ngudi da cd cdng thd'ng nhdt cdc mudng Lao, ldn ngdi vua
nam 1353 va dat tdn nudc la Lan Xang (nghia Id Trieu Voi).
Vucmg qud'c Lan Xang budc vdo giai doan thinh vugng d cac the ki XV -
XVIL Cdc vua Lan Xang chia ddt nudc thanh cdc mudmg, dat quan cai tri, xay
dung quan ddi do nha vua chi huy. Nhidu ngudi chau Au den budn ban thdi ki

52
nay da midu ta cudc sd'ng thanh binh, trii phii ciia ngudi Lao va cho biet dd't nudc
cd nhieu san vat quy nhu thd cdm, cdnh kidn, nga voi... Trong quan he dd'i ngoai,
Lan Xang ludn chii y giu: quan he hod hieu vdi cac nudc ldng gidng, ddng thdi
Cling cuong quyet chie'n dd'iT chd'ng qudn xdm lugc Mi-an-ma vao nira sau the ki
XVI de bao vd lanh thd va ndn ddc ldp ctia minh.
Dudi thdi Xu-li-nha Vdng-xa, da't nudc dugc chia thanh 7 tfnh. Dudi vua
CO mpt phd vuong va 7 quan dai than kiem tdng dd'c 7 tinh. Quan dpi
dugc chia lam hai loai : quan thudng true cua nha vua va quan dja
phUdng. Nha vua cdn mua them mpt sd vu khi ciia thUdng nhan chau
Au de trang bj cho quan dpi.

Den thd ki XVIII, Lan Xang suy ydu ddn vi nhiing cudc tranh chdp ngdi bdu
trong hoang tdc. Sau khi Xu-Ii-nha Vdng-xa chdt, nudc Lan Xang bi phdn liet
thanh 3 tieu qud'c dd'i dich nhau : Ludng Pha-bang, Vidng Chan va Cham-pa-xde.
Nhan co hdi dd, Xidm da xdm chidm va cai tri Lao. Nam 1827, Chau A Nu da
phat cd khdi nghia, chd'ng lai ach thd'ng tri ciia Xidm, nhung da hi that bai.
Lao tie'p tuc la thudc qud'c ciia Xidm. Tinh trang dd keo ddi ddn khi thuc dan
Phdp xdm lugc va bie'n Lao thanh thudc dia (nam 1893).
Ciing nhu cdc nhdm ngudi Thai khdc, ngudi Lao cd he thdng chii vidt rieng,
dugc xdy dung mdt cdch sang tao trdn co sd van dung cdc net chii cong ciia
Cam-pu-chia va Mi-an-ma.

••m-Mi^

Hinh 24 - Thap That Luong (Vieng Chan - Lao)

53
 Ngudi Lao thfch ca nhac va ua miia hat, sd'ng bdn nhidn ndn cdc dieu miia
ciia hg that cdi md, vui tuoi.
Tir the ki XIII, dao Phat truydn bd vao Lao theo mdt ddng mdi. 6 Lao da xud't
hien mdt sd cdng trtnh kie'n tnic Phat gido ma dien hinh nhdt la That Ludng d
Vieng Chan. That Ludng la mdt cdng trtnh kie'n tnic Phat gido, nhung lai chiu
anh hudng ciia cdc thdp An Dd, ddng thiri ciing cd mdt dang ve rieng ciia Lao.
Hinh tugng qua bdu trdn dinh That Ludng tao cho kidn tnic mdt dang ve dgc
dao, ridng biet ciia ngudi Lao.

Neu nliung chinh sach ddi ndi va ddi ngoai cua cac vua
Lan Xang.

»AU HOI
/^
1. Lap bang bieu thj cac giai doan Ijch sir Idn cue Cam-pu-chia.
2. Lap bang bieu thj cac giai doan Ijch sir ldn cua Lao.
3. Hay neu nhuTig net tieu bieu ciia van hoa Cam-pu-chia va
van hoa Lao.
J

54
 THCII KI HINH THANH
Bdi If) VA PHAT TRIEN CUA CHE DO
PHONG KIEN O TAY AU
(Tiif the ki V den the ki XIV)

Ttr the ki V, iren lanh thd ciia de qude Rd-ma rdng ldn
tnrdc kia, dan hinh thanh cac qude gia cua ngirdi Giec-man.
quan he san xuat phong kien cimg dan dan dugc thidt lap
va cimg cd. Su xuat hien ciia cac thanh thi trung dai vao
thd ki XI - XII da cd mgt vai trd het sire to ldn ddi vdi
su phat tridn cua xa hdi chau Au thdi trung dai.

1. Su hinh thdnh cdc vuong qud'c phong kidn d Tdy Au

Tir thd ki III, dd qud'c Rd-ma ddn ddn Idm vao tinh trang khung hoang. Hinh
thtic bdc ldt chidm hiiu nd 16 khdng cdn phu hgp. Cudc ddu tranh ciia nd Id ddn
ddn tinh trang san xudt bi siit kem, xa hdi rd'i ren. Trong tinh hinh dd, ddn cudi
thd ki V, dd qud'c Rd-ma hi ngudi Giec-man ttr phuong Bdc tran xudng xdm
chidm. Nam 476, dd qud'c Rd-ma bi diet vong. Chd do chie'm nd kdt thtic b khu
vtic Dia Trung Hai, thdi dai phong ki€n bdt ddu d chdu Au.'

55
 Khi vao lanh thd ciia Rd-ma, ngudi Giec-man da thG tieu bd may nha
nudc cu, thanh lap nhieu vuong quo'c mdi ciia hg nhU vuong qud'c ciia
ngudi Ang-gid Xac-xdng, VUdng qud'c Phd-rSng, Vuong qud'c Tay Gdt,
Ddng Gdt...

Ngudi Giec-man cdn chidm rudng dat cua chu nd Rd-ma cii rdi chia cho
nhau, trong dd cdc tudmg linh quan su va quy tdc dugc phdn nhidu hon. Ddng
thdi, cac thu linh bd lac, cdc quy tdc thi tdc ngudi Giec-man cung tu xung vua,
phong cdc tude vi nhu cdng tude, bd tude, nam tude v.v... tao ndn he thdng dang
cap quy tdc vii si.
Ngudi Giec-man ciing tir bd cdc tdn gido nguyen thuy cua minh va tidp thu
Kitd gido. Hg xdy dung nha thd va tim each chidm rugng dd't ciia ndng ddn.
Ddng thdi, nha vua ciing phong tang ddt dai theo tude vi cho cac quy tdc va
nha thd.
Tdng ldp quy tdc tang 10 dugc hinh thanh. Thd la ciing vdi cac quy tgc vii si
va quan lai, quy tdc tang lii ciing dan trd thanh tdng ldp ridng, vira cd dac quydn
viia rat giau cd. Hg trd thanh cdc lanh chiia phong kidn, cdn nd le va ndng ddn
thi bidn thanh ndng nd, phu thudc vao cdc lanh chiia. Quan he san xud't phong
kidn d chdu Au da dugc hinh thanh. Qud trtnh nay didn ra ro net va manh me
nhdt d Vuong qud'c Pho-rang.

Khi trail vao lanh thd Rd-ma, ngWdi Giec-man dii lam gi 7
Nhiing viec lam dd cd tac ddngnhw the'nao den qua hinli hinli
thanli quan he san xuat phong kie'n o' chau Au 7

Xd hdi phong kidn Tdy Au

Ddn giiia thd ki IX, phdn ldn dd't dai da bi cac quy tdc vd nha thd chia nhau
chidm doat xong. Nhting vtmg da't dai rdng ldn dd da nhanh chdng bi hg bidn
thdnh khu ddt ridng ciia minh - ggi la ldnh dia phong kie'n. Day la don vi chfnh
tri va kinh td co ban trong thdi ki phong kidn phan quydn d Tay Au.
Moi lanh chua phong kien deu cd mpt lanh dja rieng. Mdi lanh dia la
mdt khu da't rdng Idn bao gdm da't ciia lanh chtia va da't khau phan.
Trong khu da't ciia lanh chua cd nhting lau dai, dinh thu, nha thd va cd
ca nha kho, chudng trai v.v..., cd hao sau, tudng cao bao quanh, tao
thanh nhung phao dai kien cd. Da't khau phan 6 xung quanh phao dai
dugc lanh chua giao cho nong nd cay ca'y va thu td thue.

56
 Ndng nd la nhiing ngudi san xudt chinh trong cdc lanh dia. Hg hi gdn chat
vdi rudng ddt va le thudc vao lanh chiia. Ai bd trdn se bi trimg phat rd't nang. Hg
nhdn rudng dat dd cay cdy va phai ndp td cho lanh chiia. Miic td thudng rd't nang,
cd khi tdi 1/2 sd san phdm thu dugc. Ngoai ra, ndng nd cdn phai ndp nhidu thii
thud khae nhu thud thdn, thud cudi xin, thud thira kd tai sdn v.v... Tuy vdy, ndng
nd vdn dugc tu do trong qud trtnh san xud't, cd gia dinh ridng, cd tiip Idu dd d,
cd ndng cu va gia siic... nen hg da quan tdm ddn san xud't.
Ki thudt san xud't da cd nhiing tidn bg dang ke : bidt diing phdn bdn, gieo
trdng theo thdi vu, bidt diing cay va biira cai tidn do hai ngua keo v.v... Mgi thu"
cdn diing trong lanh dia tir luong thuc, thuc phdm cho ddn qudn do, giay dep...
ddu do ndng nd san xudt. Ngudi ta chi mua mud'i vd sdt, hai thii ma hg chua tu
lam ra dugc ; ngoai ra khdng cd su trao ddi, budn bdn vdi bdn ngodi. Nhu thd,
lanh dia la mdt co sd kinh td ddng kin, mang tfnh chdt tu nhidn, tu cap, tu tiic.
Trdn co sd cua ndn kinh td tu nhien, ddng kin, mdi lanh dia ciing Id mdt don
vi chinh tri dgc ldp. Cdc lanh chtia cd quydn cai tri lanh dia cua minh nhu mdt
dng vua, cd qudn dgi, toa an, ludt phdp ridng, cd chd do thud khod, tidn te, cdn
dong, do ludng rieng. Mdt sd lanh chtia ldn cdn budc nha vua ban cho minh
quydn "midn triir" khdng can thiep vao lanh dia ciia lanh chiia. Nhu vay, nha vua
thuc chat cung la mgt lanh chiia ldm. Day la nhiing bieu hien cua chd do phong
kidn phan quydn d Tay Au thdi trung dai.

Hinh 25 - Lau dai va thanh quach kien co cua lanh chiia

Trong cdc lanh dia, cdc lanh ehiia sdng cudc ddi nhan rdi, xa hoa. Thdi binh,
hg luydn tap cung, kidm, cudi ngua hoac td chiic nhiing budi tiec tiing, hdi he

57
 trong nhtfng lau ddi nguy nga, trdng Id. Hg sd'ng sung sudng trdn su bdc lot td
thud va siic lao ddng ciia ndng nd. Khdng nhung thd, hg cdn dd'i xir vdi ndng nd
hdt siic tan nhdn. Vi vay, ndng nd da nhidu ldn ndi day chd'ng lai cdc lanh chua,
didn binh la cudc khdi nghia Gidc-co-ri nd ra d Phdp nam 1358 va Odt Tay-lo
nd ra d Anh nam 1381.

1^ Hay mieu ta lanli dia phong kien \'a cudc sdng cua lanh chua
ti'ong lanli dia.

3. Su xudt hien cdc thdnh thj trung dgi

Do san xudt phdt tridn, tit
thd ki XI, d Tdy Au da xud't
hien nhumg tidn dd ciia ndn
kinh td hang hod. Gid ddy, san
phdm dugc ban ra thi trudng
mdt cdch tu do, khdng bi ddng
kfn trong lanh dia. Trong cac
nganh thu cdng nghidp da didn
ra qud tnnh chuyen mdn hod
tuong dd'i manh me. Mdt sd ,
thg gidi chi lam mdt nghd thii
cdng ridng biet nhu ren, mdc,
lam dd da, dd gdm v.v... va
sd'ng bang viec trao ddi san
phdm thil cdng cua minh vdi
nhirng ndng nd khdc.
Ddn ddn, de cd didu kidn
thuan lgi nhd't cho boat ddng
san xud't, trao ddi san phdm,
mgt sd thg thu cdng da tim
each thoat khdi lanh dia bang Hinh 26 - Hdi cho d Diic
each bo trdn hoac diing tien chude lai thdn phdn. Hg ddn nhumg noi cd ddng
ngudi qua lai nhu nga ba dudng, bdn sdng v.v... dd ldp cac xudng san xud't va
budn bdn hang hod. Tir dd, cdc thanh thi ra ddi. Ngoai ra cdn cd nhirng thanh
thi do cac lanh chiia ldp ra hoac dugc phuc hdi tir nhumg thanh thi cd dai.

58
 Trong cac thanh thj, cUdan chu yeu gdm nhtimg thd thii cdng va thUdng
nhan. Hp tap hop trong cac td chUc gpi la phudng hdi, thUdng hdi va
dat ra nhtimg quy che heng (gpi la phudng quy), nham giU ddc quyen
san xuat, tieu thu san pham, bao ve quyen Igi cho nhtimg ngudi cting
nganh nghe va da'u tranh chdng su ap bufc, sach nhieu ciia cac lanh
chua dia phuong. Cac thUdng nhan chau Au hang nam cdn td churc
nhiimg hpi chd Idn hoac cao hdn la thanh lap cac thUdng doan de trao
ddi, budn ban.

Su phat trien eiia cac ngdnh thii cdng nghiep va thuong nghiep trong cac
thdnh thi da gdp phdn phd vd ndn kinh td tu nhien ciia cac lanh dia, tao didu kien
cho kinh te hang hod gian dom phdt tridn. Thanh thi cdn gdp phdn tfch cue xod
bd chd do phong kidn phan quyen, xay dung chd do phong kidn tap quyen, thd'ng
nhdt qud'c gia, ddn tdc. Dac bidt, nd mang khdng khf tu do va md mang tri thiic
cho mgi ngudi, tao tidn de cho viec hinh thanh cac trudmg dai hgc ldm d
chau Au nhu Bd-ld-nha (I-ta-li-a), O-xphdt (Anh), Xodc-bon (Phdp) v.v...

Thanli tlii trung dai da du'dc hinh thanh nliu the nao 7 Lit dan
sdng d dd lam nliihig nghe gi 7

»AU HOI
r 1. Cac tang I6p lanh chua va nong no da dugc hinh thanh nhu
the nao ?
2. The nao la lanh dja phong kien ? Ddi sdng kinh te va chi'nh
trj trong cac lanh dja d6 nhuthe nao ?
3. Trinh bay nguon goc va vai tro cua cac thanh thi trung dai
chau Au.
J

59
 Bai
11I I TAY AU THCfl HAU KI TRUNG DAI

Sir phat trien nhanh chdng ciia san xuat da lam cho nhu
cau vd huang lieu, vang bae, thi trudng ngay mdt tang.
Viec tim con ducmg di sang phuang Ddng da thtic ddy
cac cudc phat kien Idn vd dia If. Nd mang lai ngudn cua
cai ldm vd chau .Au cting nhu nhtfng hidu bidt mdi vd Trai
Dat. Tren co sd dd, cdng cugc tich luy tu ban ban dau
dugc tien hanh. Quan he san xuat tu ban chii nghia hinh
thanh. Hai giai cap mdi - tu san va vd san da ra ddi.
Giai cap tu san dang len, cd dia vi kinh td, nhirng lai hi
che do phong kidn va Giao hdi can trd. Hg da diing len
ddu tranh, xay dung mdt ndn van boa mdi trong phong
trao Van hod Phuc hung, tien hanh Cai each tdn giao.
Phong trao ddu tranh ciia ndng dan da didn ra sdi ndi
d nudc Diie, bdo hieu cho su suy vong ciia che do
phong kien.

1. NhQng cudc phdt kidn dja If

Su phat trien nhanh chdng ciia luc lugng san xud't da lam cho nhu cdu vd
huong lieu, vang bae, thi trudmg ngay mdt tang. Nhung tir thd ki XV, con dudmg
giao luu budn bdn qua Tay A va Dia Trung Hai lai do ngudi A-rap ddc chidm.
Van dd cdp thidt dang dugc dat ra la phai tim con dudng thuong mai giifa
phuang Ddng va chdu Au.
, Vdo thdi diem dd, kho^ hgc - ki thudt cd nhifng budc tid'n quan trgng.
Ddy chfnh la tidn dd cho cdc cudc phdt kidn dia If.
Cac nha hang hai hieu biet nhieu ve dai dUdng, cd quan niem dung dan
ve hinh dang Trai Da't. NgUdi ta da ve dugc nhieu ban dd, hai dd ghi ro
cac vting da't, cac hdn dao cd cU dan. May do gdc thien vSn, la ban
dugc sir dung trong viec djnh hudng giUa dai dUdng bao la. Ki thuat
ddng tau cd nhumg tien bp mdi, ddng dugc tau cd banh lai va he thdng
budm Idn nhu loai tau Ca-ra-ven.

60
 Bd Ddo Nha vd Tay Ban Nha la nhumg nudc tidn phong trong cdc cudc thdm
hiem, khdm pha ra nhting midn ddt mdi.
Nam 1487, B. Di-a-xa{U5i) - 1500) la hiep sT "Hoang gia" da ddn ddu dodn
thdm hiem di vdng qua cue Nam cua chau Phi. Didm dd dugc dng dat tdn Id mui
Bao Td, sau ggi la miii Hao Vgng.
Thdng 8 - 1492, C. Co-lom-bo (1451 ? - 1506) da ddn ddu doan thuy thu
Tay Ban Nha di vd hudng Tdy. Sau hon 2 thdng ldnh denh tren Dai Tdy Duong,
dng da den mdt sd dao thugc viing bidn Ca-ri-be ngay nay, nhumg dng tudng ddy
la midn "Ddng An Do". Cd-ldm-bd dugc coi la ngudi phdt hien ra chau Mi.
Thdng 7-1497, Va-xco do Ga-ma (1469? - 1524) chi huy dodn thuydn
Bd Ddo Nha rdi cdng Li-xbon, di tim xii sd huydn thoai ciia hucmg lieu vd vdng
d phuong Ddng. Thdng 5 - 1498, dng da ddn Ca-li-ciit thudc bd Tay Nam An Do.
Trd vd Li-xbon, Va-xed do Ga-ma dugc phong lam Phd vuong An Do.
Ph. Ma-gien-lan (1480 - I52I) la ngudi da thuc hien chuyen di ddu tien vdng
quanh thd gidi bdng dudng bien tir nam 1519 ddn nam 1522. Doan tau ciia dng di
vdng qua diem cue Nam ciia Nam MI (sau nay dugc ggi Id eo bidn Ma-gien-lan)
tidn vao dai duong, ma dng dat tdn la Thai Binh Duong. Tai Phi-lfp-pin, dng bi
thiet mang trong liic giao tranh vdi thd dan. Cud'i cimg, doan thdm hiem cbi cdn
I thuydn va 18 thuy thu da vd ddn bd bidn Tay Ban Nha.

Hinh 27 - Luoc do nhirng cuoc phat kien dia h'

61
 Phdt kidn dia 11 da md ra mdt trang mdi trong tidn trtnh phdt trien ciia lich sit
loai ngudi. Nd da khang dinh Trdi Ddt hinh cdu, md ra nhiing con dudng mdi,
nhting viing dat mdi, nhting ddn tdc mdi, nhiing kie'n thiic mdi, tang cudng giao
luu van hod giiia cdc chau lue. Thi trudng thd gidi dugc md rdng, hang hai qud'c
td phdt trien. Ddng thdi, nd ciing thtic ddy qud trinh khiing hoang, tan ra ciia
quan he phong kidn va su ra ddi eiia chii nghia tu ban d chau Au. Tuy nhien ciing
vdi nhifng ydu to tfch cue, cdc cudc phdt kidn dia If da nay sinh qua tnnh eudp
bdc thudc dia va budn bdn nd Id.

t ~- Hay cho liiet nguyen nlian cua cac cudc phat kien dia li.
Hay chi tren lu'g'c do nliihig cudc phat kien ve dia li.

2. S\J nay sinh chu nghea tu ban or Tdy Au

Sau cac cudc phdt kidn dia If, kinh td d chdu Au phdt trien nhanh. Tdng ldp
quy tdc, thuong nhdn Tdy Au ra siic eudp bdc ciia cai, tai nguydn cua cdc nudc
d chdu Ml, chdu Phi va chdu A. Giai cdp tu san tfch luy dugc sd vdn ban ddu
bdng su eudp bdc thuc ddn. Ddng thdi, hg cdn dting bao luc dd eudp doat rudng
dd't ciia ndng ddn.
6 Anh dien ra phong trao "rao da't cUdp rudng", bien rudng dat thanh
ddng co nudi cUu. Hang van gia dinh ndng dan mat da't, di lang thang,
budc phai lam thue trong cac xf nghiep ciia giai cap tu san. Ngay cl
thanh thj, thg thii cdng cung bj tude doat tu.lieu san xua't, trd thanh
ngudi di lam thue.

Ddn ddu the ki XVI, d Tdy Au bdt ddu xud't bien hinh thiic kinh doanh tu ban
chil nghla.
Cdng trudng thii cdng thay thd cdc phudng hdi. Quy md cua cdc cdng xudng
thil cdng ldn tdi hon IOO ngudi. Nhd dp dung ki thuat mdi vdo quy trtnh san
xud't, nang suat lao ddng tang, san pham nhidu horn, gia ca ha. Chii xudng tie'n
hdnh bdc lot nhumg ngudi lao ddng lam thud, quan he gitia hg la quan he ciia
chil vdi thg. Quan he san xud't tu ban chii nghia da dugc hinh thanh trong cac
cdng trudmg thii cdng.
Nhidu noi d ndng thdn, san xuat nhd ciia ndng dan ddn ddn bi xod bd va dugc
thay thd bang hinh thiic ddn dien hay trang trai. Ngudi lao ddng bien thdnh cdng
nhan ndng nghiep theo chd do lam cdng an luong. Chii rudng ddt trd thdnh tU
san ndng thdn hay quy tdc mdi.

62
 Trong ngdnh thuong nghiep cung xudt hien cdc cdng ti thuong mai thay cho
cac thuong hdi trung dai.
Tir nhifng thay ddi ndi trdn, xa hdi Tdy Au da bidn ddi, cdc giai cd'p mdi dugc
hinh thdnh. Nhting chii xudng, chii ngdn hang, chu ddn didn hgp thdnh giai cd'p
tu san. Nhirng ngucri lam thud, bi bdc lot trd thdnh giai cdp vd san.

<^ ^ : — ^ —
- F\fliung bieu hien cua sWnay sinh chu nghia tif ban o' chau Au
la gi 7
3. Phong trdo Vdn hod Phuc hung
Budc sang giai doan hau ki trung dai,
giai cdp tu san mdi ra ddi, tuy cd thd luc vd
kinh td, song lai chua cd dia vi xa hdi
tuong ling. Ciing vdi viec con ngucri budc
ddu nhdn thiic dugc ban chat ciia thd gidi,
giai cdp tu san da diing ldn dd'u tranh,
chdng lai gido If Kitd mang nang nhting
quan diem ldi thdi ciia xa hdi phong kie'n.
Cudc dd'u tranh trudc hdt thd hien qua
phong trdo Van hod Phuc hung.
Giai cdp tu san, mdt mat mud'n khdi
phuc lai tinh hoa van bod xdn lan ciia cdc
qud'c gia cd dai Hi Lap va Rd-ma, mat
khdc ciing gdp phdn xay dung mdt nen van
hod mdi, dd cao gid tri con ngudi, ddi
quyen tu do ca nhdn, coi trgng khoa hgc -
kl thuat. Trao luu van hda nay dugc ggi la Hinh 28 - Biic hoa "La Gio-cong"
phong trao Vdn hod Phuc hung. cua Le-6-na do Vanh-xi
Que huong cua phong trdo Van hod Phuc hung Id I-ta-li-a. Tir day, phong trao
Van hod Phuc hung da lan nhanh sang cdc nudc Tdy Au va trd thdnh mdt trao
luu rdng ldn.
Thdi dai Van hod Phuc hung chiing kidn su tidn bd vugt bdc ciia khoa hgc -
kl thudt, su phdt tridn phong phu ve van hgc va su nd rd cdc tdi nang.
Nhtrng con ngudi "khdng Id" da xua't hien, toa anh hao quang trong
Ijch sir: Ra-ba-le vUa la nha van, vUa la nha y hoc ; De-cac-tO vUa la
nha toan hgc xua't sac, vUa la nha triet hpe Idn ; Le-o-na do Vanh-xi vUa
la hoa sT thien tai, vUa la kT sU ndi tie'ng ; Sech-xpia la nha soan kjeh
vTdai v.v...

63
 van hod thdi Phuc hung da len dn nghidm khdc Giao hdi Kitd, td'n cdng vao
trat tu xa hdi phong kidn, dd cao gia tri nhan ban va tu do ca nhan, xay dung thd
gidi quan tidn bd. Day la cudc dd'u tranh cdng khai ddu tidn tren ITnh vUc van
hod, tu tudng ciia giai cdp tu sdn chd'ng lai giai cdp phong kidn ldi thdi. Nd da
cd vii va md dudng cho van hod chau Au phat trien hon.

Vi sao CO sw xuat hien cua phong trao Van hoa Phuc Iiu'ng 7

4. Cai cdch tdn gido vd chidn tranh ndng ddn

a) Cdi cdch ton gido
Trong thdi trung dai, gido hgi Kitd la chd dua viing chdc nhd't cua chd dp
phong kidn chdu Au. Nd chi phd'i toan bg ddi sd'ng tinh than cua xa hdi. Den
hau ki trung dai, Gido hdi ngay cdng cd xu hudmg ngan can, chdng lai cdc phong
trdo ciia giai edp tu sdn dang ldn. Cudc dd'u tranh chd'ng phong kidn da lam bung
ldn nggn lira cua phong trdo Cai each tdn gido.
Di ddu trong phong trao cai cdcli la cdc nha tu tudng theo chu nghia nhdn
van. Hg dd ra nhiing tu tudng tidn bd.
Phong trdo Cai cdch tdn gido didn ra d khdp cdc nudc Tay Au. Di ddu la Diic,
Thuy Si, sau dd sang Bi, Ha Lan, Phdp, Anh. Ndi tie'ng nhd't la cudc cai cdch tdn
gido cua M. Lu-tho (1483 - 1546) d Diic va ciia G. Can-vanh (1509 - 1564,
ngudi Phdp) d Thuy Si.
Cdc nha cai each Lu-tho vd Can-vanh thuc chat ddu khdng cd y dinh thu tieu
tdn gido, ma chi diing bien phdp dn hod de tidn banh cai cdch, bai bd cdc thu
tuc va Id nghi phien todi. Cai cdch tdn gido da dugc ddng dao nhdn ddn iing hd
va lan rdng khdp chau Au d the ki XVI. Gido hgi da phan irng ddn ddn su phdn
boa trong xd bdi Tdy Au thanh Tdn gido va Cuu gido.
Cdc phong trdo Cai cdch tdn gido va Van hod Phuc hung la nhung cudc ddu
tranh cdng khai ddu tidn tren ITnh vue van hod tu tudmg ciia giai cdp tu san chd'ng
lai giai cap phong kidn da suy tan. Nd cd vii va md dudmg cho ndn van hod chdu
Au phat trien cao hon.

b) Chien tranh nong ddn Dice

O Diic, trong va sau Cai cdch tdn giao, ndn kinh td thd'p kem, chd do phong
kidn bao thu da can trd viec vuon len ciia giai cap tu san. Ngudi ndng dan cung
bi dp biic bdc lot nang nd ndn da tiep thu cai each tdn gido, tidp thu tu tudng ciia

64
 Lu-tho. Tir miia xuan 1524, cudc ddu tranh da cd tfnh chdt quydt liet, md ddu
cho cudc chidn tranh ndng dan that su. Ngudi lanh tu kiet xudt ciia phong trdo
la Td-mdt Muyn-xe.
Td-mat Muyn-xe xua't than tU mdt gia dinh thg md d Xton-bec. Thud
nho, dng rat cham hoc ; 15 tudi da lap trong trudng dng hpe mdt hdi kin
chdng Giam muc Ma-dd-bua va nha thd La Ma. Sau khi dd Tien sT, dng
trd thanh Linh muc. Nam 1521, dng ra nudc ngoai, sau dd trd ve DUc
van dpng each mang. Ong rat ddng cam vdi nhan dan, len an gay gat
sU hii bai ciia Giao hdi, len an che dp bdc lot phong kien. Ong keu gpi
ndng dan ndi day chdng ap bUc ; tuyen truyen va md cupc xay dung
mdt xa hdi binh d i n g cho mpi ngUdi.

Phong trdo ndng dan da gianh dugc thdng lgi budc ddu. Trudc sir phdt trien
ciia phong trdo, gidi quy tdc phong kidn va tang Iti Dti:c da dting mgi thii doan,
dd'c mgi luc lugng ddn dp. Phong trao ndng ddn bi tdn that nang ne.
Cudc chidn tranh ndng dan Diic la mdt su kien cd y nghia lich sir ldn lao. Nd
bidu hien tinh than dd'u tranh quydt liet va khf phach anh hung eiia ndng dan Diic
ddu tranh chd'ng lai Gido hdi va chd' do phong kidn. Nd ciing bdo hieu su khiing
hodng suy vong ciia chd do phong kidn.

Hay trmh bay nliitngnet chmli cua Chien tianh ndng dan Dwc.

»AU HOI
/
1. He qua ciia cac cugc phat kien dja li la gi ?
2. Tai sao vao thdi hau ki trung dai, quan he san xuat tu ban
chil nghTa da xua't hien 6 Tay Au ?
3. Hay neu tinh chat ciia phong trao Van hoa Phuc hung.
4. Trinh bay dac diem va y nghTa ciia phong trao Cai each
ton giao.
5. V nghTa ciia cugc Chie'n tranh nong dan Dire.
•^

5. LICH SU 10C - A 65
 ON TAP
Bai I y^j LICH Sir THE Gldl THCfl NGUYEN THUY,
CO DAI VA TRUNG DAI

Ddn day, chting ta da bidt ba thdi ki Idn ciia lich sir loai
ngudi : thdi ki xa hgi nguyen thuy, thai kl cd dai va thdi
ki phong kien (cdn dugc ggi la thdi trung dai).

1. Xd hdi nguyen thuy

Thdi ki xd hgi nguyen thuy la budc di ddu tien chap chdng cua lodi ngudi md
ddn tgc ndo ciing phdi trdi qua.
- Viec tao ra lira va diing lira, viec lam ra cdng cu lao ddng tit thd so ddn
chfnh xdc, da dang va sir dung cd hieu qua da chumg td tinh than lao ddng sang
tao, ludn ludn cdi tidn cdng cu lao ddng ciia con ngudi, nhdm muc dfch khdng
ngung cai thien ddi sd'ng cua minh.
- Nhd tinh thdn dd, ddi sd'ng ciia con ngudi khdng ngimg tidn bd : tir chd biia
an thidu thdn, thdt thudmg tidn tdi du ddt, cd de danh va cao hom niia, bidt chan
nudi va trdng trgt de ehii ddng tao ra ngudn thiic an.
Con ngudi ciing da bidt ldm nhd, dung bdp, mac qudn do va deo dd trang siic.
- Trong cudc sd'ng dd, mgi cdng viec ddu ddi hdi su cd gdng cao nhd't ciia td't
ca cdc thdnh vidn. Mgi ngudi ddu sd'ng theo cdng ddng, cdng bdng vd tu nguyen ;
cd su kfnh trgng va yeu quy ldn nhau giua ldp gid va ldp tre, nhung chua cd su
dp biic va cudng ep, tu hiru va bdc lot.
Song xa bgi nguydn thuy cdn d trtnh do qud thdp ndn loai ngudi phai vugt
qua mdt chang dudng dai de tidn tdi ngudng cira cua van minh.

2. Xd hdi CO dai

a) Phuong Dong cd dgi

Khoang 6000 nam trudc day, ngudi ndng dan da bat ddu cay bua trdn rugng
d viing ven sdng Nin va Ludng Hd.

66 5. LjCHSUlOC- B
 - Ngudi ta da cd dugc nhumg didu kien thuan lgi d day : dd't ven sdng phi
nhidu va dd cay bua ; miia nudc len xud'ng bdng nam dn dinh, tien viec gieo
trdng vd tudi tidu ; da't dai rdng rai cd thd qudn tu dugc ddng ngudi.
Nhirng thuan lgi dd lam cho con ngudi mac dii cdn d trinh do ki thuat thdp,
vdn tao ra dugc san phdm thiia thudng xuydn - didu kien ciia su binh thanh xa
hdi cd giai cdp va nha nudc.
Xa hdi cd giai cdp ddu tidn ra ddi khodng 3500 nam TCN d sdng Nin,
Luong Ha, tiep dd o sdng An vd sdng Hang (An Do), Hodng Ha (Trung Qud'c).
va sdng Hdng (Viet Nam), khoang gdn 2000 nam TCN, ggi chung la xd hgi co
dgi phuang Dong.
0 day, nen kinh te chii ydu la ndng nghiep. Ben canh ndng nghiep, ngudi ta
ciing phdt trien mdt sd nganh nghd thii cdng nhu diic ddng, lam gdm, det vai,
lam gia'y v.v... Mdt sd noi da dat tdi trtnh do tinh xao vd mdt loai ngdnh nghe
nao dd. Viec budn bdn trao ddi trong vimg va giiia cdc viing vdi nhau ctfng da
dugc tie'n hdnh.
Trong xa bdi, tang ldp nong ddn cong xd la ddng ddo nhdt va giii vai trd chii
ydu trong san xud't.
Diing tren td't cd, vua trd thanh vua cHuyen che, vd'n la mgt quy tdc ldm nhdt
va dua vdo quy tdc de cai tri.

b) Phuffng Tdy cd dgi

O nhiing viing ven bidn, nhidu dao, di lai khd khan, ddt trdng ft vd ciing. Phdi
de'n khi cd sdt, khoang 1000 nam TCN, sdt mdi giiip con ngudi giai quydt dugc
nhiing khd khan dd. Hon thd, sdt cdn md ra ca mdt giai doan mdi, phdt tridn vdi
quy md va nhip do ldn hon nhidu so vdi xd hdi cd dai phuong Ddng.
Thil cdng nghiep va thuong nghiep phdt tridn. Tidn te xudt hien. Thi qud'c ra
ddi va boat ddng nhdn nhip.
Nd le trd thdnh ngudi san xudt chfnh. Xa hdi chidm nd la mdt hinh thiic xa
hdi bdc lot chii ydu nhiing ngudi nd le. Chii cdc xudng, cdc hang budn...
lam thdnh giai cdp chii nd va la giai cdp bdc lot, thdng tri. Tdng ldp nhiing ngudi
binh ddn khdng cd vai trd chii ye'u trong san xudt ciing nhu trong ddi sd'ng xd hdi.
Xd hgi chie'm nd phdt trien cao va nhanh hon xa hdi cd dai phuong Ddng, bdt
ddu khoang gdn 1000 nam TCN va chdm dut vao nam 476, ddng thdi cung kdt
thuc thdi cd dai.

67
3. Xd hdi phong kidn - trung dal
- Cdc nudc phuang Dong chuyen sang che'dd phong kieh tuang ddi sdm,
tif khodng nhOng theki cudi trudc Cdng nguyen.
Hinh thanh trong xa hdi hai giai cap dia chii va nong ddn ITnh canh, phan dnh
quan he bdc lot chii ydu la bdc lot dia to.
Trong didu kien dd, vua chuyen che khong mdt di ma cdn tang them quyen
luc, trd thdnh hodng deh'a.y dgi vuang. Cdc vuong qud'c thd'ng nhdt rdng hon va
chat che ban. Chd do phong kidn phuong Ddng roi vao tinh trang khiing hoang
tram trgng trong khoang cdc thd ki XVII - XIX, trudc khi chii nghla tu ban
phuang Tdy dat chan ddn.
- Tdy Au hudc vao die do phong kie'n mugn han cdc nuae phuang Dong
chitng 5 theki. De qud'c Rd-ma sup do, cdc vuang cong dia phuang ra sifc chia
nliau rugng dd't vd chiem rugng cua nong ddn ldm ldnh dia. Bdn thdn hg tra
thdnh ldnh chda.
Sau nhiing cudc phdt kie'n dia If, ndn san xudt d Tay Au dugc day manh. Bdt
ddu qua trinh hinh thdnh mdm mdng cua chii nghTa tu ban va ciia giai cdp tu san.
Giai cap tu sdn mdi ra ddi tuy cdn non ye'u nhung da td rd stre manh vd kinh
td vd tinh thdn eiia nd, trd thanh giai cap gidu cd nhdt trong xa hdi, tfch cue dd'u
tranh chd'ng phong kidn tren cdc ITnh vuc tdn gido, tu tudng, van hod,
nghe thuat...
The kl XV - XVI la giai doan hau ki trung dai, giai doan suy vong cua chd
do phong kidn va chudn bi cho su ra ddi ciia chii nghTa tu ban.

»AU HOI

1. Neu nhumg diem ndi bat trong sU tien then ciia ddi song va
xa hgi loai ngudi (den thdi trung dai).
2. Ve bieu do thdi gian chi sU phat then kinh te ciia xa hgi
loai ngudi (de'n thdi trung dai).
I '. /

68
 hdn hai
LICH SOVIET NAM
Tif NGUON GOC DEN GI0A THE KI XK

69
 Chucfng ,
Ttr THCa NCUYfiN THUY
VI£T N A M
D^N THEKIX

Bai J^^ VIET NAM THCII NGUYEN THUY

Cach ngay nay 30 - 40 van nam, do ed dieu kien tu nhien,

khf hau thuan lgi cho su sinh trudng ctia cay cd va ddng
vat ndn tren ddt nude ta sdm cd con ngudi sinh sd'ng. Trai
qua hdng chuc van nam. Nguai tdi to da tien hod thdnh
Nguai rinh khon, xa hdi nguyen thuy d Viet Nam chuydn
ddn qua cac giai doan hinh thanh, phat tridn va tan ra.

1. NhOng ddu tich Ngi/di td'i cd o Viet Nam

Tren dd't nudc ta, cdc nha khdo cd hgc da tim thay ddu tfch Ngudi tdi cd cd
nidn dai cdch ngay nay 30 - 40 van nam va nhidu cdng cu da ghe deo thd so cua
Ngudi tdi cd d Lang Son, Thanh Hod, Ddng Nai, Binh Phudc v.v...
Ngudi tdi cd sdng thanh timg bdy. Hg san bat thu rimg vd hdi lugm hoa qua
de sd'ng.

70
 '••f^vlsf-

Hinh 29 - Riu tay da cu Niii Dp (Thanh Hoa)

- Em hay nhan xet vS dia ban smli sdng cua Ngwdi tdi cd d
Viet Nam.

2. Su hinh thdnh vd phdt tridn cua Cdng xd thi tdc

O nhidu dia phuong ciia nudc ta da tim thd'y nhiing rang hod thach va nhidu
cdng cu da ghe deo cua Ngucri tinh khdn tai cdc di tfch van hod Ngudm (Vd
Nhai - Thai Nguydn), San Vi (Ldm Thao - Phti Thg). Chii nhdn cua van hod Son
Vi cu tni trong cdc hang ddng, mai dd ngoai trdi, ven bd sdng, sudi, trdn mdt
dia ban kha rdng tir Son La, Lai Chau, Ldo Cai, Yen Bdi, Bdc Giang ddn Thanh
Hod, Nghe An, Qudng Tri. Hg sd'ng thdnh cdc thi tdc, sir dung cdng cu dd ghe
deo, lay san bdt, hdi lugm lam ngudn sd'ng chfnh.
O Hod Binh, Bae Son vd nhieu dia phuong khdc trdn dat nudc ta da tim thdy
nhieu ddu tfch ciia van hod so ki dd mdi, cdch ngdy nay khoang 6000 - 12000 nam.
Cu dan Hod Binh, Bdc Son da sd'ng dinh cu Idu ddi trong cdc hang ddng, mdi
dd gdn ngudn nudc, hgp thdnh cac thi tdc, bd lac, ldy san bdt, hdi lugm lam
ngudn sd'ng chfnh. Ngodi ra, hg cdn bidt trdng cdc loai rau, cii, cdy an qua... Mdt
ndn ndng nghiep so khai da bdt ddu tir thdi van hod Hod Binh.
NgUdi Hoa Binh da biet ghe deo nhieu hdn len ca met ben matriuda, budc
dau biet mai ludi riu va lam mpt sd cdng cu bang xUdng, tre, gd. NgUdi
Bae Sdn bie't mai rpng len tren ludi riu da va bat dau bie't lam dd gdm.

Cudc sd'ng vat chdt va tinh thdn ciia cu ddn Hod Binh, Bdc Son ciing dugc
ndng cao hon.

71
 Cdch ngay nay khoang 5000 - 6000 nam, con ngudi da bie't sir dung ki thudt
cua, khoan da, phat trien kl thudt lam dd gdm bdng ban xoay. Cdng cu lao ddng
dugc cdi tidn, lam tang nang sudt lao ddng. Phdn ldn cdc thi tdc ddu budc vdo
giai doan ndng nghiep trdng liia dimg cudc da. Ciing vdi su gia tang dan sd, viec
trao ddi sdn pham dugc day manh giiia cdc bd lac. Ddi sdng vat chdt dugc dn
dinh va cai thien ban, ddi sd'ng tinh thdn duge nang cao. Cdc nhd khao cd hgc
thudng coi dd la "cudc cdch mang dd mdi" d nudc ta. Dia ban cu tni ciia cdc thi
tdc, bd lac bdy gid da md rdng ra nhidu dia phuong trong ca nudc.

- Hay did biet nliitng diem tien bd trong hoat ddng kuih te ciia
cW dan Hoa Binli - Bae Sdn.
- Nhimg bieu hien ciia "each niiing da md'i" d nudc ta la gi 7

3. Su ra ddi cua thudt luyen kim vd nghd ndng trdng lua nudc
Cdch ngdy nay khoang 3000 - 4000 nam, cdc bd lac sd'ng rdi rdc tren ddt nudc
ta, trdn co sd trinh do phdt trien cao ciia kT thudt chd tdc dd, lam gdm, da bdt ddu
bie't khai thdc, sir dung nguydn lieu ddng va thudt luyen kim dd chd tao cdng eu,
cdc vat dung trong cudc sd'ng. Nghd ndng trdng liia nudc trd ndn phd bidn.
Cu dan van hod Phiing Nguyen la nhifng ngudi md ddu thdi dai ddng thau d
Viet Nam.
Cdc bd lac Phiing Nguydn lam ndng nghiep trdng liia nudc, sd'ng dinh cu lau
dai trong cdc cdng xa thi tdc mdu he. Cdng cu lao ddng chii ydu vdn bdng da.
Hg lam gdm bdng bdn xoay, sir dung cdc nguydn lieu tre, gd, xuong dd lam dd
dimg, bidt xe chi, ddt vai va chan nudi gia siic, gia cdm nhu trdu, bd, lgn, gd...
Trong cdc di chi thdi Phiing Nguyen, cdc nha khao cd hgc da tim thd'y nhidu cue
ddng, xi ddng, day ddng, diii ddng.
Ciing thdi vdi cac bd lac Phiing Nguydn, cac bd lac sd'ng d viing chdu thd
sdng Ma (Thanh Hod), d vting luu vuc sdng Ca (Nghe An) cung da tidn ddn thdi
dai so ki ddng thau vdi ndn ndng nghiep dung cudc da phdt trien. Nghd ndng
gitf vai trd chii dao trong boat ddng kinh td. Cdc nghd thii cdng lam dd, gdm dat
trtnh do tuong duang vdi cu dan Phiing Nguyen. Trong cdc di tfch, ben canh cac
hien vat bdng da, gdm cdn cd hien vat bdng ddng.
Cach ngay nay khoang 3000 - 4000 nam, cdc bd lac sd'ng dinh cu d viing
Nam Trung Bd ngay nay, chii nhdn ciia van hod Sa Huynh eiing da tien den budi
ddu thdi dai kim khf, bidt ddn thudt luyen kim.
Cac di tich van hoa Sa Huynh da dugc phat hien d Quang Nam,
Quang Ngai, Binh Dinh, Khanh Hoa...

72
 Hoat ddng kinh td ehu ydu ciia cu dan Sa Huynh la ndng nghiep trdng lua va
cac cay trdng khdc. Hg bdt ddu bidt chd tdc va sir dung dd sdt. Ngoai ra, hg cdn
lam gdm dep, det vai, lam dd trang siic bdng dd quy, ma nao, vd dc, thuy tinh.
Cu dan vSn hoa Sa Huynh thudng thieu xac chet, dd tro vao cac vd
bang da't nung cung vdi cac dd trang sire.

