Tnnh Sinh- Nha nudc Vin Lang
NHA NI/6C VAN LANG VA Au LAC
T f GOC NHlN KHAO CO HOC
rong khoing nfla the ky qua, k h i o ed hpe
T Viet Nam d i cd nhflng bfldc tien k h i d i i ,
trong do, thanh tUu nghiln cflu v l v i n hda
Odng Son k h i ndi b i t . Cic n h i khao cd hpc Viet
Nam va nflde ngoii d i khai q u i t va d i l u tra t h i m
do h i n g t r i m dl tich thuoc n i n v i n hda nay, budc
dau da dung dupc phan nao dien mao v l ddi sdng
v i t chat v i tinh than cua cu d i n v i n hoa Odng
Sdn. Mpt trong nhflng ddng gop cua vile n g h i l n
cflu v i n hda Odng Son l i n i l n dai cung nhfl sfl
phan bd ciia n i n van hda n i y kha trung hpp vdl
nhflng gi ghi tai trong thfl tich v i truyen thuyet
Cd the coi, van hoa Ddng Son t i n i n t i n g v i t chat
de ra ddi nha nude so khai V i n Lang v i Au Lae.
/. Khong gian phdn bd vd thdi gian ton tgi eda
vdn hoa Bdng Son
Cie nha k h i o cd hpc d i dung dupc phd he
cic n i n van hoa Tiln Odng Son tien t i n van hda
Odng Son.
Tai lUu vue song Hdng, mpt sd dja diem k h i o
ed quan trpng da dupe khai q u i t (Ddng D i u , Ling
Ci, Phu Luong, Gd De,Thinh D i n , Odng Lim...),
giiip cho viec xie l i p phd he cac n i n v i n hda:
Phiing Nguyen, Ddng O i u , Gd Mun, Oong Son. Tai
tUu vUc song M i , nhflng cupc khai q u i t tdn: khai
q u i t Hoa Lpc, Odng Son, Niii Nap, Quy Chfl, Cdn
Ciu, Ma Chiia, Bit Te, Odng Tiln, Cdn Chan T i l n . . .
d i dflng n i n dflpc mpt phd he p h i t t r i l n v i n h o i
d Bae Trung bp cd nhflng thang b i c : Cdn Chan
* Vi^n K/iao c6 /lpc
PGA.T6.TDDffl&Iir
Tiln - Bai Man - Quy Chfl - Odng Son. Tai Iflu vifc
song Lam, khu mp Ling Vac dugc khai q u i t Idti
nhflng nam 1973,1981,1990, eic cupc khai quat
Odng Mdm, Oen Ddi, RtiTran... da giup cho vile
dung dupe phd he thdi dai kim k h i d tuu vuc sflng
Lam: O i n Ddi - Ru Cit - Ru Trin - Lang Vac. Ma
Ling Vac l i mpt trong nhflng dja d i l m d i m net
ciia nen van hda Odng Son.
Cic di ti'ch t i l n Odng Son eua ca ba lflu vflc cic
eon sdng: Hdng, Ma va Lam d i hda ddng vdl nhau
de tien ten mpt nic thang v i n minh vat chat mdi,
do ehinh la nen van hda Ddng Son thong nhat
trong da dang. D i l u n i y the hien ro net d bd suu
tap hien vat da k h i thdng nhat trong mpt khong
gian rpng IPn, n h i t t i dd ddng mang chung mpt
phong each, nhU trdng, thap, giao, riu... Cic nha
k h i o cd hpc Viet Nam d i dung dugc b i n dd phin
bd van hda Odng Son vdi hang tram dja diem tren
c i mpt khu vUc c h i u thd eiia e i ba con sdng. t^p
kha thdng nhat ve v i n d l dja vUc phan bd v i n hoa
Oong Son, eo ban trting vdi dja ban mien Bic Viet
Nam hien nay, tai khu vue trude day van dUfle gpi
t i vimg Bac bp va Bic Trung bp.