O luu vuc sdng Ddng Nai ciing da phdt hien dugc mgt so di tfch van hod thdi
dai dd ddng.
Cac di tfch van hoa sdng Ddng Nai dugc phan bd d Thanh phd Hd Chf Minh,
cac tinh Ddng Nai, Binh Phudc, Binh DUdng, Long An...

Cu ddn van hod sdng Ddng Nai lam nghd ndng trdng liia nudc vd cdc cdy
luong thuc khdc. Ngodi ra, hg cdn lam nghd khai thac san vat rimg, san bdn, lam
nghe thil cdng. Ben canh cac cdng cu bdng dd la chii ydu cdn cd mdt sd hien vat
bdng ddng, vang, thuy tinh.
Tdm lai, cdch ngay nay khoang 3000 - 4000 nam, trdn cdc viing mien eiia
dd't nudc ta, cdc bd lac da budc vao thdi dai kim khf, hinh thanh nhiing nen van
hod ldn phan bd d cdc khu vuc khdc nhau, ldm tien dd eho su chuydn bidn ciia
xa hdi nguyen thuy sang thdi dai mdi.

Nhihig diem mdi trdng cudc .song cua cu dan Phiing Nguyen
la gi 7 Sd sanli vdi cW dan Hoa Binli - Bae Sdn.

»AU HOI
/
1. Trinh bay nhu'ng giai doan phat then chinh ciia thdi nguyen
thuy d Viet Nam.
2. Em c6 nhan xet gi ve thdi gian ra ddi thuat luyen kim 6 cac
bg lac song tren dat nudc ta ?
3. Su ra ddi ciia thuat luyen kim c6 y nghTa gi ddi vdi cac bg lac
sd'ng tren dat nu6c ta each day khoang 3000 - 4000 nam ?
4. Lap bang thdng ke nhiirig diem chinh ve cugc sd'ng ciia cac
bg lac Phiing Nguyen, Sa Huynh, Dong Nai theo cac ngi
dung : dia ban cutrii, cong cu lao dgng, boat dgng kinh te
>

73
 CAC QUOC GIA CO DAI
Bai 7 4 TREN DAT NU^CfC VIET NAM

Vao cudi thdi nguyen thuy, cac thi tdc. bd lac sdng tren
ddt nudc ta da biet str dung kim loai dd che tao edc vat
dung. Nghd ndng trdng liia nudc trd nen phd bidn. Tren
ca sd dd da hinh thanh cac qud'c gia cd dai : Van Lang -
Au Lac, Cham-pa, Phu Nam.

1. Qud'c gio Vdn Lang - Au Lgc

Vdo thdi gian ddu ciia van hod Ddng Son*^^\ cdc cdng cu lao ddng bdng
ddng thau trd ndn phd bidn va bdt ddu cd cdng cu bdng sdt. Nhd vay, viing chau
thd sdng Hdng, sdng Ma, sdng Ca dugc khai phd thdnh nhumg cdnh ddng mau
md, cd ndn ktnh td ndng nghiep trdng liia nudc, diing cay vdi siic keo ciia trdu,
bd khd phdt trien.

Hinh 30 - Luoi cay dong

(1) Thcri gian ton tai cua van hoa Dong Son la tir ddu thien nien ki I TCN den the ki I SCN.

74
 Ciing vdi nghd ndng, cu dan Ddng Son cdn san bdn, chan nudi, ddnh ca va
lam nghd thu cdng nhu diic ddng, lam dd gdm. Su phdn cdng lao ddng giiia ndng
nghiep va thii cdng nghiep da xudt hien.
Su chuyen bidn trong ndn kinh te da tao tien dd cho sir chuyen bidn xa hdi.
Tit thdi Phiing Nguydn da bdt ddu cd hien tugng phan hod xa hdi giiia gidu vd
ngheo. Thdi Ddng Son, miie do phdn hod xa hdi ngay cang phd bidn ban.
Tuy nhien, su phan hod gidu, ngheo cting chua that sdu sdc.
Cting vdi su phan hod xa hdi thdnh cdc tdng ldp giau, ngheo va su giai the
cdc cdng xa thi tdc, cdng xa ndng thdn (ldng, xdm) va cdc gia dinh nhd theo chd
do phu he ra ddi.
Su chuyen bidn kinh te - xa hdi ndi trdn ddi hdi cd'p thidt phdi cd cdc boat
ddng tri thuy, thuy lpi de phuc vu ndng nghiep. Ciing thdi gian nay, ydu cau
chd'ng ngoai xam ciing dugc dat ra. Nhumg didu dd da ddn ddn su ra ddi sdm cua
nha nudc Van Lang - Au Lac.
Td chiic nhd nudc Van Lang - Au Lac cdn rdt don gidn, so khai. Diing ddu
nhd nudc Van Lang la vua Hiing, dung ddu nhd nudc Au Lac Id vua Thuc An
Duong Vuong. Giup viec cho vua cd cdc Lac hdu, Lac tudng. Ca nudc chia lam
15 bd (don vi hanh chfnh ldn), do Lac tucmg dimg ddu. Dudi bd la cdc xdm,
lang, do Bd chfnh (gid ldng) cai quan.
Kinh dd ciia nudc Au Lac dat d Cd Loa (Ddng Anh, Ha N d i ) 0 .

Hinh 31 - MOt doan thanh Ngoai Co Loa

(1) Ve kinh do cua nudc Van Lang, co nliidu sach viei khae nhau : Van Lang, Phong Chau,
Bach Hac.

75
 Nha nudc Au Lac dugc md rdng born vd mat lanh thd, hodn chinh hon ve td
chire so vdi nha nudc Van Lang (cd quan ddi manh, vti khf td't, dac biet cd thanh
Cd Loa kidn cd, viing chdc). Nhd vay, nhieu ldn nhdn dan Au Lac da ddnh bai
cdc cudc xam lugc ciia Trieu Dd.
Trong xa hdi Van Lang - Au Lac cd cac tang ldp : vua, quy tdc ; dan tu do ;
nd ti.
Cu dan Van Lang - Au Lac cd cudc sd'ng vat chdt va tinh thdn khd phong phti.
Ngudn luomg thuc chfnh la thdc gao (gao ndp va gao te), ngoai ra cdn cd
khoai, sdn. Thiie an cd cdc loai cd, thit, rau, cii.
Cu ddn Viet cd cd tap qudn d nha san, nhudm rang den, an trdu, xam minh ;
ca nam ldn nii ddu thfch diing dd trang siic. Thudmg ngdy, nif mac do, vdy ; nam
ddng khd.
Tin ngudng phd bidn ciia cu ddn Van Lang - Au Lac Id sung bdi tu nhien
(thd thdn Mat Trdi, thdn Sdng, thdn Niii va tuc phdn thuc). Tfn ngudng thd ciing
td tidn, sung kfnh cae anh hung, ngudi cd cdng vdi lang nudc la net dac sdc ciia
ngudi Viet cd. Ddn dan hinh thdnh mdt sd tuc le : cudi xin, ma chay ; Id hdi kha
phd bie'n, nhdt Id hdi mua.

Hoat ddng kinh te cita cW dan Ddng Sdn cd gi khae so vdi cu'
dan Phiing Nguyen 7
Nhihig cd sd va dieu kien dwa deh sW ra dd'i cua niia nu'dc
Van Lang la gi 7
• Neu nliifiig net cd ban h'ong dd'i sdng vat chat, tinli than cua
CW dan Van Lang - Au Lac.

2. Qud'c gia cd Cham-pa

Trdn co sd ciia van boa Sa Huynh d khu vuc ddng bdng ven bien mien Trung
va Nam Trung Bd ngay nay, da hinh thdnh qud'c gia cd Cham-pa.
Thdi Bae thugc, viing ddt d phfa nam day Hodnh Son bi nha Han xam chie'm
dat thdnh qudn Nhat Nam va chia lam 5 huyen dd eai tri. Tugng Lam la huyen
xa nhdt (viing ddt Quang Nam, Quang Ngai va Binh Dinh ngay nay).

76
 Vao cudi the ki II, nhan liic tinh hinh Trung Qud'c rdi loan, Khu Lidn da hd
hdo nhan dan huyen Tugng Lam ndi day gianh quydn tu chii. Cudc khdi nghTa
thdng lgi, Khu Lidn tu ldp lam vua, dat ten nudc la Lam Ap. Cdc vua Lam Ap vd
sau md rdng lanh thd vd phfa bdc den sdng Gianh (Qudng Binh), phfa nam den
sdng Dinh (Binh Thuan) va ddi tdn nudc Id Cham-pa.
Cung nhu cu dan Viet cd, boat ddng kinh td chii ye'u ciia cu dan Cham-pa la
ndng nghiep trdng liia, sir dung cdng cu bdng sdt va sire keo ciia trau, bd. Hg da
bie't sir dung gudng nudc trong san xuat.
Ngoai nghd ndng, cdc nghd thii cdng, nghd khai thdc lam thd san ciing khd
phdt trien, dac biet Id ki thudt xdy thdp dat tdi trinh do rdt cao.
Cu dan Cham-pa cd cac nghe thu cdng phat then nhu nghe det, che
tao dd dung, lam dd trang sdc, vu khi bang kim loai, nghe ddng gaeh
va xay dUng. Nhieu cdng trinh xay dUng ndi tieng nhu khu thanh dja
MTSdn, cac thap Cham, tugng, cac bUc cham ndi.

Cham-pa theo thd chd qudn chu. Vua ndm mgi quydn hanh vd chfnh tri,
kinh td, tdn giao. Giiip viec cho vua cd Te tudmg va cdc dai than. Ca nudc chia
lam 4 khu vuc hanh chfnh ldn ggi la chdu, dudi chau cd huyen, ldng. Kinh dd
ban ddu ddng d Sin-ha-pu-ra (Tra Kieu - Qudng Nam), sau dd ddi den
In-dra-pu-ra (Ddng Duong - Quang Nam) rdi ehuyen tdi Vi-giay-a (Chd Ban -
Binh Dinh).

Hmh 32 - Khu di tich thanh did MI Son (Quang Nam)

77
 Tir the ki IV, dan tdc Cham da cd chti vidt bdt ngudn tir chti Phan ciia An Do.
Tdn giao ciia ngucri Cham la Hindu giao va Phat gido.
Ngudi Cham cd tap tuc d nha sdn, an trdu cau va boa tdng ngudi chdt.
Xa hgi ngudi Cham bao gdm edc tdng ldp quy tdc, dan tu do, ndng dan le
thudc vd nd le. Ndng ddn chidm sd ddng, lam ndng nghiep, ddnh cd va thu kie'm
ldm sdn. Cham-pa phdt tridn trong cdc thd ki X - XV rdi sau dd suy thodi va hdi
nhap, trd thanh mdt bd phan cua ldnh thd, cu ddn va van hod Viet Nam.

Qude gia cd Cham-pa du'dc hinh tiianh nhw the nao 7

Tdm tat hnli hinh van hoa Cham-pa tif the ki 11 den the ki X.

3. Qud'c gia cd Phu Nam

Tren dia ban chau thd sdng Cim Long (Nam Bd) da hinh thanh ndn van hod
cd tir cudi thdi dai da mdi chuyen sang thdi dai dd ddng va sdt cdch ngdy nay
khoang 1500 - 2000 nam. Cdc nha khao cd hgc ggi la van hod Oc Eo. Van hod
Oe Eo cd ngudn gdc tir van hod sdng Ddng Nai.
Dia ban chii ydu ciia van hod Oc Eo
Id viing chdu thd sdng Ciru Long (Oc Eo
nay thudc huyen Thoai Son, tinh An
Giang) gdm nhieu tinh : An Giang, Kien
Giang, Ddng Thdp... va mdt so dia
phuong thudc Binh Duong, Tay Ninh,
Ddng Nai, Thanh phd Hd Chi Minh.
Trdn co sd van hod 6 c Eo, qud'c gia
cd Phil Nam hinh thanh vdo khoang the
ki I va trd thanh mdt qud'c gia rdt phat
trien d viing Ddng Nam A trong cdc
Hinh 33-Am dai nung (the ki VHI) the ki III - V.

Qud'c gia Phii Nam bao gdm nhieu tieu qud'c, bg phan chii ye'u d viing
Tay Nam Bd cd tieng ndi thudc ngO he Nam Oao. The che chinh trj
quan chii, do vua dUng dau nam mpi quyen hanh.

78
 Cu dan Phil Nam san xuat ndng nghiep, kdt hgp vdi lam nghe thii cdng, ddnh
cd va budn ban. Ngoai thuong dudng bien rdt phat trien.
Tap qudn phd bidn ciia cu ddn Phti Nam la d nha sdn. Phat gido va
Hindu gido dugc siing tin. Nghe thudt ca, miia nhac phat tridn. Xa hdi da cd su
phan hod gidu ngheo thdnh cdc tdng ldp quy tdc, binh ddn va nd le.
Cud'i thd kl VI, Phii Nam suy ye'u, bi Chan Lap thdn tfnh.

Torn tat qua hinh hmli thanh qude gia cd Phu Nam.

»AU HOI
/
1. T6m tat qua trinh hinh thanh qud'c gia Van Lang - Au Lac.
2. Hay trinh bay tinh hinh kinh te, vSn hoa, xa hgi Cham-pa tif
the kill denthekiX.
3. Hay neu nhtirig net chinh ve tinh hinh kinh te, van boa, xa
hgi ciia quo'c gia Phii Nam.
4. NhtiTig diem giong va khae nhau trong ddi sdng kinh te, van
hoa, tin nguQng cua cU dan Van Lang - Au Lac, cU dan
Lam Ap - Cham-pa va cU dan Phii Nam la gi ?
>

79
 THCil BAC THUOC VA CAC CUOC
Bdi 25 DAU TRANH GIANH DOC LAP DAN TOC
{Tix the ki II TCN den dau the ki X)

Nam 179 TCN, Au Lac bi nha Trieu xam chie'm. Ttr dd

ddn ddu thd ki X, cac trieu dai phong kien phuong Bae tir
Trieu den Dudng thay nhau dd hg nudc ta. Chiing da
thuc hien nhieu chinh sach cai tri lam cho xa hgi nudc ta
cd nhirng chuydn bien nhat dinh, nhung ddng thdi cung
cd nhieu mat bi kim ham. Khdng cam tam bi dd hd, nhan
dan ta khdng ngtrng viing len ddu tranh nhdm gianh lai
dgc lap, tu chii.

I - CHE D O CAI T R I C U A C A C TRIEU DAI PHONG KIEN P H U O N G BAC

VA NHU>^G CHUYEN BIEN TRONG KINH TE, VAN HOA, XA HOI
VIET NAM

1. Chd do cai trj

a) To chdc bg mdy cai tri
Sau khi chie'm dugc Au Lac, nhd Trieu chia thanh 2 quan, sap nhdp vdo qud'c
gia Nam Viet. Thdi nha Han, Au Lac bi chia lam 3 qudn, sdp nhdp vdo bg
Giao Chi ciing vdi mdt sd quan cua Trung Qud'c. Ddn thdi nha Tuy va nha
Dudmg, nudc ta lai bi chia ldm nhidu chdu. Tir sau khi ldt dd dugc chfnh quydn
ciia Hai Bd Trung, chfnh quyen dd hd tang eudmg viec kidm sodt, cir quan lai cai
tri tdi cd'p huyen.
b) Chinh sdch boc lot ve kinh te vd ddng hod ve vdn hod
Chfnh quydn dd hd thi hanh chfnh sdch bdc lot, cd'ng nap nang ne. Chung cdn
eudp rugng ddt, cudng birc nhan dan ta cay cay, thuc hien chfnh sdch ddn didn,
ndm ddc quydn vd mudi vd sdt.
Quan lai trong chfnh quydn dd hd dua vao quydn hdnh, ra siic bde lot ddn
chiing de lam giau.
80
 Chu Thang, Thif sir Giao Chau, da tau vdi vua Han : Giao Chau 6 ndi
xa each, quan lai (ngudi Han) tap tuc tham d, lam dii dieu gian tra,
trudng sir tha hd bao ngUdc, bdc lot mudn dan.

Cac tridu dai phong kidn phuong Bdc truydn bd Nho gido vao nudc ta, bdt
nhdn dan ta phai thay ddi phong tuc theo ngudi Han. Nhidu nho sT, quan lai
ngudi Hdn dugc dua vao ddt Au Lac cii de thuc hien chfnh sdch ndi tren va md
mdt sd ldp day chti Nho. Tuy nhien, dudi thdi Bdc thudc, Nho gido chi cd anh
hudng ddn mdt so viing trung tdm chdu, qudn.
Chfnh quyen dd hd dp dung ludt phdp ha khdc, thang tay dan dp cdc cugc ndi
day ddu tranh ciia nhan dan ta.

(Jiinli quyen dd hd b'uyen ha Nho giao vao nu'dc ta, bat dan ta
thay ddi phdng tuc died ngWdi Han nliam muc dich gi 7

2. NhQng chuydn bidn vd kinh td, vdn hod vd xd hdi

a) Ve kinh te
Cdng cu bang sdt ngay cang dugc sir dung phd bidn trong san xudt ndng
nghiep ciing nhu trong ddi sd'ng nhan ddn. Cdng cudc khai hoang, md rdng them
dien tfch trdng trgt dugc day manh. Cac cdng trinh thuy lgi duge xdy dung.
Nhd the', nang sudt lua tang ban trudc.
Thil edng nghiep, thuong mai cd su chuyen bidn dang ke.
KT thuat ren sat phat then hdn so vdi trUdc Cdng nguyen. Viec khai thac
vang, bae, chau ngpc trong nhan dan dugc day manh. Do trang sUc bang
vang, bae, ngpc dugc gia cdng tinh te. Mpt sd nghe thu cdng mdi xua't
hien nhu lam gia'y, lam thuy tinh...

Nhieu dudng giao thdng thuy, bp ndi lien cac vting, cac quan dUdc
hinh thanh.

b) Ve vdn hod, xd hgi

Trong thdi Bdc thude, nhan dan ta bidt tidp nhan va "Viet boa" nhting ydu td
tfch cue ciia ndn van hod Trung Hoa thdi Han, Dudmg nhu ngdn ngii, van tu.
Nhan dan ta khdng bi ddng hoa. Tieng Viet v i n dugc bao tdn. Cac
phong tuc, tap quan nhuan trau, nhudm rSng den, tdn trpng phu n u v i n
dupc duy tri.

6. LICH sir 10C-A 81

 Mau thudn bao triim trong xa hdi la mdu thudn giiia nhan ddn ta vdi chfnh
quydn dd hd phuang Bdc. Mac du cdc trieu dai phong kien phuong Bdc ngay
cdng tang cudng viec cai tri true tidp tdi cap huyen, td chiic cdc don vi bdnh
cbinh de'n cdp huong, xa, nhumg khdng khdng chd ndi cdc ldng xdm ngudi Viet.
Lang xdm trd thanh noi xud't phdt cdc cudc dau tranh gianh ddc lap.

Vi sad ngWdi Viet van gid du'g'c tieng ndi, phong tuc tap quan
ciia minh 7

•AU HOI
/
1. Trinh bay nhung chinh sach do hg ciia cac trieu dai phong
kie'n phuong Bae ddi vdi nhan dan ta.
2. Muc dich ciia chinh sach do hg d6 c6 thuc hien dugc khong ?
Tai sao ?
3. Hay cho bie't nhiing chuyen bien ve cac mat kinh te, vSn
hoa, xa hgi d nu6c ta thdi Bae thugc. Nguyen nhan ciia sU
chuyen bien do.
J

82
6. U C H S U l O C - B
 T H d l BAC THUOC
Bai XQ VA CAC CUOC DAU TRANH
GIANH DOC LAP DAN TOC

(Tiep theo)

II - CUOC DAU TRANH G I A N H DOC LAP

(Ttr THE KI I DEN DAU THE KI X)

1. Khdi qudt phong trdo ddu tranh tCr thd ki I ddn ddu thd ki X
Nam 40, cudc khdi nghTa chd'ng deh dd hg ddu tidn cua nhdn ddn Au Lac
bung nd. Tir dd cho den ddu the ki X, nhieu cugc khdi nglua da lien tie'p nd ra
d ba qudn Giao Chi, Cim Chan vd Nhdt Nam.
TU sau cupc khdi nghTa Hai Ba TrUng nam 40 den khdi nghTa
Khiic ThUa Du nSm 905, da dien ra cac cupc khdi nghTa ciia nhan dan
Nhat Nam (nam 100, 137, 144), nhan dan Ciru Chan (nam 157),
nhan dan ba quan Giao Chi, Ciru Chan, Nhat Nam ndi day lien tuc
(178 - 181), tiep sau dd la khdi nghla Ba Trieu (nSm 248), khdi nghia
Ly Bi (nam 542), khdi nghTa Dinh Kien, Ly TUTien (nSm 687), khdi nghTa
Mai Thuc Loan (nam 722), khdi nghTa Phiing HUng (khoang 776 - 791),
khdi nghTa Duong Thanh (819 - 820).

Nhidu cudc khdi nghTa dugc cdc tdng ldp nhan dan ba quan tham gia, hudng
ling, gianh dugc thdng lgi, lap dugc chfnh quyen tu chu trong mgt thdi gian.

^
Bm CO nhan xet gi ve cac cudc dau tranli cua nhan dan ta
trong thdi Bae thudc 7

2. Mot sd' cudc khoi nghia tieu bieu

a) Khoi nghla Hai Bd Trung
Miia xuan nam 40, Hai Ba Trung ndi day khdi nghTa d Hat Mdn (Phiic Thg,
Ha Tay^'*). Dugc ddng dao nhan dan nhiet liet hudng irng, qudn khdi nghTa danh

(1) Nay thuoc Ha Noi.

83
 chie'm Me Linh (VTnh Phiic), rdi tir Me Linh tidn ddnh, chidm Cd Loa
(Ddng Anh, Ha Ndi) va Luy Lau (Thuan Thdnh, Bde Ninh). Thdi thii Td Dinh
phai trdn chay vd nudc. Cudc khdi nghTa kdt thiic thdng lgi, Trung Trdc dugc
nhan ddn suy tdn lam vua, ddng dd d Md Linh.
Len lam vua, Trung Vuong bdt tay ngay vao viee xay dung chfnh quydn ddc
lap, tu chil vd xd thud trong 2 nam lidn cho nhan dan ba quan.
Nhieu nU tudng tham gia chi huy cudc khdi nghTa dUdc phong chUc tu6c
nhu Tran Thi Doan, Le Chan, Thieu Hoa, Ngpc Lam, Vu Thuc NUdng...
To chdc chfnh quyen ciia Trung VUdng cdn rat sd khai nhUng la mpt
chfnh quyen ddc lap, tU chu ciia nhan dan ta dUdc ra ddi sau khi cupc
khdi nghTa thing lgi va da cd vu tinh than da'u tranh chdng ach dd hp
ciia phong kien phUdng Bae sau dd.

Miia he nam 42, Ma Vien dugc vua Han cir lam tdng chi huy dao quan ldn
khoang 2 van ngudi, chia lam 2 ednh thuy, bd keo vao xam lugc nudc ta.
Cudc khdng chidn ciia nhdn ddn ta do Hai Ba Trung ldnh dao rd't anh diing,
nhumg do luc lugng ydu ndn da bi thd't bai.
Cudc chien da'u da dien ra quyet liet d Lang Bae. NhUng do tUdng quan
lUc lugng qua chenh lech, Trung VUdng phai rut quan ve Co Loa.
Co Loa bj that thu, quan TrUng VUdng lui ve Ha Ldi va tU Ha Ldi lui ve
giU Cam Khe (vting chan nui Ba Vi den vting chtia HUdng - Ha Tay).
Quan Ma Vien ddn sire danh bai quan Hai Ba 6 Cam Khe. Hai Ba Trung
hi sinh. Dai quan ciia Hai Ba bj tan vd, sd cdn lai rut ve chien da'u d
Ciru Chan cho den khi bi tieu diet.

Hinh 34 - Den tho Hai Ba Tnmg a Me Linh (VTnh Phuc)

84
 b) Cuoc khdi nghla Ly Bi vd su thdnh lap nhd nudc Vgn Xudn
Miia xuan nam 542, nhan liic nhan dan dang odn gian chd do bdc lot ha khdc
ciia nha Luong, Ly Bf lidn kdt vdi hdo kiet cdc chdu thugc midn Bdc nudc ta, ndi
ddy khdi nghTa. Chua ddy 3 thdng, nghla qudn da ddnh chidm dugc chdu thanh
Long Bien (Bde Ninh). Chfnh quydn dd hd bi ldt dd. Miia xudn nam 544, Ly Bf
ldn ngdi vua (Ly Nam Dd), dat qud'c bieu la Van Xudn, dung kinh dd d cua sdng
Td Lich (Ha Ngi). Nha nudc Van Xuan ddc lap, tu chii ra ddi.
Nam 545, nha Luong cir Trdn Bd Tien ciing vdi Thii sir Giao Chau dem quan
sang xam lugc nudc ta. Ly Nam Dd phdi nit qudn vd VTnh Phiic, rdi Phii Thg va
giao binh quydn cho Trieu Quang Phuc. Trieu Quang Phuc nit qudn vd ddm
Da Trach (Khodi Chau, Hung Yen) td chiic khdng chidn. Ddn nam 550, cudc
khdng chidn kdt thiic thdng lgi. Trieu Quang Phuc len lam vua (Trieu Viet Vuomg).
Nam 571, Ly Phat Tir (mdt ngudi hg hang vdi Ly Nam De') bdt ngd dem qudn
ddnh lip Trieu Viet Vuong, eudp ngdi. Sir ghi la Hau Ly Nam De. Nam 603, nhd
Tuy dem quan xam lugc, Ly Phat Tir bi bat. Nhd nudc Van Xuan kdt thiie.
c) Cuoc khdi nghla ciia Khue Thica Du
Nam 905, nhan co hgi nha Dudmg suy sup, Khiic Thtra Du dugc nhan dan img
hd, ddnh chidm Tdng Binh (Ha Ndi), gianh quydn tu chii. Nam 907, Khue Hao
ldn thay, thuc hien nhidu chfnh sdch cai each vd cac mat de xay dung chfnh
quydn ddc lap tu chii, dugc nhan dan ddng tinh iing hd.
Cudc ddu tranh gidnh ddc ldp ciia nhdn ddn ta sudt nghin nam Bdc thudc da
gianh dugc thdng lgi vd can ban, tao didu kien de di ddn hodn toan thdng lgi vao
nam 938.
d) Ngo Quyen vd chien thdng Bach Ddng ndm 938
Nam 931, Duong Dinh Nghe lanh dao nhan dan ddnh bai cugc xdm lugc cua
quan Nam Hdn, thay hg Khii© ndm giii chinh quydn tu chu. Ddu nam 937, dng bi
Kidu Cdng Tidn gidt hai de doat chiic Tidt do siJ. Thdng 10 - 938, Ngd Quydn dem
qudn ddnh Kidu Cdng Tidn. Cdng Tidn cho ngudi sang cdu ciiu nhd Nam Hdn.
Lgi dung co hdi nay, quan Nam Hdn keo vao xam lugc nude ta ldn thii hai.
Ngd Quydn nhanh chdng tidn quan vao thanh Dai La (Ha Ndi), bdt gidt Kidu
Cdng Tidn va dung kd ddng egc d cira sdng Bach Ddng, cho qudn mai phuc d
hai bdn bd sdng. Khi thuy tridu len, dng cho mdt todn qudn ra khidu chidn, gia
vd thua, nhit quan Han vdo ben trong bai egc. Vira Iiic nudc tridu nit, egc nhd
ldn, quan ta do ra ddnh. Thuydn giac vudng egc lai bi ddnh tir nhidu phfa, tan vd.
Chil tudmg giac bi tidu diet.

85
 Nhan xet ve y nghTa
lich sir ciia chien thang
Bach Oang nSm 938, nha
sir hpe Ngd Thi ST 6 the ki
ThuJ NguySn XVIII Viet : "Tran thang ldi
tren sdng Bach Oang la
cd sd sau nay cho viec
phuc lai qud'c thdng.
NhCfng chien cdng cac ddi
Oinh, Le, Ly, Tran van cdn
nhd vao uy thanh lim Net
de lai ay. Tran Bach Dang
nay la vu cdng cao ca,
vang dpi den nghin thu,
ha phai chi lUng liy d mpt
thdi bay gid ma thdi dau".
(Khdm dinh Viet sit thong
gidm cuong muc)

Chie'n thdng Bach

Ddng ciia Ngd Quyen
nam 938 da md ra mdt
thdi dai mdi - thdi dgi
dgc lap, tu chu Idu ddi
ciia ddn toe ta.
HVS-5^-~ Song va cCra bien x^^tj Q"^" '^ "^^i P'l'JC
r=r=-r=r:-: Bach Ding XUa £zz=^ QuSn ta tien cdng
(gia dinh) p c : i i = C > Quanta nhCr dich vao tran dia
^ ^ 4 Bai cpc ngam ^ m ^ ^ Dichtjgnquan
A r Mia rTinh\ ^ ^
Hinh 35 - Luoc d6 chien thang
(gia dinh) Dich thao chay
Bach Dang nam 938

Hav neu nil ihig net chinli ve mdt sd cuc}c klidi nghia heu bieu.

AU HOI
f^ 1. Viec thanh lap nha nu6c Van Xuan c6 y nghTa gi ?
2. Trinh bay nguyen nhan thang Igi va y nghTa cua chien thang
Bach Dang nam 938.
3. Neu nhufng sU kien chifng td tinh lien tuc va rgng Idn ciia
phong trao dau tranh gianh dgc lap ciia nhan dan ta thdi
Bae thugc.
4. Hay neu nhiimg ddng gdp ciia Hai Ba TrUng, Ly Bi, Theu.
Quang Phuc, Khiic Thira Du va Ngd Quyen trong cugc di'u
tranh gianh dgc lap thdi Bae thugc. J

86
 Chuang .
VlfiT NAM Ttf TH^ KI X
D^NTH^KIXV

QUA TRINH HINH THANH VA

Bdi 1 7 PHAT TRIEN CUA NHA Nl/OC
•^ ^ PHONG KIEN
{Tii the ki X den the ki XV)

The ki X md ddu thdi dai phong kie'n ddc lap cua dan tdc
Viet Nam. Nha nudc quan chu dugc thanh lap va
ttmg bude phat trien den dinh cao d the kf XV tren mot
lanh thd thdng nhat.

I - Bl/OC DAU XAY D V N G NHA Nl/OC D O C LAP 6 THE KI X

Sau khi ddnh bai cudc xdm lugc ciia qudn Nam Hdn, nam 939 Ngd Quyen
xung vuomg, bdt tay xdy dung ehinh quydn mdi, ddng dd d Cd Loa (Ddng Anh -
Ha Ndi). Nam 944, Ngd Quydn mat. Nha Ngd suy vong, "loan 12 siir qudn"
didn ra, dd't nude bi chia edt. Tir Hoa Lu (Ninh Binh), Dinh Bd LTnh dem quan
dep ydn ndi loan, thd'ng nhdt lai dd't nudc.
Sir cu ghi : Nam 968, Dinh Bp LTnh len ngdi Hoang de (Dinh Tien
Hoang), "dSt qud'c hieu la Dai Cd Viet, ddi kinh dd ve ddng Hoa Lu...
dap thanh, dao hao, xay cung dien, dat theu nghi. Bay tdi dang tdn hieu
la Dai Thang Minh Hoang de".
(Dai Viet sir ki toan thu)
Nhd Dinh va tid'p sau dd la nha Tidn Le da xdy dimg ndn mdt nha nudc qudn
chil so khai gdm 3 ban : Van ban, Vd ban va Tang ban, chia nudc thanh 10 dao,
td chiic qudn ddi theo hudng ehfnh quy.

87
II - PHAT TRIEN VA H O A N C H I N H N H A NU6C PHONG KIEN
6 CAC T H E KI XI - XV

1. To chCrc bo may nha nudc

Ddt nude ddn ddn dn dinh. Nam 1009, nhd Ly duge thanh lap. Nam 1010, vua
Ly Thai To ddi dd tir Hoa Lu vd Thang Long (Ha Ndi), md ra mdt giai doan phat
trien mdi. Nam 1054, vua Ly Thdnh Tdng quye't dinh ddi tdn nude la Dai Viet.
Tir thd ki XI ddn thd ki XV, trai qua cdc tridu dai Ly, Trdn, Hd, Le, chfnh
quyen trung uong dugc td chiic ngay cdng chat che. Vua (Hodng de) diing ddu
nhd nudc, quydt dinh mgi viec quan trgng. Quydn hanh ciia vua ngdy cdng cao.
6 thdi Ly, Tran, Hd, giiip vua tri nudc cd Te tudmg va mdt sd dai thdn. Bdn dudi
Id cdc CO quan trung uong nhu sdnh, vien, dai.
Ca nudc dugc chia thdnh nhidu Id, tran, do cdc hoang tir (thdi Ly) hay An phu
Sli (thdi Trdn, Hd) cai qudn. Dudi Id, trdn la cdc phii, huyen, chau, ddu ed quan
lai ciia tridu dinh trdng coi. Don vi hanh chfnh co sd la xa. Thdi Trdn, nhiing
ngudi dting ddu xa dugc ggi Id Xd quan.
Nam 1428, sau khi ddt nudc hodn todn giai phdng, lanh tu td'i cao ciia nghia
qudn Lam Son la Ld Lgi ien ngdi Hodng dd, lap ra nhd Ld, khdi phuc qud'c hieu
Dai Viet. Nhd nudc quan chii mdi dugc td chiic theo md hinh thdi Trdn, Hd.
Tir nhtfng nam 60 ciia the ki XV, khi ddt nudc da cudng thinh, vua Ld Thanh
Tdng tidn hanh mdt cudc cai cdch hanh chfnh ldn. O Trung uong, chiic Te tudng
va edc ehiic Dai hdnh khidn bi bai bd. Vua true tidp quydt dinh mgi viec. Ben
dudi la 6 bd. Cdc co quan nhu Ngu sit dai, Han ldm vien duge duy tri vdi quyen
hanh cao hom. Ca nudc dugc chia thanh 13 dao thira tuydn. Mdi dao ddu cd 3 ti
trdng coi cdc mat dan su, quan su, an ninh. Dudi dao Id cdc phu, huydn, chdu
nhu eti. Ngudi dumg ddu xa la Xa trudng, do ddn bdu.
O thdi Ly, Trdn, phdn ldn cac quan chiic cao cd'p la quy tdc vuomg hdu hoac
con em quan lai cao cd'p. Khi gido due phdt tridn, nhd nude bat ddu dua nhumg
ngudi dd dat vdo lam quan. Thdi Ld, gido due thi cir trd thanh ngudn dao tao va
tuydn chgn quan lai chii ye'u.
Vua Le Hien Tdng (1497 - 1504) da viet: "Nhan tai la nguyen khi ciia
nha nudc, nguyen khi manh thi tri dao mdi thinh. Khoa muc la dudng
thing ciia quan trUdng, dudng thing md thi chan nho mdi cd".

(Lich trieu tiien chuang loai chi)

88
 Quy tdc, quan lai dugc ban pham ham, cap luong bdng va rudng dd't.

- Nliwng tliay ddi qua cudc cai each hanli chinli didi Le Thanli Tdng
cd y nghfa gi 7

2. Luat phap va quan doi

Nam 1042, vua Ly Thdi Tdng ban hdnh bd Hinh thU-ho luat thanh van ddu
tidn cua nude ta. Tbdi Trdn, nha nudc cd bd Hinh ludt. Thdi Ld, mdt bg ludt ddy
du dugc ban hanh vdi tdn ggi Qud'c trieu hinh ludt (cdn ggi Id Ludt Hong Difc),
gdm hon 700 didu, quy dinh khd ddy dii cdc tdi danh va hinh phat lidn quan den
hdu bet cdc boat ddng xa hdi, bdo ve quydn hdnh cua giai cdp thd'ng tri, mdt so
quydn lgi chdn chfnh ciia nhdn ddn vd an ninh dat nudc.
Mgt sd dieu trong bd luat :
- Khi xa gia vua di qua ma xdng vao hang ngudi di theo thi xir tdi dd,
neu xdng vao dpi can ve thi xd chem. Lam 13 thi giam mpt bae.
- Ban rudng da't 6 bien cUdng cho ngudi ngoai qud'c thi xif chem.
- Dao trdm de dap lam thiet hai nha cura, lua ma thi xir dd, luu, bat den
tdn hai.
Quan ddi sdm duge td chtrc quy cu, gdm hai bd phan : quan bao ve nha vua
va kinh thdnh (edm qudn) vd qudn chinh quy, bao ve ddt nudc (ngoai binh hay
Id binh), dugc tuydn theo che do "ngu binh u ndng". Quan ddi dugc trang bi vif
khf ddy dii ; thdi Hd, thdi Ld da ed mdt vai loai siing. Thdi Trdn, khi cd chidn
tranh, nhd nude cho phep cdc vucmg hdu dugc md qudn tham gia ddnh giac.
Nhan ddn cac ldng cung dugc phep td chiic dan binh.

- Cac dieu luat tren ndi len dieu gi 7

3. Hoat dong ddi noi va dd'i ngoai

Van dd bdo ve an ninh da't nudc dugc cdc trieu dai duong thdi rd't coi trgng.
Nhan dan tuy phdi Iam ddy dii nghTa vu di Ifnh, lao dich, ndp thud, cham Io bao
ve de dieu nhung duge nha nudc coi trgng va quan tam ddn ddi sd'ng.
Cdc trieu dai phong kie'n ddu cd ehfnh sach dodn ket vdi cac dan tdc ft ngudi,
nha't la vdi cdc tii trudng d vting bidn gidi. Nhiing liic cd ngoai xdm, nha nudc
ddu huy ddng hoae khuydn khfch hg tham gia khdng chidn, bdo vd ndn ddc ldp

89
 ciia Td qud'c. Tuy nhidn, nha nudc phong kidn cung rd't nghiem khdc dd'i vdi
nhiing tu trudng ddn tdc it ngudi ed hdnh ddng phan loan hoac mud'n tach ra
khdi cdng ddng.
Trong quan he ddi ngoai, chii ydu dd'i vdi cdc tridu dai phuong Bdc, cdc tridu
dai phong kie'n Dai Viet thuc hien ddy dii le tridu cd'ng nhung ludn giii viing tu
the cua mgt qud'c gia ddc lap, tu ehii. Khi bi xam lugc, nha nudc vd nhdn ddn
sdn sang chie'n ddu ddn ciing dd bao ve To qud'c, nhung khi chidn tranh ke't thiic,
quan he hod hidu lai dugc thidt lap tren tinh thdn mdi bdn "ddu chu mdt phuong".
Dd'i vdi cdc nudc lang gidng d phia tdy va phfa nam nhu Lan Xang, Cham-pa,
Chan Lap, nha nudc Dai Viet ludn giir quan he thdn thien, mac dii ddi liic xay
ra chie'n tranh.
Trong cdc thd ki X - XV, qud'c gia Cham-pa khdng cdn dn dinh nhu trudc.
Cac vuong tridu thay thd nhau, tidp tue duy tri quydn thd'ng tri nhung cd Iiic chiu
su khdng chd ciia Chdn Lap hoac cd liic dem quan ddnh Idn Dai Viet. Cud'i the
ki XV, nhd nudc Cham-pa suy sup.

Neu tac dung cua cac chinh sach ddi ndi va ddi ngoai cua niia
n wd'c ph dug kieh.

.AU HOI
/
1. So sanh bg may nha nu6c thdi Le vdi bg may nha nU6c thdi
Dinh, Tien Le.
2. Ve so do nha nu6c thdi Ly, Tran va thdi Le Thanh Tong, qua
dd danh gia cugc cai each hanh chinh cua Le Thanh Tong.
3. Nhan xet chung ve su hoan thien ciia nha nu6c phong kien
Viet Nam thdi Le.
4. Lap bang thdng ke thdi gian thdng trj cua cac trieu dai phong
kien Viet Nam tir the ki X de'n the ki XV. ;

90
 CONG CUOC XAY DUNG
Bdi 28 VA PHAT TRIEN KINH TE
TRONG CAC THE KI X - XV

Vdi niem tu hao chan chi'nh va y thii'c vuon len, ttr the ki X
eho den the ki XV. nhan dan Viet Nam da can cti lao
ddng, xay dung va phat trien rndt ndn kinh tdtu chii, toan
dien. Rudng ddt ngay cang md rdng. thii cdng nghiep
ngay cang phat tridn tao didu kien cho .su phat trien ciia
thuang nghiep trong nudc cung nhu giao luu vdi thuang
nhan nudc ngoai. Tuy nhien. do sir chi phdi ciia nhung
quan he san xuat phong kien, xa hdi ngay eang phan hoa.

1. Mor rong, phdt trien nong nghiep

Ddu the ki X, sau khi gianh dugc ddc lap, tu chii, nhan dan ea nudc, tir mien
xudi ddn mien ngugc phdn khdi, ra siic khai phd dd't hoang, md rdng rudng
ddng, phdt trien ndng nghiep nhdm nhanh chdng nang cao ddi sdng, dua ddt
nudc ngdy cdng cudng thinh.
Cdng cudc khai hoang, md rgng dien tfch canh tdc ngdy cang gia tang. Vting
chau thd cdc sdng ldm va viing ven bidn dugc khai phd. Nhidu xdm lang mdi
dugc thanh ldp. Cdc vua Tidn Le, Ly hdng nam lam Id cay rudng de khuydn
khfch nhdn ddn sdn xudt. Nha Trdn khuydn khfch cac quy tdc, vuong hdu md
ddn ngheo di khai hoang, thanh lap didn trang. Dai Viet duong thdi thudmg
xuydn bi nan lut de doa, gay nhidu khd khan. Nha Ly chii trgng cho dan xay
dung nhiing con de. Nam 1248, nha Trdn td chiic ddp dd tir dau ngudn ddn cira
bidn dgc cdc eon sdng ldn, ggi Id de "quai vac"*^^).
Theo nhan xet ciia sUthan Trung Qud'c : "TUdd thuy tai khdng cdn nUa
ma ddi sdng ciia dan cung dUdc sung sUdng, da't khdng bo sdt mdt
ngudn lgi nao".

(1) Con goi la de "dinh nhi".

91
 Lang xdm dugc bao ve, miia mdng dn dinh. Thdi Le so, nha nudc sai ngudi
ddp mdt sd doan de bien, tao didu kien cbo nhan dan khai hoang md rdng rudng
ddng. Cdc vua Ld eung cdp rudng ddt cho quy tdc, quan lai, dat phep qudn dien
phan chia rudng cdng d edc ldng xd.
Cac nhd nudc Ly, Trdn, Ld so ddu quan tam ddn viee bdo ve siic keo cho
ndng nghiep.
Theo Idi ciia Thai hau Linh Nhan, vua Ly Nhan Tdng da xud'ng chieu :
"Ke nao md trdm trau thi xir 80 trugng, do lam khao giap... Nha lang
gieng khdng td cao thi xir 80 trugng".
(Dai Viet sd kl toan thu)

Ngoai viec chan nudi va bao ve trau, bd lam sdc keo, ngudi dan con
nudi gia cam nhuga, vjt, ngan...

Ngoai viec trdng liia, nhan dan cdn trdng nhieu cay luong thuc khae nhu sdn,
khoai, ddu, ke va cdc loai cdy dn qua nhu cam, quyt, chudi, nhan, vai... cimg mdt
sd eay cdng nghiep nhu bdng, dau...
Nhidu vudm rau dugc hinh thanh xung quanh cdc khu ddng ddn. Miia mdng
td't tuoi, nhdn ddn dii an, du mac, da khidn cac nha tho nggi ca :
Difng mdi ndo hay ngdy dd tan,
Khdp dong liia td't tua mdy xanh.
(Biii Tong Quan, ban dich)
Hoac nhan dan thdi Le ed cau :
Ddi vua Thdi To, Thdi Tong,
Thoc liia day ddng, trdu chdng budn dn.

- Nha nWdc va nlian dan Dai Viet da lam gi de phat trien

ndng nghiep 7
- Sw phat trien ndng nghiep dwdng thdi cd y nghia gi ddi vdi
xa hdi 7

2. Phdt triin thu cong nghiep

Ddt nude ddc lap, thdng nhdt. Thii cdng nghiep cd didu kien phdt trien nhanh
ehdng do nhu cdu trong nudc ngdy cang tang ldn. Trong nhan dan, cac nghd thii
cdng ed truydn nhu diic ddng, ren sdt, lam dd gdm sii, uom to det lua ngay eang

92
phdt tridn. Chdt lugng san phdm
ngay cang dugc nang cao. Chudng
ddng, tugng Phat xudt hien d khdp
cdc chiia chidn. Do gdm trdng men
nggc, men xanh ddc ddo, in hinh
ngudi, hinh thii, hoa la... dugc dem
trao ddi d nhidu noi. Ngudi thg gdm
cdn san xudt cdc loai gaeh cd trang
trf hoa, rdng de phue vu viec xay
dung cung dien, chua chidn. Cdc
nghe cham khdc dd, lam dd trang
siic bdng vang bae, lam gidy cdc
loai, nhudm vai ddu phdt trien.
Hinh 36 - Hinh rong va hoa day
(chiia Phat Tich - Bdc Ninh)
Theo Tiiien nam hanh ki (ciia mdt tac gia Trung Qud'c, thdi Nguyen),
nha Tran da dang cdng nhieu san pham thii cdng quy gia nhU lua min
ngu sac, mam da hoa dat vang, bae, dTa hinh hoa sen bang vang, khan
lua theu kim tuyen...

Viec khai thde cae tai nguyen trong ldng dd't (md vang, bae, ddng...) ngay
cang phdt trien.
Mdt sd ldng chuydn ldm nghe thii cdng dugc hinh thdnh nhu Bat Trdng (Ha
Ndi), Thd Ha (Bdc Giang), Chu Ddu (Hdi Duong), Hud Cdu (Hung Yen) v.v...
Tuy nhien, nhan dan d day vdn lam ndng nghiep.

^^ - Sw ra dd'i cua cac lang nghe thu cdng cd y nghia gi ddi vol sW
phat trien cua thu cdng nghiep 7

Cac tridu Dinh, Tien Le, Ly, Trdn, Hd, Le so ddu thanh lap edc xudng thii cdng
(quan xudng) ehuyen lo viee diie tien, ren diic vu khf, ddng thuydn chidn, may
mu do eho vua quan, quy tdc hoae gdp phdn xay dung ede eung dien, dinh thu.
Ddu the ki XV, cdc thg quan xudng dudi su chi dao ciia Hd Nguyen Trimg da
chd tao dugc siing than co (siing ldn) va ddng dugc thuydn chidn cd Idu.
Thdi Le so, quan xudng duge md rdng.

fn? danh gia nhw the nao ve thu cdng nghiep nu'dc ta
du'dng thdi 7

93
3. Md rong thuong nghiep
Su phdt tridn ciia ndng nghiep, thii edng nghiep trong hoan eanh ddt nudc
ddc lap, thdng nhdt va ngay cdng md rdng da day nhanh su phdt tridn eiia
thuong nghiep.
Cdc chg ldng, chg huyen, chg chiia mgc len d nhidu noi. Giao luu budn ban
edc san phdm ndng nghiep, thii cdng ngay cang nhdn nhip.

Mpt sir gia nha Nguyen de'n nUdc ta vao cud'i the ki XIII da viet: "Trong
xdm lang thudng cd chp, cU hai ngay hpp mdt phien, hang hoa trSm
thU, bay la liet".
(An Nam tire su)

Thang Long tit thdi Ly, Trdn da la mdt dd thi ldm vdi nhidu phd phudng, chg.
Thdi Ld so, Thang Long cd 36 phd phudng vira budn ban vira lam thii cdng, phdt
trien phdn thinh.
Tir sdm, cdc thuydn budn Trung Qud'c hay cdc nudc phuong Nam da qua lai
budn bdn d cdc viing bidn phfa bdc vd mien Trung. Nam 1149, nha Ly cho xay
dung trang Van Ddn (Qudng Ninh) lam ben cdng de thuydn budn nudc ngodi
vdo trao ddi hang hod. Laeh Trudmg (Thanh Hod), Can Hdi (Nghe An), Hdi Thdng
(Ha TTnh), Thi Nai (Binh Dinh) ddu la nhumg viing cang quan trgng.

Viet ve Laeh TrUdng, An Nam tire su" nhan xet : "Thuyen be cac nudc
ngoai den hpp d day, md chg ngay tren thuyen, that la thinh vugng".

O viing bien gidi Viet - Trung, tir tbdi Ly da hinh thanh mdt sd dia diem trao
ddi hdng hod. Ldi budn hai nudc dem dii thii lua la, gidy biit, buong lieu, vai vdc,
ngd voi, nggc vdng... ddn trao ddi.
Tuy nhien, vdo thdi Ld, nhd nudc khdng chii truong md rgng giao luu vdi
thuong nhan nudc ngodi. Thuydn be nudc ngodi chi dugc cap ben mdt sd cang
va bi khdm xet nghidm ngat.

t Em nghi the nao rt' thu'dng nghiep cua nudc ta d cac the ki
X~XV 7

94
4. TTnh hinh phdn hod xd hoi vd cuoc ddu tranh cua nong ddn
Su phdt tridn kinh te trong hodn canh eiia chd do phong kidn vira gdp phdn
ndng cao ddi sdng nhan dan, cung cd nen ddc lap dan tdc, vira ddy nhanh su
phan hod xa hdi. Giai cap dia chii thd'ng tri ngdy cang md rgng rudng dd't tU hiiu,
nhd't la cdc quy tdc Trdn vdi he thd'ng didn trang ciia minh. Ban ddu, didu ndy
gdp phdn md rdng dien tfch canh tdc, giai quydt ft nhidu tinh trang dan phieu
tan. Tir thd ki XIV, do nhidu nguyen nhan khdc nhau, mdt miia, ddi kem xdy ra
ngay cang nhidu, nen "nhdn dan nhidu ngudi phai ban rudng dd't va bdn con trai,
con gai lam nd ti". Trong Itic dd, vua quan, quy tdc chdp chidm rudng ddt,
an choi xa xi, khdng quan tam ddn cudc sd'ng eiia nhan dan. Nhidu cudc ddu
tranh cua ndng ddn da bung ldn, nhd't la vao cudi the ki XIV. Nhd Trdn suy vong.
Te tudng Hd Quy Ly thuc hien mdt cudc cai cdch ldn dd ctiu van tinh the - nha
Hd dugc thanh lap.

.AU HOI
^
1. Nhu'ng nguyen nhan nao tao nen sU phat then nong nghiep
b cac the ki X - XV ?
2. Hay neu nhu'ng bieu hien ndi len sU phat then cua thii cong
nghiep va thuong nghiep thdi Ly, Tran, Le.
3. Su phan hoa xa hgi d the ki XIV din den hau qua gi ?

95
 NHUNG CUOC KHANG CHIEN
Bdi 29 CHONG NGOAI XAM 6 CAC
THE KI X - XV

Trong nhting the ki xay dung ddt nudc. nhan dan ta vdn
phai lien tuc tien hanh cac cudc khang chien chd'ng
ngoai xam. Vdi ldng yeu nudc ndng nan, vdi tinh than
chie'n dau kien cudng, anh dung, nhan dan Dai Viet dii
lam nen biet bao chien thdng huy hoang. gitr vtfng nen
ddc lap dan tdc.

I - CAC CUOC KHANG C H I E N CHONG QUAN XAM LlTOC TONG

Ddu thd kl X, nhan dan Viet Nam da gianh lai dugc quydn tu chii, lat dd hoan
toan chd do dd hd hom mdt nghin nam ciia phong kien phuong Bdc. Nhung
chdng bao lau sau chien thdng Bach Ddng nam 938, nhdn ddn ta da phdi duong
dau vdi hai ldn xam lugc ciia nha Td'ng.

1. Cuoc khdng chi§n cho'ng Tong thdi Tiin Le

Nam 980, duge tin tridu dinh nhd Dinh gap nhidu khd khan, vua Td'ng vdi eir
quan sang xam lugc nude ta. Thap dao tudmg quan Ld Hoan lap tiic dugc nhieu
tudng linh va ba Thai hau hg Duong tdn ldn lam vua, chi dao cudc khdng chidn.
Nam 981, quan Td'ng tie'n vdo nudc ta. Vdi y chf quydt chidn, bao ve nen ddc
lap ciia To qud'c, quan va dan Dai Cd Viet da chidn ddu anh dting, ddnh tan quan
xdm lugc Td'ng ngay trdn viing Ddng Bde. Nhidu tudmg giac bi bdt. Nhd Td'ng
bude phai nit quan, bd mdng xam lugc nudc ta. Quan he Viet - Td'ng trd lai
binh thudmg.

hlav dio biet nguyen nlian thang lgi cua cudc khang chien
chdng Tdne, thdi Tien Le.

96
2. Cuoc khdng chie'n cho'ng Tong thdi Ly
Vao nhumg nam 70 ciia the ki XI, trong Itic Dai Viet dang phat trien thi nha
Td'ng bude vao giai doan khiing hodng, phfa bdc bi ngudi Lidu, Ha xam lan,
trong nude ndng dan ndi day d nhidu noi. Trudc tinh the dd, Te tudng Vuong
An Thach da khuydn vua Td'ng sai quan xam lugc nudc ta : "Ndu thdng. the
Td'ng se tang, eae nudc Lidu, Ha se phai kidng nd".
Tin quan Td'ng chudn bi xam lugc bao ve. Thdi hau Y Lan ciing vua Ly trieu
tap cac dai than hdi ban. Thai uy Ly Thirdng Kiet da chii truong : "Ngdi yen dgi
giac khdng bdng dem quan danh trudc dd chan mui nhgn cua giac". Dugc sir tan
ddng cua tridu dinh va sir iing hd nhiet liet ciia quan sT, nam 1075, Thai uy Ly
Thudng Kiet - ngudi chi dao cudc khang chidn, da kdt hgp luc lugng quan ddi
eiia trieu dinh vdi lire lugng dan binh ciia cac tti trudng dan tdc ft ngudi d phfa
bdc, md cudc tap kfeh len dat Td'ng, ddnh tan cac dao quan nha Td'ng d day.
rdi nit ve nudc.
Dau nam 1077, khoang 30 van quan Tdng danh sang Dai Viet. Dudi su lanh
dao tai gidi ciia Ly Thudng Kiet, quan dan ta danh tan quan xam luge Td'ng
trong tran quyet chien tren bd sdng Nhu Nguyet (Bae Ninh). Cudc khang chie'n
hodn todn thdng lgi. Bdi tho Nam quo'c san hd mai mai vang vgng non sdng :

Nam quo'c san hd Nam de cu

Tiet nhien dinh plidn tgi thien thu
Nhu ha nghich 16 lai .xdm phgm
Nhif ddng hdnh khan thii hgi hu.

Tam dich
Song nui mfcfc Nam vua Nam a
Ranh ranh dinh phew a sdch trai
Ca sao lu gidc sang .xdm phgm
Chung hay se bi ddnh tai bin.

(Theo Lich sir Viet Nam. tap I NXB Khoa hoc xa hoi, H., 1971)

Phan tich y nghia ciia bai tlid Nam qude sdn ha.

7. LICH SU IOC - A
97
II - CAC CUOC KHANG CHIEN CHONG XAM LlTOC MONG - NGUYEN
6 T H E KI XIII
Dudi thdi Trdn, nhan dan Dai Viet phai duong ddu vdi mdt thir thdeh hiem
ngheo : trong vdng 30 nam phai tien hdnh 3 ldn khdng chidn chd'ng quan xdm
lugc Mdng - Nguydn hung bao (1258, 1285, 1287 - 1288).
Dudi su lanh dao cua cae vi vua Trdn Thdi Tdng, Trdn Thanh Tdng, Tran
Nhan Tdng, Thdi su Trdn Thii Do cting hang loat vi tudng tdi gidi nhu Trdn
Quang Khdi, Trdn Khdnh Du, Trdn Nhat Duat, Pham Ngii Lao v.v..., dac biet la
nhd quan su thien tai Trdn Qud'c Tudn (Trdn Hung Dao), quan va ddn Dai Viet
da dodn kdt, edm vii khf dung ien chd'ng giac giti nude.
Ldi hich ciia Tiet che Tran HUng Dao cd doan : "Ta thudng tdi bUa quen
an, nira dem vd gdi, rudt dau nhu cat, nUdc mat dam dia ; chi gian chUa
the lot da, an gan, udng mau quan thii ; d i u cho tram than ta phdi ngoai
ndi cd, nghin thay ta boc trong da ngUa cung nguyen xin lam."
("Theo Tha vdn Ly - Trdn)

Kinh thanh Thang Long ba ldn bi qudn xam lugc tan phd, bd chi huy khdng
chidn cd liic bi kep giifa hai ggng kim ciia qudn xam lugc, tir Nam ddnh len va
tir Bdc ddnh xudng. Nhumg, vdi y chf kien eudmg, vdi truyen thd'ng ydu nudc sdu
sdc, nhdn ddn Dai Viet da thuc hien lenh ciia tridu dinh "ndu cd giac ngodi de'n,
phdi lieu chdt ma ddnh, ndu siic khdng dich ndi thi cho phep ldn trdnh vao rimg
niii, khdng dugc ddu hang". Qudn giac di ddn dau, ndu khdng bi ddnh giet thi
cung chi thdy eanh "vudn khdng nha trd'ng". Cudi cting, chiing phai chiu thdt
bai trong cdc tran Ddng Bd Ddu, Chuong Duomg, Ham Tir, Tdy Kdt, Van Kiep
d hai ldn xam lugc 1258, 1285 vd dau ddn nhd't, nang nd nhdt Id trdn dai bai tren
sdng Bach Ddng nam 1288 trong ldn xam lugc thii ba.

Bgch Ddng nhd't trdn hod cong

Tdc binh dgi phd, huyet hong mdn giang.

(Bach Ddng mdt trdn boa cdng

Giac kia tan tdc, mdu hdng dd sdng.)

Chidn thdng Bach Ddng mai mai ghi sau vao lich sir ddu tranh anh hung ciia
dan tdc Viet Nam, kdt thiic thdng lgi eude khang chie'n ehdng quan xam luge
Mdng - Nguyen ciia nhan dan ta.
Cting thdi gian nay, nam 1282, quan Mdng - Nguydn dong thuyen ddnh vao
Cham-pa. Quan dan Cham-pa riit lui khdi kinh thanh va sau dd, dudi su ehi huy

98
7. LjCH SdlOC - B
 ciia Thdi tir Ha-ri-gft, tap trung luc lugng ddnh lui quan xam lugc. Mdt bd ph an
ciia ehiing phai nit ldn phfa bdc, theo su didu ddng ciia nhd Nguydn danh vvdo
phfa nam ciia Dai Viet.

\yy ~ 7
- Neu y nghia ldi hjch ndi h'en cua Tran Hung Dao.
- Tai sao nhan dan thdi Tran lai san sang doan ke't vd'i trieu dinli
didng giac giit nu'dc 7

III - P H O N G TRAO DAU TRANH CHONG QUAN XAM LUOC M I N H

VA K H d l NGHIA LAM SON

Cudi thd kl XIV, nhd Trdn suy vong. Nam 1400, nhd Hd thanh lap. Cudc cai
each ciia nhd Hd chua dat dugc kdt qua mong mud'n thi quan Minh d at tidn sang
xam lugc. Nam 1407, cudc khdng chidn cua nhd Hd thdt bai, nudc ta roi vdo deh
dd hd eiia nhd Minh. Hang loat cudc khdi nghTa bung ldn d khdp noi trong ca
nudc, nhumg ddu bi dan dp.
Trudc nhiing hanh ddng tan bao cua ke thti : " Nudng ddn den tren nggn lifa
hung tdn ; Viii con do xud'ng dudi hdm tai vg ", cudc khdi nghTa do Le Lgi lanh
dao da nd ra d Lam Son (Thanh Hod) vdo miia xuan nam 1418. Mae dti nhidu ldn
bi qudn Minh tidn ddnh dti ddi, nghia qudn vdn giti vtfng tinh thdn chidn ddu, md
rdng ddn viing boat ddng dd rdi sau dd, lam ehii ca viing ddt tir Thanh Hod vdo
phfa Nam. Dugc su hudng ting nhiet liet ciia nhan dan, nghia quan da tdn edng ra
Bdc, chidn dd'u quydt liet vdi qudn Minh, ddy chiing vao thd bi dgng. Cudi
nam 1427, 15 van quan cihi vien cua giac d at tidn vao nudc ta da bi nghia quan
danh tan tdnh d trdn Chi Lang - Xuong Giang limg ldy. Giac roi vao the ciing qudn,
nghTa quan da "the diic bidu sinh" cap ngua, thuyen cho chiing nit vd nudc.

Dem dgi nghTa de tliang hung tdn,

Ldy dti nhdn dethay cUdng bgo [...]
Xd tdc tif ddy vitng ben,
Giang san tUddy doi mai [...]
Mat CO nhung y chie'n thang, nen cong oanh liet ngdn ndm ;
Ban phuang bien cd thanh binh, ban chie'u duy tdn khdp chdn...
(Binh Ngo dgi cdo)

Neu mdt vai dac diem cua Ididi nghia Lam Sdu. So sanli vo'i
cac cudc khang chien thdi Ly, Trdn.
99
 Hinh 37 - Liroc do cac dia danh diSn ra nhung Iran danh 16n (the ki X - XV)

>AU HOI
r 1. Lap bang thdng ke cac cugc khang chie'n va khcii nghTa
cho'ng ngoai xam tif the ki X de'n the ki XV.
2. Phan tich su khae nhau giCa hai cugc khang chie'n chdng
Tdng thdi Ly va chdng Mong - Nguyen thdi Tran.
3. Trinh bay nguyen nhan thang lgi ciia cugc khdi nghTa
Lam Son.
y
100
 XAY DUNG VA PHAT TRIEN
Ba'20 VAN HOA DAN T O C
TRONG CAC THE KI X - XV

Trong cac the ki X - XV. ciing \di sir nghiep chinh tri.
quan su va phat trien kinh te. nhan dan Viet Nam da ttmg
budc xa_\ dung cho minh mdt nen van boa mang dam
ban sac dan tdc. Nhimg thanh tuu \an hoa dat dugc. vtra
la san pham cua sir nghiep chung ndi tren. vtra dat nen
mdne \Lme chac lau dai cho dan tdc.

I - TU T U 6 N G , TON GIAO
Budc sang thdi ddc lap, Nho giao, Phat gido, Dao gido vd'n dugc du nhap vao
nudc ta tir thdi Bde thudc, cd didu kien phdt tridn.
Nho gido ddn ddn trd thanh he tu tudng chfnh ciia giai cap phong kidn thd'ng
tri, duge dat thanh nhumg nguydn tdc co ban trong quan he \aia - tdi, cha - con,
chdng - vg va la tu tudng chi phdi ndi dung gido due, thi cir. Tuy nhien, d cac
the ki X - XIV, trong nhdn ddn, anh hudng cua Nho giao cdn ft, dao Phat cdn
giii mdt vi tri dac biet quan trgng va rat phd bie'n. Cdc nha su dugc tridu dinh
tdn trgng, cd liic da tham gia ban viec nudc. Vua, quan nhidu ngudi theo dao
Phat, gdp tien xay dung chtia, diic chudng, td tugng, vie't gido If nhd Phat.
Sir cu viet: "Ly Thai To len ngdi mdi dUdc 2 nam, tdn mieu chua dUng,
xa tac chua lap ma trudc da dung 8 chiia 6 phii Thien OUc... cap dp diep
cho hdn 1000 ngUdi d kinh ^U lam tang".
(Dai Viet sir kl toan thu)

Chtia chien dUdc xay dung d khap ndi, nhieu ngUdi theo dao Phaf, den
ndi mpt vj quan thdi Tran da nhan x e t : "Thien ha nam phan thi sutang
chiem mdt", hoac "chd nao cd ngUdi 6 deu cd chtia thd Phat".

Dao gido tuy khdng phd cap nhung hod ldn vdi cdc tfn ngudng ddn gian. Mdt
sd dao quan dugc xay dimg.
Tir cudi the ki XIV, Phat giao va Dao gido suy ddn. Thdi Le so, Nho gido
dugc ehinh thiie nang len dia vi ddc tdn va vi tri dd dugc duy tri cho den cudi

101
 the ki XIX. Sd ngudi theo dao Phat, Dao gido giam bdt. Nha nude phong kidn
ban hanh nhieu dieu Ienh nhdm ban ehe su phdt trien eiia Phat gido, thiet ldp tdn
ti trdt tu xa hdi cua Nho giao trong nhan dan. Sir phdt trien cua gido due Nho
hgc ciing gdp phdn ciing cd vi trf cua Nho giao.

Nhan xet vi hi ciia Phiit giao d cac the ki X - XI\

II - GIAO DUC, V A N HOC, NGHE THUAT, KHOA HOC - KI THUAT

1. Gido due
Nam 1070, vua Ly Thanh Tdng cho lap Van Midu. Nam 1075, khoa thi qude
gia ddu tidn dugc td chiic d kinh thanh.
Tir thd ki XI ddn the ki XV, gido due Dai Viet timg budc dugc hoan thien va
phdt trien, trd thdnh ngudn dao tao quan cbife va ngudi tai cho dd't nudc. Ndi
dung hgc tap dugc quy dinh chat che. Tbdi Ld so, quy chd thi cir dugc ban hdnh
rd rang : cii 3 nam ed mgt ki tbi Hdi, chgn Tidn si. Rieng thdi vua Le Thanh
Tdng (1460 - 1497) da td chtrc 12 khoa thi Hdi. Sd ngudi di hgc ngdy eang
ddng, ddn trf do dd dugc nang cao. Nam 1484, nhd nudc quye't dinh dung bia,
ghi ten Tien sT.

Hinh 38 - Bia Tien sT trong Van Mieu (Ha N6i)

102
 Hang loat trf thiic tai gidi dugc ddo tao da gdp phdn quan trgng vdo viec xdy
dung va bdo ve ddt nudc. Tuy nhidn, gido due Nho hgc khdng tao didu kien cho
su phdt trien kinh td.

^ Viec dung bia Tien si co tac dung gi

2. Vdn hoc
Su phdt trien giao due gdp phdn phdt trien van hgc.
Ban ddu, van hgc mang nang tu tudng Phat gido. Ttr thdi Trdn, van hgc dan
tdc ngay cdng phdt trien. Hdng loat bdi tho, bai hich, bdi phii ndi tidng nhu
Nam quo'c san hd, Hich tudng sT, Bgch Ddng giang phii, v.v... ciing hang loat tap
tho chii Hdn da ra ddi, vira the hien tai nang van hgc vira todt len nidm tu hdo
ddn tdc va ldng ydu nudc sau sdc. Van tho phdt trien den mtfc, cudi thd ki XIV,
Trdn Nguydn Ddn da thd't ldn :
Tuang vd, quan hdu deu biei chit,
Thg thuyen, thu lgi ciing hay tha.
(Tha vdn Ly - Trdn)
6 thd kl XV, van hgc chii Hdn vd chii Ndm (dugc sang tao tir the ki XI - XII)
ddu phat tridn vdi su xudt hien ciia hang loat tap tho ciia Nguydn Trai, Le Thanh Tdng,
Ly Tir Tan v.v... cd ndi dung ca nggi ddt nudc phat trien.

- Dac diem cua thd van cac the ki XI - .XV.

3. Nghe thudt
Nghe thuat ciing cd nhiing budc phdt tridn mdi. Trong cdc the ki X - XIV,
nhiing cdng trinh nghe thuat Phat giao dugc xay dung d khdp mgi noi nhu chua
Mdt Cdt (Didn Huu), chiia Dau, chiia Phat Tfch, chiia Dam, thap Bao Tliien,
thdp Phd Minh. Chudng, tugng cting dugc dtic, tac rdt nhidu. Cudi the ki XIV,
thanh nhd Hd (VTnh Lgc - Thanh Hod) dugc xay dung va trd thanh mdt didn
hinh ciia nghe thuat xay thanh d nudc ta. O phfa nam, nhieu ddn thap Cham dugc
xay dung them, mang phong each nghe thuat dac sdc.
Xua't hien nhidu tdc phdm dieu khdc mang nhiing boa tidt hoa van ddc dao
nhu rdng minh trom cudn trong la dd, bdng ctic nhidu canh, be chan cdt hinh hoa
sen nd... ciing nhidu biic phii dieu ed hinh cdc cd tidn, cae vii nii vtia miia vira
ddnh ddn.

103
 Hinh 39 - Chua Mot Cot (Ha Noi) Hinh 40 - Thap chiia Phd Minh (Nam Dinh)

Hinh 41 - Lan can da cham rdng tai th6m dien Kmh Thien
(Ha Noi)

Nghe thuat san khdu nhu cheo, tudng, ra ddi tir sdm va ngay cdng phdt trien.
Miia rdi nude la mdt nghe thuat dac sdc, phdt trien tii thdi Ly.
Van bia Siing Thien dien linh (d Ha Nam, khae nam 1121) viet: "Hang
nghin chiec thuyen bdi giUa dong nhanh nhu chdp... Lan nudc rung
rinh, rtia vang ndi len dpi ba qua nui... Id van tren vo va xoe bd'n chan,
nhe rang trgn mat... Cac than tien xua't hien, net mat nhuan nhj thanh
tam ha phai dau ve dep ciia ngUdi tran the, tay nho nhan mem mai miia
dieu hdi phong..."

104
 Am nhac phdt trien vdi nhidu nhac cu nhu trd'ng com, sdo, tidu, dan cdm, ddn
tranh, chieng cdng v.v... Cac nghe nhan sang tdc nhieu bdn nhac de tdu hdt trong
cdc budi Id hdi.
Ca miia dugc td chiic trong cdc Id hdi, ngay miia d khdp cdc ldng ban mien
xudi cung nhu mien ngugc. Cting vdi cdc dieu ca, dieu miia, cdn cd cac cudc
dua tai nhu ddu vat, dua thuydn, dd cdu...

- Quan sat cac hinli 39, 40, 41, hay phan tich net ddc dao cua
nghe thuit kie'n true Viet Nam.
- Hay nhan xet ve ddi song van hda cua nlian dan didi Ly, Tran, Le.

4. Khoa hoc - ki thudt

Ciing vdi su phdt trien cua gido due va y thiic dan tdc, nhieu ngdnh khoa
hgc - kT thuat cung dat dugc nhirng thanh tuu cd gid tri. Thdi Trdn, bd Dgi Viet
sif ki (ciia Ld Van Huu) - bd sir chfnh thd'ng ciia nhd nudc - dugc bidn soan. O
edc thdki sau, nhieu bd sit khdc nhu Lam San thuc luc, Dgi Viet sifki todn thu...
dugc soan thao. Vd dia If cd Dudia chi, Hong Ddc bdn do ; vd qudn su cd Binh
thu ye'u lugc ; vd cdc thidt che chfnh tri cd bd Thien Nam duhg ; vd todn hgc cd
Dgi thdnh todn phdp ciia Luong Thd Vinh, Lap thdnh todn phdp ciia Vii Htiu.
Nhu cdu qud'c phdng da tao didu kien cho cdc quan xudng, dudi su chi dao
ciia Hd Nguyen Triing, chd tao siing thdn co va ddng edc thuyen chidn cd Idu.
Thanh nha Hd (d Thanh Hod) cung la mdt thdnh tuu ki thuat quan trgng.

Lap bang thdng ke cac thanli tuu khoa hgc - ki thuat.

»AU HOI
/
1. Trinh bay tdm lugc sU phat then ciia giao due qua cac thdi
Dinh, Tien Le, Ly, Tran, Ho, Le sd.
2. Vi sao Phat giao rat phat then dudi thdi Ly, Tran nhung den
thdi Le lai khong phat then ?
3. Thong ke cac thanh tuu van hoc, nghe thuat b cac the ki XI - XV.

105
 Chuang Tl
VlfiT NAM TCf T H | KI XVI
EATH^KIXVIH

O T NHUNG BIEN DOI

Bdi^J^ CUA NHA NU^CIC PHONG KIEN
/v^

TRONG CAC THE KI XVI - XVIII

Cudc khiing hoang chinh tri d ddu the ki XVI da lam

sup dd tridu Le so. Nha Mac ra ddi chua dugc bao lau
thi xay ra cudc chien tranh Nam - Bdc tridu va tiep dd
la chien tranh Trinh - Nguydn. Hai chfnh quyen d
Dang Ngoai va Dang Trong dugc hinh thanh. tdn tai
cho den cudi thd ki XVIII.

1. Su sup 60 cua tri§u Le so. Nhd Mgc ducfc thdnh ldp

Ddu the ki XVI, trieu Ld so suy sup. Sau khi vua Le Hidn Tdng ehdt, cdc vua
Uy Muc, Tuong Due khdng cdn quan tam ddn viec trieu ehfnh, chi lo an choi, sa
doa. Quan lai, dia chu nhan do hodnh hanh, hach sdch nhdn dan, chidm doat
rudng ddt. Nhan dan khd cue da ndi day dau tranh d nhieu noi. Mdt sd thd luc
phong kidn ciing hgp quan, ddnh nhau, tranh chdp quydn hdnh. Ndi trdi hon ca
la the lire ciia Qud'c edng Thdi phd Mac Dang Dung. Sau khi dep ydn edc the luc
phong kidn khdc, nhan tha'y dugc su bdt luc va suy sup ciia ddng hg Le, nam 1527
Mac Dang Dung bdt vua Le nhudng ngdi va thanh lap trieu dai mdi - trieu Mac.

106
 Trong nhiing nam ddu thd'ng tri, nha Mac xdy dung Iai ehfnh quydn theo md
hinh eu ciia nha Le, td chiic thi cir ddu dan de tuyen lua quan lai. Ddng thdi, nha
Mac cd gdng giai quydt vdn de rudng ddt, tao didu kien dn dinh lai dd't nudc.
Nhd Mac tap trung xay dung mdt dao quan thudmg true manh de ddi phd vdi mgi
tinh hinh cd the xdy ra. Tuy nhidn, chi mdt thdi gian sau, tridu dinh nhd Mac suy
thodi ddn.

Hinh 42 - Di tfch thanh nha Mac (Lang Son)

Gitfa liie dd, nhd Mac lai phdi chiu siie ep tir hai phfa. O phfa nam, mdt sd
cuu than nhd Ld tap hgp luc lugng ndi day chd'ng nha Mac. O phfa bdc, bidt dugc
Dai Viet dang trong tinh trang khdng dn dinh, vua Minh cho quan tid'n xud'ng,
phao tin xam chidm nudc ta. Nha Mac liing tiing, da budc phdi ddng sd sdch i:ho
quan Minh, chiu thdn phuc dd ydn mat Bdc. Vuong tridu Mac khdng cdn dugc
su tin tudng eiia nhan dan.

2. Odt nudc bj chia cat

Khdng chdp nhan chinh quydn ciia hg Mac, mdt so quan lai cif ciia nhd Ld,
dumg ddu la Nguydn Kim, da hgp quan, neu danh nghia "phii Le diet Mac", ndi
day d vting Thanh Hod. Mdt nhd nude mdi dugc thdnh lap d day, sir cii ggi la
Nam trieu de phan biet vdi Bdc trieu cua nhd Mac. Chidn tranh Nam - Bdc tridu
bting nd, keo dai cho den eudi the ki XVI. Tridu Mac bi lat dd. Ddt nudc budc
ddu dugc thd'ng nhdt lai. Nhung khdng lau sau, hinh thdnh mdt the lire cat cii d
man Nam - the luc phong kidn hg Nguydn.

107
 Nam 1545, Nguyen Kim chet, con re la Trinh Kiem dUdc cir len thay,
nam toan bd binh quyen. Ngudi con thU ciia Nguyen Kim la Nguydn
Hoang xin dUdc vao tran thii da't Thuan Hoa. Dat Thuan Hoa trd thanh
ndi day nghiep ciia hp Nguyen.

Nam 1627, cudc chien tranh Trinh - Nguydn biing nd, keo ddi den eudi
nam 1672. Khdng phan dugc thdng bai, hai bdn giang boa, ldy sdng Gianh
(Quang Binh) lam gidi tuydn, chia dd't nude lam hai : Dang Ngodi va Dang
Trong, vdi hai chfnh quydn rieng biet.
Tinh trang chia cdt keo ddi cho den cudi thd ki XVIII, gay nen hau qua het
sire nang nd cho ddt nudc.

^^ - Neu nguyen nlian cua sif chia cat dat nwd'c.

3. Nhd nudc phong ki§n d Ddng Ngodi

Ttr cudi thd ki XVI, nha nudc phong kidn Nam tridu chuydn vd Thang Long,
dugc xay dung lai hodn chinh vdi danh nghia thd'ng tri toan bd dd't nudc, do vua
Le dung ddu. Tuy nhien, quydn hdnh eiia vua Ld khdng cdn nhu trudc, thdm chf
bi thu hep ddn miic chi cdn Id danh nghia. Mgi quydn hdnh ddu ndm trong tay
ngudi tdng chi huy quan ddi hg Trinh, vd sau dugc phong vuong (nhan dan quen
ggi la chiia).
O Trung uong hinh thdnh hai bd phan : tridu dinh va phu chiia. Tridu dinh
diing ddu la vua Ld dugc td chiic nhu cii nhung quydn hdnh bi thu hep. Phu chiia
gdm mdt sd quan van, quan vd cao cap chuydn ciing chiia ban bae, quydt dinh
cdc chil truang, chfnh sdch ldn ciia nhd nudc vd true tidp chi dao viec thuc hien.
Ve sau, chua Trinh dat them 6 phien, chi dao boat ddng cua cdc bd.
Dang Ngoai dugc chia thanh 12 tran, cd Trdn thii diing ddu, lam viec vdi sU
giup dd ciia hai ti. Dudi trdn la phii, huyen, chdu, xa nhu ctf.
Nha nudc Ld - Trinh tidp tuc chfnh sdch tuyen chgn quan lai nhu thdi Le so.
Bd Quo'c trieu hinh ludt thdi Hdng Diic vdn tidp tuc duge sir dung vdi ft nhieu
bd sung.
Quan ddi dugc td chifc chat che, bao gdm mdt ddi quan thudng true, dugc
tuyen chii ydu tit 3 phii ciia Thanh Hod vd mdt sd huyen eiia Nghe An, ggi la
quan Tam phii. Dao quan ndy dugc cdp nhidu rudng ddt va ed kha nhidu uu dai
ndn cdn ggi la uu binh. Ngoai ra, edn cd ngoai binh dugc tuyen ttr 4 trdn xung
quanh kinh thdnh.

108
 Hinh 43 - Phu chua Trinh (tranh ve the ki XVII)

Quan lai thdi Ld - Trinh khdng dugc cdp rudng ddt nhu trudc. Vd sau, do khd
khan vd tdi chfnh, nha nudc cdn dat ra le cho dan nop tien de dugc ldm quan.
Trong quan he vdi nhd Thanh d Trung Qud'c, chfnh quydn Ld - Trinh ban ddu
da de cho hg xam ldn nhieu vimg ddt d bien gidi. Vd sau, khi tinh hinh dn dinh,
y thiic dan tdc dugc nang ldn, chiia Trinh da cd Idc cir sii thdn len bidn gidi
thuong lugng budc nhd Thanh phai tra lai mdt sd vting.

Nhan xet ve bd may nha nw'dc thdi Le - Trinli.

4. Chinh quy§n d Odng Trong

Tir the ki XVII va nhat la tir sau khi chdm diit cudc ndi chidn Trinh - Nguydn,
lanh thd Ddng Trong timg budc dugc md rdng vao phfa nam, bao gdm ca viing
da't tir Nam Quang Binh de'n Nam Bd ngay nay.
Cdc chtia Nguydn nd'i tidp nhau xay dung ehfnh quydn rieng ciia minh. Ddt
Dang Trong chia thdnh 12 dinh, noi ddng phii chiia dugc ggi Id Chfnh dinh.
109
 Mdi dinh deu ed 2 hay 3 ti trdng coi mgi viec, nhung ehii ydu lo viec thud khod
va hd khdu. Ttr nira sau the ki XVII, Phii Xuan (Hue) trd thanh trung tam cua
Dang Trong. Chua Nguydn ciing thanh lap cdc co quan true thude chuyen vd
viec thu thud.
Dudi dinh la phii, huyen, tdng, xa (hay phuomg, thudc).
Quan ddi Ddng Trong Id quan thudmg true, tuyen theo nghia vu, dugc trang
bi vii khf day dii, trong dd cd siing dai bdc chd tao theo kieu phuong Tay.
Vao giiia thd ki XVII, chua Nguydn bdt ddu td chiic ede ki thi; quan lai duge
tuyen chgn bdng nhidu cdch : ddng doi, dd cir, khoa cir.
Nam 1744, sau mdt thdi ki phdt tridn dn dinh cua xa hdi Ddng Trong, chiia
Nguydn Phue Khoat quydt dinh xung vuong, thdnh lap tridu dinh trung uong,
ddi 3 ti thdnh 6 bg va ddt thdm quan chiic. Cdc dinh vdn giii nhu cii. Tuy nhien,
cho ddn cudi thd ki XVIII, tridu dinh Dang Trong vdn chua hodn chinh.
Tir gitia thd ki XVIII, chfnh quydn d Dang Trong cung nhu d Dang Ngodi ddu
ldm vdo tinh trang khiing hoang ngay cang trdm trgng.

- Em CO nlian dinh gi ve viec lam cua chua Nguyen Phuc FJioat 7

- Diem khae biet cua chinh quyen Dang Trong vol nha nu'dc
Le - Lrinh d Dang .Wgoai la gi 7

•AU HOI
1. Em hay cho biet nguyen nhan suy sup ciia theu Le so.
2. Hay danh gia vai tro cua Vuong trieu Mac.
3. Neu nguyen nhan ciia cac cugc chien tranh phong kie'n :
Nam - Bae theu, Trinh - Nguyen.
4. Ve so do ve td chire chinh quyen b Dang Ngoai, Dang Trong
va so sanh, nhan xet.
>

110
 ^^^ 22 TINH HINH KINH TE
6 CAC THE KI XVI - XVIII

Tiie ki XVI, dat nudc cd nhidu bie'n ddng IcTn. Tuy nhien.
do nhidu didu kien khae nhau nen nen kinh le tiep tuc phai
trien vdi nhimg bieu hien cd y nghia xa hdi quan trong.

1. Tinh hmh nong nghiep d cdc the' ki XVl - XVIII

Tir cudi thd ki XV ddn ddu thd ki XVI, rudng ddt ngdy cang tap trung vao tay
tang ldp dia chii, quan lai. Nhd nudc khdng quan tam den san xudt nhu trudc.
Mat miia, ddi kem xay ra lidn mien. Cudc sd'ng cua ndng dan trd ndn khd cue,
hg da ndi ddy ddu tranh.
Ndng nghiep mdt thdi bi tan phd do chidn tranh, tir nita sau the ki XVII mdi
ddn ddn dn dinh trd lai.
O Dang Ngodi, nhan dan tidp tuc khai hoang md rdng dien tfch ddt eanh tdc.
0 Dang Trong, cdc chtia Nguydn khuydn khfch nhan dan khai phd dd't hoang,
nhanh chdng md rdng rudng ddng. Dien tfch rudng dd't ed nudc tang ldn nhanh
ehdng. Nhan dan hai midn ra siic tang gia san xudt, bdi ddp dd dap, nao vet
muong mdng. Khdng dimg lai d cac gid'ng liia cu, nhan dan cdn tim cdch nhdn
gid'ng, tao ra hang chuc gid'ng liia te, liia ndp vira giiip eho btfa an them ngon,
vita cung cdp thdc gao cho thi trudng. Hg cting trdng thdm khoai, sdn, ngd, dau,
dau, bdng, mfa, day.... Kinh nghiem "nudc, phan, cdn, gid'ng" dugc diic kdt
thdng qua thuc te sdn xudt. Dae biet d dd't Nam Bd, do ddt dai, thdi tidt thuan
lgi, nhan dan da san xudt dugc nhidu thdc gao phuc vu thi trudng, nang cao ddi
sd'ng. Nghd trdng vudn vdi nhidu loai cay an qud ngon nhu dira, xoai, diia... khd
phdt trien. Ddy ciing ddng thdi la giai doan gia tang tinh trang tap trung rudng
da't vao tay giai cdp dia chu phong kidn.

# -
Neu cac cliem hch cue va han che cua sif phat trien nong
nghiep giai doan na y.

Ill
2. Su phdt tri§n cua thu cdng nghiep
Trong nhan dan. cac nghd thii cdng cd truydn nhu lam gdm sir, det vai lua, lam
gid'y, lam dd trang siie, ren sdt, diie ddng... ngay cang phdt tridn va dat triiih do cao.
Nhidu nghd thii edng mdi
xua't hien nhu nghe khdc in ban
gd, nghe lam du'dng trdng,
nghe lam dong hd, Iam tranh
son mdi.
Sd ldng nghd nhu det lua,
linh cac loai, lam gidy, lam
gdm stf, nhudm vdi, dtic ddng
v.v... tang ldn ngay cdng nhidu.
6 cdc ldng nay, cu dan vdn ldm
rudng, tuy nhidn, mdt sd thg
gidi da hgp nhau rdi ldng ra
cdc dd thi, lap phucmg vtra san
xudt vira ban hang.
Nganh khai md trd thanh
mdt ngdnh kinh td phdt tridn d
ca Dang Trong va Dang Ngodi.
C) Ddng Ngoai, mdt sd ngudi
Hoa da sang xin thdu khai thdc
mdt so md, sir dung nhan cdng
ngudi Hoa. Nhan dd, mdt so
nhd giau ngudi Viet ciing xin
thdu. Lugng kim loai dugc ban
ra thi trudmg hoac phuc vu nha ^L^-^^^^ ^^ Cap chan den gom hoa lam ddu the ki XVII
nude ngdy edng ldm.

- Nhan xet ve tiie manh cua thu cdng nghiep dwo'ng thdi.
- Sw phat trien cua lang thu cdng dWdng thdi cd y nghla tich cWc
nhw the nao 7 Lien he vdi ngay nay.

3. Su phdt trien cua thUdng nghiep

Tii cdc the ki XVI - XVII, budn ban phdt trien manh d midn xudi. Chg lang,
chg huyen, chg phu mgc len khdp noi vd thudng hgp theo phidn.

112
 Nhan dan vimg Tir Son, Bdc Ninh cd cau :
Dinh Bdng bdn d'm, bdn khay,
Pha Luu hgp chg mdi ngdy mgt dong.
Nhidu noi trong nudc da xudt hidn mdt sd ldng budn vd trung tdm budn bdn
cua viing. Mdt sd nha budn ldm da mua hang thii cdng hay thdc liia chd thuydn
de'n ddy bdn va mua mdt sd san phdm dia phuong dua vd. Viec budn bdn giiia
mien xudi va mien ngugc cung tang ldn. Nha nudc ldp nhidu tram d cdc nga ba
dudng ldm hay bdn sdng de thu thud. O Dang Trong, vdo thdki XVIII, nhidu nhd
budn - trong sd dd ed ca ngudi Hoa, da mua thdc ciia Gia Dinh rdi chd ra cdc
dinh mien Trung de ban.
Cung trong thdi gian ndy, do su phat trien ciia giao luu budn ban trdn thd gidi
va do chil truong md cira ciia cdc chinh quydn Trinh, Nguydn nen ngoai thuong
phdt trien nhanh chdng. Thuyen budn cdc nudc, ke ca cdc nudc chau Au, den
nudc ta ngdy cdng nhidu.
Ben canh cdc thuong nhan Trung Hoa, Nhat Ban, Gia-va, Xiem..., xudt hien
nhCfng thuong nhdn Bd Ddo Nha, Ha Lan, Anh, Phdp. Hg da chd den nudc ta
nhiing san pham nhu vu khf, thud'c siing, len da, bae, ddng, dd sii v.v... de ddi
ld'y to lua, dudmg, dd gdm, cdc loai ndng sdn, ldm san quy... chd di. Nhidu
thuong nhdn nudc ngodi nhu Nhdt Ban, Trung Hoa, Ha Lan, Anh, Phdp da xin
lap phd xd, cira hang de cd the budn bdn lau ddi.