Niln dai ciia n i n van hPa Dong Son cung kha
trimg khc^vdi thu tjch ghi tai. Qua p h i n tich niln
dai bang phuong p h i p k h i o cd hpe so sinh eung
nhu bang phuong p h i p phan tieh cic bon phong
xa C14, eho thay n i l n dai mupn ciia n i n v i n hda
n i y vao khoing t h i k^ I, li sau Cong nguyin, tflc
ta vao thdi d i l m ma cie eupe khdi nghTa chdng
Bic thupc da bi chim trong be mau, dien hinh Ii
^ 3 (40)-2012-P, sir.«
cudc khdi nghTa Hai Bi Trung. Nien dai sdm ciia
v i n hda Gpng Sdn t i nhflng the ky trfldc Cdng
nguyen, diing ra I i trfldc c i thdi ky nha Tay Han
x i m luoc v i thdi ky nha nUdc Nam V i l t Cd the
nien dai sdm I l n d i n tan the ky VII trUdc Cdng
nguyin nhu sach Viit sd lugc da ghi lai thdi diem:
"Oin thdi Trang Vuong nha Chu, d bp Gia Ninh cd
ngUdi la dimg i o t h u i t i p phue dupe eae bp tae,
tuxung t i Hiing Vudng".
2. Phdn hda xd hdi Id tien di dan den hinh thdnh
nhdnUdcsokhai
V i n hda Odng Son khong nhflng da dupe p h i t
hien tai hang tram tang ed, khu mp cd, ma mpt
tupng khdng td cic di vat da dupc tim thay vdi
nhilu chat lieu khic nhau, tfl dd ddng, dd s i t dd
da, do gdm. Nghien cihi cic h i l n v i t nay, n h i t l i
nhflng hien v i t tuy tang trong md, chiing ta se
thay cd sfl phan hda giau n g h i o ro r e t Nhilu md
khi g i i u ed, nhung sd mp khong ed hien vat tai
chiim sd tupng tdn hon han. Vi dy dien hinh cho
sfl p h i n hda giau nghIo nay the h i l n d khu mp
Vilt Khi (Hil Phong) v i Lang C i (Phii Thp).
Ngdi md sd 2 d Viet K h i la mpt ngoi mp thii
linh g i i u ed dUdng thdi. Mp dUpc tim tai ven sdng
Hin, x i PhiJ Ninh, huyen Thuy Nguyin, Hil Phong,
cich bien khoing 26 km. Sfl p h i n h o i giau ngheo
rit ro: ngdi mp nay ed kich thfldc tdn nhat va cd
hon 100 hiln v a t Bdn ngdi mp con tai khdng chfla
hiln vat nio. Nhflvay, ty te p h i n hoa xa hpi d d i y
khi siu sic: neu tinh theo so lUpng hien v i t thi
md g i i u cd ty te h i l n v i t gap hdn TOO t i n so vdi
eie md khdng ehdn theo hien vat nao. Mac dii
mcN chl cd 5 ngdi mp t h u y l n nhung eung cd the
thdng k l so bp t i " : 80% md ngheo khdng cd h i l n
v i t v i 20% l i m p cue g i i u .
Phin tdn eae mp t i n g d khu mp Lang C i
kh6ng cd mpt h i l n vat nao da chijYig td ngudi
nghIo khi dd ehilm sd lupng da so vdi 84,1%.
Sd lupng mp tang g i i u , cd sd lupng h i l n vat tfl
16 h i l n v i t trd len chl co 1 %. Sd lupng md t i n g ed
1 hoic 2 h i l n v i t chi ed 10,4%. Cfln cac toai mp
t i n g cd tfl 3 h i l n vat trd I l n ehilm sd tupng khong
d i n g k l . Oieu dd cd cho t h i y tinh trang mp giau
cd t h i cd tai s i n g i p khoing 16 tan ngudi nghIo
v i sd tuong ngUdi g i i u chiem khoing 1 - 2% sd
d i n trong xa hpi thdi b i y gid. Su p h i n h o i g i i u
ngheo qua cac toai mp g i i u v i ngheo d i trd n i n
rd ret Dd l i d i l u m i chua t h i x i y ra trong cie n i n
v i n h o i T i l n Odng Son trudc do. SU phan hoa
g i i u ngheo dan d i n phan ra cic giai tang trong
xa hpi v i l i mot trong nhiJng t i l n de dan d i n
xung dot va hinh thanh cac thu ITnh cpng ddng va
n h i nudc so khai.