Hinh 45 - Thuong cang Hoi An (tranh ve cuoi the ki XVIII)

3. I-ICH SU10C - A 113

 Ngoai thuang phdt trien rdm rd ldn trong mdt thdi gian, nhung ddn giu'a the
ki XVIII thi suy ydu ddn. Che do thud khoa ngay eang phtfc tap, quan lai khdm
xet phidn phiic, cdc chtia cung xem day la mdt ngudn thu nhap ldn.
Theo Idi cac lai budn nudc ngoai dUdng thdi, thUdng nhan Ha Lan moi
lan vao nudc ta phai mua td xau ciia chua Tnnh den hang van lang bae,
trong luc do "no cu thi hau nhU tuyet vpng ma bpn quan lai thi ft khi tra
tien ngay, trong khi nhung viec nay khdng dem trinh len chua dUdc neu
nhu khdng thdng qua cac ba phi dan den te ha lam nang ne".

t Plian tich tac dung cua su'phat tiien budn ban h-ong nu'dc.
- \'ao Ccic the kl XV - XVL hvn the gidi cd sw kien gi dang
ghi nhd gop phan quan trong vao sw giao luu qude te 7
- Sw phat b'ien cua ngoai thu'dng cd tac dung gi ddi vdi nen
kinh te nu'dc ta 7

4. Su hung khdi cua cdc 66 thi

Su phdt tridn ciia kinh td hang boa da tao didu kien thudn lgi cho su hinh
thanh va hung khdi ciia dd thi.
Vdo cdc thd ki XVI - XVIII, nhidu dd thi mdi hinh thdnh d midn Bde va
mien Nam. Khu cu ddn Thang Long cung phat tridn vdi ten Ke Chg gdm 36 phd
phudng va 8 chg.
Mpt thUdng nhan nudc ngoai da md ta : "Cac phd d Ke Chd deu rpng,
dep va lat gaeh tCmg phan..." Mpt thuong nhan khae ndi them : "Tat ca
nhtfng vat pham khae nhau ban trong thanh phd nay deu dugc danh
rieng cho tUng phudng..."

Phd Hidn (phfa nam thi xa Hung Yen ngdy nay) ra ddi va phdt trien
phdn thinh. Nhdn dan ed cau 'Thif nhd't Kinh Ki, thU nhi Phd Hie'n ". Theo ngudi
phuang Tay md ta, bdy gid Phd Hidn ed khoang 2000 ndc nhd.
Hdi An la thanh phd cdng ldn nhdt d Dang Trong (trdn ddt Qudng Nam
ngay nay), phat trien chii ydu d cac the ki XVII - XVIII.

114 ,
3- L|CH S U l O C - B
 Giao sT Bo-ri da viet : "Hai cang dep nha't, ndi ma thUdng nhan ngoai
qud'c thudng lui tdi budn ban la hai cang thudc tinh Cac-ci-am
(Quang Nam)... Thanh phd dd Idn lam, den ndi ngudi ta cd the ndi nd
cd 2 thi tran, mpt ciia ngUdi Trung Qud'c va mpt ciia ngUdi Nhat Ban."
(Tudng trtnh ve vuang quoc Dang Trong)

Thanh Hd cting la mdt dd thi mdi hinh thanh d trdn bd sdng Huang, gdn Phii
Xudn (Hue') do cae thuong nhan Tmng Hoa thdnh lap vdi su ddng y eiia ehiia
Nguydn. Trao ddi budn bdn d day kha sdm udt va ngudi duong thdi da ggi la
"Dai Minh khdch phd".

Ngoai ra, cdn cd mdt sd trung tdm budn bdn nhd ban, phdn vinh mdt thdi.

Vdo ddu theki XIX, do nhidu nguydn nhan khae nhau, cac dd thi suy tan ddn,
tham chf khdng cdn dugc nhde ddn, trir Thang Long.

Hav nhan xet ve cac dd thi thekiXVU - XVIll.

»AU HOI
/
1. Nhifng bieu hien ciia su phat then thii cong nghiep, thUOng
nghiep trong cac the ki XVl - XVIII.
2. Nguyen nhan ciia su phat then kinh te hang hoa b cac the ki
XVl-XVIII.
3. Su hung khdi ciia cac do thj the hien ra sao ? Su phat trien
ciia do thj cd y nghia nhu the nao ?
4. Hay neu nhifng cau ca dao ve nghe thii cong ma em bie't.

115
 PHONG TRAO TAY SON
VA Sir NGHIEP THONG NHAT
Bdi 23 DAT N U 6 C , BAO VE T O QUOC
CUOI THE KI XVIII

Vao cudi the ki XVIII. che do phong kien d Dang Ngoai

Cling nhu Dang Trong budc vao giai doan khiing hoang
suy tan. Mdt phong trao ndng dan bting len rdm rd, md
dau tir dp Ta\' San (Binh Dinh) va trong qua trinh dau
tranh kien cuitng cua minh da lam nen hai sir nghiep
Idm : budc dau thdng nha't dat nudc va danh bai giac
ngoai xam, bao ve ndn ddc lap dan tgc.

I - PHONG TRAO TAY SON VA SV NGHIEP THONG NHAT DAT Nl/CC

CUOI THE KI XVIII

Vao gitfa the ki XVIII, chd do phong kidn Dang Ngoai khiing hoang sau sde.
Phong trao ndng dan bung ldn rdm rd, keo ddi trong ban 10 nam va bi dan dp.
Ciing trong thdi gian nay, d Dang Trong, chiia Nguydn xung vuong, thanh
lap tridu dinh rieng. Ddt nudc bi chia thdnh hai midn. Nhumg rdi chfnh quyen
mdi lai suy thodi. Nhan dan cue khd.
Theo mpt giao sT phUdng Tay, bay gid "gad dat nhU vang, tinh trang ddi
khd bay ra lam canh thUdng tam khd ta, xac chet chdng chat len nhau".

Nam 1771, mdt cudc khdi nghla ndng dan bimg ldn d dp Tay Som (Binh Dinh)
do 3 anh em Nguydn Nhac, Nguydn Hue, Nguydn Lu ldnh dao. Sau nhidu nam
chidn ddu kien cucmg, cudc khdi nghTa phdt trien, tien ien ddnh dd chfnh quyen
chiia Nguydn, lam ehii phdn dd't tir Quang Nam trd vao. Mdt nhiem vu mdi dugc
dat ra : tidn quan ra Bdc ddnh dd chfnh quydn Le - Trinh va didu ndy ciing cd
nghia la, phong trao Tay Son se phai dam nhan them sii menh thd'ng nha't lai ddt
nudc. Trong nhifng nam 1786 - 1788, phong trao Tay Son ldn lugt ddnh dd hai
tap dodn phong kidn Trinh, Le vd lam ehii toan bd ddt nudc. Sir nghiep thd'ng
nhdt dd't nudc budc ddu dugc hoan thanh.

116
II - CAc c u o c KHANG CHIEN 6 CUOI THE KI XVIII

1. Khdng chie'n cho'ng Xiem (1785)

Ddu nhifng nam 80 ciia thd ki XVIII, sau khi chfnh quydn chiia Nguydn bi
lat dd, mdt ngudi ehdu chiia Nguydn la Nguydn Anh da ciing tan qudn trdn chay
sang Xidm (Thdi Lan) cdu ctiu. Vua Xiem sai tudng dem 5 van quan thuy, bd
tidn sang nude ta theo su ddn dudng ciia qudn Nguydn Anh. Sau khi chidm dugc
gdn mdt nira ddt Gia Dinh (Nam Bd ngdy nay), chiing ra siic eudp phd, hodnh
hdnh vd chudn bi td'n cdng quan Tay Son d vting ddt cdn lai.
Dugc tin dd, vua Tay Son la Thai Difc (Nguydn Nhac) da sai em la Nguydn
Hue dem binh thuyen vao Nam chd'ng giac. Dugc su iing hd ciia nhan dan, dau
nam 1785, Nguydn Hue da td ehiic tran Rach Gdm - Xoai Mtit ddnh tan tanh
quan xam lugc. Nguydn Anh theo ednh tan qudn Xiem chay thodt. Mien Nam
trd lai yen binh.

Em biet ^1 them ve h'an Rach Gam - .Xoai Mut 7

2. Khdng chie'n chd'ng Thanh (1789)

Sau khi bi quan Tay Son ddnh bai, vua Le Chieu Thd'ng eiing mdt sd dai thdn
than can bd chay len phfa bdc, cho ngudi sang Trung Qud'c cdu ciiu nhd Thanh.
Nhan thdy day la mdt thdi co thuan lgi dd xam luge, vua Thanh sai tudng dem
29 van quan, theo su chi ddn ciia vua tdi Ld Chieu Thd'ng tidn sang nudc ta, vdi
danh nghia giiip nhd Ld ddnh quan Tay Son gidnh lai chfnh quydn.

Nhan dan Bang Ngoai vUa trai qua nhCfng nam loan lac, ddi khd, cud'i
nSm 1788 lai phai chimg kie'n hang chuc van quan xam lUdc tran vao
Thang Long.

Trd lai ngdi vua, Le Chieu Thdng tim mpi each bat nhan dan ddng gdp
de phuc vu quan xam lUdc. Canh cUdp bdc, tan pha, hoanh hanh lai
xay ra d khap ndi cd quan Thanh ddng giU, khien cho nhan dan cang
cam thti quan cUdp nudc va ban nudc.

117
 Hinh 46 - Luoc do tran Ngoc Hoi - Dong Da

Luc lugng Tdy Son ddng d kinh thanh tam nit vd man Ninh Binh, Thanh Hod,
rdi cho ngudi vdo Phii Xuan (Hue) cap bao. Dugc tin dd, Bdc Binh vuong
Nguydn Hue quydt dinh lam Id len ngdi Hodng dd, ld'y nien hieu la
Quang Trung, chi huy quan tidn ra Bdc ; tren dudmg di da dimg lai d Nghe An,
Thanh Hod dd tuyen them qudn. Dung vdo dem 30 Tdt (tiie 25 - 1 - 1789), qudn ta
dugc lenh tidn cdng vdi khf thd tir ldi hidu du ciia vua Quang Trung :

Ddnh cho de ddi toe

Ddnh cho de den rdng
Ddnh cho no chich ludn bd't plidn
Ddnh cho no phie'n gidp bdt hodn
Ddnh cho sif tri Nam quo'c anh hung chi hitu chu.

18
 Sau 5 ngdy (bdt ddu tir ddm 30 cho ddn trua mdng 5 Tdt Ki Ddu) tidn qudn
than td'c, chien da'u quydt liet va vdi chie'n thdng vang ddi Nggc Hdi - Ddng Da,
quan ta da danh bai hoan toan quan xam lugc, tidn vdo.Thang Long. Nhan dan
kinh thanh mumg vui chao ddn doan quan chie'n thdng diing nhu ldi tho md td :

Mdy tanh mil tan troi Igi sdng

Ddy thdnh gid tre mat nliu hoa
Chung vai sdt cdnh citng nhau noi
Cddd vdn thugc nui song ta.
(Ngo Ngoc Du)

Nhiing chidn cdng hien hdeh ciia su nghiep thd'ng nha't lai dd't nude va bao ve
ndn ddc ldp ddn tdc trong hoan canh dd't nudc roi vao tinh trang khiing hoang da
ndi ldn cdng lao to ldm ciia phong trao Tay Son va ngudi "anh hung do vai"
Nguydn Hue.

• Phan hch y nghia doan hich trong bai hieu du noi tren cua vtza
Quang Trung.
• Hay cho bie't dac diem ciia cudc kluing chie'n chdng qiiAn Tlianli.

Ill - VUONG TRIEU TAY SON

Sau khi tieu diet cdc luc lugng chiia Nguydn, nam 1778, thii linh nghTa quan
Tay Son la Nguydn Nhac tu xumg Hodng dd, thanh lap vuomg tridu nhung khdng
lam dugc gi thdm. Cudc khdi nghTa vdn tidp tuc. Cudi nam 1788, trudc khi xudt
quan ldn dudng ra Bdc chidn dd'u chd'ng quan xam lugc Thanh, Nguydn Hue len
ngdi Hodng dd (Quang Trung) va sau ngdy chidn thdng, ehfnh thiic xay dung
vuong tridu mdi theo ehe do quan ehu chuyen chd, thd'ng tri trdn viing ddt ttr
Thudn Hod trd ra Bde. Chfnh quydn cdc trdn dugc thdnh Idp. Vua Quang Trung
ban chidu keu ggi nhan dan khdi phuc sdn xud't, lap lai sd hd, td chiic lai gido
due thi cir. Dd't nudc ddn dan duge dn dinh. Qudn ddi duge td chtrc quy cii vd
trang bi vti khf ddy dii. Vua Quang Trung dat quan he hod hao vdi nhd Thanh va
dugc nha Thanh rat tdn trgng. Quan he vdi Lao va Chan Lap didn ra td't dep.

119
 Nam 1792, vua Quang Trung
dot ngdt qua ddi, tridu dinh roi
vao tinh trang luc due, suy ydu
ddn. Nam 1802, trude su tdn
cdng ciia qudn Nguydn Anh,
cdc vuong tridu Tay Son ldn
lugt sup dd.

Hinh 47 - Tuong Quang Trung

(Quy Nhom - Binh Dinh)

• Vwo'ng triiu cua Quang Trung da lam dwdc nliifng gi 7 Danh

gici nliifng viec lam dd.

>AU HOI
/
1. Danh gia cong lao cua phong trao Tay Son trong viec thong
nha't da't nudc.
2. Hay trinh bay dSc diem va nguyen nhan thang lgi cua cugc
khang chien chong Thanh.
3. Em bie't gi ve Nguyen Hue - Quang Trung va danh gia vai
tro cua ong trong hai cugc khang chien chdng Xiem va
chdng Thanh ?
J
120
 TINH HINH VAN HOA
Bdi 24 6 CAC THE KI XVI - XVIII

Nhtfng bien ddng Idm ciia ,\a hdi da anh hirdng den rinh
hinh van hoa. giao due. Hon ntia. d cac the ki .XVI -
XVIII, su phat tridn eua ngoai thuong, ciia kinh te hang
hoa va giao luu vdi the gidi ben ngoai ciing uic ddng ldn
den ddi sdng van hoa ciia nhan dan d ca Dang Ngoai va
Dang Trong.

I - VE TU T U O N G , TON GIAO
Nho gido tiing budc suy thodi, tdn ti trat tu phong kidn khdng edn dugc tdn
trgng nhu trudc mac dii cdc chfnh quydn Ld - Trinh, Nguydn tim mgi cdch ciing
CO. Phdt gido, Dao gido cd didu kien khdi phue vi tri ciia minh nhung-khdng
dugc nhu dudi thdi Ly, Trdn. Chiia qudn dugc xdy dung thdm. Nhidu vi chiia
quan tam xay dung, sira sang cdc ngdi chiia ldn. Nhdn ddn, quan chtic cting
ddng gdp tidn eua, rudng dd't, sira sang chiia chidn, diic chudng, td tugng.
Tir thd ki XVI den thd ki XVIII, nhidu giao sT dao Thien Chiia phirong Tay
theo cae thuydn budn nude ngodi vao Viet Nam truydn dao. Nhd thd Thidn Quia
gido mgc len d nhidu noi. Dao Thien Chiia trd thdnh mdt tdn gido lan truydn
trong ca nudc. Tuy nhidn, vd sau do nhidu didm khdc biet, boat ddng truydn gido
cua cdc giao sT bi nlfa nudc phong kidn cdm dodn.
The' ki XVII, Cling vdi su truydn bd ciia Thien Chua giao, chii Qud'c ngii theo
mdu tu Latinh cting dugc sang tao. Tuy nhidn, bay gid chii Qud'c ngii ehi duge
diing chu ydu trong pham vi boat ddng truydn gido, md khdng dugc phd cdp
rdng rai trong xa hdi.
Tie'p nhdn dnh hudng cua cdc tu tudng va tdn giao, ngudi ddn Viet Nam da
tao nen mdt ndp sd'ng van hod ridng tren co sd hod nhap vdi nen van hod cd
truyen the hien trong quan he gia dinh, ngudi gia ngudi tre, phdn biet phdi trdi,
diing sai, chdn thue, khoan dung trong cudc sd'ng.
Ddng thdi, cdc tfn ngudng truydn thd'ng td'i dep dugc phat huy, tdn trgng nhu
thd Cling td tidn, tdn thd nhtrng ngudi cd edng vdi lang vdi nudc, nhdt la nhiing
ngudi cd edng ldn trong su nghiep bao ve To qud'c. Bdn canh chiia chidn, cdc
nhd thd dao, nhiing den thd, lang midu duge xay dung d nhidu noi.

121
 - Em cho bie't luc ba'y gid nu'dc ta cd nliung tdn giao nao 7
- Nhimg net dep trong tin ngu'd'ng clan gian Viet Nam la gi 7

II - PHAT TRIEN GLAO DUC VA VAN HOC

1. Gido due
Nha Mac duge thdnh lap, tidp tuc phdt tridn giao due, td chiic ddu dan cdc ki
thi Huong, thi Hdi dd tuydn chgn nhan tdi. Khi ddt nudc bi chia cdt, d Dang
Ngodi, nha nudc Ld - Trinh cung cd gdng tiep tuc md rdng gido due Nho hoc
theo chd do thdi Le so. Nhidu khoa thi dugc td chiic nhung so ngudi di thi va sd
ngudi dd dat khdng nhidu. O Dang Trong, mai de'n nam 1646, chtia Nguydn mdi
md khoa thi ddu tidn theo cdch rieng. Ndi dung Nho hgc so lugc. Vua Quang
Trung ldn ngdi, lo chdn chinh lai gido due, cho dich cdc sdch kinh tir chii Han
ra ehii Ndm dd hgc sinh hgc, dua van tho Ndm vao ngi dung thi cir.
Tuy nhien, ndi dung gido due chii yeu vdn Id kinh, sir. Cdc bd mdn khoa hoc
tu nhidn khdng duge chu y, khdng dugc dua vdo khoa cir.

- Ocac the kiXVII - XVIII, viec khdng chu y nhidu den cac mdn
klioa hgc tWnliien cd anh hwdng nhw the nad den swphat trien
khili te cua nudc ta 7
2. Vdn hpe
Tir the ki XVI - XVII, ciing vdi su suy thodi cua Nho gido, van hgc chii Han
da mdt ddn vi thd vd'n cd ciia nd trong thdi Ld so. Tuy vay, d Dang Trong ciing
xuat hien mdt sd nhd tho va hgi tho. Bdn canh dd, xud't hien mdt sd nha nghien
Cliu bien soan cae suu tap tho van, mdt sd ngudi vidt truyen kf... gdp phdn lam
cho van hgc thdm phong phii.
Chii Ndm bdt ddu xudt hien d cdc thd ki XI - XII, ddn ddn dugc dung nhidu
de sang tdc van hgc. Ttr thd ki XVI - XVII, xudt hien nhidu nha tho Ndm ndi
tie'ng nhu Nguydn Binh Khiem, Phiing Khdc Khoan, Dao Duy Tir v.v... Tuy
nhien, trong liie van hgc cbinh thd'ng ed phdn suy thodi thi trong nhan dan hinh
thdnh va phdt trien mdt trdo luu van hgc dan gian khd ram rd. Vdi tai nang eiia
minh, nlian dan da sang tdc hdng loat ca dao, tue ngii, truyen cudi, truyen ddn
gian v.v... vira ndi ldn tdm tu nguyen vgng ciia minh ve mdt cudc sd'ng tu do,
thoat khdi nhirng rdng budc ciia Id gido phong kie'n, ea nggi que huong, vira
phdn dnh nhting phong tuc tap qudn hay dac didm eiia que huong. Van hgc

122
 dan gian eung phdt tridn d cae vimg ddn tdc ft ngudi lam cho kho tang van hgc
them da dang, phong phii, phan anh cudc sd'ng tinh thdn va tdm linh cua ngudi
ddn Viet Nam duong thdi. Chfnh tren co sd dd, tho ca chii Ndm ngdy cang dugc
trau chudt, de rdi hinh thdnh nhting ang tho Ndm bdt hii nhu Chinh phu ngdm,
Cung odn ngdm khue...

^^ - Van hoc Viet Nam the'ki XVII- XVIII cd gi mdi ^ Nhu'ng diem
md'i do ndi len diiu gi 7

III - NGHE THUAT VA KHOA HOC - KI THUAT

d cac the ki XVI - XVIII, nghe thuat kidn tnic, dieu khdc tidp tuc phat trien
vdi cac edng trinh cd gid tri nhu chiia Thien Mu (Thira Thien - Hue"), tugng
Phat Bd Quan Am nghin mdt nghin tay d chua Biit Thap (Bdc Ninh), cdc tugng
La Han d chtia Tay Phuong (Ha Tay)... ; xudt hien mdt sd tugng nhdn vat (vua,
chiia...), tranh ve chan dung.
Cting vdi van hgc dan
gian, mdt trdo luu nghe thuat
dan gian duge hinh thanh.
Tren edc vi, keo d nhtfng
ngdi dinh ldng, cdc nghe
nhan da khdc len nhiing cdnh
sinh boat thudng ngay eiia
nhdn dan nhu di cay, di bira,
da'u vat, nd diia, hat xudng
v.v... Trinh do nghe thuat tuy
don gidn nhung phdn anh
duge cudc sd'ng cua ngudi
ddn thudng. Hinh 48 - Tugng La Han chiia Tay Phuomg (Ha Tay)
Nghe thuat san khdu phdt trien ca d Dang Ngodi, Ddng Trong. Nhidu lang cd
phudng tudng, phudng cheo. Bdn canh dd, phd bidn hang loat lan dieu dan ea
mang tfnh dia phuong dam net nhu quan hg, hat giam, hd, ve. If, si, luom v.v...

Neu mot vai cdng trinli nghe thuat hay lim dieu dan ca d dia
phudng ma em bie't.
• Chung minli sw phong pliu ciia nghe thuat Viet Nam d cac
Uie'ki XVI-XVIII

123
 Sd cdng trinh nghien ciiu khoa hgc tang len. Vd sir hgc, ben canh cdc bd lich
sir ciia nha nude, ed nhidu bd lich sir eiia tu nhan nhu 6 chdu can luc, Dgi Viet
thdng sif, Phu bien tgp luc, Dgi Viet suki hen bien... vd dac biet la bd sit thi bdng
chii Ndm Thien Nam ngu luc (khuydt danh); vd dia If ed tap ban dd Thien Nam
tif chi Id do thu; vd quan su cd tap Ho trucmg khu ca (cua Dao Duy Tit); vd triet
hgc cd mdt sd bai tho, tap sdch ciia Nguydn Binh Khiem, Le Quy Ddn ; vd y hgc
ed bd sdch y dugc cua Hai Thugng Lan Ong Ld Hiiu Trac v.v... Ngoai ra cdn
nhidu tdc phdm vd ndng hgc, van hod Viet Nam...
Do nhirng ban chd vd quan niem vd gido due duong thdi, khoa hgc tu nhien
khdng cd didu kien phdt tridn.
Vd ki thudt : Nhu cdu qud'c phdng da tao didu kien cho su sang tao mdt sd
thanh tuu kT thudt nhu diic sting dai bdc theo kidu phuong Tdy, ddng thuydn
chidn, xay thdnh luy...
Sir cu viet : "NgUdi thg kinh la Nguyin Van Tu... trudc dUdc sang
Ha Lan hpe nghe 2 nam, ve nudc cd the che cac hang ddng hd va
kfnh thien li rat kheo. Ong da tUng che tao mdt chiec ddng hd hang
trung, phia trong bdt di 5 banh xe va 6 qua chudng nho. Do bdng
mat trdi ma nghiem thi rat dimg."
(Phil bien tap luc)

Ngoai ra, vao cdc the ki XVII - XVIII, mdt sd thdnh tuu kT thuat phuong Tay
da du nhap vao nudc ta thdng qua con dudmg ngoai thuong va truydn dao, nhung
do nhidu ban chd ndn khdng cd didu kien de phdt trien.

- Hay neu nhir'ng thanh tifu ve khoa hgc - ki thuat ti'ong cac the
ki XVl-XVIII

*AU HOi
1. Phan tich dSc diem va y nghTa cua van hoc Viet Nam cl cac
theki X V l - X V I I I .
2. Lap bang thdng ke cac loai hinh nghe thuat tieu bieu cua
nudc ta trong cac the ki XVI - XVIII. Nhan xet ve ddi sdng
van hoa ciia nhan dan ta thdi dd.
3. Thdng ke cac thanh tun khoa hgc - kT thuat cac the ki XVl -
XVIII, nhan xet ve Uu diem va han che cua no. ,

124
 Chuang
VlfiT NAM d NlTA D A U TH^ KI XIX

O /r ^^^^ ^^^^ CHINH TRI, KINH TE,

Bd i ^ Q VAN HOA DU6l TRIEU NGUYEN
(Nira dau the ki XIX)

Nam 1802, nha Nguyen dugc thanh lap. Troiig nua the ki
thd'ng tri, tren mdt dat nude vira trai qua nhieu bieii ddng
ldn. nhd Nguydn ra siic cung cd quyen thdng Iri. phuc hdi
kinh id, chan chinh van hoa. Tuy nhien, trong didu kien
ciia giai doan suy tan ciia che do phong kien Viet Nam.
vdi tu tudng thii cuu, nha Nguydn khdng tao ra dugc co sd
cho mdi budc phat trien mdi.

1. Xdy dung vd cung cd' bd mdy nhd nudc - chinh sdch ngoqi giao
Sau khi ddnh bai Vuong tridu Tay Som, nam 1802 Nguydn Anh ldn ngdi vua, lay
nien hieu la Gia Long, lap ra nhd Nguydn, ddng dd d Phu Xuan (Hue)*'I Nam
1804, nhd Nguydn ddi ten nude la Viet Nam, nhumg sau dd lai ddi thdnh Dai Nam.
Chfnh quydn trung uong dugc td chiie theo md hinh thdi Ld vdi sir gia tang
quydn luc ciia vua. Ddt nude mdi hgp nhdt hai midn ndn budc ddu vua Gia Long
phai chia thanh ba viing : Bdc thdnh (gdm cdc trdn d Bdc Bd ngdy nay), Gia Dinh
thanh (cdc trdn thuge Nam Bd ngay nay) va edc True doanh do tridu dinh true tidp
cai qudn (Trung Bd ngay nay). Chinh quydn trung uong cai qudn ca nudc, song
mdi thdnh lai ed mdt Tdng tran true tidp trdng coi. Cdc trdn, dinh vdn gitf nhu cii.

(I) Nam 1806, Ong len ngoi Hoang de.

125
 Nam 1831 - 1832, vua Minh Mang quydt dinh bd Bdc thdnh vd Gia Dinh
thanh, chia ed nude ldm 30 tinh va mdt phii Thira Thidn. Mdi tinh ddu cd
Tdng dd'c, Tudn phii eai qudn ciing hai ti, boat ddng theo su didu hanh cua
tridu dinh. Cdc phii, huyen, chau, tdng, xa vdn giti nhu eti.

CAO BANG J
TUYEN '.^
Ql/ANG
HONG HOA\ *, LANG SOTis. K-I, , o
^ THAI NGUYEN ^•-•^-fflJ^^*-^_JV

SON^A^^-^CNiNH^^^y^

• HL/NGYBI^

.'• THANH MOA

Hinh 49 - Luoc do cac don vi hanh chfnh Viet Nam thdi Minh Mang
126
 Ban ddu, quan lai dugc tuyen chgn tir nhiing ngudi trudc day theo Nguydn Anh ;
vd sau, gido due, khoa cir trd thdnh ngudn tuydn chgn chfnh. Che do luong bdng
dugc quy dinh, nhumg khdng ed phdn rudng ddt. Mac dii ed mgt sd quan lai
thanh lidm, nhumg mdt bd phan ddng ke da trd ndn thoai hod nhu d thdi cudi Ld.
Mgt bd luat mdi dugc ban hanh - Hodng Viet ludt le (cdn ggi la Hodng trieu
ludt le hay Ludt Gia Long) - gdm gdn 400 didu, quy dinh chat che viec bdo ve
nha nudc va cdc tdn ti trat tu phong kidn.
Quan ddi duge td ehiic quy eii vdi sd lugng khoang 20 van ngudi, dugc trang
bi vu khi ddy du, cd dai bdc, siing tay, thuydn chidn.
Ddi vdi nhd Thanh, tridu dinh Nguydn chiu phuc tting, nhung ddi vdi Lao va
Chdn Lap lai bdt hg thdn phuc.
Tnrdc su nhdm ngd cua cdc nudc phuong Tay, nha Nguydn chii truang
"ddng cira", khdng chap nhan viee dat quan he vdi hg.

-Hdy dank gid chinh sach ngogi giao cua nha Nguyen.
- Cugc cdi cdch hanh chinh cua Mmh Mgng co y nghia gi ?

2. Tinh hmh kinh t§ vd chinh sdch cua nhd Nguyin

Ddu the ki XIX, ddt nude tam trd lai ydn binh trong thd'ng nhdt. Ndn kinh td
tuy cd nhidu didu kien thuan lgi nhung ctfng gap khdng ft khd khan.
Ndng nghiep lac hau, khdng cd gi ddi mdi, rudng ddt hoang boa nhidu. Ngay
tir nam 1804, nhd nude da ban bdnh lai chfnh sdch quan didn nhung rudng ddt
cdng chi edn khoang 20% tdng dien tfch rudng ddt. Hon ntia, theo chfnh sdch,
viee chia rudng phdi uu tidn cho quan lai, quy tdc va binh Ifnh. Nhd nude khuydn
khfch khai hoang bdng nhidu hinh thiic hoac cho dan tu ddng td chtrc hoac nha
nudc gdp vd'n ban ddu cho ddn mua sdm ndng cu, trau bd, md thdm nhidu ddn
didn. Rudng ddt tang thdm nhumg khdng nhidu.
Hdng nam, nha nude ed gdng bd tidn, thdc, huy ddng nhan dan sira ddp
de didu, nao vet kenh muong, song vdn khdng khdc phue dugc lii lut.
Ngudi ndng dan ra siie tang gia san xudt, duy trt cudc sd'ng d ldng qud. Hinh
anh "chdng eay, vg cdy, eon trau di bira" va "trdng trdi, trdng da't, trdng mdy,
trdng mua trdng ndng, trdng ngay trdng dem" vdn la hinh anh phd bie'n d ndng
thdn. Ngudi ndng dan khdng ed rudng hoac ft rudng, chiu bdc lot nang nd.
Viee trdng them ede cay luong thuc khdc eiing dien tfch trdng rau, ddu,
hoa qua duge md rdng gdp phan ldm giam di canh ddi ngheo.

127
 Cac nghd tbii edng tidp tue phdt trien, dae biet la cac nghd lam gdm sii, keo
to, det vai lua, ndu dudng, khai md.
Bd phan thii edng nghiep nhd nude duge td chiic vdi quy md ldn, nhidu nganh
nghd nhu dtic tidn, chd tao vti khf, ddng thuyen, lam dd trang siic, gaeh
ngdi v.v... Thg quan xudng da chd' tao dugc mdt sd mdy mdc don gian, dac biet
la ddng duge tdu thuy chay bdng may boi nudc.
Nam 1839, "vua di ehdi d cau sdng NgU Ha (Hue) xem thi nghiem
thuyen may hdi nudc, tha'y may mdc linh dpng, chay di nhanh nhe".
(Dai Nam thUc luc)
Do nhu cdu ciia nhd nudc, do
chd do cdng tugng ha khdc, sir
tie'p can vdi cdng nghiep co khf
chi dimg lai d ddy.
Trong nhdn ddn, cac ldng,
cac phudng thii cdng dugc tie'p
tuc duy tri nhumg do nhu cdu thi
trucmg khdng cdn nhu trudc ndn
khdng phat trien. Mdt sd ldng
thil edng lai chiu su qudn chd
ciia nha nudc. Tuy vay, vdn xud't
hien mdt nghe mdi : in tranh Hinh 50 - Danh vat (tranh Dong Ho)
dan gian.
Viee budn bdn trong nudc phat trien cham chap va mang tinh dia phuong.
Thuydn budn di xa bi ddnh thud nhidu ldn, hon niia, nhd nudc hdng nam cdn
trung dung mdt sd thuydn ciia tu nhan dd chuydn chd.
Nhd nudc giii ddc quydn ngoai thuang. Thuydn be cac nudc ldng gidng phfa
Nam chil ydu ehi duge vdo mdt so cang d Gia Dinh. Thuydn budn cdc nudc Anh,
Phdp chi dugc vdo cang Da Ndng, bi khdm xet nghiem ngat. Tuy nhidn, nha
nudc ciing bdt dau cho mdt sd thuydn ciia minh sang cdc nudc ldng gidng mua
ban nhtfng mat hang cdn thidt.
Cac dd thi nhu Hdi An, Phd Hidn, Thanh Ha deu tan lui. Thang Long vdn cdn
giir cdc phd phudng, nhung budn bdn siit kem.

f Em hav nlian xet vd tlui cdng nghiep nud'c ta dnwa d,iu Uie'ki XIX.
Em conhcin xet gi ve ngu'di thd thu cdng Viet Nam 7
• Danli gia chiiili sach han che ngoai thu'dng cua nha Nguydn.

128
3. TTnh hinh vdn hod - gido due
Nha Nguydn chii truong ddc tdn Nho gido, ban chd boat dgng eiia cdc tdn
gido, dac biet la Thidn Chiia giao. Tin ngudng dan gian tidp tuc phdt tridn. Dinh
lang, ddn thd mgc ldn d khdp cdc xdm lang.
Gido due Nho hgc dugc cung cd. Nam 1807, da didn ra khoa thi Huong ddu
tidn dudi tridu Nguydn va nam 1822, khoa thi Hdi ddu tidn dugc td chiic. Tuy
nhidn, sd ngudi di thi va dd dat khdng nhidu so vdi cdc the ki trudc.
Van hgc chti Han kem phdt tridn. Trong Itic dd, van hgc ehii Ndm ngay cang
phong phii va hoan thien. Xud't hien nhting tdc phdm van hgc chu Ndm xuat sdc
nhu Truyen Kieu ciia Nguydn Du, cdc bdi tho ciia Hd Xuan Huong, Bd Huyen
Thanh Quan...
Qud'c sir qudn dugc thdnh lap, chuydn suu tdm, luu trii sir sdch cd va bien
soan cdc bd sir chinh thd'ng. Nhidu nhd sit hgc cho ra ddi cdc bg sir, sdch chuydn
khao nhu Lich trieu Men chuang logi chi ciia Phan Huy Chu, Lich trieu tgp ki
ciia Ngd Cao Lang, Gia Dinh thdnh thong chi ciia Trinh Hodi Diic v.v... Nhidu
tap dia chf dia phuong dugc bidn soan.
Ve kie'n tnic, ndi bdt ien qudn the cung dien nhd vua d Hud va cdc lang tdm.
Rap hdt ddu tidn dugc xdy dung cd san khdu vd phdng khdn gia. Li sd edc tinh
ddu cd thanh luy xdy theo kieu Phdp cd ; ndi ldn d thdnh Ha Ndi la cdt cd dugc
xay dung cao dep.
Cdc ngdnh nghe thuat dan gian tidp tuc phdt trien theo cdc hinh thiic cu.

CAU HOI
1. Trinh bay khai quat va nhan xet qua trinh hoan chinh bg may
thong tri ciia nha Nguyin.
2. Hay neu nhiirng uu diem va han che ciia kinh tethdi Nguyin
d nira dau the kl XIX.
3. Hay neu cac thanh tuu van hoa tieu bieu dudi thai Nguyin
6 nira dau the ki XIX.
4. Em hay danh gia chung ve nha Nguyin b nira dau the ki XIX.
.. J

9. LICH sir 10C - A 129

 ^ ^ TINH HINH XA HOI
Bdi ^ ( ^ 6 NlfA DAU THE KI XIX VA PHONG TRAO
DAU TRANH CUA NHAN DAN

Ddt nude trd lai thdng nhat. tam thdi yen binh dudi sir
thdng tri ciia mdt nha nude mdi. Nhung nhiing the che
cii cua ehe do phong kie'n vdn dugc duy tri, khdng tao
didu kien vugt qua khiing hoang. Cudc sd'ng cua nhan
dan ngay cang them khd cue. Mau thuan gitfa giai cap
ihdng tri va nhan dan trd nen gay gal, gay nen hang tram
cudc khdi nghTa chd'ng phong kie'n keo dai eho den giita
the ki XIX.

1. Tinh hinh xd hoi vd ddi sd'ng nhdn ddn

Cudc khimg hoang xa hdi d nira sau thd ki XVIII da khidn nha nudc qudn chu
phong kidn thdi Nguydn tang them tfnh chuyen chd, ciing cd quan he san xud't
phong kidn. Xa hdi chia thdnh hai giai cd'p : giai cap thd'ng tri bao gdrh vua quan
va dia cbii, cudng hdo ; giai cap bi tri bao gdm cdc tdng Idp nhan dan lao ddng
ma tuyet dai da sd la ndng ddn.
Nha Nguydn cd gdng hoan chinh bd mdy thd'ng tri nhdm dn dinh tinh hinh
xa hgi nhumg khdng ngan chan dugc su phdt trien cua te tham quan d lai.
Nhan dan cd cau :
Con ai, me bdo con ndy,
Cudp dim Id gidc, cudp ngdy la quan.
Khdng chi cd nhan dan than thd : "Mudn ndi gian lam quan ma noi"
hay "quan tha, nha bat"... ma ca vua Minh Mang cung bat binh, da ttmg
nhan xet: bpn quan lai "xem phap luat nhu hu van, xoay xd nhieu vanh,
chi cdt lay tien, khdng dugc thi budc tdi".
(Dai Nam thuc luc)

6 ndng thdn, dia chii eudmg hdo lai tidp tuc hoanh hdnh, lie hiep nhan dan.
Doanh dien sU Nguyin Cdng TrU da tau vdi vua : "Cai hai quan lai la
mdt, hai phan, cdn cai hai cudng hao de'n 8, 9 phan". Nha nude chia
viing de danh thue, mirc thue kha nang. Td tUc ciia dia chii cung kha
cao. Mdi nam ngUdi dan dinh phai chiu 60 ngay lao dich. Ben canh do,

130 . 9. L!CHSUlOC-B
 cac vua Nguyin cdn tap trung sire dan, ciia cai xay dung kinh thanh,
cung dien d Phu Xuan, pha dd cung dien vua Le d Ha Npi chuyen vao,
dieu dpng hang nghin dan dinh, binh linh Thanh Hoa, Nghe An, Bae
thanh vao lam trong hang chuc nam. Theo sircu, trong mdt lan tuan du
ra Bae, vua Thieu Tri da bat nhan dan xay dUng 44 hanh cung d dpe
dudng de vua nghi.

Khdng nhiJng thd, thien tai, mdt miia, ddi kem lai thudng xuydn xay ra. Cd
nam bao lut ldm lam dd hang van nhd ddn, hang ngdn ngudi chdt. Cd nam nan
dich Ian tran lam hdng chuc van ngudi chdt.
Mdt bdi ve duong tbdi cd cau :
Xdc ddy nghia did
Thdy thdi ben cdu
Trdi dm dgm u sdu
Cdnh hoang tdn doi ret.

-Em nghi the nao ve cudc sd'ng cua nlian dan ta du'di thdi
Nguyen 7 So sanh vdi the'ki XVIII.

2. Phong trdo ddu tranh cua nhdn ddn vd binh linh

Nhifng cudc khdi nghia ndng dan da nd ra ttf ddu the ki XIX va tiep tue phdt
trien ram rd d khdp nudc cho den gitia the ki XIX. Sir eii ghi lai ed hon 400 cudc
khdi nghia nhu vay.
Tidu bidu vd rdng ldn nhdt trong phong trao ndng ddn la cdc cudc khdi nghTa
do Phan Bd Vdnh va do Cao Bd Qudt lanh dao.
Khdi nghTa do Phan Bd Vdnh lanh dao nd ra vao nam 1821 d Som Nam ha
(Nam Dinh, Thdi Binh...) md rdng boat ddng ra cdc trdn Hai Duong, An Qudng.
Ndng ddn tham gia ddng dao. Dan gian cd cau :
Tren trdi co ong sao Tua,
O ldng Minh Gidm co vua Ba Vdnh.
Tridu dinh da huy ddng mdt luc lugng quan su ldm tdn cdng ddn dp trong
nhidu nam va de'n nam 1827, cudc khdi nghTa bi dep ydn. Lang Trd Lii (Nam
Dinh) bi phd tnii, 7000 - 8000 ngudi bi bdt.
Cudc khdi nghia do Cao Bd Qudt lanh dao bung ldn d viing Oiig Hod (Hd Tdy)
nam 1854, md rdng boat ddng ra cdc tinh Ha Ndi, Hung Ydn, nhumg do chua
chudn bi dii luc lugng nen nam 1855 da bi tridu dinh dan dp.

131
 Trong qud trinh ddn dp eae cudc khdi nghTa theo lenh cua tridu dinh Nguyen,
nhidu binh sT bdt binh, da cd liic chd'ng ddi. Nam 1833, d Phidn An (Gia Dinh)
da nd ra cudc khdi nghia ldn ciia binh Ifnh do Ld Van Khdi ldnh dao. Dugc sy
hudng ling ciia binh Ifnh vd ndng dan nhidu noi, nghTa quan da cd liic lam chu
cd edc tinh thudc Nam Bd ngay nay, nhumg ddn nam 1835 thi bi dan dp.

^"^ - So vdi cac trieu dai tru'dc, cudc dau tranli cua ndng dan ihdi
Ngu}'Sn cd diem gi khae 7

3. Ddu tranh cua cdc ddn tdc it ngudi

O nira ddu thd ki XIX, cdc dan tdc ft ngudi d phfa bdc cting nhu phfa nam
nhidu ldn ndi day chd'ng chfnh quydn.
O phfa bdc, ndi ldn cudc khdi nghTa ciia ngudi Tdy d Cao Bdng dudi su lanh
dao eiia Ndng Van Van vdo cdc nam 1833 - 1835, ciia ngudi Mudng d Hod Binh
va Tdy Thanh Hod dudi sir lanh dao eiia cdc tii trudmg hg Quach vdi danh nghTa
"phii Le" vao cdc nam 1832 - 1838.
O viing Tay Nam Ki, trong cdc nam 1840 - 1848, nhidu cudc khdi nghTa ciia
ngudi Kho-me da nd ra, gay nhidu khd khan cho sir thd'ng tri ciia nha Nguydn.
Phong trdo dd'u tranh ciia nhdn ddn chi tam ldng xud'ng khi thuc ddn Phdp bdt
ddu ed nhtfng hdnh ddng chudn bi xdm lugc nudc ta.

»AU HOI
/
1. So sanh tinh hinh xa hgi nu6c ta b nira dau the ki XIX v6i
theki XVIII.

2. Nhifng nguyen nhan nao gay nen tinh trang khd cUc ciia
nhan dan dau thdi Nguyin ?

3. Trinh bay dac diem ciia phong trao da'u tranh chdng phong
kien d nira dau the ki XIX. So sanh vdi cac trieu dai trudc va
phan tich y nghTa ciia nd.

132
 s o i d l LICH stf VlfiT NAM
Ttr NGU6N G6C D^N GICTA TH6 KI XDC

Bdi ^ ^ QUA TRINH DUNG NUCiC

VA GI0 NUdc

Tir budi dau dung nudc Van Lang - Au Lac cho den giira
the ki XIX, dan tdc Viet Nam da trai qua indt qua trinh
lao ddng va chien ddu ddy hi sinh. gian khd nhmig het sire
kien eudmg. anh diing, sang tao de xay dung dat nudc va
bao ve vifng chac nen ddc lap va thd'ng nhat ciia To qud'c.

I - CAC T H O I K I XAY D I ; N G VA PHAT TRIEN DAT N l / d C

1. Thdi kl dung nudc ddu tien

Vdo khoang the ki VII TCN, sau hang chuc van nam sinh sdng va md rdng
vung cu tni, cdc tdc ngudi Viet cd tren ddt Bdc Viet Nam da hgp nhat lai, dung
ndn qud'c gia ddu tidn : Van Lang vd sau dd Id Au Lac. Mdt ndn van minh liia
nudc hinh thdnh vdi nhidu thdnh tim van hod dac sdc.
Ddu the ki II TCN, Au Lac roi vdo deh dd hd ciia cdc tridu dai phuong Bdc
va phai trdi qua bon 1000 nam Bdc thudc trong ddu tranh kidn cudng de tu giai
phdng va gin giti ndn van hod ciia td tidn.
Trong khoang nhirng the ki ddu Cdng nguydn, d Nam Trung Bd ngay nay,
qud'c gia Ldm Ap - Cham-pa ra ddi vd phdt trien ; d viing Tay Nam Bd, qud'c gia
Phil Nam hinh thanh. Tuy nhien, trong liic Cham-pa phdt trien dudi chd do qudn
chil vdi mdt ndn van mtnh ddc ddo, mang nang anh hudng ciia van hod An Do
thi vao thd ki VI, qud'c gia Phii Nam suy sup.