3. SU hinh thdnh cdc thu Unh luyen kim vd
qudnsfl
Qua nhflng mp tang d Viet Khe, Lang Ca, Gd
De, Ling Vac v i phat hien trdng Cd Loa cung
nhilu tfl t i l u mp t i n g khac, chung ta cd t h i thay
hinh bdng ciia nhflng thii ITnh giiu cd ciia ngUdi
V i l t cd m i khi c h i t hp dupe chia cua ra sao.
Nhflng thii ITnh n i y deu t i nhflng ngfldi lanh dao
cfl dan Odng Son suot tfl thdi Hung Vuong, qua
thfli An Duong Vuong, den thdi Nam Viet Vuong
v i thdi H i n . Vai trd cfla hp h i t sflc quan trpng
trong x i hpi v i hp co t h i l i nong edt trong mdt
dang n h i nfldc so khai. Vai trd ciia cac thu ITnh
Viet cd van tdn tai manh me sau khi nha Hin x i m
lupc va dupc the h i l n sflc manh t i n eudi cimg
ehinh t i cupc ndi d i y ciia Hal Ba Trflng nam 40 -
43 sau Cdng nguyen. Chinh Hai Ba Trflng eung l i
mpt dang thu ITnh V i l t cd day uy Iflc, da giai
phdng 65 thanh tri tfl tay nha Han.
Cd the g i i djnh rang, efldan Oflng Son thdt do
da cd nhiJ^g thii ITnh dja phfldng. Nhflng thii ITnh
n i y d i t i nhflng ngfldi giau co. Co the hp la nhflng
ngfldi dieu h i n h dugc su sin xuat trong cpng
ddng ngUdi Viet cd. Ma trong nhflng nginh sin
xuat thdi bay gid thi nginh tuyen kim ddi hdi phii
cd n h i l u ky nang, bi quyet cao. Ngfldi n i o n i m
dugc ky nghe tuyin ddng eting tflc t i ngfldi giau
cd va CO k h i nang duac suy ton lam thii ITnh. Tii
lieu d i n tpc hpc cung cho thay, cd nhilu thii ITnh
tuyen kim d c i e cpng ddng ngUdi Tiy Nguyin hay
d n h i l u vflng Ddng Nam A khie. Cd t h i Himg
VflOng d i l i mpt thii ITnh luyen kim d budi ban
dau eCia nfldc Van Lang. Chinh Hiing Vfldng dong
dd d vung gifla lflu vue sdng Hdng cung cd mpt ly
do la k i l m soit dUde ngudn md due ddng tfl
thupng ngudn ddng song n i y de phat trien
nginh tuyen ddng, mot nginh kinh te cd tac ddng
manh vao cac n g i n h kinh t l khae. Chiing tdi da
tflng cho rang, con dfldng hanh lang sdng Hdng
la eon dudng giao luu cua nginh tuyen ddng
quan trpng n h i t thdi Hiing VUdng,
B i n canh mpt dang thii ITnh luyen kim thi
van CO dang thii ITnh quan sU trong mpt bdi

Qua trinh chuyen dich tir Kinh dO Van Lang xu6ng Kinh dO Au Lac IS qu^ trinh chuySn
txung tdm kinh te' xa bdi Cir nga ba sOng khflc tren xudng nga ba sOng khdc dudi (theo TSc gii)
c i n h cd chien tranh v i xung dot nhU d i p h i n
tich d phan t r i n . Hoac cung cd kha nang, thu
ITnh Viet ed p h i i vfla t i thii Unh tuyen kim tai vfla
tithCi ITnh q u i n sfl.