133
2. Giai dogn ddu cua nudc Oql Viet phong kidn ddc ldp
Ddu the ki X, ngudi Viet lat dd dugc chd do dd hd ciia nhd Dudmg, gianh Iai
quydn tu chii, ddc lap. Nam 968, qud'c hieu Dai Cd Viet dugc xdc dinh. Tie'n
them mdt budc, nam 1054, qud'c bieu dugc ddi thanh Dai Viet va chfnh thiic trd
thdnh ten nudc ttr dd cho ddn cud'i the ki XVIII.
Nha nudc qudn chu ra ddi, tumg bude dugc sira ddi va ddn cudi the' ki XV thi
hodn chinh tii tridu dinh trung uong ddng d Thang Long (kinh dd cua ddt nude)-
ddn cdc dia phuong. Xa Id doifvi hdnh ehinh co sd.
Ndn kinh td ndng nghiep ngay cdng phdt tridn, rudng ddng ngdy cdng md
rdng, he thdng tri thuy, thuy lgi hoan chinh. Nha nudc va nhdn dan ciing quan
tam de'n sdn xud't.
Cdng thuong nghiep phdt tridn da dang. San phdm thu cdng nhu to lua, gdm
Sli, dd vdng bae v.v... cd chd't lugng cao, mdu ma dep, thu hiit cd thuong nhan
nudc ngoai. Mang ludi chg lang rdng khdp. Kinh thdnh Thang Long trd thanh
mdt dd thi phdn thinh vdi 36 phd phudng. Thuydn budn Trung Qud'c va cdc nudc
phfa nam thudmg xuydn qua lai trao ddi budn bdn.
Nam 1070, nen gido due Dai Viet chfnh thiic ra ddi va ngay cang phdt trien,
vira ddo tao cdc bdc "hien tdi" cho dd't nudc vira ndng cao ddn tri. Phdt gido phdt
trien. Nho gido timg bude dugc de cao va chidm dia vi ddc tdn vao thd ki XV.
Van hgc, nghe thuat dan tdc hinh thanh va khdng ngimg phat tridn vdi hang
loat tdc phdm va edng trinh quy gid mang dam ban sdc ddn tdc.

3. Thdi kl ddt nudc bj chia cdt

Su phat trien va thd'ng tri ciia nhiing quan he san xud't phong kidn da ddn den
su suy thodi ciia nha nudc qudn chii trung uong tap quydn, cudc sd'ng khd khan
ciia nhdn dan va su hinh thdnh cdc the lire phong kie'n ridng re. Chien tranh
phong kidn bung nd va keo ddi trong nhidu thdp ki, cud'i ciing da tao ndn su chia
cdt dd't nudc thdnh hai mien : Dang Ngoai va Dang Trong vdi hai chinh quyen
khdc nhau.
Nen quan chu khdng cdn vting chdc nhu trudc. Ndn kinh te sau mdt thdi gian
khiing hoang, ddn the ki XVII thi phuc hdi. Ndng nghidp Dang Ngoai timg budc
dn dinh, trong liic dd d Ddng Trong, do lanh thd dugc md rdng ddn vao phia
nam, ndng nghiep phat trien nhanh chdng. Dd't Gia Dinh (Nam Bd) trd thdnh
mdt "vua thdc ldn". Tir ddu thd ki XVII, kinh td hang hod phdt tridn nhanh
chdng vdi viec md rgng ngoai thuong. So lugng san phdm thii cdng ngay cang
gia tang va trd thanh nhumg mat hang hdp ddn thuong nhan nude ngoai. Su

134
 phat trien ciia kinh te hang hod da tao co sd cho sir hinh thdnh vd hung khdi cua
cdc dd thi nhu Ke Chg (Thang Long), Phd Hidn, Hdi An... Van hod ddn gian
phat trien manh.
Tuy nhidn, tir the ki XVIII, rudng da't ngdy cang tdp trung vdo tay giai cap
dia chil, trong liie cac chinh quyen d ca hai midn lai thidu quan tdm de'n ddi sd'ng
cua ndng dan. Cudc khiing hoang xa hdi didn ra vao giiia the ki XVIII vdi nhting
phong trdo ndng ddn rdng ldn d Dang Ngoai vd phong trdo Tay Son d
Dang Trong.
Nhd nude phong kidn d ca hai mien deu sup dd trudc su td'n cdng ciia phong
trdo Tdy Son, ddt nudc budc ddu thd'ng nhdt lai nhung cdc vuong tridu Tdy Son,
dugc thanh ldp sau thdng lgi, khdng du siic duy tri.

4. Ddt nudc d ntra ddu thd ki XIX

Thiia hucmg nhirng cdng lao to ldm ciia phong trao Tdy Son, nha Nguydn da
lam chil dugc cd nudc vdi mdt chfnh quyen quan chii chuyen ehe phong kidn.
Nha nudc dugc ciing cd nhung lai chu truong "ddng cira" trong hodn canh the'
gidi da ddi thay. Mdt sd chfnh sdch kinh td dugc ban hdnh nhung khdng giai
quydt dugc tinh trang khiing hoang xa hdi. Cudc sdng ciia nhdn dan vdn
khd cue, khd khan. Nhd Nguydn khang dinh su ddc tdn ciia Nho gido. Van hgc
chif Ndm lai phdt tridn manh me. Cdc cudc khdi nghia ndng dan ndi tiep nhau
biing ldn.
Nam 1858, thuc dan Phdp nd siing xam lugc. Dd't nudc budc sang mdt thdi
ki mdi.

- Neu mdt vai thanh tifu tieu bieu thdi dung nu'dc.
- Nha nifdc phong kien Dai Viet du'dc hoan chmh vao thd'i nao 7
Ve sd dd nha nWd'c dd.

II - CONG CUOC KHANG CHIEN BAG VE TO QUOC

Song song vdi qua trtnh xdy dung dd't nudc, nhdn ddn Vidt Nam Iidn mc phai
cdm vti khf chidn ddu ehdng ngoai xam, bao ve nen ddc lap eiia To qude.
Tur cud'i the ki HI TCN, nhan dan Lac Viet va Tdy Au (Au Viet) da phdi hgp luc
chidn ddu Idu dai chd'ng cudc xdm lugc cua qudn Tdn. Tie'p dd, sau thdt bai trong
cudc khang chidn chd'ng xdm luge Tridu, nhan dan Viet cd roi vao canh Bdc thudc
va sud't hom 1000 nam phai ndi tidp nhau ndi day chd'ng chd do do hd, gianh Iai ddc
lap. Su nghiep chidn ddu kien cudng, khdng mdt mdi va hdn tuc dd da dat thdng lgi
cud'i ciing. Thd ki X - ki nguydn ddc lap theo hudng phong kidn hod bdt ddu.

135
 Nam thd ki ddu thdi phong kidn eung la nhumg the ki lien tuc nhan ddn
cting cdc vuong trieu Tien Le, Ly, Trdn hgp siic, ddng long cdm vii khf chdng
lai nhiing cudc xam luge ldn ciia nhd Td'ng, nha Nguydn, bao ve viing chdc nen
ddc lap dan tdc.
Ddu the ki XV, cudc khdng chidn eiia nha Hd thdt bai, qudn Minh thiet lap
ndn dd hd. Khdng chap nhan cdnh mdt nudc, hdng loat cudc khdi nghTa cua nhan
dan Dai Viet da bung nd d mien xudi va midn niii, eudi cimg, hgp nhd't lai trong
cudc khdi nghia Lam Som, ddnh bai quan dd bd, gianh lai ddc lap cho ddt nudc,
"md ndn thai binh mudn thud".
Nguy CO ngoai xam tam thdi ldng xud'ng trong vai thd ki. Nhumg cudc ndi
chidn cua cdc thd luc phong kidn da ddn ddn su chia cdt dd't nudc lam hai mien.
Giai cdp phong kidn thd'ng tri suy thodi ddn, ddy ngudi ndng ddn ddn chd ndi
ddy ddi cudc sd'ng, ddi tu do. Vi quydn lgi giai cd'p, cdc tdp dodn thd'ng tri d
Nam, d Bdc da "rude voi vd gidy md" va nhiing ngudi ndng ddn mdt ldn niia,
dudi su lanh dao ciia ngudi "anh hung do vai" Nguydn Hue, dumg len khang
chidn Cliu nudc. Quan xam lugc Xiem va sau dd la quan xam luge Thanh da bi
ddnh bai. Ndn ddc lap ciia To qude dugc giii viing.
Cdng cudc chidn ddu bao ve To qud'c didn ra hdt ddi nay sang ddi khdc, da de
Iai bidt bao ki tfch anh hiing, rat dang tu hao, bidt bao truydn thd'ng cao quy, tuoi
dep, mai mai khdc sau vao long ciia nhifng ngudi Vidt Nam ydu nudc.

Hay hinli bay mdt cudc kliang chien tieu bieu b'ong lich sU
Viet Nam tif ngudn gdc de'n giifa the ki XIX.
Neu ten va sw nghiep mdt sd anh himg dan tdc h'ong sif nghiep
giif nud'c.

»AU HOI
/
1. Thdng ke cac theu dai trong lich sir dan toe tir the ki X den
gitfa the ki XIX.
2. Ve so do td chire nha nudc thdi Nguyin.
3. Thdng ke cae thanh tUu van hgc, nghe thuat qua cac thdi ki
ma em biet.
4. Thong ke cac cugc khang chien trong Ijch sir dan tgc theo
trinh tu nien dai, vUOng trieu, ngUdi lanh dao va ket qua.

136
 TRUYEN THONG YEU NU6C
Bdi 28 CUA DAN TOC VIET NAM
THdl PHONG KIEN

Trai qua lich sir dung nudc va giir nudc lau dai, oanh liet,
dan toe Viet Nam da lam nen biet bao su ti'ch anh hung
de ui dd tao nen nhtfng truyen thdng tdt dep. trong dd ndi
len truyen thdng yeu nu'dc - mot truyen thdng cao quy
vira duge hun due va phat huy qua hang nghin nam lich
sir, vtra tliam dugm sau sac vao cugc sdng ngay cang
vuon eao ciia dan tgc.

1. Su hinh thdnh cua truydn thd'ng yeu nudc Viet Nam

Nhan dan cdc ddn tdc ddu cd long ydu nudc ciia minh. Ldng ydu nudc bat
ngudn tir nhirng tinh earn ciia timg con ngudi dd'i vdi ngudi me, ngudi cha,
nhirng ngudi anh em rudt thit va md rdng ra, vdi noi chdn nhau cdt rdn, vdi
nhifng con ngudi va khdng gian nhd hep ciia cdng ddng, noi minh sinh sd'ng, vdi
manh ddt ma minh da "dd md hdi ld'y bdt com ddy".
Tir nhieu nghin nam trudc day, nhirng ngudi nguydn thuy trdn ddt Vidt Nam
da trai qua nhiing chang dudng lao ddng gian khd, ndng cao ddn cudc sd'ng va
ciing nhau tidn xud'ng viing ddng bdng, chau thd cdc con sdng Idm. Bdng lao
ddng va giiip dd ldn nhau, hg timg budc sdng tao ra ndn van minh Viet cd de tir
dd hgp nhd't lai thdnh mdt qud'c gia - nudc Van Lang. Qud trinh giao luu, trao
ddi thudmg xuyen didn ra tren ddt nudc da phdt huy nhirng tinh cam yeu thuong,
gdn bd mang tinh dia phuong, lang cha trudc ddy thanh mdt tinh cam rdng ldn
hon, bao quat hon - ldng ydu nudc.
Nhung, nhirng md'i quan he so khai vd kinh td - chfnh tri ciia qud'c gia Van
Lang cung nhirng yeu td van hod ehung ehi mdi la hat nhan, la cO sd cua long
ydu nudc. Thdeh thiie ldm lao dugc dat ra khi qudn Tdn xam lugc va trong cudc
chie'n ddu Idu dai, gian khd, nhirng tinh cdm yeu nUdc ciia ngu&i Lgc Viet vd
Au Viet thifc su dugc thu thach vd gan ke't lgi. Ddnh bai quan xam lugc,
nha nudc Au Lac ra ddi da danh ddu mdt budc phdt tridn mdi cua long ydu nudc.

137
 Tie'p theo, eude dau tranh ddy gian lao, quydt liet eiia ngucri dan Viet cd trong
hon 1000 nam Bdc thudc vira chd'ng ehe do dd hd, gianh lai quyen tu chii, vira
bdo ve nhiing di sdn van hod ciia td tien da nang cao vd phdt trien hon niia long
ydu nudc. Nhirng huyen thoai Con Rong chdu Tien, Qud bdu me, San Tinh -
Thuy Tinh, v.v... dugc Ian truyen rdng khdp eiing vdi viec xay dung midu thd cac
vi anh hung chd'ng dd hd da thuc su gdn kdt, khdc sau long yeu nude ciia ngudi
dan Viet de tir dd hinh thdnh truyen thd'ng ydu nudc Viet Nam.

Phan tich nhu'ng bieu hien ciia long yeu nu'dc Viet Nam qua
cac cudc khdi ndiTa thd'i Bae thudc.

Phdt trien vd tdi luyen truydn thd'ng yeu nudc trong cdc
th§ ki phong kidn ddc lap
Thd ki X, dd't nudc trd lai ddc lap, tu chii vdi lanh thd, tidng ndi, phong tuc tdp
qudn, tin ngudng ridng, cd truydn. Dd ddu phai la mdt hien tugng ngdu nhien.
Nhung, cudc sd'ng mdi khdng cdn don gian nhu d thdi xa xua, "huge mit ddy
ma lam chinh su". Hon 1000 nam dudi deh dd hd cua cac tridu dai phuong Bde,
ddt nudc hdu nhu bi ehiing lai trong canh nd Ie, lac hdu, ddi ngheo. Vuon len vd
mgi mat trong xay dung ddt nudc vira Id yeu cdu biic thidt vira la nghTa vu, Id su
the hien ldng bidt on td tien, cha anh. Nhung, khdng phai chi nhu vdy. Cdc tridu
dai phuong Bdc vdn chua tir bd muu dd xam chidm cdc nudc phuong Nam.
Nhiem vu giii nudc vdn dugc dat ra thudmg xuydn.
Tinh hinh cdn khd khan, phiic tap hon trong bdi canh xa hdi Viet Nam dang
trong qud trtnh phdn hod cua che dd phong kidn.
Truydn thdng ydu nudc Viet Nam trong hom 9 thd ki tidp sau da dugc tdi
luyen va phdt trien trong bd'i canh ndi trdn.
Nhirng cudc khang chidn thdng lgi khdng chi Iam tang thdm nidm tu hao ddn
tdc vdi hdng loat chien cdng oanh liet ma cdn khdc sdu thdm tinh ydu Td qud'c
trong long ngudi ddn Viet Nam d mien xudi ciing nhu midn mii.
Su nghiep xay dung va phat trien mdt ndn kinh te tu chu va mdt ndn van hoa
viia gdn lidn vdi truydn thd'ng ciia td tidn thdi xa xua, vira ddi mdi ngang tdm
thdi dai, ddi hdi con ngudi khdng chi d lao ddng va tri tud, tai nang thdng thudng
ma cdn d su the hien Idng yeu nudc, quyd't tdm vuom ldn, gdp phdn vao sir nghidp
giu nudc.

138
 Traydn thd'ng yeu nudc dugc tdi luyen va phdt huy ngdy cdng cao. Nhung,
Viet Nam la mdt nudc da dan tdc. Su nghiep dung nudc va giir nudc khdng chi
ddnh rieng cho mdt tdc ngucri, mdt dia phuong hay mdt nhdm ngudi, mdt giai
cap nao md la su nghiep ciia tdt cd cdc tdc ngudi sd'ng trdn ddt Viet Nam. Chfnh
vi vay, truyen thd'ng yeu nudc Viet Nam ludn ludn gdn chat vdi y thiic dodn kdt,
dodn kdt mgi tdng ldp nhan dan tren ddt Viet Nam, dodn ke't td't ca cdc tdc ngudi
trdn dd't nudc Viet Nam. Tuy nhien, ciing cdn thd'y rdng, tren budc dudmg phdt
trien ciia chd dd phong kidn, khdng ft ke trong giai cd'p thdng tri vi quydn lgi cua
giai cap minh, vi sir giau sang phii quy cua ban thdn minh ma di ngugc lai lpi
fch cua dan tdc, cua nhdn ddn hoac phdn bdi To qud'c hoac day nhdn ddn lao
ddng vao cdnh chidn tranh, ddi ngheo, khd cue, tdi tam.
Trong liic dd, nhan dan ngdy cang hieu rang ndn ddc lap va thdng nhdt ciia
Td qud'c gdn lidn vdi cudc sd'ng hdng ngdy cua hg. Truydn thd'ng ydu nudc la sdn
phdm hang nghin nam lao ddng va ddu tranh eiia td tidn, dng bd, cha me, ddu
phai vi mdt lgi fch nao dd ma qudn lang. Ldng ydu nudc cua hg thdt gian di va
trong sdng, song khdng phai vi the ma hg khdng hieu gi vd giai cap thd'ng tri.
Truydn thd'ng ydu nude ddn ddn mang them ydu to nhan dan, vi dan va thuang
ddn. Neu nhu Trdn Hung Dao khdng dinh "khoan thu siic dan dd lam kd sau rd,
ben gd'c" Id "thugng sdch dd giii nudc" vd Nguydn Trai : "Nhd thud Lam Som
dgc vd kinh ; Bdy gid chf da d ddn lanh" thi ngudi dan lao ddng ciing hieu
"Men ngudi cd nhan la dan ; chd thuyen, lat thuyen ciing la dan".

- Tai sao yeu nu'dc lai gan lien vdi thu'dng dan 7

3, Net ddc trung cua truydn thd'ng yeu nudc Viet Nam
thdi phong kidn
Tren the gidi, cd le khdng ed dan tdc nao phai trai qua nhidu cudc chie'n tranh
chd'ng xam lugc hay ddu tranh de gianh lai ddc ldp cho dd't nudc nhu ddn tdc
Viet Nam. Dd la net dae trung ndi bat nhdt ciia lich sit ddn tdc. Ddng thdi, chfnh
vi su sd'ng cdn ciia dan tdc, cua To qud'c, nhan dan Viet Nam da doan kdt lai,
nhdt tri ddng ldng» vugt qua mgi hi sinh, gian khd, phat huy mgi tai nang, trf tue,
chie'n ddu dung cam gianh thdng lgi cud'i ciing. Va ciing ed the ndi rdng, cbi
trong khdng chidn bao ve dat nudc, bao ve ndn ddc lap dan tdc, y thiic, tinh cam
va tam hdn ciia nhirng ngudi Viet Nam yeu nudc mdi trd nen trong sdng, chdn
thanh va cao thugng hon bao gid hdt.
Chd'ng ngoai xam, bao ve ddc lap dan tdc la net dac trung ndi bdt nhd't
ciia truydn thd'ng ydu nudc Vidt Nam. Giiia nhiing nam khang chidn chd'ng

139
 thue dan Phdp, Chii tieh Hd Chf Minh da timg khang dinh : "Dan ta cd mdt long
ndng ndn ydu nudc. Dd la mdt truydn thd'ng quy bdu ciia ta. Tir xua ddn nay, mdi
khi To qud'c bi xdm lang thi tinh thdn dy lai sdi ndi, nd kdt thdnh mdt lan sdng
vd ciing manh me, to ldn, nd ludt qua mgi su nguy hiem, khd khan, nd nhah
chim ta't ca lii ban nudc va lii cudp nude"(l).
Nhung chidn tranh du cd dai ddng de'n dau cting ehi la nhdt thdi, khdng chien
thdng lgi, ddt nudc trd Iai yen binh. Trong su nghiep xay dung ddt nudc, truyen
thd'ng ydu nudc tidp tuc dugc gin giti, nhung su chi phdi ciia che' do phong kidn
khdng tao dugc kha nang chuyen hod nhumg net dac sdc, cao quy ndi tren thanh
mdt ddng luc to ldm, dua dd't nudc vuon ldn tien tidn, lam cho cugc sd'ng cua mpi
ngudi dan ngdy cdng tuoi dep.

Hiy diem lai cac cudc khang chien va khdi nghia giimli ddc lap
trong lich sw nifdc ta tritdc the ki XIX.
Neu mot vai bieu hien cua long yeu nWdc tiong chieii dau
chdng ngoai xam cua nlian dan ta.

cAU HOI
/
1. Truyen thong yeu nu6c cua dan tgc Viet Nam da hinh thanh
nhu the nao ?
2. Nhu'ng net mdi trong truyen thdng yeu nu6c Viet Nam thdi
phong kien dgc lap.
3. Hay sUu tam nhifng cau ca dao ve truyen thong yeu nu6c
ciia dan tgc ta.
4. Tai sao lai c6 the xem net dac trung co ban cua truyen thdng
yeu nudc Viet Nam thdi phong kien la chdng ngoai xam, bao
ve dgc lap dan tgc ? /

(1) H6 Chf Minh, Todn tap, tap 6, NXB Chinh tri Quoc gia, H., 2002, tr. 171.

140
 hdn ba

LICH Sl/ THE GI61 CAN DAI

141
 CAC CUOC CAGH MANG n / SAN
(Tir giiifa the' ki XVI dfo cuoi tlie' ki XVIII)

CACH MANG HA LAN

Bai 29 VA CACH MANG TU SAN ANH

Su phdt tridn eiia kinh te tu ban chu nghTa tir thdi hau ki
trung dai ddn ddn budc chuyen tir che do phong kien
sang che do tu ban. Budc chuyen ay dugc md ddu bdi cac
cudc each mang tu san. Ttr gitra the ki XVI, nhan dan
Ha Lan da dau tranh lat dd ach thd'ng tri ciia Vuong trieu
Tay Ban Nha, thiet lap nen cdng boa tu san dau tien.
Tiep dd. each mang tu san Anh giira the ki XVII la tran
tan cdng ldn vao thanh tri cua che do cii, lat dd quan he
san xudt phong kien lac hau. md ducmg eho lire lugng
sdn xuat tu ban chu nghTa phat tridn.

1. Cdch mang Hd Lan

TrUdc each mang, lanh thd thudc hai nudc Bi va Ha Lan ngay nay, goi
la Ne-dec-lan (nghfa la "viing da't thap", vi phan Idn da't dai d day tha'p
hdn mUc nudc bien). Cudi the ki XV, Ne-dec-lan le thudc Ao ; den giUa
the kl XVl, lai chiu sU thdng trj ciia VUOng trieu Tay Ban Nha.

142
 Tir ddu the ki XVI, Nd-dec-lan la mdt trong nhirng viing kinh td tu ban chu
nghia phdt tridn nhdt chdu Au vdi nhidu thdnh phd va hai-cang, trong do da
hinh thdnh nhiing trung tdm thuong mai ndi tieng la U-trech, Am-xtec-dam,
An-vee-pen... Ciing vdi su ldm manh ciia cdng thuong nghiep, giai cd'p tu san
Ne-dec-lan sdm hinh thdnh, ngay cdng cd the luc ve kinh td.
Ciing vdo thdi diem nay, khi Ian sdng cai each tdn gido lan rdng khdp chdu
Au thi Nd-dec-lan la mdt dia bdn thudn lgi dd tu tudng Tdn gido cua Can-vanh
phdt tridn.
Oe cimg cd uy quyen, Qud'c vUOng Tay Ban Nha da tang cUdng kiem
soat va vo vet ciia cai ciia nhan dan Ne-dec-lan bang viec danh thue
nang ne nham kim ham sU phat then ciia "vting da't tha'p" nay, ddng thdi
thuc hien chinh sach dan ap khdc liet nhtfng ngudi theo Tan giao. Trieu
dinh Tay Ban Nha cdn ban lenh : he ai la tin do Tan giao, dan dng se
bj chat dau, dan ba se bj chdn sdng hoac thieu chet, tai san se bj tjch
thu ; nhtfng ngUdi giup dd, che giau hoac ndi chuyen than mat vdi tin
do Tan giao cung bj tjch thu tai san...

Thdng 8 - 1566, nhdn dan nhidu noi d mien Bdc Nd-dec-lan da ndi day khdi
nghia, md muc tidu td'n cdng ddu tidn Id Gido hdi - chd dua virng chdc cua chinh
quydn Tdy Ban Nha.
Thang 8 - 1567, VUOng trieu Tay Ban Nha dUa quan sang Ne-dec-lan,
dan ap da man nhifng ngUdi khdi nghfa, nhUng khdng ngan can dugc
su phan khang cua quan chung.
Thang 4 - 1572, quan khdi nghTa da lam chu dugc cac tinh phia bae.
Mot sd quy tdc tU san hoa d Ne-dec-lan bat man vdi tang Idp thdng trj
Tay Ban Nha da ddng ve phfa quan khdi nghTa, nam quyen lanh dao
phong trao.
Thdng 1 - 1579, dai bieu cac tinh midn Bdc hgp hdi nghi d U-trdeh, tuyen bd
thd'ng nhd't he thd'ng tidn te, do ludng, td chiic quan su vd chinh sdch dd'i ngoai.
Dao Can-vanh dugc cdng nhan la qud'c gido, quyen tu do tin ngudng dugc tdn
trgng. Tidp dd, thdng 7 - 1 5 8 1 , vua Tay Ban Nha Phi-lfp II bi phd trud't. Hdi nghi
edc ddng cdp gdm dai bieu ciia ede tinh mien Bdc trd thanh co quan quydn lire
td'i cao. Cdc tinh mien Bde Ne-dec-lan dugc thd'ng nhd't thdnh mdt nudc cdng
hoa vdi tdn ggi Cdc tinh Uen hiep hay Ha Lan (ten mdt tinh cd vai trd quan trgng
nhd't trong cdc tinh lidn hiep va thii dd la Am-xtec-dam). Song, chinh quydn
Tay Ban Nha chua chiu edng nhan Ha Lan. Nhan dan Ha Lan phdi tidp tuc
dd'u tranh. Mac dii Hiep dinh dinh chien giiia Tay Ban Nha va Ha Lan da dugc
kl kdt vao nam 1609, song mai den nam 1648, ndn ddc lap ciia Hd Lan mdi dugc
chfnh thiie edng nhan.

143
 Cach mang Hd Lan la cudc cdch mang tu san ddu tidn tren the gidi, didn ra
dudi hinh thifc chie'n tranh giai phdng dan tdc dd lat dd ach thd'ng tri ciia thd lue
phong kidn nudc ngoai, md dudng eho ehii nghia tu ban phdt trien. Tuy cdn
nhidu han che, nhung Cdch mang Ha Lan vdn ed y nghTa bao hieu mdt tbdi dai
mdi - thdi dai cua cac eude cdch mang tu sdn va bude ddu suy vong ciia chd do
phong kidn.

4i - Hay neu dac diem tinli hmh kmli te, xa hdi Ne-dec-lan tiudc
Ccich mang.
- Trinli bay didn bie'n chinli cua Cach mang Ha Ian.

Cdch mang t u sdn Anh

Ddu thd ki XVII, Anh la nudc cd ndn kinh td phdt trien nhat chdu Au. San
xudt cdng trudng thii cdng da chidm uu the hon san xudt ciia phudng hdi, sd
lugng va chat lugng san phdm ngay cang tang. Tu sdn Anh gidu len nhanh chdng
nhd su phdt trien manh me cua ngoai thuomg, ehii ydu la bdn len da va budn nd
le da den.
Cdng nghiep len da phdt trien ldm cho nghd nudi cim trd ndn cd lgi nhd't.
Nhidu dia chu, vd'n la quy tdc, chuydn hudmg kinh doanh theo ldi tu ban ehu
nghTa, dudi td didn di, bien rudng dd't thanh ddng cd, rdi thud nhan cdng nudi
citu ldy ldng eung cap chg thi trudng. Bd phan quy tdc nay da giau ldn nhanh
chdng, ddn dan tu san hod, trd thanh tdng ldp quy tdc mdi.
Chd do phong kidn, vdi chd dua Id tdng ldp quy tdc vd Gido hdi Anh, ngay
cdng can trd su kinh doanh ldm gidu cua tu san va quy tdc mdi. Dudi thdi vua
Sdc-lo I (tir nam 1625), nhidu thif thud mdi dugc dat ra, nhd nudc ndm ddc quyen
thuang mai va thu thud thuyen be, duy tri nhidu dac quydn phong kidn, ddi sd'ng
nhan dan cdng thdm co cue.
Mau thudn giiia tu san, quy tdc mdi vdi cdc thd luc phong kidn phan ddng
dugc bidu hien qua nhirng cudc xung dot giiia Qud'c hdi vdi nhd vua.
Nguyen nhan trUc tiep bimg nd each mang xoay quanh van de tai
chfnh, khi Sac-lo I trieu tap Qud'c hdi (4 - 1640) nham tang thue, de co
tien cbi cho viec dan ap cudc ndi day ciia ngudi Xcd't-len 6 mien Bao
nudc Anh. Qud'c hdi, gdm da sd la quy tdc mdi va tU san, khdng phe
duyet cac khoan thue mdi do vua dat ra, kich liet cdng kich chinh sach
bao ngugc ciia nha vua va ddi quyen kiem soat quan ddi, tai chinh va
Giao hdi. Sac-lo I djnh dting vu lUc dan ap Qud'c hdi, song da bj quan
chung nhan dan phan dd'i quyet liet. Bj that bai, Sac-lo I chay len phia
Bae Luan Ddn, tap hop lUc lugng phong kie'n chuan bj phan cdng.

144
 Thdng 8 - 1642, Sdc-lo I tuydn chien
vdi Qud'c bdi. Tir nam 1642 den nam 1648,
da xay ra ndi chie'n giiia Qud'c hdi dugc sir
iing hd eiia qudn chiing nhan ddn, vdi nha
vua cd su hd trg cua quy tdc phong kidn va
Gido hdi Anh.
Do dp lire eua qudn chiing, ddu nam
1649, Sac-lo I bi xir tir. Anh hd thdnh nuae
cgng hod do 6-li-vo Crdm-oen (1599 -
1658) dumg ddu. Cach mang dat tdi dinh cao.
Crdm-oen dem quan ehinh phuc Ai-len
va Xcd't-len. De bdo ve quydn lgi ciia minh,
tu sdn va quy tdc mdi da trao trgng trach
cho Crdm-oen vdi tude Bdo hd edng. Ndn
ddc tai quan su dugc thiet lap (naftj 1653).

PHAP

IliHIII VOng ung hO nha vua I I Vung ung hp Quoc hpi

Hinh 51 - Lugc do cuoc noi chien 6 Anh

Sau khi Crdm-oen qua ddi (1658), nudc Anh
lam vdo tinh trang khdng dn dinh vd ehfnh tri,
ddn ddn su thoa hiep giifa Qud'c hdi vdi
luc lugng phong kien cii. Thdng 12 - 1688,
Qud'c hdi da tidn hanh ehfnh bie'n, dua Vin-hem
6-ran-gio (Qud'c trudng Ha Lan va la con rd vua
Anh) len ngdi vua. Che do quan chii lap hie'n
dugc thiet lap.
Hinh 52 - O. Crom-oen
(1599- 1658) Cdch mang tu san Anh da lat dd chd do
phong kidn, md dudmg cho ehu nghia tu ban phat
trien manh me hon. Day Id cudc cdch mang tu san cd y nghTa trgng dai trong
thdi ki qud do tir chd do phong kidn sang chd do tu ban.

- Hay neu dac diem hnli hmli nu'dc Anli tru'dc each mang.

C A U HOI

( 1. Hay neu tinh chat va y nghTa ciia Cach mang Ha Lan.

2. Trinh bay dien bie'n va ket qua ciia Cach mang tU san Anh.

145
10. LICH s u IOC - A
 CHIEN TRANH GIANH DOC LAP
fi» 30 CUA CAC THUOC DIA ANH
6 BAC MI
Vao nua .'^au the ki XVIll, mdt cudc bien ddng ,\ei hdi -
chinh tri to k'm da bung nd d Bae IVIT - do la cudc each mang
tusan dien ra dudi hinh thirc mdt cudc chien uanh giai phdng
nham lat do su ihdng tn cua chfnh qujen thu'c dim Anh,
nid duong cho chii nghTa tu ban phat then d Bdc MT, dan den
su ra ddi cua mot (.judc gia nidi - Hgp chimg qude MT.

1, Su phdt trien cua chu nghTa tu bdn d Bdc MT. Nguyen nhdn
bung nd chidn tranh
Sau phdt kie'n ciia Cri-xtd'p Cd-ldm-bd, nhidu ngudi ddn chdu Au di cu sang
viing Bdc MT. De'n nita ddu the ki XVIII, ngudi Anh da ldp dugc 13 thudc dia
dgc theo bd Dai Tay Duong d Bdc MT vdi so ddn khoang 1,3 trieu ngudi.

Hinh 53 -
Lugc do
13 thuoc dia Anh
oBac MT
146
10. LjCH sir I O C - B
 De'n gitfa the ki XVIII, ndn cdng thuang nghiep tu ban chii nghTa d 13 thudc
dia da cd nhting budc tie'n ddng kd.
6 mien Bae, cac cdng trudng thii cdng san xua't rUOu, det day, lam do
thuy tinh, dac biet la nghe luyen kim va ddng tau, rat phat then. Bd-xton
trd thanh trung tam cdng nghiep thdi bay gid. O mien Nam, cac chu ddn
dien bdc lot sifc lao ddng ciia nd le da den (dua tU chau Phi sang) de
san xuat luong thuc, bdng, mfa, thudc la... phuc vu cho nhu cau ciia
thudc dja va xua't khau.

Do kinh td phdt trien, nhu cdu trao ddi gitfa cdc thudc dia ngdy cang tang.
Cting vdi sir tie'n bd ciia he thd'ng giao thdng vd thdng tin lidn lac, mdt thi trudng
thd'ng nhdt ddn hinh thanh d Bdc MT. Tidng Anh trd thanh ngdn ngii chinh cua
nhdn dan khu vuc nay.
Su phdt trien kinh td' ciia cdc thudc dia lam cho Bdc MT trd thdnh noi canh
tranh dd'i vdi nudc Anh. Vi vay, bdng mgi bien phdp, Chfnh phii Anh da cam Bdc
Mi sdn xudt nhidu loai hang cdng nghiep, edm md doanh nghiep, cam dem may
mdc va thg lanh nghd tir Anh sang, ddng thdi ban hanh chd do thud khod nang nd.
Cdc thudc dia Bdc MT khdng dugc tu do budn ban vdi cdc nudc khae va eu
dan d day khdng dugc khai hoang nhtrng viing ddt d mien Tay. Nhtfng cbinh
sdch dd da lam tdn hai ddn quydn lgi ciia nhan dan thudc dia, gay ndn sir phan
umg manh me trong mgi tdng ldp nhan dan.

-Hay tiinli bay chinh sach cua Chinli phu .Anh Cidi \o'i su'
phat tiien kinli tecua 13 thudc dia.

2. Diln bidn chidn tranh vd su thdnh idp Hap chung quoc Mi

Su kien "che Bd-xton" da thdi bung ldn nggn lira chien tranh d Bdc MT.
Cudi nam 1773, ba chie'c tau chd che ciia Anh cap ben cang Bd-xton.
Oe bao ve quyen Igi ciia minh, nhtfng ngudi dan dja phuong da cai
trang thanh thd dan da do, nhay len tau, nem cac thiing che xud'ng
bien. Chi'nh phii Anh lien trung phat, ra lenh phong toa cang Bd-xton va
dieu quan de'n chie'm ddng viing nay. Viec budn ban bi ngUng tre, cdng
nhan that nghiep. Khdng khf khiing bd tran ngap. Nguy cd mot cudc
chie'n tranh dang de'n gan.

147
 Trudc tinh hinh dd, ddu thdng 9 - 1774, dai hdi dai bieu cac thudc dia dugc
tidn hanh d Phi-la-den-phi-a - Dgi hgi luc dia Idn thd nhdt. Cae dai bidu yeu
cdu vua Anh bai bd chfnh sdch han che' cdng thuomg nghiep d Bdc MT. Khdng
chdp nhan ydu cdu dd, vua Anh tuydn bd se ra lenh trimg tri, ndu cdc thudc dia
"ndi loan".
Thang 4 - 1775, chidn tranh gitia cdc thudc dia vdi chfnh qud'c bung nd.
NghTa quan da chidn ddu rdt dung cam, song do luc lugng ydli va td chiic kem
ndn khdng thdng ndi ddi qudn ehfnh quy eiia vua Anh.
Dgi hgi luc dia Idn thit hai duge trieu tap vao thdng 5 - 1775 quyet dinh
thanh lap "Qudn ddi thudc dia" vd bd nhidm Giooc-gia Oa-sinh-tari- mot dien
chil giau cd, mdt sT quan cd tdi qudn su va td chtfc - lam tdng chi huy ; ddng
thdi kdu ggi nhan dan tu nguyen tham gia ddng gdp xSydimg qudn ddi. Cudc
ddu tranh gianh ddc lap khdng ngimg phdt trien. Cdc thugc dia ldn luot tuydn bd
tach khdi nudc Anh.
Ngay 4 - 7 - 1776, Dai hdi thdng qua ban Tuyen ngon Dgc ldp^^\ td cdo chd
do dp btrc thudc dia ciia thuc dan Anh va chfnh thiic tuydn bd 13 thudc dia thoat
li khdi chfnh qud'c, thdnh lap mdt qud'c gia ddc lap - Hgp chiing qud'c MT.

Hinh 54 - Dai hoi 13 thuoc dia Anh thong qua ban Tuyen ngon Doc lap
' {4-1- 1776)

(1) V6 sau, ngay 4 - 7 tro thanh ngay Quoc khanh cua nudc MT.

148
 Tuyen ngon Dgc lap la mdt van kien cd y nghfa Ijch sir trong dai.
Lan dau tien, cac quyen con ngUdi va quyen cdng dan dugc chfnh thirc
cdng bd trUdc toan the nhan loai. Nguyen tac ve chu quyen ciia nhan
dan dugc de cao nhu mot sU thach thirc ddi vdi che do thuc dan Anh d
Sac MT cung nhU che dp quan chii chuyen che dang thdng tri khap luc
dia chau Au. NhUng tuyen ngdn cung khdng de cap den viec xoa bo
che dd no le cung viec bdc lot giai cap cdng nhan va nhan dan lao dpng.

Cudc chie'n tranh gianh ddc lap ciia nhan

ddn thudc dia vdn tidp didn. EXrdi su cbi
huy cua Oa-sinh-tom, lire lugng nghTa qudn
ngay cdng dugc eiing cd va dugc su iing hd
ciia nhan dan, bidt dua vdo dia the' hiem trd
d Bdc MT de phdt buy ldi ddnh du kich.
Ngay 17 - 10 - 1777, nghia quan thdng
ldn d Xa-ra-td-ga, tao ndn budc ngoat cua
chidn tranh. Trong cudc chidn ddu vi chinh
nghia nay, nudc Mi da dugc cdc tdng ldp
nhan dan tidn bd Phdp ciing nhieu nudc
chau Au ung hd.
Nam 1781, nghTa quan thdng tran quydt
dinh d I-odc-tao. Todn bd luc lugng qudn Hinh 55 - G. Oa-sinh-tcm
Anh d ddy phai ddu hang. Nam sau, chidn (1732- 1799)
tranh kdt thiic.

Nu'dc .Ml du'dc thanh lap tiong hoar, canli nai' ^

Tuyen ngdn Ddc lap nam 1776 cd nhimg diem tien bd va han
che'gi 7
Yeu td'nao giup nghia quim Bae Mi chien thang quan .Anh 7

3. Kdt qud vd y nghTa cua Chidn tranh gidnh ddc ldp

Thdng 9 - 1783, hod udc duge kf ke't d Vec-xai (Phdp). Theo hod ude nay,
Anh chfnh thiie cdng nhan ndn ddc lap ciia 13 thudc dia d Bdc MT.
Nam 1787, Hidn phdp nudc Mi dugc thdng qua, ciing cd vi tri cua nhd
nudc mdi.

149
 Theo Hie'n phap, MT la mdt nudc cdng hoa lien bang dugc td chdc theo
nguyen tac "tam quyen phan lap" : Quo'c hgi, gdm hai vien, la Thugng
vien va Ha vien, nam quyen lap phap ; Tong thong nam quyen hanh
phap ; Toa an nam quyen tU phap.

Nam 1789, Giode-gio Oa-sinh-tcm duge bdu lam Tdng thd'ng ddu tidn cua
nudc MT.
Chie'n tranh gidnh ddc lap cua cdc thudc dia da gidi phdng Bdc MT khdi su
thd'ng tri ciia thuc ddn Anh, thanh lap mdt nhd nudc mdi, md dudmg cho kinh te
tu ban chil nghia d MT phdt tridn. Vd thuc chdt, dd la mdt cudc each mang tu san,
gdp phdn thiic day phong trdo cdch mang chd'ng phong kidn d chdu Au va phong
trao dd'u tranh gianh ddc lap d MT Latinh cudi thd ki XVIII - ddu the ki XDC.

»AU HOI

1. Hay trinh bay diln bien chinh cugc Chien tranh gianh dgc
lap ciia 13 thugc dja Anh b Bae MT.
2. Trinh bay ke't qua va y nghTa ciia Chie'n tranh gianh dgc lap.

150
 CACH MANG TU SAN PHAP
Bdi ^ J^ CUOI THE KI XVIII

Cach mang tu san Phap cudi the ki XVIll la mdt cudc each
mang xa hdi sau rdng. Nd da xoa bd che do phong kien. md
dudng cho chu nghTa tu ban phat tridn d Phap, gdp phdn
day manh cuoc dau tranh chdng phong kien d chau Au.
Qudn chiing nhan dan la ddng luc chii yeu thiie ddy each
man2 tien len.

I - Nir6c PHAP TRUOC CACH MANG

1. TTnh hinh kinh td, xd hdi

Cudi the ki XVIII, Phdp vdn
la mdt nudc ndng nghiep.
Cdng cu va phuong thirc canh
tac thd so, lac hdu, nang sud't
thu hoach rat thap. Dan cu chu
ydu sd'ng bdng nghd ndng.
Ndng dan nhan rudng da't cua
lanh ehiia de cay cdy va phdi
nop dia td hdt siic nang nd,
phai thuc hien mgi nghia vu
phong kie'n vdi lanh chiia. Ddi
sd'ng ndng dan ngay cdng khdn
qudn bdi su bde lot den ciing
cue cua lanh chua phong kidn
va Gido hdi. Nan ddi thudmg
xuydn xay ra.
Cdng thuong nghiep Phap
thdi ki nay da phdt trien, tap
trung d cac viing ven Dia
Trung Hai vd Dai Tay Duong.
Hinh 56 - Tinh canh nong dan Phap truoc each mang
151
 Mdy mdc dugc sir dung ngdy cang nhidu, dac biet trong edng nghiep det, khai
khoang, luyen kim vdi nhtfng xf nghiep tap trung hang nghin cdng nhan.
Ngoai thuang cting cd nhiing bude tidn mdi, cdc cdng ti thuong fnai Phap
budn ban vdi nhidu nudc d chau Au va phuong Ddng.
Vd tinh hinh cbinh tri, den eudi the ki XVIII, nudc Phdp vdn duy tri chd do
quan chil chuydn chd (dumg ddu la vua Lu-i XVI). Xa hdi chia thdnh ba dang
cdp : Tdng lit, Quy tgc vd Ddng cdp thit ba. Hai ddng edp ddu tuy chi chidm sd
ft trong dan cu, nhung dugc hudng mgi dac quydn, dae lgi, khdng phdi nop thud,
cd nhidu bdng lgc vd giii nhifng chiie vu cao trong ehfnh quydn, qudn ddi va
Gido hdi. Do vay, hg mud'n duy tri quydn luc ciia phong kidn va khdng mud'n
thay ddi che do chfnh tri.
Dang cdp thii ba gdm nhidu giai cap vd tdng ldp : tu san, ndng dan, binh dan
thdnh thi. Hg phdi chiu mgi thii thud va nghia vu, song khdng cd quydn lgi chfnh
tri va bi le thudc vdo nhumg ddng cdp cd dac quydn.
Nhu vay, de'n cud'i the ki XVIII, do mau thudn vd quydn lgi kinh td va dia vi
chfnh tri giiia Ddng cap thii ba vdi ddng cd'p Tang lii va Quy tgc, nudc Phdp ldm
vao cudc khiing hoang xd hgi sau sdc, bdo hieu mgt cudc cdch mang dang
ddn gdn.

- Tru'dc Ccich mang, tinh hinh kuili te- xa hgi Phap cd gi ndi bat.'

2. Cudc ddu tranh tren ITnh vuc tu tudng

Mdu thudn xa bdi ciing dugc phdn dnh trong cudc dd'u tranh trdn linh vuc tu
tudng. Nhiing thdnh tuu mdi ciia khoa bgc, su phat trien ciia mdm mdng kinh td
tu ban chil nghia da giiip nhirng ngucri cd tu tudmg tien bd phd phan nhting gido
li lac hdu, nhiing quan diem ldi thdi vd dd xud't nhirng tu tucmg mdi tidn bd,
thuc day xa hdi tidn ldn. Do vay, trao luu tu tudng d Phdp vao the ki XVIII dugc
ggi la trao luu Triet hgc Anh sdng, tieu bieu la Mdng-te-xki-o, Vdn-te, Riit-xd.
Cdc dng da kich liet phd phdn su thd'i ndt ciia chd do phong kidn va nha thd
Ki-td gido, dua ra nhtfng If thuydt vd viec xdy dung nhd nudc mdi. Nhirng quan
diem tidn bg ciia Tridt hgc Anh sdng da td'n cdng vdo he tu tudng ciia che dd
phong kidn, dgn dudng cbo cugc each mang xa hdi bung nd.