Mpt trong nhflng bang chflng ve viec ra ddi
thfl Unh trong v i n hda Oong Son edn the hien qua
hang t r i m chiec trdng Ddng Son tim dflpc trong
d|a b i n p h i n bd cua nen v i n hoa nay. ThU tich cd
cdn noi den chuyen ngudi nao sd hflu vai chile
trdng ddng Odng Son t i ed the tiem h i l u xflng
VflOng. Bdt vl trdng ddng t i t u y l t t i e cua nghe
thuat va ky thuat dflc, phai thupe sd hflu eiia eie
ei nhin giau ed va q u y i n luc. Trong cac thu ITnh
dUdng thdt thi Vua Hung p h i i la thu ITnh Idn nhat
thdng nhat dupc 15 " b p " m i thu tich ghi lai.
Cic tai lieu v i n hda Dong Son deu cho thay, ed
nhflng khu mp tang va tang eo t i p trung n h i l u
hiln v i t quy d nhflng vj tri dja Ipi cho phat trien
kinh te, xa hdi dfldng thdi. Cd the do t i trung t i m
eiia eic 'bp" ciia nfldc V i n Lang va cd the c i Au
Lac. Cho den nay, k h i o co hpc da chl ra dupe 11
TnnhSmli Nhi nuoc Vin iana
trung t i m kinh te xa hpi nhu vay. Trong cac "tdc"
ciia nude Van Lang thi "tpc" Lang C i ed k h i nang
la trung tam tdn nhat ma thutjeh cung tflng noi
den: vj tri nga ba sdng c^a kinh do V i n Lang xUa.
Ngay nay, khu vUc do thupe dja b i n eua tinh Phii
Thp, ma hep hon nfla t i t h i n h phd Viet Tri va
huyen Lam Thao, noi ed nhflng di tich tdn tai tfl
thdi van hda Phiing Nguyin cho den Odng Son va
eie dia diem ndi tieng nhfl Lang C i , Gd De. Sfl
d i m d i e di tieh khao cd d vimg nay h o i n toin
phu hop vdi khu vflc dam d i e truyin thuyet v i di
tich t h d eac Vua Himg va bp tfldng. VI the, nhieu
k h i n i n g khu vflc quanh di tieh Lang C i da la kinh
do V i n Lang xfla.
4. Cdng cudc chinh phuc ddng bang trung va sfl
chuyin dich kinh dd ffl Vdn Lang din Au Lgc
Truyen thuyet va thfl tich cung ndi k h i nhilu
den nfldc Au Lae va sfl chuyin giao quyen tuc gifla
Vua Himg cudi ciing va An Duong Vuong. Bgi Viit
sCf ky todn thU co ghi lai su tdn tai ciia thdi An
ouong vuong tfl n i m 257 den n i m 208 t r u &
565 (40) - 2012 - a sin vin hda vit thi
Cdng n g u y i n , tflc la ven ven cd 50 n i m . An
Dflong Vuong d i kjp x i y tda t h i n h Cd Loa, m i
hien nay v i n cdn dau tich. Con nhilu van d l Ijeh
sfl l i l n quan den thdi ky nay. Dau tieh khio cd thdi
niy cho thay k h i nhieu d quanh khu vUc t h i n h Cd
Loa, nhflng vdi mdt quang n g i n nhu v i y thi su
biln chuyen co t h i thay dugc trong v i n hda Odng
Son l i khdng that ro ret Ke c i dau tich eila thdi ky
miin Bic Viet Nam phu thudc vao nude Nam Viet
eho d i n n i m 111 trude Cdng nguyen, vdi s i i x i m
lupc ciia n h i T i y Han ciing khdng ed nhflng thay
ddi ddt b i l n . Vi the, viec n g h i l n cflu thdi ky An
Dfldng Vfldng v i nflde Au Lac cung chi cd ban l i
thdi ky Odng Son mudn.
Vile trung tam quyen lUc ciia mdt vimg gdm
tiAi vuc ba con sdng Hdng, Ma, Lam tai ehuyen ve
vimg Odng Anh, H i Npi la mdt van d l rat thii vi
m i khio cd hpc ed nhilu tU lieu g i i i thieh dupc
- V i o thdi gian van hda Odng Son, vflng ddng
b i n g sdng Hdng d i tuong ddi khd r i o , eo b i n
nUde b i l n da rut v i dat dai khdng cdn dp man
nhu trong thdi gian eac van hda T i l n Odng Son.