- Nhirng nha tw twdng tien bd Phap da cd vai trd ninr the'nao

trong viec chuan bi cho each mang 7

152
n - TIEN TRINH CUA CACH MANG

1. Cdch mang bung no. Ndn qudn chu ldp hidn

Su khiing hoang trdm trgng ciia ndn tdi chinh qud'c gia budc Lu-i XVI phdi
tridu tap Hdi nghi ba ddng cdp ngdy 5 - 5 - 1789 tai cung dien Vec-xai de
dd xud't van dd vay tidn va ban hdnh them thud mdi.
Phan ddi y djnh ban hanh thue mdi ciia nha vua, ngay 17-6, dai bieu
Dang cap thUba tu tuyen bd la Qud'c hdi, xem day la co quan duy nha't
thdng qua cac dao luat tai chinh. Tiep dd, Qud'c hdi ddi thanh Qud'c hdi
lap hie'n de lap ra che dp mdi va soan thao Hien phap. Vua va quy tpc
phan lfng, rao net chuan bj tan cdng Dang cap thU ba bang bao lUc.

Bdt binh trudc hdnh ddng ciia nhd vua, ngdy 14 - 7 - 1789, qudn chiing nhan
dan da tu vii trang, tdn cdng cdc tru sd, cac co quan quan trgng ciia thdnh phd
va chie'm nguc Ba-xti - bieu tugng cua chd do phong kidn chuyen chd.
Cdch mang da biing nd d Phap.(l)

••^•t

Hinh 57 - Tan c6ng nguc Ba-xti

(1) V6 sau, ngay 1 4 - 7 duac la'y lam ngay Dan t6c, roi trcf thanh ngay Quoc khanh cua nudc Phap.

153
 Su kien ngay 14 - 7 d Pa-ri da keo theo cudc "each mang dd thi" d cdc thdnh
phd va phong trdo ndi day d ndng thdn. Chfnh quydn mdi thanh lap ndm trong
tay dgi tu sdn tdi chinh (chii yeu la ehu ngan hang, chu thuydn budn, cac nha
cdng nghiep va thuong nghiep ldn), dugc ggi la phdi Lap hien. Ngdi vua van
dugc duy tri.

e tre

TAYBANNHA
Bi6n gi(J quSc gia ngSy nay

Hinh 58 - Phong trao nhan dan Phap nam 1789

Cud'i thdng 8 - 1789, Qud'c hdi Ldp hidn da thdng qua ban Tuyen ngon
Nhdn quyen vd Dan quyen vdi khdu hidu ndi tidng : "Tu do - Binh ddng -
Bdc di". Tuyen ngdn gdm 17 didu, thira nhdn quydn tu do, binh dang ciia con
ngucri vd khang dinh chii quydn cua nhdn ddn, ddng thdi tuyen bd quydn sd hiiu
la quyen thieng lidng va bat kha xam pham. Ndi dung eo ban cua Tuydn ngdn
tha'm nhudn tu tudng each mang cua cac nha tridt hgc Anh sdng Phdp the ki
XVIII, ddng thdi phdn dpli y chf va nguyen vgng ciia nhdn ddn Phap.
Tie'p dd, Qud'c hgi Ldp hien ban hanh nhieu chinh sach nhdm khuydn khfch
cdng thuong nghiep phdt "trien nhu : bai bd quy che phudng hdi, eho phep tit do
budn bdn, td chiic hanh chfnh theo quy chd mdi (ed nudc dugc chia thanh
83 qudn vdi co cd'u td chiic thd'ng nhdt, xod bd thud quan ndi dia...).
Tuy vay, cupc sd'ng ciia nhan dan lao dpng vin chua dugc cai thien :
viec chia rudng da't theo ttmg Id Idn dem ban vdi gia cao nen ndng dan

154
 khdng cd kha nang mua ; cdng nhan vin da'u tranh ddi tang luong,
giam gid lam. Them vao dd, viec ban hanh dao luat cam cdng nhan hdi
hpp, bai cdng... cang lam tang subat man trong quan chung nhan dan,
nhieu cupc da'u tranh lien tiep diin ra.

Thang 9 - 1791, Hien phdp dugc thdng qua, xdc lap quydn thd'ng tri ciia giai
cdp tu san dudi hinh thiic qudn chii lap hien.
Lu-i XVI, bd ngodi phd chudn Hie'n phdp, thira nhdn chd do quan chii lap
hien, nhung ben trong thi bf mat tim mgi cdch chd'ng phd cdch mang : xiii giuc
cdc luc lugng phdn ddng trong nudc ndi loan, cdu ket vdi cdc the luc phong kien
ben ngoai (Ao, Phd) chudn bi td'n cdng nudc Phdp cdch mang nhdm khdi phuc
chd do chuydn che va trat tu phong kie'n.
Thdng 4 - 1792, chidn tranh giiia Phdp va lien qudn phong kidn Ao - Phd
bung nd.
Trudc tinh binh dd, ngdy 11 - 7 - 1792, Qud'c hdi tuydn bd " To qud'c lam nguy "
va ra sdc lenh ddng vidn quan tinh nguyen. Hudng iing ldi keu ggi, hdng van
qudn ehiing tu vii trang tie'n vd Pa-ri, hdt vang bdi "Mdcxaye"^^) ddy khi the
chie'n dd'u. Cdch mang Phdp phdt tridn sang giai doan mdi.

- Cach mang tw san Phap 1789 bung nd tiong bdi canli nao ^
-Hay neu nliimg viec lam cua phai Lap hie'n sau khi len
cam quyen.
- Vi sao qUiin chung cadi mang Phap tiep tuc ndi day 7

2. Tu sdn cdng thuang cdm quydn. Ndn cdng hod duoc thdnh lap
Ngay 10 - 8 - 1792, khdng khf cdch mang bao triim khdp Pa-ri. Cdc cdng xa
cdch mang dugc thdnh lap, ndm toan bd chinh quydn trong thdnh phd. Nhan ddn
Pa-ri, dugc su^hd trg ciia cdc dia phuang, da tdn edng hodng eung, bdt giam vua
va hodng hau. Chfnh quydn chuyen sang tay tu sdn cdng thuong dugc ggi Ykphdi
Girongdanh (2). Mdt qude hdi mdi dugc bdu ra theo chd do phd thdng ddu phidu
cho tdt ca nam gidi tir 21 tudi trd ien.
Ngdy 21 - 9 - 1792, Qud'c hdi khai mac, tuydn bd phd trudt nhd vua, thidt lap
ndn Cong hod thit nhdt. Ngay 21 - 1 - 1793, vua Lu-i XVI bi xur chem vi tdi
phan qude.

(1) Sau nay, bai Mdcxdye tro thanh Qud'c ca cua nudc Phap.
(2) Phai nay dai dien cho phan ldn tu san cdng thuang d quan Gi-rdng-do, vung Tay Nam nudc Phap.

155
 Hinh 59 - Vua Lu-i XVI bj xir chem (21 - 1 - 1793)
Ddu nam 1793, nudc Phdp dumg trudc nhting thit thach nang nd. Bdn trong,
bgn phan cdch mang ndi loan, ddi sd'ng nhdn ddn sa siit do nan ddu co tfch trif
va chidn tranh keo dai, san xud't bi dinh trd. Ben ngoai, cdc nudc phong kie'n
chdu Au, dugc su hd trg cua qudn Anh, lidn minh vdi nhau chd'ng lai ndn cdng
hoa non tre.
Phai Girongdanh, sau khi dat dugc muc dich, khdng mud'n dUa each
mang tien xa hdn, lam thiet hai den quyen Igi ciia tusan. Chi nhtfng ngudi
thudc phai GiacobanhC^) dai dien cho tang Idp tUsan vUa va nhd, gan gu
vdi nhtfng ngUdi tieu tUsan va binh dan la mud'n day each mang tiep tuc
di len nham giai quye't triet de nhtfng yeu cau ciia quan chung.

Ngdy 31 - 5 - 1793, hudng iing ldi kdu ggi ciia Uy ban khdi nghia, qudn
chiing cdch mang d Pa-ri da keo den bao vay tru sd Qud'c hdi. Ngdy 2 - 6 , nhieu
dai bieu Girdngdanh bi bdt. Chinh quydn chuydn sang tay phai Giaedbanh.

1^ Phai Giacdbanli Ien nam chinh quyi^n tiong hoan canli nao 7

3. Ndn chuyen chinh Giaedbanh - dinh cao cua cdch mgng

Chfnh quydn Giaedbanh (dumg ddu la Luat su Rd-be-spie - ngudi cd tinh
thdn cdch mang triet de vd tfch cue bdo vd quydn lgi ciia qudn chiing nhdn dan)
dugc thidt lap trong bdi canh nudc Phdp bi de doa nghidm trgng. Trong nudc,
bgn phan each mang ludn qudy rdi, ddi sd'ng nhdn dan ngay cang khd khan.
Ngodi mat trdn, sir that bai cua qudn Phap da tao da cho quan ddng minh phong
kidn vugt qua bien gidi tran vdo nudc Phdp, quyet tam "bdp che't" ndn cdng hod.

(1) La'y ten theo tu vien Thanh Gia-cd'p, la noi dat tru sd cua cau lac bd Giaedbanh.

156
 De dua dat nudc thodt khdi con hiem ngheo, viec ddu tien ma nhtmg ngudi
Giaedbanh quan tam la phdi giai quydt vd'n dd rudng ddt - ddi hdi co ban ciia
qudn chiing ndng dan ; qua dd, ddng vidn hg tham gia cdch mang chdng thii
trong, giac ngodi.
Dao luat ngay 3 - 6 quy djnh tich tnu rudng da't cua quy tdc phong kien
chia thanh nhieu manh nho, ban theo phugng thdc tra dan trong
10 nam. Do vay, mdi ndng dan deu t o quyen set htfu mpt manh rudng.

Thdng 6 - 1793, Hien phdp mdi dugc thdng qua, hrydn bd che dd cdng hod,
ban bd quydn dan chii rdng rai va mgi su bat-binh ddng vd ddng cdp bi xod bd.
Ngay 23 - 8 - 1793, Qud'c hdi thdng qua sdc lenh "Tdng ddng vidn toan qud'c"
de huy ddng siic manh cua nhdn ddn ca nudc chd'ng "thu trong, giac ngodi" ;
ban banh ludt gid tdi da ddi vdi luong thuc, thuc phdm dd chd'ng nan ddu co tfch
trti, ddng thdi ban hanh luat vd miic luong tdi da cua cdng nhan. Hudng iing lenh
tdng ddng vien, 42 van ngudi da tinh nguyen tham gia ddi quan each mang. Nhd
vay, phdi Giaedbanh da dap tdt dugc cae cudc ndi loan va gianh nhieu thdng lgi
trdn chidn trudng, dudi qudn xdm lugc ra khdi bidn gidi. Cach mang Phdp da dat
tdi dinh cao.
Trong khi each mang dang gianh dUdc thang Igi thi nhUng mau thuin
npi bp phai Giaedbanh cung nay sinh va ngay cang trd nen gay gat.
SUphan hoa ndi bd lam cho phai Giaedbanh suy ye'u.

Ngdy 27 - 7 - 17940, trong phien hgp ciia Qud'c hdi, lire lugng tu san phan
each mang da tidn hdnh ddo chfnh, bdt Rd-be-spie va cdc nhan vat ehii chd't ciia
phdi Giaedbanh. Chfnh quyen roi vdo tay thd luc phan ddng, chdm dirt giai doan
phdt trien di len cua cdch mang.

- Chinh quyen Giacdbanli da thwc hien nliung bien phap gi

trong cudc dau tranli chdng thii h'ong, giac ngoai 7

4. Thdi kl thodi trdo

Sau cudc dao ehfnh ngdy 27 - 7 - 1794, chinh quydn thudc vd phdi tu san
mdi giau ldn trong thdi gian chidn tranh nhd budn bdn gian lan, ddu co tfch trif
va tham d cdng quy. Uy ban Dd'c chfnh dugc thdnh lap, tap trung quyen luc vao
5 uy vidn. Nhidu thanh qua cdch mang bi thii tieu : ludt gid tdi da bi bai bd,
quydn tu do dan ehu bi ban chd, nhiing ngudi cdch mang bi khiing bd, cdc
cau lac bd ehfnh tri bi ddng cira...
(1) Cdn goi la ngay 9 thang Tecmido (thang Ndng); theo lich each mang - cac thang diroc goi ten
theo thdi tiei hay miia vu trong nam.

157
 Dudi che dp Dd'c chinh, nudc Phap ludn trong tinh trang xao ddng va
ngay cang khd khan. Cac the lUc phong kie'n van am mUu ndi loan. Mpt
lien minh mdi ciia cac nUdc chau Au nham chdng Phap dUdc
hinh thanh.

De cimg cd dia vi thd'ng tri eiia minh va lap lai trat tu xa hdi, giai cdp tu san
da iing hd Na-pd-ld-dng Bd-na-pde - mdt vidn tudmg cd tdi chi huy quan su, lam
cudc ddo chinh thdnh cdng (II - 1799), cham diit ehe do Dd'c chfnh. Ndn dgc
tdi qudn su dugc thidt lap d Phdp.
Nam 1804, Na-pd-le-dng len ngdi Hoang de da thanh lap De che thir
nha't, lay hieu la Na-pd-le-dng I, tien hanh cupc chinh phat hau he't cac
nudc chau Au. Nam 1812, Na-pd-le-dng bj thua tran 6 Nga. Nam 1815,
cac nudc ddng minh chd'ng Phap da danh thing Na-pd-le-dng cl tran
Oa-tec-ld. Che dp quan chii d Phap dugc phuc hdi.

$ -
- Hay dio biet tinh hmh nwd'c L-'hap sau cudc dao chinli ngav
27-7-1794.

I l l - Y NGHIA CUA CACH MANG T l / SAN P H A P CUOI T H E KI XVIII

Cdch mang tu san Phdp cudi thd ki XVHI da lat dd chd do phong kie'n chuyen
chd tumg thd'ng tri nudc Phdp trong nhidu thd ki, hodn thdnh cdc nhiem vu cua
mdt cudc cdch mang tu san : lat dd cbinh quydn quan chu chuydn chd, thu tieu
mgi tan du phong kien, giai quyet van dd rugng dd't cho ndng ddn, nhifng can trd
ddi vdi cdng thuong nghiep bi xod bd, thi trudmg ddn tdc thd'ng nhd't dugc hinh
thdnh. Giai cap tu san lanh dao cdch mang, song qudn chiing nhdn ddn ddng vai
trd quyet dinh trong qud trinh phdt trien, dua cdch mang den thdnh cdng.
Do anh budng ciia cdch mang va do hdu qua khdch quan ciia nhirng cudc
chidn tranh thdn tfnh cdc nudc chdu Au, che do phong kidn da bi lung lay d khdp
chau Au. Cdch mang tu san Phdp da md ra thdi dai mdi - thdi dai thdng lgi va
ciing cd ciia chii nghia tu ban d cdc nudc tien tidn thdi bay gid.

c AU HOI
' 1. Cach mang tu san Phap nd ra trong hoan canh nao ?
2. Lap nien bieu di§n bien each mang qua cac giai doan. Tai
sao ndi : Thai ki chuyen chfnh Giaedbanh la dinh cao ciia
Cach mang tu san Phap ?
3. Hay neu y nghTa lich sir ciia Cach mang tu san Phap cudi
theki XVIII.

158
 Chuomg

(Tir dau the ki XIX d^n dau the ki XX)

CACH MANG CONG NGHIEP

Bdi ^ 2 d CHAU AU

Tir cudi the ki XVIII den gitra the ki XIX, d cac nudc
chau Au da cd bu'dc phat tridn nhay \'gt trong ITnh vuc
san .xuat. Dd la cudc each nicing nham thuc hien ca khi
hoa nen san xuat thay the cho lao dgng thu cdng. Vd
thuc chat, day la cudc each mang kT thuat cua chu nghTa
tu ban nharn tao ra mdt nang suai lao ddng cao hon,
cung cd nen tans cua che do mdi.

1. Cdch mang cdng nghiep d Anh

Anh la nudc ddu tidn tie'n hdnh cdch mang cdng nghiep do cdch mang tu sdn
nd ra sdm, tao nhting dieu kien thuan lgi de ddy manh san xud't : tu ban, nhdn
cdng vd su phdt trien ki thudt. Cdch mang cdng nghiep d Anh bdt ddu tir nhtfng
nam 60 ciia thd ki XVIII va kdt thiic vdo nhirng nam 40 ciia thd ki XIX. Nhirng
phdt minh ki thudt ddu tien xuat hien trong cdng nghiep det vai bdng - nganh cdng
nghiep phdt dat thdi bdy gid.
Nam 1764, ngudi thd det Giem Ha-gri-vd da sang che ra may keo sdi
va lay ten con gai minh dat cho may - "may Gien-ni". Khae vdi xa quay
tay, ngudi thd chi dimg dupc mdt cpc sudt, may Gien-ni da sir dung tU
16 - 18 cpc sudt va chi do mpt cdng nhan dieu khien.

159
 Hinh 60 - Xa quay tay Hinh 61 - May Gien-ni

Nam 1769, Ac-crai-to che ra may keo sdi chay bang sire nude. Hai nam
sau, dng cho xay dung xudng det dau tien ciia nudc Anh tren bd sdng
nudc chay xiet d Man-chet-xtd.

May Gien-ni keo dupe sdi nhd nhung khdng ben ; may cua Ac-crai-td
san xua't dugc sgi chac hdn, song lai thd. Tan dung Uu diem ciia hai
may nay, nam 1779, Crdm-tdn da cai tien may vdi kT thuat cao hdn, keo
dupc sdi nhd lai chac, vai det ra vUa dep lai vUa ben.

Nhd nhtrng phdt minh trdn,

nang sudt lao ddng trong ngdnh
keo sgi tang len rat nhidu. Nam
1785, ki su Et-mon Cdc-rai da
che tao duge mdy det chay bdng
siic nude, dua nang sudt tang gdn
40 ldn so vdi det tay. Cting vdi
nhtfng cai tie'n ve may mdc, ki
thuat nhudm mau va in hoa ctfng
cd bude tien ldn, thiic ddy ngdnh
det phat tridn. Hinh 62 - May hoi nudc cua Giem Oat

Do may mdc chay bang sUc nUdc nen cac nha may phai xay dUng gan
bd sdng, xa trung tam dan cU va ve mua dong, nUdc bj ddng bang, nha
may phai ngijng hoat dpng.

Nam 1784, mdy hai nudc do Giem Oat phdt minh duge dua vao sir dung. Nhd
dd, cac nha mdy cd the xay dung d nhirng noi thuan tien. Den ddu the ki XIX,
d Anh, viee sir dung may hoi nudc da trd thanh phd bie'n, do vay td'c do san xud't

160
 va nang sudt lao ddng tang ldn ro ret. Mdy hoi nudc da tao ra ngudn ddng lire
mdi, lam giam siic lao ddng co bdp cua con ngudi. Lao ddng bdng tay ddn dugc
thay the bdng may mdc, khdi ddu qud trinh cong nghiep hod a moc Anh.
Nhu cau dimg may tSng len da thuc day nganh che tao may ra ddi va
phat then, ddng thdi ddi hdi sd lugng va chat lugng kim loai nhieu va cao
hon. Phat minh ve phUdng phap nau than cdc nam 1735 la mdt ddng
gdp quan trpng cho viec luyen gang ihep. Ld luyen gang dau tien dugc
xay dung nam 1784 lam tang gap nhieu lan kha nang san xua't dd kim
loai, din de'n viec cac cau gd d Anh dan dugc thay the bang cac cau sat.
Ngdnh giao thdng van tai cung cd nhirng budc tidn Idm. Trudc dd, phucmg
tien van chuyen chii ydu dua vdo siJc keo ciia siic vdt (xe ngua, xe bd...) hoac la
thuyen be nhd siic gid vd siic day cua nudc. Ddu thd ki XIX, tau thuy va xe lira
da xudt hidn vdi ddu mdy chay bdng hoi nudc.

Nam 1814, Xti-phen-xdn che tao thanh cdng chie'c dau may xe lira dau
tien. Nam 1825, nudc Anh khanh thanh doan dUdng sat dau tien ndi
trung tam cdng nghiep Man-chet-xtd vdi cang Li-vd-pun, va den giUa
the kl XIX da cd 10000 km dudng sat.

Ddn giiia the ki XIX, nudc Anh dugc menh danh la "cdng xudng ciia the
gidi". Ludn Ddn trd thdnh mdt trung tam thuang mai vdi 80 van ddn va la thii
dd ddu tidn cua chdu Au tidn ien con dudmg cdng nghiep hod.

f - y nghia cua viec phat muili ra may hdi nu'dc la gi •'

- Ccich mang cdng nghiep da dan den nhifng thay ddi gi ve
kinh te'va xii hdi d nii'd'c Anh 7

2. Cdch mang cdng nghiep d Phdp, DCrc

O Phap, cho ddn ddu the ki XIX, khi cudc chie'n tranh vdi cdc nudc chau Au
ke't thiic (nam 1815), ddt nude mdi ddn dn dinh vd cd didu kien phdt tridn vd
kinh td.
Cung nhu nude Anh, cdch mang edng nghiep d Phdp dugc bdt ddu tir cdc
ngdnh edng nghiep nhe vao nhiing nam 30 ciia thd ki XIX va phat tridn manh
vdo thdi gian 1850-1870.
Trong khoang 20 nam dd, sd may hdi nUdc cua Phap tang hdn 5 lan,
tu 5000 chie'c len 27000 chie'c ; chieu dai dudng sat tang 5,5 lan, tU
3000 km len 16500 km ; tau chay bang m ly hdi nudc tang hdn 3,5 lan
vdi trpng tai tang hdn 10 lan.

11. LICH sir 10C-A ^"^

 Cach mang edng nghiep da dua ndn kinh td Phdp vuon ien manh me, cdng
nghiep Phdp dung thii hai tren the gidi, sau nude Anh. Bd mat Pa-ri va cdc thdnh
phd thay ddi rd rdt. Mdt he thd'ng dai Id, nha ga, cira bang... dugc xdy dung thay
the cdc phd cu chat hep.
O Diic, cdch mang edng nghidp didn ra vdo nhirng nam 40 ciia thd ki XIX
mac dii ddt nudc dang cdn bi chia xe thanh nhidu vuong qud'c vd giai cd'p tu san
chua cam quyen. Den gitia thd ki XIX, td'c do phdt trien cdng nghiep ciia Du:c
dat miic ki luc.
TU nam 1850 den nam 1860, san lupng than, sat, thep va dp dai
dudng sat tang hdn gap ddi ; sd lUdng dpng cd chay bang hdi nudc
tang gan 6 lan ; cdng nghiep khai mo phat then manh, tU nam 1860
den nam 1870, san lUdng than da tang tU 12 theu tan len 26 theu tan.
Cdng nghiep luyen kim va hoa chat chiem vai trd quan trpng trong
nen kinh te DUc.
Mdy mdc ciing tham nhap vdo ndng nghiep. Viec sir dung may cay, may bira,
mdy gat,... va diing phan bdn hod hgc da ldm cho ndng sud't tang cao.

- Y nghia cua cadi iHcing cdng nghiep vd'i kinli te Phap, Dwc.

3. He qua cua cdch mgng cong nghiep

Cach mang cdng nghiep da ldm thay ddi bd mat cdc nudc tu ban : nhidu trung
tam edng nghiep mdi va thdnh thi ddng ddn xud't hien. San xud't bdng mdy da
nang eao nang sudt lao ddng va ngdy cdng xa hdi boa qud trinh lao ddng eua
chil nghia tu ban.
Cdch mang cdng nghiep cting gdp phdn thiic day nhumg chuyen bidn manh
me trong cac nganh kinh td khdc, dac biet la ndng nghiep vd giao thdng van tai.
Nhu cdu cdng nghiep boa khidn ndng nghiep nhanh chdng chuyen sang phuong
thiic chuydn canh hoac tham canh, ddng thdi qud trinh co gidi hod ndfig nghiep
, da gdp phdn giai phdng ndng ddn, bd sung luc lugng lao ddng cho thanh phd.
Hai giai cap co ban ciia xa bdi tu ban dugc binh thdnh - tu sdn cong nghiep
va vd sdn cdng nghiep. Su tang cudng bdc lot cdng nhan cua giai cdp tu san lam
cho mau thudn trong xd hdi tu ban va cudc dd'u tranh gitfa giai cd'p vd san vdi
giai cd'p tu san khdng ngimg tang ldn.

c AU HO!
1. Neu mdc thdi gian va nhifng thanh tUu chii ye'u ciia each
mang cong nghiep d cac nu6c Anh, Phap, Dire.
2. Cach mang cong nghiep dem lai nhtfng he qua g i ?

162 11. LjCH SUlOC - B

 HOAN THANH CACH MANG Tl/ SAN
^^''33 6 CHAU AU VA MI GI0A THE KI XIX

Trong cac ihap nien 50 - 60 ciia the ki XIX, nhieu cudc

each mang Jxr san dien ra duc'ri nhiing hinh thtfe khae
nhau d chau Au va Bdc MT. Dieu nay da khang dinh su
toan thdng cua phuong liuic san xuat tir ban chti ngiiTa,
tao dieu kien cho chii nghia tu ban phiit trien manh me.

1. Cudc ddu tranh thd'ng nhdt nudc OCfc

Ddn giiia the ki XIX, kinh te tu ban ehu
nghia d Diic phdt tridn nhanh chdng ; tir '^"^mr^'wr?,
mdt nudc ndng nghiep, Diic trd thdnh nudc
cdng nghiep. Su phdt trien manh me cua
cdng nghiep lam cho ddi ngii cdng nhan
tang nhanh ; ridng d Bec-lin, chi trong 10
nam (1849 - 1859), sd cdng nhan tang tir
5 van ldn 18 van. Bec-lin trd thdnh trung
tdm chd tao mdy mdc.
Cdng nghiep vd cdc thanh tbi phdt trien
nhanh chdng da thdi thiic nhieu quy tdc
dia chii chuyen sang kinh doanh theo ldi tu
ban chil nghia : sit dung mdy mdc, thud
mudn nhan cdng, ddy manh khai khan...
Phuong thiic kinh doanh mdi tao ndn tdng Hinh 63 - Bi-xmac
ldp quy tdc tu sdn hod, ggi la Gioongke. (1815-1898)

Trd ngai ldn nhdt cbo su phdt trien kinh td tu ban chii nghia d Diic la ddt nudc
vdn trong tinh trang bi chia xe thdnh nhidu vuong qud'c, trong dd Ao va Phd la
hai vuong qud'c ldn nhdt. Vdn de thd'ng nhdt ddt nudc ngdy cang trd thanh
ydu cdu cap thiet.
Bd phan quy tdc quan phiet Phd dai dien la Bi-xmac, dugc su iing hd ciia giai
cd'p tu san da dung vti luc de thd'ng nhat ddt nudc bdng ba cudc chidn tranh vdi cdc

163
 nudc ldng gidng : ehdng Dan Mach (1864), chd'ng Ao (1866) va chd'ng Phdp
(1870-1871). Do thdng lgi, nam 1867, Lidn bang Bde Diic ra ddi, bao gdm 18
qud'c gia d Bdc Du'c vd 3 thdnh phd tu do. Hien phdp Diic dugc thdng qua, thira
nhdn quydn luc tdi cao thudc vd vua Phd va ban che' vai trd cua Qud'c hdi.
Vdi su that bai ciia Phdp trong cudc chidn tranh Phdp - Phd (1870 - 1871),
Bi-xmac da gat dugc dnh budng eiia Phdp, thu phuc cac bang mien Nam, hoan
thanh viee thd'ng nhat ddt nudc.
Ngdy 18 - 1 - 1871, Id thdnh lap Dd chd Diic duge td chiic tai Cung dien
Vec-xai (Phdp). Vua Phd Vin-hem I chinh thiic ien ngdi Hoang de. Bi-xmac trd
thanh Thii tudmg nudc Diic. Thdng 4 - 1871, Hien phdp mdi dugc ban bdnh, quy
dinh nudc Diic la mdt lien bang gdm 22 bang va 3 thdnh phd tu do, ciing cd vai
trd cua quy tdc qudn phiet Phd.
Nhu vay, viec thdng nhdt nudc Diic mang tfnh chat mdt cudc each mang
tu sdn, tao didu kien cho kinh td tu ban chu nghia phdt tridn manh me d Diic.

Hinh 64 - Luac dd qua tnnh thdng nhai Dire

- Hav tiinli bay nliwng net Idn ve tinli hinh nu'dc Diic d giua tlie
kiXIX.
- Dwa vad hide do, trinh bay didn bie'n chinh cua qui trinh thd'ng
nha't Dwc.
164
2. Cudc ddu tranh thd'ng nhdt l-ta-li-a
Giira the ki XIX, I-ta-li-a vdn bi chia thdnh 7 vuomg qud'c nhd(l). Phdn ldn
cdc vuong qud'c theo chd dd quan chii chuydn chd va chiu sir khdng chd cua dd
qud'c Ao ; duy chi cd Vuong qud'c Pi-d-mdn-td la gitf dugc ddc lap vdi chd do
chfnh tri vd kinh td tidn bd hon cd.
Dudi sU dd hp cua de qud'c Ao va ach thd'ng tri ciia cac the lUc phong
kie'n trong nu6c, hau het cac qud'c gia d l-ta-li-a deu trong tinh trang
tri tre lac hau, kinh te cham phat then. Trong khi do, d VUdng qud'c
Pi-e-mdn-te, nen quan chii lap hien ciia theu dai Xa-voa (dai dien cho
quyen ldi ciia lien minh quy tdc tU san hoa va dai tU san) da tao dieu
kien cho kinh te tu blin chii nghTa di len.

Giai cap tu san d cac vuong qud'c trdn bdn dao I-ta-li-a ddu mud'n dua vao
Pi-e-mdn-te de loai bd the luc ciia Ao, thuc hien viec thd'ng nhdt I-ta-li-a. Bd
tude Ca-vua - Thii tudmg Pi-d-mdn-td, chii trucmg dung chien tranh de thdnh lap
nudc I-ta-li-a thdng nhat dudi su lanh dao ciia Vuong tridu Xa-voa.
Thdng 4 - 1859, Ca-vua lidn minh vdi Phdp tidn hdnh chie'n tranh vdi Ao.
Trong khi chidn su dang didn ra, qudn chiing d cdc vuong qude thudc midn
Trung Tta-li-a da ndi day khdi nghia. Bgn phong kien thd'ng tri d day phdi
chay sang Ao. Lidn qudn Pi-e-mdn-td - Phdp, duge su hd trg eiia doan quan
tinh nguyen Ga-ri-ban-di, da ddy qudn Ao vao tinh thd vd cting khd khan.
Thdng 3 - 1860, cdc vuomg qud'c trdn sap nhap" vdo Pi-e-mdn-te.
Thdng 4 - 1860, phong trdo khdi nghTa ciia nhdn dan d ddo Xi-xi-li-a (midn
Nam I-ta-li-a) bung nd ddi lat dd cbinh quydn tay sai de qud'c Ao vd thd'ng nhd't
dd't nudc. Ga-ri-ban-di dem qudn xud'ng giiip nhan dan Nam Tta-li-a. Ddi quan
"Ao do" hon 1000 ngudi do Ga-ri-ban-di cbi buy da rdi Gid-nd-va, vugt bien dd
bd ldn dao Xi-xi-li-a.
Chi trong mpt thdi gian ngan, khoang 4000 ndng dan xin gia nhap dpi
quan "Ad do" da tien vad thii dd Na-pd-li, giai phdng toan bp mien Nam
l-ta-li-a. Mpt chinh quyen mdi dUdc thanh lap do Ga-ri-ban-di lam Chap
chi'nh, nhtfng chfnh sach dan chu dUdc ban hanh : chia da't cdng cho
ndng dan, nhCfng dac quyen phong kien bj bai bd...

Sau dd, mien Nam I-ta-li-a duge sdp nhap vdo Pi-d-mdn-td (10 - 1860), thanh
lap Vuong qud'c I-ta-li-a. Vua Pi-d-mdn-te la Em-ma-nu-en II dugc tdn lam
Qijd'c vuong, Bd tude Ca-vua lam Thii tudng.

(1) Dd la : Ldm-bac-di-a - Ve-ne-xi-a, Pac-ma, Mdn-de-na, Td-xca-na, Rd-ma-ni-a (dai thudc

Giao hoang, cd quan Phap chiem ddng), Na-p6-li va Pi-fi-mdn-te.

165
 )-"K THU^ST • 1
(' < ^

HAI

BiSn gidi qu6c gia den nam 1859 Djdng tiSn quSn cua
dai quan "Ao do'
Vung lanh tlid di/pc sap ninap
vao Pi-e-mOn-te nam 1860 ii!i!i!l!!!l!l!!i NhiJng vung di§n ra khdi nghla •
d6i thSng nhat dat ni/flc
Vung lanh thd dirge sap nhap vdo l-ta-li-a
nam 187.0
1870 Nam th6ng nhSt lanh thd vao
Cuflc ti^n c6ng cua li§n quSn Vuong qufic l-ta-li-a
Pi-6-man-t6 - Phap chfing quSn Ao
BiSn giOi Vuong qude l-ta-li-a
Noi dien ra c i c tran danh chu yeu
nam 1870

Hinh 65 - Luoc dd tien trinh thdng nhai I-ta-li-a

Nhung ddt nudc I-ta-li-a vdn chua dugc thd'ng nhdt hoan toan vi cdn hai
viing chua dugc gidi phdng Id Ve-ncTxi-a (bi Ao thd'ng tri) vd Rd-ma (dudi su
bao hd ciia Phdp). Nam 1866, I-ta-li-a lien minh vdi Phd chd'ng Ao, giai phdng
dugc Ve-ne-xi-a. Nam 1870, vdi su thdt bai cua Phdp trong cudc chien tranh
Phdp - Phd, Rd-ma da thudc vd I-ta-h-a.

166
 Cudc ddu tranh thd'ng nhdt Lta-li-a mang tinh chdt mdt cudc cdch mang
tu san, lat dd su thd'ng tri ciia dd qud'c Ao vd cdc the luc phong kidn bao thu
I-ta-li-a, tao didu kien cho chu nghia tu ban phdt tridn.

- Ket hdp vd'i Iw'dc dd, hdv tiinh bay dien bien chinli qua trmh
thd'm^ nlia't I-ta-Ii-a.

3. Ndi chidn c MT
Sau chie'n tranh gidnh ddc lap vao niia cudi theki XVIII, nudc MT ra ddi gdm
13 bang d ven bidn Dai Tdy Duong thudc Bdc MT. Tidp dd, lanh thd MT dugc md
rdng nhanh chdng sang phia tdy.

C A N A D A

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NIU Me-Hi<;0
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nimim)

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MfiH I C 6 \ \ I \fi \ir. HI CO

Hinh 66 - Luoc dd nudc MI giOa the ki XIX

Mien Ddng Bae nudc MT la vting phat trien cdng nghiep, mien Nam la
vLing ndng nghiep ddn dien, mien Tay la vimg da't bao la, ndi thu hut
dan di cU mdi. Bang bien phap mua lai dat dai ciia Phap, Anh, ciia Tay
Ban Nha, chie'm cU da't dai ciia Me-hi-cd va ddn dudi thd dan, nUdc MT
ngay cang dugc md rpng, lap them nhieu bang mdi.

Ddn giiia the ki XIX, lanh thd MT da keo dai tdi bd bien Thdi Binh Duong,
bao gdm 30 bang.
Bdy gid, kinh td MT phdt trien theo hai con dudng : midn Bdc phdt tridn ndn
cdng nghiep tu ban ebii nghTa, rudng dd't ndm trong tay cdc trai chii va ndng ddn
tu do ; mien Nam phdt trien kinh te ddn didn dua tren su bdc lot siic lao ddng
ciia nd Id.

167
 Nhd nhifng dieu kien thuan Igi (co vimg da't dai mien Tay rdng ldn vdi
ngudn tai nguyen thien nhien phong phu, tan dU phong kie'n khdng nang
ne nhu nhieu qud'c gia chau Au, ngudn nhan cdng ddi dao do dan di cU
tUchau Au tdi mang theo nhtfng tie'n bp ve khoa hoc - kT thuat...), nen kinh
te MT phat trien nhanh chdng, dac biet la cac nganh cdng nghiep : det,
dudng sat, khai mo, luyen kim, ddng tau, che tao may v.v... Nam 1850,
san xua't edng nghiep ciia MT dUng thU tU the gidi, sau Anh, Phap, OUc.

Vd mat ndng nghiep, d mien Bdc va midn Tdy, kinh td trai chii nhd va ndng
ddn tu do chidm uu the dua tren su phdt tridn chan nudi va san xud't lua mi dd
phuc vu thi trudmg cdng nghiep. O mien Nam, kinh te ddn didn phdt trien vdi
cdc nghd trdng bdng, mfa, thud'c Id... dua trdn su bdc lot siic lao ddng ciia nd le
da lam gidu nhanh chdng cho gidi chii nd. Tuy vay, sir tdn tai cua chd do nd le
da can trd ndn kinh te tu ban chu nghia phat trien d MT.
Bang viec vat kiet sdc lao dpng ciia ngUdi nd le, cac chii nd khdng chju
ap dung nhtfng tie'n bd ciia khoa hpe - kT thuat nen nang sua't thu hoach
ngay cang tha'p, da't dai trd nen can cdi vi khdng dugc cham bdn, cai
tao. Cac chil nd mien Nam mud'n khai khan nhtfng vung dat mdi d mien
Tay de lap ddn dien, ndi ma cae trai chu mien Bae cung dang "nhdm
ngd" de md rdng dien tich chan nudi va trdng trpt, cung cap thuc pham
cho cdng nghiep.

Mau thudn giifa tu san va trai chii midn Bdc vdi cac chii nd midn Nam cang
them gay gdt. Phong trdo dd'u tranh ddi thii tidu chd dd nd le, dugc ddng dao
nhirng ngudi tidn bd da trdng tu sdn, trai chii, cdng nhan, ndng ddn... ung hd,
didn ra ngdy cang manh me. Nguy co mdt cudc ndi chidn dang ddn gdn dd thanh
todn cdc luc lugng bao thii, gidi phdng nd Id, md dudmg cho chu nghia tu ban
Mi phdt trien trong cd nudc.
Nguyen nhdn true tiep ddn de'n ngi chien la cudc bdu cir tdng thd'ng nam
1860, khi ling cir vidn ciia Dang Cgng hod (dai didn cho quydn lgi cua giai cdp
tu san va cac trai ehii midn Bdc) la A-bra-ham Lin-cdn tning cir Tdng thdng.
A-bra-ham Lin-cdn (1809 - 1865) sinh ra trong mdt gia dinh chii trai
ngheo d Ken-tac-ki. Hdi tre, dng lam nhieu nghe de sinh sdng, tranh thii
thdi gian hoc luat va trd thanh luat sU. Nam 1848, Lin-cdn dugc bau vao
Qud'c hdi. Ong da dpe nhieu bai diin van chdng lai che dp nd le da den.
Su kien nay de doa quydn lgi ciia edc chii nd midn Nam vi Dang Cdng hoa
chu truang bai bd che do nd le.
Dd td thai do phan dd'i, II bang mien Nam tuyen bd tach khdi Lidn bang(l\
thdnh lap Hiep bang rieng, cd chinh phii, tdng thd'ngridngva chuan bi luc lugng
chd'ng lai chfnh phu tiarng uong.
(1) Do vay, ndi chie'n MI cdn duoc goi la Chie'n tranh li khai.
168
 Ngdy 1 2 - 4 - 1 8 6 1 ,
ndi chie'n bung nd. Giifa
nam 1862, Tdng thd'ng
Lin-cdn kf sde lenh cap
dd't d midn Tay cho ddn
di cu (ngudi dugc cap
dd't chi phai trd mdt
khodn tidn nhd), tao
didu kien cbo hg dn
dinh cudc sd'ng, phdt
trien kinh td trang trai.
Ngdy 1 - 1 - 1863, sdc
lenh bai bd che do nd le
dugc ban hdnh. Nhd vay,
hang van nd le dugc Hinh 67 - Tong thd'ng Lin-cdn (nguoi ngdi ben trai)
giai phdng cimg vdi tham duyet ban Tuyen ngon Gidi phong no le
ddng dao ddn tir do -
nhiing ngudi mdi dugc cd'p dd't, da gia nhap ddi quan ciia Chfnh phii Lidn bang.
Siic manh cua quan ddi Lidn bang dugc tang cudng.
Ngay 9 - 4 - 1865, trong tran ddnh quye't dinh td'n cdng thii phu Hiep bang,
qudn ddi Lien bang da chidn thdng ve vang, chd'm diit cudc ndi chidn.
Cugc ndi chidn 1861 - 1865 la cudc each mang tu sdn ldn thii bai d MT, kd
tir sau Chidn tranh gidnh ddc lap. Dua vao luc lugng each mang cua qudn chiing
(nhiing chii trai, ddn tu do va ngudi da den), giai cap tu sdn midn Bdc da xod bd
ehe do nd le 6 mien Nam, tao didu kien cho chii nghia tu ban phdt trien d khu
vue nay. Ndn kinh te' Mi da vuon ien manh me vao cudi the' ki XIX.

Hciy neu dac diem tinli hinh iiwo'e Mi giifa the ki XIX.
Trinli bay dien bie'n va ke't qua cudc ndi chien d Mi.

»AU HOI
r
1. Tai sao ndi : Su nghiep thong nhat Difc, thdng nhat l-ta-li-a
va noi chie'n b MT mang tinh chat mdt cudc each mang
tusan?
2. Hay cho biet he qua cua cugc dau tranh thong nha't Dire,
thong nha't l-ta-li-a ddi vdi sU phat then cua chu nghTa
tuban.
^

169
 CAC Nl/OC Tl/ BAN
Bdi 34 CHUYEN SANG GIAI DOAN
DE QUOC CHU NGHIA

Cudi the ki XIX - dau the ki XX. cac nudc tu ban Au -

Mi cd nhirng chuyen bien manh me trong ddi sdng kinh
te xa hdi, bu'dc sang giai doan de qud'c chti nghTa. Dac
trirng ca ban ctia giai doan nay la sir ra ddi ciia cac td
chifc ddc quydn va su bdc lot ngay cang tinh vi ddi vdi
nhan dan lao ddng, lam cho mau thudn giai cap trong xa
hdi tu ban ngay cang sau sac. Day cung ia giai doan cac
nu'dc de qud'c ddy manh chinh sach xam luge, chudn bi
chien tranh de chia lai the gidi, tang cudng dan dp phong
trao cdng nh.an trong nudc va nhu'ng cudc ndi day eua
nhiin dan cac thudc dia.

1. NhOng thdnh ti/u vd khoa hoc kl thudt cud'i thd k\ XIX

ddu the' kl XX
Vdo khoang 30 nam cud'i thd ki
XIX, luc lugng san xudt d cac nudc
tu bdn dat ddn trinh do phdt trien
cao. Nhd nhirng phdt minh khoa hgc
trong cdc linh vuc Vat If, Hod hgc,
Sinb hgc..., con ngudi da di sdu
khdm phd dugc ngudn nang lugng
vd tan ciia thidn nhien, phuc vu cho
nhu cdu cudc sdng ngay cang cao
eua minh.
Trong linh vue Vat If, nhting phdt
minh vd dien ciia cdc nhd bdc hgc
nhu Ghe-ode Xi-mdn 6 m (1789 -
1854) ngudi Diic, Mai-corn Pha-ra-day
(1791 - 1867) va Giemx Pre-xed't
Giun (18I8-I889) ngudi Anh, E-mi-h
Hinh 68 - Pi-e Quy-ri va Ma-ri Quy-ri
Khri-xchia-nd-vich Len-xo (1804 -
trong phdng thi nghiem
1865) ngudi Nga da md ra kha nang
170
limg dung mgt ngudn nang lugng mdi. Thuydt electron ciia Tdm-xon (Anh) cho
tha'y nguydn tu khdng phdi la phdn tir nhd nhdt cua vat ehdt ma trudc dd ngudi
ta vdn ldm tudng. Nhirng phdt hien vd hien tugng phdng xa ciia cdc nhd bdc hgc
ngudi Phdp Hang-ri Bec-co-ren (1852 - 1908), Pi-e Quy-ri va Ma-ri Quy-ri da
dat ndn tang cho viec tim kie'm ngudn nang lugng hat nhan ; cdng trinh nghidn
ciirn ctia nha vat li hgc ngudi Anh Ec-net Ro-do-pho (1871 - 1937) la mdt budc
tidn vT dai trong viec tim bieu ca'u tnic vat cbdt vd trd thdnh chide chia khod than
ki de tim hieu the gidi bdn trong ciia nguyen tir. Phdt minh ciia nhd bdc bgc
ngudi Dtfc Vfn-bem Rom-ghen (1845 - 1923) vd tia X vdo nam 1895 da giiip
y hgc chdn dodn chfnh xdc benh tat, bidt hudmg didu tri nhdm phuc hdi sifc khoe
cho con ngudi.
Trong linh vuc Hod bgc, dinh ludt tudn hodn cua nhd bdc hgc Nga
Men-de-le-ep da dat co sd cho su phan bang cdc nguyen to hod hgc.
LTnh vue Sinh hgc ciing ed nhidu tien bd ldn. Hgc thuye't Tie'n hod ciia
Ddc-uyn (Anh) da giai thich ngudn gd'c chung cua sinh gidi vd su tie'n hod bdng
con dudmg chgn Igc tu nhidn ; phdt minh cua nhd bde hgc ngudi Phdp Lu-i
Pa-xto (1822 - 1895) giiip chd tao thdnh cdng vdcxin chd'ng benh chd dai ;
cdng trinh ciia nha sinh If hgc ngudi Nga Pdp-ld'p (1849 - 1936) vdi thf nghiem
vd nhirng phan xa cd didu kien da nghien ctiu vd boat ddng ciia he thdn kinh
cap cao cua ddng vat vd con ngudi v.v...
Nhtrng sdng kien ve ki thuat trong thdi ki ndy da md ra kha nang rdng ldn
trong viec thiic ddy sdn xudt. Nhd umg dung nhiing thdnh tuu mdi, sdn lugng
edng nghiep tang len nhanh chdng.
Kf thuat luyen kim dugc cai tien vdi viec sir dung Id Bet-xme va Id
Mac-tanh da day nhanh qua trinh san xua't thep. Nhd dd, thep dupe sir
dung phd bien trong san xua't nhu che tao may, lam dudng ray, ddng
tau va xay dUng. Nganh luyen kim phat trien da thuc day viec khai thac
than. Viec sir dung rpng rai nang lUdng dien ddi hdi nhtfng ddng cd
hdan chinh hdn de giup cac nha may phat dien hoat ddng. Do vay, tU
cudi the kl XIX, ngoai may hdi nude, da cd nhifng tude bin chay bang
sUc nude, nhtfng tude bin lien hdp vdi dinamd thanh may tude bin
phat dien, cung cap nguon dien nang manh me va re tien.

Ddu hod dugc khai thac de thdp sdng va cung cd'p ngudn nhidn lieu mdi cho
giao thdng van tdi. Cdng nghiep hod hgc ra ddi phuc vu ngdnh nhudm, phan bdn
va thud'c nd.
Viee phdt minh ra may dien tin (giiia the ki XIX) giiip cho lien lac ngdy edng
xa va nhanh. Cudi the ki XIX, xe d td dugc dua vao sit dung nhd phdt minh ra
ddng CO dd't trong.

171
 Thdng 12 - 1903, vdi ehuydn
bay thir ciia hai anh em ngudi
Mi (trdn ehuydn bay do hg chd
tao nhd siic manh ciia mdt ddng
CO chay bdng xang), ngdnh
bang khdng da ra ddi.
Ndng nghiep ciing cd bude
tie'n ddng ke nhd sir dung nhieu
mdy mdc : may keo, mdy gat,
mdy dap... Phuong phap canb
tdc dugc cai tidn, chd do luan Hinh 69 - Xe cd ddng co dau tien d Diic (1886)
canh thay thd ddn chd do buu
canh thdi phong kidn. Viec sir
dung phdn bdn bod hgc cdng
nang cao nang sudt cdy trdng.
Nhirng tidn bd vd khoa hgc -
ki thuat cudi thd ki XIX - ddu
the ki XX da lam thay ddi co
bdn ndn san xudt va co edu kinh
td tu ban chii nghla, ddnh dd'u
budc tidn mdi ciia ehii nghTa tu
bdn d giai doan nay. Hinh 70 - Chie'c may bay dau tien (1903)

^ Trinh bdy nhimg phat minh ldn ve klioa hoc - ki thuat cudi
theki XIX - ddu theki XX.

2. Su hinh thdnh cdc td chtrc ddc quydn

Ddn cud'i the ki XIX, viec sir dung ngudn nang lugng mdi ciing nhtrng tie'n
bd kT thuat da tao ra khd nang xay dung cdc ngdnh cdng nghiep tren quy md ldn.
De tap trung ngudn vdn ldn du siic canh tranh, cdc nhd tu ban thdnh lap cdc
cdng ti dgc quyen. Cdc cdng ti nhd bi thu hiit vdo cac cdng ti ldn. Nhieu tdchuc
dgc quyen ra ddi, ngay cdng liing doan ddi sd'ng kinh te d cdc nudc tu ban.
O Phap, nganh luyen kim va khai mo tap trung trong tay hai cdng ti Idn.
Cdng ti "Snay-dd Crd-dd" nam cac nha may quan sU 6 Crd-dd va cac
nha may che tao dd ddng, thep cting cac nganh khae d nhieu vting
trong nu6c. "Tong cdng ti dudng sat va dien khf" cung 6 cdng ti kbac
dpe quyen nganh dudng sat trong nU6c. 50% trpng tai dudng bien do
3 cdng ti Idn nam. Hai cdng ti "Xanh G6-ben" va "Cu-man" kiem soat
toan bp cdng nghiep hoa chat

172
 6 OUc, cdng ti than Ranh - Vet-xpha-len (thanh lap nam 1893) da kiem
soat 95% tdng san IUdng than vting Rua - vtmg cdng nghiep Idn nha't
ciia DUc, va hdn 55% tdng san IUdng than ca nUde.,

Su tap trung sdn xud't eung didn ra trong linh vtre ngdn hang. Mdt vdi ngdn
hang ldn khdng chd mgi hoat ddng kinh doanh trong ca nudc. Vdi so vd'n khdng
Id, nhidu chii ngan bang khdng chi Id ngudi cho vay ma cdn cd the tham gia vdo
boat ddng ciia cdc xf nghiep, tao nen tdng ldp tu bdn tdi chinh. Cac nhd tu ban
tdi chfnh cdn ddy manh viec xud't khdu tu bdn, bdng cdch chuyen vd'n ra ddu tu
sang cac nudc kem phdt trien hoac thudc dia dd khai thac nguydn lieu, sir dung
nhdn edng re mat hoac dem cho vay dd thu dugc nhidu lai.
Nam 1900, nU6c Anh dau tU ra ben ngoai 2 ti livrd xtecling ; den nam
1913, len gan 4 ti. Nam 1899, tien lai ciia sd vd'n xua't khau la 90 trieu
livrd xtecling, den nam 1912 len tdi 176 trieu. Thi trudng dau tUchii yeu
ciia nudc Anh la cac thudc dja va met sd ndi nhU An Dp, Trung Qud'c,
Nga, cac nUdc MT Latinh...

Cac thudc dia cd vai trd quan trgng ddi vdi cdc dd qud'c, la noi ddu tu va tieu
thu hang hod ciia chinh qude, ngudn cung cdp nguydn lieu va nhdn cdng re mat,
eung cdp binh linh cho nhirng cudc chidn tranh... Mdu thudn giiia cdc nudc dd
qude trong viec tranh chdp thudc dia ngdy edng trd ndn gay gdt, ddn ddn nhting
cudc chie'n tranh nhdm phdn chia lai thudc dia.
Su ra ddi edc td ehiie ddc quydn da ddnh ddu budc chuyen ciia chii nghia tu
ban sang giai doan dd qud'c chu nghia.
Trong giai doan dd qud'c chii nghTa, cdc mau thudn xd hdi: gitfa cdc nude dd'
qud'c vdi nhau, gitia de qud'c vdi nhan dan thudc dia, giira giai edp tu san vdi
cdng nhan va nhan dan lao ddng trong cdc nudc tu ban... cdng trd ndn sau sdc.
Tinh hinh dd ddn ddn nhidu cudc ddu tranh giai cap va cdch mang xd hdi nhdm
thil tidu deh dp biic, bdc lot, gidi phdng nhan dan lao ddng.

- Cac td chuc ddc quven hinli thanh nhw the ndo 7

»AU HOi
' 1. Vi sao cac nudc de quo'c tang cUdng xam chie'm va tranh
gianh thugc dia ?
2. Tai sao trong giai doan de quo'c chii nghTa, mau thuan xa hgi
ngay cang gay gat ?
»- -^

173
 CAC Nl/dC ANH, PHAP, DlTC, MI
Bdi S5 VA Sir BANH T R I / O N G THUOC DIA

Cudi the ki XIX - dau the ki .XX. sir phat trien nhay vot
ciia nen kinh te'Du'c v.a kinh te MT vug! qua Anh, Phap la
nhimg bieu hien ve sir phat trien khdng deu ciia chii nghTa
tu ban. Vice ddy manh xam lugc thudc dia. phan chia lai
thi tru'dng the gidi lam cho mau thuan giira cac nudc de
quoc trd nen gay gat.

I - CAC NUCJC ANH VA PHAP CUOI THE KI XIX - DAU THE KI XX

1. Nudc Anh
a) Tinh hinh kinh te
Dau thap nien 70 ciia the ki XIX, nen cdng nghiep Anh v i n dimg dau
the gidi. San IUdng than cua Anh gap 3 lan MT va DUc ; san lUdng gang
gap 4 lan MT va gan 5 lan DUc. Ve xua't khau kim loai, san lUdng ciia
ba nudc : Phap, DUc, MTgdp lai cung khdng bang Anh.

Tit cudi thap nien 70, Anh mat ddn dia vi ddc quydn cdng nghiep, do vdy, vai
trd lung doan thi trucmg thd gidi bi giam siit. MT va Diic Id nhiing nudc tu ban
phat trien sau nhumg lai vugt Anh. Tfnh ridng vd san lugng thep :
'"^^_^ Nam 1800 1900 Ti le gia tang
Nudc ~"-^ (d/v : trieu ta'n) (d/v : trieu ta'n) • ( % )

Anh 1,3 4,9 377

MI 1,2 10,2 850
Dilc 0,7 6,4 910
Nguyen nhan chu yeu ciia tinh trang suy giam ciia cdng nghiep Anh so
vdi OUc, MT la do d Anh may mdc da xua't hien sdm hdn cac nude khae
hang may chuc nam, nhieu thiet bi cu kf dUdc tfch iai va viec hien dai
hoa rat tdn kem. Tinh trang dd gan lien vdi sU tdn tai ciia met de qud'c
thudc dia to Idn. Mpt sc Idn tU ban dUdc dau tu vao thudc dia, vi d day
thu dugc nhieu ldi nhuan hdn dau tu 6 trong nudc. Khi ay, cudp doat
thudc dia cd ldi hdn nhieu so vdi dau tU cai tad cdng nghiep d Anh.

174
 Tuy vai trd bd chii the gidi ve cdng nghiep bi giam siit, Anh vdn chidm uu the
vd tdi chinh, xudt khdu tu ban, thuong mai, hai quan va thudc dia.
Trong thdi ki nay, nhidu cdng ti ddc quydn xudt hien d hdu hdt cdc ngdnh
cdng nghiep : khai thdc than, ddt, thudc la, hod chdt, luyen kim. van tdi va dac
biet trong linh vuc ngan hang.
Trudc Chien tranh the gidi thU nha't (1914 - 1918), 12 nha ngan hang
Idn nha't d Anh, ma ndng cdt la 5 ngan hang d khu Xi-ti Luan Odn,
da nam 70% sd tU ban trong ca nUde va chie'm dia vj chi huy ve kinh te,
tai chfnh.

Ndn ndng nghiep Anh ciing lam vdo tinh trang khimg hodng trdm trgng. Vdo
cud'i the ki XIX, gid liia mi nhdp tir chau Au vd MT rat re trong khi gid luong
thuc san xud't trong nudc lai rat cao do chd do thud khod. Vi the, giai cd'p tu san
Anh lao vdo budn ban luomg thuc hom la ddu tu vdo san xuat ndng nghiep.
Trong nhCfng nam 60 ciia the ki XIX, nude Anh tU cap dupe 3/4 sd
lua mi mdi nam ; tU thap nien 70 trd di, giam xudng cdn 1/3, nghTa la
IUdng thuc ciia Anh chi tU tuc dugc 4 thang.

- Trinh hch tmh huili kinli te Anh ^•ao cudi the ki .XIX - diu
- theki XX.
b) Tinh hinh ehinh tri
Vd hinh thiic, nudc Anh la mdt vuong qud'c nhumg thuc chdt theo che do dai
nghi gdm thugng vien vd ha vien. Hai dang (Ddng Tudo vd Ddng Bdo thu) thay
nhau edm quyen. Su khdc biet gitfa hai dang Id khdng ddng ke, chii ydu vd bien
phdp thuc hien va chfnh sdch cu the song ddu thd'ng nhdt vdi nhau trong viec bdo
ve lgi ich ciia giai cap tu san, dan dp phong trao qudn chiing va ddy manh xdm
lugc thudc dia.
Day ciing la thdi ki giai cap tu san Anh tang eudmg md rdng he thd'ng thudc
dia, dac biet d chau A vd chau Phi. Trudc Chidn tranh thd gidi thur nhd't, thudc
dia ciia Anh da rai hdu khdp dia edu, chid'm 1/4 dien tfch luc dia (33 trieu km^)
va 1/4 dan sd the gidi (400 trieu ngudi). Nhdn manh tdm quan trgng ciia viec
bdc lot thudc dia ciia dd qude rdng ldn ma "Mat Trdi khdng bao gid lan",
Le-nin da nhan dinh : ehu nghia de qude Anh la chu nghia de qud'c thuc ddn.

Ha\ iii'u nliimg net ldn ve hnh huih chinJi tn nudc .Anh
cudi the kl XIX - ddu theki.XX.

175
2. Nudc Phdp
a) Tinh hinh kinh te
Trudc nam 1870, san xudt edng nghiep cua Phdp dtfng thu bai the gidi, chi sau
Anh. Tir eudi thap nidn 70 trd di, nhip do phdt tridn edng nghiep d Phdp bdt ddu
cham lai vi nhidu If do : phaf bdi thudng chidn tranh do bai tran^'^. ngheo nguyen
lieu va nhien lieu, dac biet la than, giai cap tu san ehi quan tdm ddn viec cho vay
va dau tu sang nhiing nudc cham tidn dd kidm loi nhuan eao... Ddn cudi the ki
XIX, san xudt cdng nghiep ciia Phdp tut xud'ng bdng thii tu, sau Due, MT, Anh va
kl thudt lac hau rd ret so vdi ndn cdng nghiep ciia nhidu nudc tu ban tre khdc.
Tuy vay, cdng nghiep Phdp cung cd nhiing tidn bd ddng ke. He thd'ng dudng
sdt lan rdng ca nudc, da ddy nhanh sir phdt tridn ciia cdc ngdnh khai md, luyen
kim va thuong nghiep. Viec co khi hod sdn xudt dugc tang cudng. Tir nam
1852 den nam 1900, sd xf nghiep sir dung mdy mdc tang len 9 ldn, sd ddng co
chay bdng boi nudc tang ldn 12 ldn.
Ben canh dd, d Phap v i n cdn nhieu xi nghiep vUa va nhd. Nam 1896,
trong tdng sd 3,3 trieu cdng nhan, thi tren 1 trieu lam viec trong cac xi
nghiep cd tU 10 den 100 cdng nhan va tren 1,3 trieu lao ddng 6 cac xi
nghiep cd tU 1 de'n 10 cdng nhan.

Ndng nghiep vdn giir vai trd quan trgng trong kinh td Phdp vi phdn ddng ddn
cu sd'ng bdng nghd ndng. Tidu ndng chidm da sd ndng bd. Tinh trang ddt dai
phan tan, manh miin khdng cho phep sir dung may mdc va kT thuat canh tdc mdi.
Nghe ndu rugu nho bi canh tranh gay gdt, ndn nghd trdng nho - mdt ngudn lgi
kinh td quan trgng, cung bi sa siit.
Trong tbdi ki nay, d Phdp ciing hinh thdnh nhieu to chiic dgc quyen, ddn dan
chi phdi ndn kinh td' ddt nudc.
Diem ndi bat ciia td chiic ddc quydn d Phdp Id su tap trung ngan hdng dat
miic cao : 5 ngan hang ldn d Pa-ri ndm 2/3 tu ban cua cdc ngan hang trong ca
nudc. Phap Id nudc dumg thii hai (sau Anh) vd xud't khau tu ban, nhung hinh thiie
khdc Anh d chd phdn ldn sd vdn dem cho cdc nudc vay vdi lai sud't nang.
Nam 1908, 38 ti phrang dUdc xua't kha'u trong khi chi cd 9,5 ti dau tU
vao cdng nghiep trong nUdc, cdn lai la cho vay nang lai. Nam 1914, sd
vdn xua't khau len 50 - 60 ti phrang, trong dd 13 ti cho nude Nga vay,
chi cd 2 - 3 ti duge dUa vao thupe dia. Tdng sd lai do vd'n xua't khau
nam 1913 len tdi 2,3 ti phrang.

(1) Sau chie'n tranh Phap - Phd (1870 - 1 8 7 1 ) . nudc Phap khdng chi bi tan pha (sd thiet hai len tdi
15 ti phrang), ma cdn bi mai 5 ti phrang vang cho viec bdi thudng chie'n tranh va phai cat cho
Dure viing An-dat va Lo-ren vd'n phat trien ve cdng nghiep do giau khoang san.

176
 Do vay, dac diem cua chu nghia dd qud'c Phdp Id chu nghia de qud'c cho
vay ldi.

- Hci\ cho bid dcic diem cua hnh hmli kinli te Phap cuoi the Li
XIX -dau tlie'kl XX.
b) Tinh hinh chinh tri
Thdng 9 - 1870, nudc Phdp thanh lap ndn Cdng hod thii ba(l). Song, phdi
Cdng hod Phdp da sdm chia thanh hai nhdm : On hod va Cd'p tidn, thay nhau
cdm quyen d Phdp.
Dac diem ciia nen cdng hoa Phdp la tinh trang thudng xuyen khimg hoang
ngi cac. Trong vdng 40 nam (1875 - 1914), d Phdp da didn ra 50 ldn thay ddi
ehinh phu. Nhieu vu be bdi chfnh tri bi vd Id, nan bdi Id vd tham nhiing lan trdn
trong ehfnh phii.
Trong nhiing thap nidn eudi cua thd ki XIX, nudc Phdp rao ridt chay dua vu
trang dd tra md'i thii vdi Diic, tidn hanh nhirng cudc chidn tranh xam chidm
thudc dia, chii ydu d khu vuc chau A va chdu Phi.
Nira cudi the ki XIX, Phap lan lugt thdn tinh Cam-pu-chia, Viet Nam,
Lao. Cimg vdi cac de qud'c khae, Phap tham gia xau xe Trung Qud'c,
lap td gidi d dao Hai Nam (1898), cd "khu vUc anh hudng" d nhieu thanh
phd va tinh thanh d mien Nam Trung Qud'c. Nhumg nam 90, Phap chinh
phuc nhieu nudc chau Phi (Xe-ne-gan, Tay Xu-dang, Ghi-ne, mpt phan
Cdng-gd, Da-hd-may v.v...).

Ddn trudc Chidn tranh the gidi thii nhdt, thudc dia ciia Phdp dugc md rdng
chi dumg sau Anh, vdi dien tich gdn 11 trieu km^ va 55,5 trieu dan.

- Trinh bdv net ndi bat \e tinh hinh chinh tii Phip thdi k' na\.

»AU HOI
1. Vi sao noi chii nghTa de quoc Anh la "chii nghTa de quo'c
thuc dan" va chii nghTa de quo'c Phap la "chii nghTa de qud'c
cho vay lai" ?
2. Em cd nhan xet gi ve tinh hinh kinh te ciia Anh va Phap
cudi the ki XIX - dau the ki XX ?

(1) Nen Cong hod thii nhdt ra ddi nam 1792 trong thdi ki Cach mang tu san 1789, nen Cong hod
?/!«-/ja; ra ddi trong each mang 1848- 1849 d Phap. Nen Cpn^/jod f/!i?^a tdn tai de'n nam 1940,
khi phat xft Diic xam chie'm nudc Phap.

12. LICH sir 10C-A 17'

II - CAC NU6C D U C V A Ml CUOI THE KI XIX - DAU THE KI XX

1. Nudc Ode
a) Tinh hinh kinh te
Sau khi ddt nudc thd'ng nhd't (1871), ndn kinh te Diic phat tridn vdi tdc do
mau le. Tii nam 1870 ddn nam 1900, san xudt than tang 4,4 ldn, gang tang 6 ldn,
do dai dudmg sdt tang hom gap ddi. Diic da 'vugt Phdp va gdn dudi kip Anh. Trong
nhiing nganh cdng nghiep mdi nhu dien, hod chdt..., Diie ciing dat dugc nhidu
thanh tuu dang ke. Nam 1883, cdng nghiep hod chdt ciia Diic da sdn xud't 2/3
lugng thud'c nhudm trdn thd gidi. Ngdnh det cdc nudc ua chudng thudc nhudm
cd anilin ciia Diic vira dep vira re, thay cho thud'c nhudm tir thuc vdt eua
Anh, Phap.
Nen cdng nghiep Oifc sd died dugc budc nhay vpt nhuthe la do cd mpt
sd thuan Igi. Mgt la thd'ng nha't dugc thj trUdng dan tdc ; hai la nhd cd
ngudn tai nguyen ddi dao, nha't la than da ; Dire lai giau ve sat do chie'm
dugc hai vting An-dat va Lo-ren ciia Phap ; ba la nhan dugc sd tien bdi
thudng chien tranh 5 ti phrang ciia Phap ; bon la do cdng nghiep hoa
mupn nen OUc cd the sir dung thanh tUu kT thuat ciia nhtfng nudc di
trudc ; nam la ngudn nhan lUc ddi dao do sd dan tang nhanh va su bdc
lot nhan dan lao dpng trong nudc.

Trong nhiing nam 1890 - 1900, san lugng cdng nghiep Diic tang 163%
(Anh - 49%, Phdp - 65%). Do san xud't phdt trien, viec xud't khdu cdc san pham
cdng nghiep ciia Diie tang ro ret :

'^---.,^^^ Nam 1880 1899 Tl le tang

Loai hang "^'"^--^^ (d/v : trieu mac) (d/v: tri6u mac)

May mdc va vat lieu 90 291 > 3,2 iSn

Bang thep va sat 134 326 > 2,4 ldn
Bang hod chai 200 365 > 1,8 ldn

Ddn nam 1900, Diie vugt Anh vd san xudt thep. Ve tdng san lugng cdng
nghiep. Dire ddn ddu chau Au va diing thii hai thd gidi (sau MT).
Cdng nghidp phdt tridn da ldm thay ddi co cd'u dan cu giifa thanh thi va
ndng thdn. Tir nam 1871 den nam 1901, sd dan thanh thi tang tir 36% ddn
54,3%. Nhidu thanh phd mdi, nhidu trung tam edng thuong nghiep va ben cang
da xud't hien.
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12. LjCH s U i o c - B
 Didm ndi bat cua qua trtnh phdt trien cdng nghiep Diic bdy gid la su tap trung
sdn xudt vd hinh thanh cdc td chiJe ddc quydn didn ra sdm hom nhidu nude khdc
d chau Au. Hinh thtrc ddc quyen phd bidn d Diic la cdcten vd xanhdica^^\
Khdng day 1 % xi nghiep sir dung hdn 75% tdng sd dien lUc trong khi
9 1 % la xi nghiep nho chf nhan dUdc cd 7% thdi. Sd caeten tang len
nhanh chdng : nam 1905 cd 385, de'n nam 1911 cd khoang 550 - 600.

Nhifng td chtic ddc quyen nay gdn vdi cae ngdn hang thdnh tu ban tai cbinh.
Ngdnh ngan hang eung tap trung eao do.
Ndng nghiep cua Diic cung cd nhirng tidn bd nhung chdm chap hon do viec
tie'n hanh each mang tu sdn khdng triet de. Phdn ldn rudng dd't tap trung trong
tay quy tdc va dia <;hu. Bdn canh viec canh tdc theo phuomg thiic tu ban chii
nghia (dimg may mdc, phdn hod hgc, dp dung ki thudt mdi...), nhirng tan du
phong kidn vdn dugc duy trt.
Sir phat tridn cua chii nghla tu ban lam cho ndng dan Diic cang phan hod sdu
sde. Phdn ldn ndng ddn bi phd san phai di ldm thud cbo quy tdc, dia chu, hoac
di kie'm an d cac co sd cdng nghiep.

- Net ndi bat cua tinh hinh kinh te Difc cueii the' ki XIX -
ddu thekiXXla gi 7
b) Tinh hinh chinh tri
Hidn phdp 1871 quy dinh nudc Diic la mdt Lidn bang gdm 22 bang va 3 thdnh
phd tu do, theo chd do qudn chii lap hie'n. Trong nhd nude lidn bang, Hodng de
la ngudi dumg ddu, cd quydn ban tdi eao (tdng cbi buy quan ddi, bd nhiem va
cdch chiic thu tudng, trieu tap vd gidi tan Qud'c bdi...). Quyen lap phdp trong tay
hai vidn : Hgi dong Lien bang (Thugng vien) gdm dai bieu cdc bang vd Qud'c hgi
(Ha vien) do bdu cir, nhiem ki 3 nam. Cae bang vdn giir hinh thifc vuong qud'c
(cd vua, chfnh phii va qud'c hdi ridng), nhung quydn ban bi thu hep.
Phd la bang Idn nha't va manh nha't trong Lien bang OUc (chiem 6 1 %
dan sd va 64% lanh thd). Vai trd ciia Phd trong lien bang rat Idn : Hoang
de DUc la vua Phd, Thu tudng DUc thudng la Thii tudng Phd, Chii tich
Hpi ddng Lien bang la Thii tudng ciia Lien bang va trong 58 ghe ciia
Hdi ddng, Phd chie'm 17 ghe.

(1) Cdcten la mdt hinh thu:c td churc cua cac cdng ti tu ban ddc quydn nham thoa thuan mdt sd dieu
kien (ban hang, thanh toan), phan chia thi trudng tieu thu. Nhung ngudi tham gia caeten vin lam
chu xi nghiep cua minh.
Xanhdica la td chiic ddc quySn cao hon caeten ; viec ban hang hoa, cd khi ca viec mua nguyen
lieu, do mot ban quan tri thd'ng nhai dam nhiem.

179
 Nha nudc lidn bang dugc xay dung tren co sd lidn minh gitia giai cdp tu sdn
vd quy tdc tu sdn hod, dting ddu Id Hoang de Vin-hem I vd Thii tudmg Bi-xmac.
Ddy la luc lugng da lanh dao cdng eude thd'ng nhat ddt nude bdng con dudmg vii
luc, cd thd luc vd chfnh tri va tiem luc manh vd kinh td. Khi nude Diic chuyen
sang giai doan dd qud'c chii nghia, tdng ldp quy tdc tu sdn boa vdn giii vai trd
quan trgng.
Mac dii cd Hidn phdp, cd Qud'c hdi, nhung chd do chfnh tri d Diic thdi ki nay
khdng phai Id chd do dai nghi tu san ma thuc chdt la che do nira chuyen chd, dp
dung su thd'ng tri ciia Phd trdn todn nudc Dtic.
Nude Diic tidn len giai doan dd qud'c chii nghia khi phdn ldn dd't dai tren the
gidi da trd thdnh thudc dia hoac nira thudc dia eua Anh, Phdp. Do vay, dudng ldi
ddi ngoai ciia Diic vao cudi the ki XIX - ddu the ki XX la cdng khai ddi chia
lai thi trudmg vd thudc dia, rao ridt chay dua vii trang de thoa man nhu cdu ciia
gidi cdm quyen. Mdu thudn giiia Diic vdi Anh, Phdp cdng thdm sdu sdc. Tfnh
chd't qudn phiet hie'u chie'n la dac diem ndi bat cua chii nghia de qud'c Diic.

t Trmli bay iiliiiniT net ldn xe tmh hmh chmli tri d Due thdi ki nay.

2. Nudc Ml

a) Tinh hinh kinh te

Cud'i thd kl XIX, trong sd cdc nudc cdng nghiep tien tidn, MT la nudc cd ndn
kinh td phdt trien hon cd. Trong 30 nam (1865 - 1894), Mi tir hang thii tu •vuon
len hang ddu the gidi vd san xud't cdng nghiep - bdng 1/2 tdng san lugng cac
nude Tay Au va gap 2 ldn nudc Anh. San xudt gang, thep, mdy mdc... chidm vi
trf hdng ddu thd gidi.
Nam 1913, san lupng gang, thep ciia MT vugt DUc 2 lan, vugt Anh 4 lan ;
than gap 2 lan Anh va Phap gdp lai. Op dai dUdng sat ciia MT vUdt tdng
chieu dai dudng sat Tay Au.

Ndng nghiep ciing dat dugc nhting thdnh tuu ddng ke. Nhd didu kien thien
nhien thuan lgi (ddt dai rdng va mau md) kdt hgp vdi phucmg thiie canh tac bien
dai (ehuyen canh, sit dung mdy mdc vd phan bdn). Mi da trd thdnh vua liia va
noi cung cap thue phdm cho chdu Au.
Trong khoang 1860 - 1900, san lUdng lua mi tang 4 lan, ngd - 3,5 lan,
lua mach - 5,5 lan ; gia trj ndng san xua't khau tang gan 4 lan. Cudi the
kiXIX, MTban 9/10 bdng, 1/4 lua mach tren thj trUdng the gidi. MTcung
la nudc cung cap nhieu thit, bd va lua mi nha't.

180
 Nhu vay, ngoai nhtfng thuan lpi ve ndng nghiep, nUdc MTcdn cd ngudn
tai nguyen khoang san phong phu (dac biet la mo vang, mo dau lira) ;
cd ngudn lao dpng ddi dao, tay nghe cao ludn duac bd sung bdi ludng
ngudi nhap cU, tie'p thu dugc nhieu thanh tUu khoa hgc - kT thuat mdi.

Su canh tranh gay gdt trong sdn xudt edng nghiep va nhting cudc khiing
hoang kinh te chu ki d giai doan nay da thuc day manh me sir tdp trung san xud't
va tu ban ciia MT. Cdc nha tu ban ldn lidn minh vdi nhau thdnh nhting ta}-at^^\
Hg trd thdnh nhifng "vua cdng nghiep", ddng thdi cting la chu nhiing ngan hang
kdeh xii. Cd thd luc nhd't Id hai tap dodn tu ban Modc-gdn vd Rdc-pbe-lo.
"Cdng ti thep Mf ciia Modc-gan thanh lap nam 1903 kiem soat 60%
nganh cdng nghiep thep, 60% viec khai thac quang ddng, 66% viec san
xua't thep ta'm va 50% thep thanh pham...

Tdrdt dau lira "Stan-da" ciia Rdc-phe-ld kiem soat 90% nganh san xua't
dau vdi 7 van km d'ng din dau, hang tram tau di bien va kho hang 6
trong va ngoai nUdc... Hai tap doan tren cdn lung doan nganh ngan
hang d MT, nam trong tay 1/3 toan bp cua cai nUdc MT.

Trudc Chidn tranh thd gidi thii nhd't. Mi da 'vuon ldn thdnh nudc phdt trien vd
ngoai thuong vd xud't khdu tu ban. Tbi trudmg ddu tu va budn bdn ciia MT la
Ca-na-da, cdc nudc d viing bidn Ca-ri-be, Trung MT vd mdt sd nudc chau A.

- Vl sao kmh te Mi cudi the ki XIX - diu tlteki XX phat trien

vWdtbae 7

b) Tinh hinh ehinh tri

Chd do chfnh tri d MT dd cao vai trd Tdng thd'ng thdng qua dai dien ciia mdt
trong hai dang thdng cir, thay phidn nhau cdm quydn ^ Ddng Cgng hod (dai dien
cho lgi fch cua dai tu ban edng nghiep va tdi chfnh) va Ddng Ddn chu (dai dien
eho lgi ich ciia tu ban ndng nghiep vd trai chii). Cd hai dang ddu bdo ve quydn
lgi eiia giai cd'p tu sdn va ddu nhat tri trong nhtfng vdn dd co ban cua ehfnh tri
tu san, chi. khdc nhau vd nhirng bien phdp cu the.

(1) Hinh thu'c ddc quyen cao va phd bien d MI. Tordt la mdt td chitc ddc quySn tap hop tai san cua
cac XI nghiep, mdi thanh vien duoc hudng lai tuy. theo sd vd'n bd ra. Lanh dao la mdt ban quan
tri chung, quan li toan bo cac khau san xuat, tieu thu, tai chfnh... cua cac xi nghiep d trong
td chiic.

181
 Su tranh cir giUa hai dang da tao dieu kien cho gidi cam quyen Idi keo
ve phia minh mpt bp phan nhtfng ngudi bat man, gay ao tudng ve nen
dan chil trong nhan dan va gat bd viec len nam chi'nh quyen ciia mpt
dang thU ba. Dti dang nao cam quyen, ddi sd'ng ciia ngUdi lao ddng -
dac biet la ngudi da den va thd dan In-di-an, van tdi te va khd sd.

Sau cudc ndi chidn 1861 - 1865, ddi sd'ng chinh tri eiia ngudi da den dugc
cai thien phdn ndo. Song hg vdn bi loai ra khdi cdc co quan chfnh quyen va mdt
quydn cdng ddn bdi nhirng quy dinh khdt khe vd quydn bdu cit (tdi san, miic thud
va trinh do van hda). Thdm vao dd, nan phan biet chiing tdc thdi ki nay da ddy
hg vdo tinh cdnh bet siic tdi te.
Nam 1881, nudc M\ ban hanh dao luat quy dinh ngudi da den phai ngdi toa
rieng khi di tau, khdng dugc vao khach san, vudn hoa va nhifng ndi cdng cpng
danh cho ngudi da trang v.v...

Ddy ctfng la thdi ki Mi day manh vide thdn tinh nhiing dd't dai rdng ldn d
midn Trung va midn Tdy ciia thd dan In-di-an, md rgng bidn gidi ddn bd Thai
Binh Duong. Tir thdp nien 80, Mi banh trudng anh hudng d khu vuc Mi Latinh
va Thdi Binh Duong, gay chidn tranh vdi Tay Ban Nha (1898) dd tranh gianh
thudc dia, chiem Ha-oai, Cu Ba va Phi-lfp-pin... MT tumg budc can thiep vao
cdng viec ndi bd eiia cdc nudc Trung, Nam MT thdng qua viec dp dung chinh
sdch "cdi gay vd cu cd rd't", kdt hgp stic manh cua phdo ham va ddng ddla.
De xam nhap vdo thi trudmg Trung Qud'c sau khi cdc nudc dd qud'c da chia nhau
"pham vi dnh hudng", MT dua ra cbinh sach "md cira" nhdm tao didu kien cho
hang hod MT tran vdo qud'c gia rdng ldn nay, dem lai lgi nhudn cho tu ban MT.

Nhan xet hnli hinli chinh tii nwd'c Mi cudi the ki XIX - dau
theki XX.

>AU HOI

1. Trinh bay nhung net Idn ve tinh hinh kinh te, chinh tri nu6c ^(Sc
cuoi the kl XIX - dau the kl XX.
2. Hay cho biet nhifng net Idn ve tinh hinh kinh te, chinh th cua
nudc MT cuoi the kl XIX - dau the kl XX.
> /

182
 Chuang
PHONG TOAO C O N G N H A N
(Tir d^u the ki XIX den dau the ki XX)

Sir HINH THANH VA PHAT TRIEN

«» 36 CUA PHONG TRAO CONG NHAN

Giai cap cdng nhan ra ddi va Idti manh ciing vdi su bfnh
thanh va phat tridn cua chu nghTa tu ban. Do ddi lap vd
quyen Igi, mau thuan giua tu san vdi cdng nhan da
nay sinh. dan den nhiing cudc dau tranh giai cap ngay
cant: aay aat.

1. Su ra ddi va tinh canh cua giai cdp vd san cong nghiep.

NhQng cuoc dau tranh ddu tien
Chil nghia tu ban ra ddi va phdt trien, xa hdi ngay edng phan chia thdnh hai
luc lugng ldn, ddi lap nhau vd mat quydn lgi: giai cdp tusan vd giai cap vd sdn.
Giai cap tu sdn binh thanh bao gdm nhiing chii xudng, chu nha may, chii hang
budn, chil ddn didn... Ddi ngii vd san bdt ngudn tir nhting ndng ddn mdt ddt, phdi
rdi bd qud huong ra thanh thi tim dudng sinh sd'ng, ldm thud trong cdc cdng
xudmg, nhd mdy. Nhidu thg thii edng d thanh thi bi pha san eung trd thanh
cdng nhan. Giai edp vd san hoan toan khdng ed tu lieu sdn xudt, ehi dua vdo viec

183
 lam thue, ban siie lao ddng dd sinh sd'ng. Do he qua cua cdch mang cdng nghiep,
giai cap vd san ra ddi tir nira eudi the ki XVIII, trudc tidn d Anh, de'n gitia thd ki
XIX ddn hinh thdnh va ldn manh d nhidu nudc chau Au va Bdc MT.
Trong cdc cdng xudng tu ban, edng nhan phai lam viec hdt stic vdt va nhung
chi dugc nhdn ddng luomg chet ddi.
O nudc Anh, moi ngay cdng nhan trong cac xUdng det (ke ca phu ntf
va tre em) phai lao ddng 1 4 - 1 5 gid, tham chicd ndi 1 6 - 1 8 gid. Oieu
kien lam viec rat tdi te bdi mdi trudng ludn am tha'p, ndng nUc, bui bdng
phii day nhOng can phdng chat hep. Trong khi dd, tien luong ciia cdng
nhan rat tha'p, lUdng ciia phu ntf va tre em cdn re mat hdn. Trong 20
nam (1815 - 1835), tien lUdng thUc te giam sut ba lan. Oieu kien sinh
boat cung rat tdi te.

Viec sii dung mdy Idm cbo nhidu cdng nhan ludn phai sd'ng trong canh
de doa bi mdt vide ldm. Dd la nhiing If do thiic day giai cap vd san dd'u tranh
chd'ng giai cd'p tu san.
Liic ddu, do nhdn thiic cdn ban chd, nhidu cdng nhdn da tudng rdng mdy
mdc la ngudn gd'c gdy ndn ndi khd ciia hg. Phong trao dap phd mdy mdc, dot
cdng xudng la binh thiic dd'u tranh tu phdt ddu tien ciia giai cdp vd san. Phong
trao nay didn ra tir eudi the ki XVIII den ddu thd ki XIX, trude hdt d Anh rdi lan
ra edc nudc khdc. Song, viec dap pha mdy mdc khdng dem Iai kdt qua gi ngodi
su tang eudng dan dp ciia giai cap thd'ng tri. Qua kinh nghiem cua nhidu Idn thd't
bai va sir trudng thdnh vd y thiic, phong trao ddu tranh cua cdng nhdn ngay cang
duge ndng cao vd cd td chiic vdi hinh thiic bai cdng ddi tang luong, giam gid
lam va thdnh lap cdc nghiep dodn.

I :
- Cong nlicin lam \'iec \c\ sinh hocit trong hoan canli nliu tlie nao 7
-Nhir'ng hinh thiic dau tranli diu tien cua cdng nhan. Y nghia
cua no.

2. Phong trao dau tranh cua giai cdp cong nhan d nua ddu
the' kl XIX
Trong nhtfng nam 20 - 30 ciia thd ki XIX, ddi ngii cdng nhan nhieu nudc
chau Au ngay cang ddng, cdng dau tranh ddi quyen lgi ve kinh td va ehinh tri.

184
 d Phdp, nam 1831, do bi bdc lot nang nd vd ddi sd'ng qud khd khan, cdng
nhan det thdnh phd Li-dng khdi nghia ddi tang luong, gidm gid lam. Nhtrng
ngudi khdi nghia da lam chii thanh phd trong 10 ngay. Quydt tdm da'u tranh cua
hg the bien trong khdu hieu : "Sd'ng trong lao ddng hoac che't trong chidn ddu !".
Nam 1834, cdng nhan edc nha mdy to d Li-dng lai,khdi nghTa ddi thie't ldp ndn
cdng hod. Cudc ddu tranh quydt liet da didn ra sud't 4 ngdy, cud'i ciing bi dap tdt.
6 Anh, trong nhtfng nam 1836 - 1848, mdt phong trao cdng nhan rdng ldn,
cd td chiie da didn ra -phong trdo Hie'n chuang. Hg tidn banh mft tinh, dua kidn
nghi cd chii kf ctia dong dao cdng nhan ldn nghi vien, ddi quydn phd thdng ddu
phieu, tang luomg vd giam gid lam cho ngudi lao ddng. Mac dii bi dan dp, song
ddy la phong trdo cd muc tidu chfnh tri rd rdng va dugc su hudmg umg rdng rai
cua qudn ehung.

Hinh 71 - Cdng nhan Anh dua Hie'n chirong den Nghi vien

0 Diic, ddi sd'ng ciia cdng nhan va thg thu cdng ciing rat co cue. Nam 1844,
cdng nhan det vtmg Sa-le-din khdi nghia, phd huy nha xudng. Cudc khdi nghTa
khdng duy tri dugc lau nhimg cd tdc dung md ddu phong trao ddu tranh sdi ndi
ciia cdng nhan Dire sau nay.
Nhirng cudc da'u tranh tren ciia giai cap cdng nhan Anh, Phdp, Dtfc ddu thdt
bai vi thie'u su lanh dao dting ddn va chua cd dudng ldi chfnh tri rd rang, song
da danh ddu su trudmg thdnh eua cdng nhan, tao didu kien quan trgng cho su ra
ddi ciia li luan khoa hgc sau nay.

Nhiing cudc dau tianh cua cdng nhan Anh, Phap, Ddc hdi nda
diu the'ki XIX phan anh diiu gi 7
185
13. LICH S U 1 0 C - A
3. Chu nghia xa hoi khong tudng
Ddu the ki XIX, ehii nghia tu ban dang trdn da phdt trien, mdt mat da san
xudt ra mdt khdi lugng sdn phdm dd so va td'c do "dd thi hod" tang ldn rdt nhanli,
nhung mat khdc cung phoi bdy nhtrng ban ehe' eiia nd : su bdc lot tan nhdn cua
tu san ddi vdi ngudi lao ddng, eude sd'ng eo cue eiia cdng nhan bdi ddng luong
chdt ddi va didu kien lam viec tdi te, tinh trang that nghiep va cdc te nan xa hdi
ngdy cdng phd bidn.

Tinh canh khd cue ciia nhtfng ngudi lao ddng da tac ddng vdo y thiic, tu tudng
ciia mdt sd ngudi tidn bd trong hdng ngii tu san. Hg nhdn thiic dugc nhiing mat
ban chd cua xa hdi tu ban, mong mud'n xdy dung mdt chd do xa hdi tdt dep hon,
khdng cd tu hiiu, khdng cd bdc lot. Tu tudmg dd Id ndi dung ciia chii nghla
xd hdi khdng tudng^^^ md dai bieu xud't sdc la Xanh Xi-mdng, Sac-lo Phu-ri-d d
Phdp va Rd-be 0-oen d Anh.

Xanh Xi-mdng (1760 - 1825) xuat than quy tdc, cd hgc van uyen bae
va tu tudng tien bp, da tinh nguyen sang Bae MT chien da'u giup nhan
dan cac thudc dia Anh da'u tranh gianh ddc lap. Ong kich liet phe phan
che dp ap bUc bdc lot, keu gpi xay dung mpt xa hpi cdng bang, trong
dd mpi ngudi dugc thoa man ve vat chat va tinh than.

S.Phu-ri-e (1772 - 1837) la con mdt thUdng gia d Phap. Ong phe phan
xa hpi tu ban mdt each sau sac, de ra ke hoach cai tao xa hdi bang viec
lap ra nhtfng ddn vj lao dpng, trong dd mpi ngUdi lao ddng theo ke
hoach, cd thdi gian nghi ngdi.

R.0-oen (1771 - 1858) sinh trudng d Anh, la con mdt ngUdi thd thu
cdng, sau trd thanh chu mpt cdng xUdng Idn thue tdi 2500 cdng nhan.
Ong da td chUc mdt sd cdng xUdng kieu mau d Anh, 6 MT, trong dd cdng
nhan chi lam viec 10 gid rudi mpt ngay, dUde tra lUdng cao va dUdc
hudng phuc Igi tap the. Ong cung chii trUdng di de'n chu nghTa xa hpi
bang each tuyen truyen, thuyet phuc va neu gUdng.

(1) Thuat ngir "khdng tudng" bat ngudn tir ten mdt tac pham ciia Td-mat Mo-ro (1478 - 1535), vdi
nhan de Lf-td-pi-a (tie'ng Hi Lap cd nghTa la "Khdng tdn tai d dau ca"). O tren dao U-to-pi-a, moi
ngudi sdng vdi nhau binh dang, khdng cd tu hiiu, khdng cd giau ngheo, tai ca cljng lao ddng va
ciJng hudng hanh phiic.

1 Rft
13. LjCH SUlOC - B
 Cdng lao ciia cdc nha xa hdi khdng tudng la phe phdn sdu sdc xa hdi tu ban,
cd y thiic bao ve quydn lgi ciia giai cap cdng nhan, du dodn vd xa hdi tuomg lai.
Nhung hg khdng phdt hien dugc nhirng quy ludt phdt tridn ciia chd do tu ban vd
eiing khdng nhin thdy luc lugng xa bdi cd kha nang xay dung xa hdi mdi la
giai cdp cdng nhan ndn cdc kd hoach de ra ddu khdng thuc hien dugc.
Tuy vay, trong bdi canh xd hdi bay gid, chii nghia xa hdi khdng tudng la mdt
trdo luu tu tudng tien bd, cd tdc dung cd vii nhting ngudi lao dgng va la mdt
trong nhtfng tien de cho hgc thuye't Mdc sau ndy.

thiv cho biet noi clujiii tit titon^^ cud dm no^hia xJ hoi kJuvie: tu'o'n^.

»AU HOI
r 1. Giai cap vo san cdng nghiep ra ddi khi nao ?
2. Qua nhtfng cugc khdi nghTa ciia cong nhan 6 Anh, Phap,
Dire vao nira dau the kl XIX, hay neu nhtfng uu diem va ban
che ciia phong trao cdng nhan thdi dd.

3. Hay cho bie't nhtfng mat tich cUc va ban che ciia chii nghTa
xa hgi khong tudng.

187
 MAC VA ANG-GHEN. Sl/ RA DClI
Bdi ^ ^
CUA CHU NGHIA XA HOI KHOA HOC

Trong nhtfng nam 30 - 40 ciia the ki XIX, phong trao

cdng nhan d chau Au phat tridn rdt nhanh, ngay cdng ddi
hdi mdt If luan khoa hgc each mang de giai phdng cdng
nhan va toan thd nhan dan lao ddng. Trong bdi canh nliu
vay, hgc thuydt vd chii nghTa xa hgi khoa hgc - do
C.Mac va Ph.Ang-ghen dd xudng, da ra ddi.

1. Buoi ddu hoat dong each mang cua C.Mac va Ph.Ang-ghen

- »• f- -'• ,;;: Cdc Mdc sinh ngay 5 - 5 -1818 trong
mdt gia dinh ludt su gd'c Do Thai cd tu
tudng tu do tidn bd, d thdnh phd To-ri-o
(Diic). Ttr nhd, Mac da ndi tidng thdng
minh. Nam 23 tudi (1841), Mac dd Tie'n sT
vdi luan an xudt sdc vd dd tai tridt hgc ed
dai Hi Lap.
Nam 1842, Mac lam cdng tac vien, roi
lam Tdng bidn tap Bdo sdng Ranh - mdt td
bao cd xu hudng dan chii each mang. Vi
cd tu tudng chd'ng ddi chinh quyen, Bdo
sdng Ranh bi ddng cira.
Nam 1843, Mac cting vg la Gien-ni
phdi rdi sang Pa-ri (Phap), rdi Briie-xen
(Bl) va cudi cung eu tni lau dai d Luan Ddn
(Anh). 0 Pa-ri, Mdc thudmg xuyen tidp
Hinh 72 - C.Mac (1818-1883) xiic vdi nhiing nha boat ddng cdch mang
ciia phong trao cdng nhan. nghidn eiiu
lich sir cdch mang Phap, cdc tac phdm triet hgc va tham gia xudt ban tap chf Bien
nien Phdp - Ditc. Trong nhting bai vidt ciia minh, Mae di den nhan dinh :
Giai cdp vd san dugc gidc ngd If luan each mang Id giai cap se dam dudng
sti menh lich sir giai phdng loai ngudi khdi dp biic bdc lot.
 Phri-drich Ang-ghen sinh ngay
28 - II - 1820, trong mdt gia dinh chii
xudng d thdnh phd Bdc-men (Diic).
Xud't than tir tdng ldp tren nhung dng rd't
cam ghet chd do chuydn che' vd khinh
thudmg nhirng thii doan lam giau cua gidi
kinh doanh. Do yeu cdu ciia ngudi cha,
Ang-ghen phai sang lam thu ki cho mgt
hang budn d Anh. Tuy vay, viec dd khdng
the ngan can dng nghien eiim khoa hgc va
boat ddng cbinh tri.
Trong thdi gian sd'ng d Anh (tir nam
1842), Ang-ghen ludn gdn gui cdng nhdn,
timg chumg kidn tinh canh khdn ciing va
cudc sd'ng lao ddng vat va ciia hg. Trong
cudn Tinh cdnh cua giai cdp cdng nhdn
Hinh 73 - Ph.Ang-ghen (1820 - 1895)
Anh, bdng ngdi biit sdc sao va ddn chumg
cu thd, Ang-ghen ndu rd su bdc lot tan bao cua giai edp tu san ddi vdi cdng nhdn
va di de'n kdt ludn : giai cap vd san khdng chi la nan nhan ciia chu nghia tu ban,
md cdn la luc lugng cd the ddnh dd su thd'ng tri ciia giai cd'p tu san va tu giai
phdng khdi mgi xidng xich.
Nam 1844, Ang-ghen sang Pa-ri va gap Mdc. Cudc gap gd nay da md ddu
tinh ban va sU cdng tac gitia bai dng.
Ttr nam 1844 ddn nam 1847, nhiimg tdc phdm ciia Mdc vd Ang-ghen cho thdy
su chin mudi ve nhting quan diem triet hgc, kinh td - chinh tri hgc va chii nghia
xa bdi khoa hgc, tumg budc hinh thanh hgc thuydt Mdc.

- Trinh bay nliWng nd chuih ve budi dau hoat ddng each mang
cua C.Mac yd Ph. Ang-ghen.

2. To chCfc D6ng minh nhu'ng ngudi cong son va Tuyen ngon

cua Oang Cpng san
Trong nhtfng nam sd'ng d Anh, Mdc vd Ang-ghen da lidn he vdi td chiic
Dong minh nhidig ngudi chinh nghia (thanh lap nam 1836 d Pa-ri).

189
14. LICH SU10C - A
 Tham gia td chUe nay la nhtfng ngudi DUc lanh nan, chii yeu la thd may,
ve sau cd them thp fhii cdng nhieu nude. Ddng minh nhUng ngUdi chinh
nghTa da phat then td chUc sang Anh, DUc, Thuy ST, Nga, Tiep Khae,
Hung-ga-h, Ha Lan, Nam TU...

Thang 6 - 1847, tai dai hdi ciia Ddng minh nhirng ngudi chinh nghTa hgp d
Ludn Ddn, theo dd nghi eiia Ang-ghen, td cbiic ndy dugc ddi tdn thanh
Dong minh nhitng ngudi cgng sdn. Muc dfch ciia Ddng minh dugc khdng dinh la
"... lat dd giai cap tu san, thiet lap su thd'ng tri ciia vd sdn, thii tidu xa hdi tu san cu".
Dai hdi ldn thii hai ciia Ddng minh nhirng ngudi cdng san hgp d Ludn Ddn
(1847), cd su tham du ciia Mac va Ang-ghen, da thdng qua didu le ciia
Ddng minh.

Hinh 74 - C. Mac tai phien hpp cua Ddng minh nhiJng ngudi cdng san

Thdng 2 - 1848, Cuong linh ciia Ddng minh (do Mdc va Ang-ghen soan thao)
dugc cdng bd d Luan Ddn dudi hinh thiic mdt ban tuydn ngdn - Tuyen ngdn ciia
Ddng Cdng sdn.
Tuyen ngdn gdm cd Ldi md dau va 4 chUdng, trong dd khang dinh suf
menh lich sir cua giai cap vd san la lanh dao cupc da'u tranh chd'ng su
thdng tri va ach ap birc bdc lot ciia giai cap tu san, xay dUng che dp
cdng san chii nghTa. Mudn thUc hien thanh cdng cupc each mang vd
san, giai cap cdng nhan phai thanh lap chi'nh dang ciia minh, thie't lap
nen chuyen chfnh vd san va doan ke't cac lUc lugng cdng nhan tren
the gidi.

190 14. LjCH S U l O C - B

 NhuTng ngudi cdng san da cdng khai tuyen bd muc dfch ciia minh, do
la : diing bao lUc de lat dd trat tUxa hdi hien cd va keu gpi quan chting
dUng len lam each mang, bdi le, trong cudc each mang dd, nhUng ngudi
vd san chang mat gi ngoai nhUng xieng xich trdi budc hp. Tuyen ngdn
kei thuc bang Idi keu gpi : "Vd san ta't ca cac nude, doan ket lai !".

Nhu vay, Tuyen ngdn cua Ddng Cdng sdn la van kien cd tinh chdt cuong ITnh
ddu tidn ciia chu nghTa xa hdi khoa hgc, ddnh dd'u budc ddu ket hop chu nghTa
xd hdi khoa hgc vdi phong trdo cdng nhdn. Ttr day, giai cap cdng nhan da cd If
luan each mang sol dudmg dd thuc hien muc tieu cudi cting eiia nhtfng ngudi
edng san la xdy dung chu nghTa cgng sdn trdn todn thd gidi.

"Ddng minh nlidng ngu'di cdng san" ra ddi tiong hoan canli nao 7
Muc dich cua td chwc nay la gi 7

cAU HOI

I.Vai tro ciia C.Mac va Ph.Ang-ghen trong viec thanh lap

td chire Dong minh nhu'ng ngudi cgng san nhu the nao ?

2. Hay neu ngi dung co ban va y nghTa lich sir ban Tuyen ngon
cua Dang Cgng san.

191
 QUOC TE THtr NHAT
Bdi 5 S VA CONG XA PA-RI 1871

I - QUOC TE T H i r NHAT

1. Hoan canh ra ddi

Giiia the ki XIX, su phdt trien manh me cua ndn dai cdng nghidp tU ban chu
nghia lam cho ddi ngtf cdng nhan cdng them ddng dao va tdp trung tdi miic do
khd cao, dac biet d nhung trung tdm edng nghiep. Ach dp biic, bdc lot dd'i vdi
cdng nhan cung tang thdm. Do dd, nhirng cudc ddu tranh mdi cua cdng nhdn
ehdu Au khdng ngimg didn ra, song vdn cdn trong tinh trang phdn tan vd td chiic
va thidu thd'ng nhat vd tu tudmg.
Tinh hinh trdn ddi hdi phai cd mdt td chtic each mang qud'c td de doan kdt va
lanh dao phong trdo cdng nhdn cdc nudc. Ngay 28 - 9 - 1864, trong cudc mft tinh
ldn d Ludn Ddn cd dai bieu cdng nhdn nhidu nudc tham gia, Hgi Lidn hidp lao
ddng qud'c td (thudmg dugc ggi la Qud'c te'thd nhd't) dugc thanh ldp vdi su tham
gia tfch cue cua Mdc.

Hinh 75 - Budi 16
tuyen bd thanh lap
Qud'c te thir nhai

Qud'c te thwnliat ra ddi tiong hoan canli ndo 7

192
2. Hogt dong cua Quo'c te' thCr nhdt
Trong thdi gian tdn tai (tir thdng 9-1864 den thdng 7 - 1876), Qud'c td thti
nhd't da tidn hanh 5 dai hdi. Hoat ddng chii ydu cua Qud'c td nhdm truydn bd hgc
thuydt Mac, chdng nhirng tu tudng lech lac trong ndi bd ; ddng thdi, thdng qua
nhiing nghi quyet cd y nghia chinh tri vd kinh td quan trgng : tan thanh bai cdng,
thanh ldp cdng dodn, ddu tranh cd td chiic, ddi ngay lam 8 gid va cdi thien ddi
sd'ng edng nhan.

Hinh 76 - Cudc hop dai bieu ISn dSu tien cua Qud'c te thii nhat tai Gio-ne-vo

Dudi anh hudng cua Qud'c td thii nhdt, edng nhdn cac nude tham gia ngay
cang nhidu vao phong trao dd'u tranh chinh tri. Cdc td chiic qudn chung eua cdng
nhan nhu cdng doan, hdi tuong td dugc thanh ldp d nhidu noi. Qud'c td cd nhidu
ddng gdp cu thd giiip do phong trdo cdng nhdn, dac biet la keu ggi iing bd cudo
ddu tranh ciia nhirng ngudi lao ddng Pa-ri (1871).
NSm 1867, cdng nhan due ddng 6 Pa-ri bai cdng. Qud'c te da td chUc
quyen gdp giup dd dua cupc da'u tranh den thang ldi. Trong nhtfng nSm
1868 - 1869, cdng nhan mo 6 Bl lien tuc bai cdng. Qud'c te da keu gpi
cdng nhan cac nudc giiip nhifng ngudi bai cdng va gia dinh hp vugt qua
khd khan. Nam 1871, cdng nhan va nhan dan lao dpng Pa-ri dtmg len
lam each mang, thanh lap Cdng xa - chfnh quyen vd san dau tien tren
the gidi. Quo'c te da tich cUc hudng Ung cupc dau tranh cua nhtfng
ngUdi lao dpng Pa-ri va keu gpi cdng nhan cac nudc ung hp Cdng xa.

Nhu vay, bdng nhirng ddng gdp thidt thue cua minh, Qude td thii nhdt la td
chiJc qud'c te ddu tien gdp phdn truyen bd rdng rai chii nghia Mac trong
193
 phong trao cdng nhan qud'c te va dodn kdt, thd'ng nhd't luc lugng vd san qud'c td
dudi nggn cd ciia chu nghTa Mdc trong cudc ddu tranh giai phdng lodi ngudi
khdi dp bife, bde lot.
Nam 1876, Qud'c te thti nhat tuyen bd giai tdn.

^^ - Vai trd cua Qude te thw nlicii ddi vdi phong tiao cdng nhan
qude te nliW the ndo 7

II - CONG XA PA-RI 1871

1. Cuoc each mgng 1 8 - 3 - 1 8 7 1 vd su thdnh lap Cong xd

Trong nhiing nam 1850 - 1870, d Phdp, cdch mang cdng nghidp da tao didu
kien thudn lgi cbo chii nghla tu ban phdt tridn nhanh chdng : san xud't cdng
nghiep tang nhanh so vdi thdi gian trudc, ddi ngtf cdng nhan ngay cang ddng va
tdp trung bom. Su tang cudng do va thdi gian lao ddng dd'i vdi cdng nhdn (ngdy
lam viee keo ddi 13 - 14 gid) va cudc sdng khd khan do hau qua ciia khiing
hoang kinh te nhtfng nam 1860 - 1867 da lam gay gdt thdm nhiing mdu thudn
giai cdp vd'n cd trong ldng xa hdi tu ban, tao didu kidn cho cdc cudc dd'u tranh
mdi ciia cdng nhdn.
Trudc tinh hinh dd, chinh phii Dd chd II do Na-pd-le-dng III dumg ddu quydt
dinh gay chidn vdi Phd nhdm khdc phuc nguy co khiing hodng trong nude. Vd
phia Phd, ciing mudn tidn hdnh chidn tranh de hodn thdnh thd'ng nhdt nudc Dtic,
dan dp phong trao ddn chii trong nudc.
Ngay 1 9 - 7 - 1 8 7 0 , chien tranh Phdp - Phd bung nd. Ngay 2-9-1870,
toan bd ddi quan Phdp va Na-pd-ld-dng III phai ddu bang. Ngay 4-9-1870,
nhan dan Pa-ri khdi nghia lat dd De chd II, ddi thidt lap chd do cdng hod va
td chiic khdng chidn chd'ng qudn Phd. Chfnh phu lam thdi tu sdn duge thdnh lap
mang tdn Chinh phii Ve qud'c. Khi quan Phd tidn ve Pa-ri va bao vay thanh phd,
"Chinh phii Ve qud'c" da trd thdnh "Chfnh phii phdn qud'c", quyet dinh ddu hang
va xin dinh chidn, md cira cho quan Phd tidn vao nudc Phdp. Nhumg nhdn ddn
Pa-ri da td chiie thdnh cdc dom vi Qud'c ddn qudn, tu vii trang va xay dung phdng
tuydn bdo ve thii dd.
3 gid sang ngay 1 8 - 3 - 1 8 7 1 , Chinh phii cho quan danh chiem ddi
Mdng-mac, ndi tap trung dai bae ciia Qud'c dan quan. Quan chiing
nhan dan da kip thdi keo de'n hd trd Quo'c dan quan, bao vay quan
chinh phii.
194
 Trua 18-3, theo lenh ciia Uy ban trung Udng Qud'c dan quan, cac tieu
doan tie'n vao trung tam thii dd, chiem dUdc cae cd quan chi'nh phii,
nha ga, sd canh sat va toa Thj chinh. Quan chi'nh phii phai rtit chay ve
Vec-xai de cung cd lUc lugng. Qud'c dan quan lam chii thanh phd.

Ngdy 18-3-1871, ldn ddu tien trong lich sir, chfnh quydn ciia giai cap tu san
bi ldt dd. Uy ban trung uong Qud'c ddn quan dam nhan chiic nang ciia chfnh
quyen mdi, trd thanh chinh phii lam then.

f Cudc each mang 18-3-1871 d Pa-ri bimg nd tiong hodn canli nao 7

2. Cong xa Pa-ri - Nhd nudc l<ieu mdi

De ciing cd chfnh quydn mdi, ngay 26-3-1871, mdt chinh phii cdch mang
dugc bdu ra theo nguydn tdc phd thdng ddu phieu. Co quan eao nhdt ciia Nhd
nudc mdi la Hgi dong Cdng xd. Hdi ddng gdm nhieu uy ban, dumg ddu mdi uy
ban la mdt uy vidn edng xa, chiu trach nhiem trudc nhdn ddn va cd thd bi
bai midn.

•••• . ' v \ * — — • •

Hinh 77 - Cdng xa Pa-ri md cudc hop cac uy vien cdng xa tai toa Thi chi'nh

Quan ddi va bd may cdnh sat eii bi giai tdn, thay vdo dd la lire lugng vii trang
nhan dan. Cdng xa tdch nha thd ra khdi nhting boat ddng cua trudmg bgc va nha
nudc, nha trudmg khdng'day Kinh Thanh.
195
 Cdng xa cdn thi hdnh nhidu chinh sdch tid'n bd : cdng nhdn dugc lam'chu
nhiimg xi nghiep ma bgn chu bd trdn ; dd'i vdi nhiing xi nghiep cdn chu d lai,
Cdng xa kiem sodt chd dd tidn luong, giam bdt lao ddng ban ddm, cdm ciip phat
cdng nhdn. Cdng xa dd ra chii truong gido due bdt bude va khdng mat tidn cho
toan dan, cai thidn didu kien lam vide eho nii cdng nhan.
Nhu vay, CO cdu td chiic va boat ddng thue td chifng td Cdng xa Pa-ri la mdt
nha nudc khdc hdn edc kieu nha nudc ciia nhung giai cdp bdc ldt trudc dd. Day
la mdt nhd nudc kieu mdi - nha nudc vd san, do dan va vi ddn.
Trong thdi gian nhan dan Pa-ri ndi day, chinh phii tu san phan dpng -
ddng dau la Chi-e, da hoang sg rut chay ve Vec-xai vdi mdt sdtan quan.
Thang Igi ciia Cdng xa lam cho ke thti tire tdi. Sau mpt thdi gian tap hdp
lUc lughg va cau ket vdi quan Phd, ngay 2 - 4 - 1871, quan dpi ciia
Chi-e tien hanh phan cdng, md dau cudc npi chien. Cac chien sTCdng xa
va nhan dan lao ddng Pa-ri da the hien tinh than anh dung tuyet vdi khi
chd'ng tra ke thii, dSc biet trong thdi gian tU21 - 5 de'n 2 8 - 5 - 1 8 7 1 ma
Ijch suf gpi la "Tuan l i dam mau". Do cupc chien da'u khdng can sire, ngay
28 - 5, chien luy cudi cimg ciia Cdng xa da Ipt vao tay ke thti.

Cdng xa Pa-ri chi tdn tai 72 ngdy, nhung de lai "mdt kinh nghiem lich sir cd
y nghia vd cung to ldm, mdt bude tien nhd't dinh cua each mang vd san tren the
gidi" (Le-nin).
Mae dii thdt bai, nhiing ehinh sdch ma Cdng xa dd ra da the hien su sang tao
hinh thurc nha nudc kidu mdi dtra tren co sd ddn chu vd san va hoat ddng vi lgi
ich eiia da sd nhdn ddn lao ddng.

Trhih bay nhiing chinli sach the hien bdn chat nha iiWdc
kieu mdi cua Cdng xa Pa-ri.

cAU HOI
1. Trinh bay sU th^nh lap va hoat dgng cue Quoc te thif nhat
nhiimg nam 60 - 70 cua the ki XIX.
2. Chifng minh rang : Cong xa Pa-h la nha nu6c kieu m6i.
y nghTa Ijch sir cua Cong xa Pa-h.

196
 Bdi ^ ^ QUOC TE THlJ HAI

Sau khi Qude te thti' nhdt giai tan (1876), su ra diri ciia
cac chfnh dang cdng nhan d nhidu nudc ddi hdi phai cd
mdt td chifc qud'c te mdi dd lanh dao phong trao cdng
nhan the gidi - Qud'c te thif hai dugc thanh lap. Dudi su
ldnh dao ctia Ph. Ang-ghen, Qude te thtf hai cd nhieu
ddng gdp quan trgng vao viec phat trien phong trao cdng
nhdn the gidi, ddng thdi ciing bdc Id sir phan hoa sau sdc
vao nhtimg nam cudi the ki XIX.

1. Phong trdo cong nhdn cuoi th§ ki XiX

Tii thap nidn 70 cua thd ki XIX, chu nghla tu ban phdt trien manh me d chdu
Au va Bdc Mi. Ddi ngii giai cdp cdng nhdn cac nudc tang nhanh vd sd lugng va
chd't lugng. Su bde ldt nang nd eiia giai cdp tu san, su thdng thd cua xu hudng
ddc quydn va chinh sdch chay dua vQ trang, chuan bi chidn tranh de phdn chia
lai the gidi... lam cho ddi sd'ng ciia cdng nhdn va nhdn ddn lao ddng cang thdm
khd khan. Nhidu cudc ddu tranh eua edng nhan didn ra trong thdi gian nay.
6 Dire, phong trao da'u tranh ddi cai thien ddi sdng cho ngUdi lao dpng
phat then manh me trong nhtfng thap nien 70 - 80, budc giai cap tu san
phai bai bo "Dao luat dSc biefC) (ban hanh thang 10-1878, nham
chd'ng lai cdng nhan) vao nam 1890.

d Phap, do hau qua ciia khiing hoang kinh te 1882 - 1888, nhieu cupc
bai cong, bieu tinh ciia cdng nhan lien tie'p dien ra. Rieng nam 1886,
tai cac trung tam cdng nghiep, dac biet la vting mo, phong trao da'u
tranh doi tang lUdng va quyen dan chu da the hien sU Idn manh cua
cdng nhan Phap.

(1) Theo dao luat nay, cac t6 chute cdng nhan bi giai tan, cac toa bao cdng nhan bi ddng cita, hang
loat dang viftn Dang Cdng nhan xa hdi dan chu DUc bi bat bd va tra tail.

197
 6 Anh, nhi/ng cudc bai cdng ciia cdng nhan ddi tang lUdng, thUc hien
ngay lam 8 gid va ddi cai thien ddi sd'ng lien tuc dien ra, dien hinh la
cupc bai cdng ciia hang van cdng nhan khuan vac d ben tau Luan Ddn
vao cudi thap nien 80.
Net ndi bat ciia phong trao cdng nhan MT hdi cudi the ki XIX gan lien
vdi nhung cupc dinh cdng va bai cdng sdi ndi khap ca nUdc.

Cudc tdng bai cdng ciia gdn 40 van cdng nhan det Si-ca-gd (MT) ngay
1 - 5 -1886 ddi thuc bien chd do ngdy lao ddng 8 gid da budc gidi chii phai
nhugng bd. Ngdy dd di vao lich sir Id ngay Qud'c te'lao dgng va chd do ngdy lam
8 gid ddn dugc thuc hien trong nhidu nudc.
Cting trong thdi gian nay, do kdt qua cua viec truyen bd hgc thuydt Mdc d
nhidu nudc tu ban tidn tidn, cdc dang cdng nhdn, dang xa bdi hay cac nhdm ed
khuynh budng tidn bd cdch mang ciia giai cd'p cdng nhdn dugc thdnh lap : Dang
Cdng nhan xa hdi dan chii Diic (1875), Dang Cdng nhan xa hdi MT (1876),
Dang Cdng nhan Phap (1879), nhdm Gidi phdng lao ddng Nga (1883), Lidn
minh xa hdi ddn chii d Anh (1884)... Thuc td trdn dat ra yeu cdu phai thdnh lap
mdt td chiic Qud'c td mdi ciia giai cd'p vd sdn the gidi tie'p ndi nhiem vti cua Qud'c
td thif nhdt. Sau khi C.Mac qua ddi (1883), sii menh lanh dao phong trdo cdng
nhan qud'c td thudc vd Ph.Ang-ghen.

^^ -Hay cho bid nhihig net ndi bat cua phong trao cdng nlian
quoc te cudi the ki XIX.

2. Quo'c te' thCr hai

Ngdy 14 - 7 - 1889, Dai hdi thdnh lap Qude td thii bai dugc td chiic d Pa-ri.
Dai hdi da thdng qua nhidu nghi quydt quan trgng, neu len su cdn thiet phai
thdnh lap chinh dang ciia giai cap vd san mdi nude, dd cao vai trd dd'u tranh
chinh tri, tang cudng phong trdo qudn chiing, ddi tang luong, ngdy lam 8 gid, va
ldy ngay 1 - 5 hdng nam ldm ngdy Qud'c te'lao dgng de doan kdt va bieu duong
lire lugng ciia giai cap vd sdn thd gidi.
Cung nhu Qud'c td thii nhdt, Qud'c te thii hai tdn tai va boat ddng chii ydu dudi
hinh thiic dai hdi. Nhd vai trd tfch cue cua Ph.Ang-ghen, Qud'c te thii hai da cd
nhOng ddng gdp quan trgng trong viec phat tridn phong trdo cdng nhan the gidi
cudi the ki XIX : dodn kdt phong trdo edng nhdn d chau Au va MT, thiie ddy viee
thanh lap cdc chinh dang vd sdn d nhidu nude...
Nam 1895, Ph.Ang-ghen qua ddi. Day la mdt tdn that ldm dd'i vdi phong trao
edng nhan. Nhifng phdn tir eo hdi ehii nghia chd'ng lai hgc thiiye't Mae ddn ddn
chidm uu thd trong Qud'c te thiJ hai.
198
 Ngudi dai dien cho trao luu cd hdi chii nghTa cudi the ki XIX la
E.Bec-xtai-nd (1850 - 1932) d DUc. Che day dudi danh nghTa
"xem xet lai" hpe thuye't Mac, Bec-xtai-nd mud'n gat bd nhung nguyen li
CO ban cua chu nghTa Mac ve da'u tranh giai cap (nen cdn gpi la
"chu nghTa xet lai"). Nhtfng ngudi theo chii nghTa xet lai chu trUdng thda
hiep vdi giai cap tusan, xem da'u tranh nghj trUdng la hinh thUc chii yeu
de gianh chfnh quyen ve tay giai cap cdng nhan.

Tidp tuc su nghiep eua Ph. Ang-ghen, mdt sd lanh tu cdch mang trong cdc
dang cdng nhan nhu : La-phde-go (Phdp), Be-ben, Rd-da Ltic-xem-bua (Due)...
da ldn tidng phe phdn cdc xu hudmg co hdi, xet lai trai vdi hgc thuyet Mac. Tuy
vay, cudc ddu tranh nay khdng dugc tidn hanh triet de nen ke't qua rdt han che.
V.I.Le-nin - ldnh tu ciia giai cdp cdng nhan Nga, da vach trdn nhirng sai ldm cua
chil nghia xet lai vd tdc hai ciia nd ddi vdi su nghiep ciia giai cap cdng nhan,
kidn quydt ddu tranh dd loai trir dnh hudng ciia ehu nghia eo hdi ra khdi cdc
dang cdng nhan.
Trong nhting nam ddu the ki XX, cudc ddu tranh tu tudmg qua cdc dai bdi tidp
theo cua Qud'c td thii hai didn ra gay gdt va phiic tap gitia khuynh hudng each
mang va khuynh hudmg co hdi chii nghia vd nhiing vdn dd co ban, dd Id : vdn dd
gianh chinh quydn ciia giai ed'pvd san, thai do ddi vdi vdn dd thudc dia vd chie'n
tranh dd qud'c... Khuynh hudng cdch mang, dai dien Id V.I.Le-nin, kien quydt
len dn deh thd'ng tri cua cdc nudc dd qud'c ddi vdi thudc dia, tfch cue ddu tranh
cho quydn ttr quyet cua edc ddn tdc vd kidn tri bao ve hgc thuydt Mdc.
Do su thie'u nhd't tri vd dudng ldi chien lugc, chia re vd td chiic, Qud'c te thiJ
hai di ddn den chd phdn hod vd tan ra khi Chidn tranh thd gidi thii nhdt bung nd.
Hdu he't nhting ngudi lanh dao cdc dang xa bdi ddn chii ciia cdc nudc trong Qud'c
td thli hai iing hd chinh phii tu san, day qudn chung nhdn ddn va vd san cdc nudc
vao cudc chie'n tranh vi quydn lgi ciia bgn dd qud'c.

-Hay neu nliihig hoat ddng chu yen cua Qude te thu hai
tiong thdi gian Ang-ghen liinh dcio.

»AU HOI
1. Trinh bay hoan canh ra ddi ciia Qudc te thir hai.
2. Vi sao Qudc te thir hai bi tan ra ?
] \ y
199
 Bdi 40 LE-NIN VA PHONG TRAO
CONG NHAN NGA DAU THE KI XX

Cudi the ki XIX - ddu ihe ki XX, V.l. Le-nin tham gia
phong trao cdng nhdn Nga, thanh lap cbinh dang vd san,
ddu tranh bao ve hgc thuydt Mac.
Cach mang 1905 - 1907 a Nga da gidng mdt ddn manh
me vao chd do Nga hodng, cd anh hudmg de'n phong trdo
ddu tranh ddi dan ehii d cac nudc de qud'c va phong trao
ddu tranh chd'ng ach dp btfc phong kidn, thuc dan d cac
nudc phuang Ddng.

I - HOAT DONG Bir6C DAU CUA V.I. LE-NIN TRONG PHONG TRAO
CONG NHAN NGA :

Vla-di-mia l-lich U-li-a-ndp, tdc

Le-nin, sinh ngay 2 2 - 4 -1870
trong mpt gia dinh nha giao
tien bp. Le-nin giac ngp each
mang rat sdm va tham gia
boat ddng tU khi cdn d trudng
trung hpe. Nam 1893, Le-nin
tdi Xanh Pe-tec-bua va trd
thanh ngudi dtfng dau mdt
nhdm macxit d day.

Mua thu 1895, Ld-nin thd'ng nhd't cac

nhdm macxit d Xanh Pd-tec-bua thdnh mdt
td chiic chinh tri, Idy tdn la Lien hiep dd'u
tranh gidi phdng giai cd'p cdng nhdn. Dd Id
mdm mdng cua Dang mdcxit each mang. Hinh 78 - V.I. LS-nin
(1870- 1924)

200
 Nam 1898, tai Min-xco, Ddng Cong nhdn xd hdi ddn chu Nga tuydn bd thanh
lap nhumg khdng boat ddng duge vi ngay sau dd cdc thdnh vidn ddu bi bdt.
Do tham gia boat ddng each mang chd'ng chd do Nga hodng, Ld-nin bi bdt va
bi day di Xi-bia. Nam 1900, bdt ban day, dng ciing cdc ddng chf ciia minh xud't
ban bdo Tia lua nhdm truyen ba chii nghia Mdc trong phong trao cdng nhdn
Nga. Nam 1903, Dai hdi Dang Cdng nhan xa hdi dan chii Nga dugc trieu tap d
Luan Ddn dudi su chu trt ciia Le-nin de ban vd cuong ITnh va didu le ciia Dang.
Tai Dai hdi, da sd dai bieu tan thanh dudng Idi each mang ciia Le-nin
nen gpi la phai Bdnsevich, cdn thieu sd theo khuynh hudng cd hpi,
chdng lai Le-nin nen ggi la phai Mensevich.

Trong thdi gian nay, Le-nin viet nhieu tac pham quan trpng nham phe
phan sau sac nhifng quan diem ciia chu nghTa cd hdi, ddng thdi khang
dinh vai trd cua giai cap cdng nhan va Dang tien phong ciia luc lUdng
nay ; nha'n manh tam quan trpng cua cudc da'u tranh chinh tn trong sU
nghiep giai phdng ngudi lao dpng.

- Trinh bay hoat ddng budc dau cua Le-nui tiong phdng tiao
cdng nhan Nga.

II - CACH MANG 1905 - 1907 6 NGA

1. Tinh hinh nudc Nga trudc each mang

Ddn cudi thd ki XIX - ddu the ki XX, nude Nga chua tidn hdnh cudc each
mang tu san nhung da chuydn sang giai doan de qud'c chii nghTa. Kinh td cdng
thuong nghiep phdt trien cimg vdi su xud't hien cua cac edng ti ddc quyen. Ndn
cdng nghiep md rdng vdi quy md ngdy cdng ldn lam cho ddi ngii cdng nhan
cang them ddng dao.
Ve chfnh tri, nudc Nga duy tri hdu nhu nguydn ven bd may cai tri ciia ndn
qudn chil phong kidn chuyen chd. Nga hoang bdp nghet mgi quydn hr do dan
chu nen hdu bet edc giai cdp ddu bdt man vdi chd do nay. Ddi sd'ng cua cdng
nhdn va nhan dan lao ddng Nga hdt siic co cue. Giai cd'p vd san Nga vira chiu
deh dp biic cua che do phong kien, 'vira chiu su bdc lot ciia giai cap tu san trong
nude va tu san nudc ngoai.

201
 Them vdo dd, su thdt bai eiia Nga trong cudc chidn tranh Nga - Nhat
(1904 - 1905), lam cho ddi sd'ng nhan dan edng thdm co cue, mau thudn xa hdi
ngdy cdng sdu sdc, thiic day sir biing nd each mang d Nga.

Hay neu hnh hmh nwd'c Nga cudi the ki XIX dau thekiXX.

each mang bung n^

Tir cud'i nam 1904, nhidu cudc bai cdng va bidu tinh ciia qudn chting da nd
ra vdi khdu bieu : "Da ddo chd do chuydn chd !", "Da ddo chidn tranh !". Cac
cudc dd'u tranh eua qudn chiing da cham ngdi lira cho each mang.
Ngdy 9 - 1 - 1905, 14 van cdng nhdn Xanh Pd-tec-bua va gia dinh tay khdng
vu khf, mang theo cd va dnh cua Nga hodng tidn ddn Cung dien Miia Ddng de
thinh cdu Nga hoang cdi thien ddi sd'ng. Nhumg quan ddi va cdnh sdt da xa siing
vdo doan bidu tinh ciia qudn chiing lam hang nghin ngudi chdt vd bi thuong.
Dd la "Ngdy chii nhat ddm mdu". Ldng tin ciia nhan dan vao Nga hodng bi tidu
tan. Cdng nhan thii dd bdt ddu dung chidn luy, chudn bi chidn ddu. Khdu hieu
"Da dao chd do chuyen chd !" dugc truyen di khdp noi, mdt ldn sdng bai cdng
phan ddi bting len trong ca nudc. Chi trong thdng 1 - 1905, so ngudi bai cdng
da len tdi 44 van, nhidu hon cd sd ngudi bai cdng ciia 10 nam trudc dd cdng lai.

Hinh 79 - Cudc bieu tinh ngay 9 - 1 - 1905 d Xanh Pe-tec-bua

202
 Mtia he 1905, phong trao each mang lan rdng, Idi cudn ca binh linh va
ndng dan. L i ki niem 1 - 5 - 1905 da bien thanh cupc bieu dUdng tinh
ddan ke't ciia cdng nhan toan Nga. Tinh than each mang tac ddng
de'n ca quan dpi. Thang 6-1905, thuy thii tren chien ham Pd-tem-kin d
6-det-xa khdi nghTa. Ndng dan cung ndi day ddt pha dinh thU ciia dja
chil. O nhieu ndi, cac xd viet dai bieu cdng nhan - mam mdng ciia
chi'nh quyen vd san, dUdc thanh lap.

Miia thu 1905, phong trdo each mang tidp tuc ddng cao vdi nhumg cudc bai
cdng chfnh tri eua qudn chiing, lam ngung tre mgi boat ddng kinh td va
giao thdng trong ed nudc. Thdng 12 - 1905, cudc tdng bai cdng dugc bdt ddu d
Mat-xco-va, rdi nhanh ehdng bien thanh khdi nghia vu trang. Cdng nhan da dimg
chidn luy va chidn ddu anh dung trong hai tudn Id. Theo guong Mat-xco-va,
nhidu cudc khdi nghTa vii trang cung nd ra d cac thdnh phd kbac trong ca nudc...
Song do thidu td chiic chat che, luc lugng qud chenh lech nen nhumg cudc khdi
nghTa ndy da nhanh chdng bj thdt bai. Phong trao cdch mang xud'ng ddn va chdm
diit vao cud'i nam 1907.
Cdch mang 1905 - 1907 la cudc each mang dan chii tu san ddu tidn do giai
edp vd san lanh dao trong tbdi ki de qude chu nghia. Tuy that bai nhumg y nghTa
ciia cdch mang that ldn lao. Cdch mang da phat ddng cae giai cdp bi bde lot va
cdc dan tdc bi dp biic trong de qud'c Nga diing ldn ddu tranh, ldm lung lay chd
do Nga hoang. Cudc cdch mang Nga da ddy len mdt cao trao ddu tranh eiia giai
cap vd san trong cdc nudc dd qud'c va thiic ddy sir phat trien ciia phong trdo giai
phdng dan tdc d cdc nudc phucmg Ddng vao ddu the ki XX.

Trinli bay nliifng dien bien chinh cua Cach mang 1905 - 1907
d Nga.

.AU HOI

1. Hay neu vai trd ciia Le-nin ddi vdi phong trao cong nhan Nga
cuoi the kl XIX - dau the ki XX.

2. Hay neu tinh chat va y nghTa Ijch sir ciia Cach mang
1 9 0 5 - 1 9 0 7 6 Nga. j

203
 Muc LUC
Trang

Phdn mot
UCH sCf THE'Gldl THCJI NGUYEN THUY, CO OM VA TRUNG OAI
Cliuang I - XA HOI NGUYEN THUY
Bai 1 : Sir xuai hien loai ngudi va bay ngudi nguyen thuy 4
Bai 2 : Xa hoi nguyen thuy 9

C/Hr<7«?//-XA H O I C 6 DAI
Bai 3 : Cac qud'c gia cd dai phucmg Ddng 12
Bai 4 : Cac qudc gia cd dai phuang Tay - Hi Lap va Rd-ma 20

Chuang III - TRUNG QUOC THCil PHONG KIEN

Bai 5 : Trung Qud'c thdi phong kie'n 28

Chuang IV - AN DO T H O I PHONG KIEN

Bai 6 ; Cac qudc gia An va van hoa truySn thdng An Do 37
Bai 7 ; Su phat thin lich su va n6n van hoa da dang cua An Do 41

Chuang V - DONG NAM A T H O I PHONG KIEN

Bai 8 : Su hinh thanh va phat trie'n cac vuong qud'c chinh d Ddng Nam A 45
Bai 9 : Vucmg qudc Cam-pu-chia va Vuong qud'c Lao 50

Cliuang VI - TAY AU T H O I TRUNG DAI

Bai 10 : Thdi ki hinh thanh va phat trie'n cua che dd phong kie'n d Tay Au 55
(Tir the ki V de'n the ki XIV)
Bai 11 : Tay Au thdi hau ki trung dai 60
Bai 12 : On tap : Lich sit the gidi thdi nguyen thuy, cd dai va trung dai 66

Phdn hai
LjCH SLf VIET NAM T Q N G U 6 N GOC OEN G I O A THE' K! XIX
Chuang I - VIET NAM T L / T H O I NGUYEN THUY DEN THE KI X
Biii 13 : Viet Nam thdi nguyen thuy 70
Bai 14 : Cac qudc gia cd dai tren dai nudc Viet Nam 74
Bai 15 : Thdi Bdc thudc va cac cudc da'u tranh gianh ddc lap dan tdc
(Tir the ki II TCN de'n dau the ki X) 80
Biii 16 : Thdi Bae thuoc va cac cudc dau tranh gianh ddc lap dan tdc (Tiep theo) 83

Chuang ll - VIET NAM TUTHE KI X DEN THE KJ XV

Bai 17 : Qua trinh hinh thanh va phat trien cua nha nudc phong "kie'n
(Tir the ki X de'n the ki XV) 87

204
Bai 18 Cdng cudc xay dung vii phat irit'n kinh le trong cac the ki X - XV 91
Bai 19 Nhu'ng cupc khang chien chdng ngoai xam d cac the ki X - XV 96
Bai 20 Xay dung va phat tridn van hoa dan tpc trong cac the ki X - XV 101

Chii'tnig III - VIET NAM TUTHl! KI XVl DEN THE KI XVIII

Bai 21 Nhu'ng bien ddi cua nha nudc phong kien trong cac the ki XVI - XVIII 106
Bai 22 Tinh hinh kinh te d cac the ki XVl - XVIII 111
Bai 23 Phong triio Tay Son va su nghiep thdng nhat diit nudc.
bao ve Td qudc cudi the ki XVIII 116
Bai 24 Tinh hinh van hoa d ciic the ki XVl - XVIll 121
Chirong A - VIET NAM 0 NUA DAU THE KI XIX
Bai 25 Tmh hinh chinh tri. kinh te. van hoa dudi tridu Nguyen (Nita dau the ki ,XIX) 125
Bai 26 : Tnh hinh xa hpi d nira dau the ki XIX vii phong triio dau tranh cua nhan dan 1 30

SO KET LICH SUVIET NAM TUNGUON GOC DEN GIUA THE Kl XIX
Bai 27 Qua trinh dung nudc vit giCr nudc I 33
Bai 28 Truydn thdng yeu nud'c cua diin tpc Viet Nam thd'i phong kien 137

Phdn ba
UCH sO THE'Gldl CAN OAI
CIni'o'ng I - CAC CUOC CACH MANG TUSAN
(Tir giCia the ki XVI den cudi the ki XVIII)

Biii 29 Cach mung Hii Lun vii each mang tu .sun Anh 142

Biii 30 Chien tranh giimh doc lap ciia cue thupe dia Anh d Bae Mi 146
Bai 3 I Cach mang lu san Phap cudi the ki .XVIII \5\

Chii'o'iig II - CAC NUOc AU - MI

(Tir ddu the ki XIX den diiu the ki XX)
Bai 32 Cach mang cdng nghiep d chiiu .Au 15y
Bai 33 Hoiin thiinh each mang tu san d chiiu .\u vii Mi giCiu the ki XIX 163
Bai 34 Cac nud'c tu ban chuydn sung giai doan ddqudc chu nghia 170
Biii 35 Cac nudc Anh. Phap. Due. Mi vii su bimh trudng thudc diu 174

Chii'o'iig III - PHONG TRAO C O N G NHAN

(Tir diui the ki XIX deii dau the ki XX)

Bai 36 Su hinh thiinh vii phat trid'n cua phong triio cdng nhan 183
Bai 37 Mac vil Ang-ghen. Sir ra dd'i ciiu chii ngliTu xa hpi khoa hpe ISS
Bai 38 Qudc td thir nhut vii Cdng xu Pa-ri I 871 192
Bai 39 Qudc te tlui' hai 197
Bai 40 Ld-nin vii phong triio cdng nhim Ngu diiu the ki XX 200
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