Chi tinh rieng viing Ha Npi, chiing tdi da thdng
ke dupe eic dau tich cua 35 tang cd cd nien dai
Tiln Odng Sdn d cac viing khdng bj ngap nude.
Khi dd, trong dja ban ciia khu vuc d trung eiia H i
Npi (nay t i Cfng Hda, Phfl Xuyen, My Dflc, Thanh
Oai) khong cd di tich T i l n Ddng Son. Chi den khi
nhimg d trflng nay khd r i o , thi ngfldi xfla mdi d
at keo d i n khai thac va d i l n day eac d trung n i y .
Thdng k l cho thay, ehinh nhuYig d trung n i y d i
la viing dat mdi, cd mpt sfl bflng nd l i n g xdm
mdi, biing nd cfl d i n trong thdi Odng Son. Od la
do v i o thdi n i y , d i t d trung mdi t i dat trdng tiia
dflpc. H i Ndi trong thdi v i n hda Odng Son cd
d i n 87 tang, sd tflpng gap 2,5 tan l i n g trong thdi
Tien Odng Son trfldc dd. Tmh hinh biing nd l i n g
xdm tren c i c vung dat mdi vdn l i c i c d trung
cung x i y ra d n h i l u vimg thap, nhu Ha Nam,
Hung Yen, H i i DUOng... m i cic dl tieh ed md
t h u y l n , trdng ddng thudng cd mat d eie vting
do. O i l u nay l i l n quan c h i t che d i n v i n di dia
mao, d i n qua trinh sau b i l n t i l n , ddng b i n g dan
dan dupe bdi d i p phu sa.
- Viing Co Loa, vdn la mpt nga ba song - d i l m
giao gifla sdng Hdng v i sdng Dudng, tfl thdi cae
van hda Tien Odng Sdn d i co tang cd. O i n thdi
Odng Sdn, vdi vai trd nga ba song eiia minh, lai co
vj tri c h i l n tflpc de quan ty mpt khu vUc eU d i n "
trdng tua t r i n vimg dat mdi khai t h i c nhung day f^
t i l m nang. Vi t h i , sU ra ddi cfla Cd Loa gan l i l n vcfi' Z
sfl ddi hdi eiia y l u td ndng n g h i l p ro n e t ben 3
eanh y l u td q u i n sfl.
- Theo chiing tdi, sfl dich chuyin kinh do V i n
Lang - Au Lac cd nguyen nhan s i u xa tfl viec
chuyen mdt vimg d i t tua e i n coi xudng mpt viing
dat Ilia phi nhilu hon. B i n eanh do edn I i yeu td
dia ldi, t i l n giao thong, thfldng mai, tfl mpt nga
ba song khiic tren xudng mpt n g i ba song khiic
dfldi, nhung cung v i n b i m lay mpt tryc hanh lang
huyet mach la sdng Hdng.
- An Duong Vuong I i mpt thii ITnh ciia mdt nha
nude so khai Au Lac. TrUdc day, cd g i i thuyet cho
la tfl viing Cao Bang xudng, vdi truyen t h u y l t
"Cau Chua Cheng Vua". Nhung, vdi nhung tu lieu
k h i o cd hpc thi vimg niy, eung nhu khu vUe cie
tinh Viet Bic, Ddng Bae h i u nhu r i t it di tich khio
cd thdi dai kim khi. Vi the, theo chiing tdi, ed t h i
An Duong Vuong la thfl ITnh eiia mdt tpc ngfldi tfl
khiic t r i n eila dflng sdng Hdng (eae di tieh Ddng
Son dpc sdng Hdng d Lio Cai, Y i n Bit k h i d i m
die) t r i n xudng trong qua trinh tim d i t dai khai
pha chiu thd sdng Hdng.
5. Vdn Lang • Au Lgc trong moi tUang quan vdi
Biin Viet, Nam Viet
Can cfl vao t i i lieu thdng k l d i n sd cila n h i
Hin trong thfl tjch ed de so sanh mpt eich tflOng
ddi v l d i n sd eua c i khu vflc cd nhiJfng n h i nude
so khai khi do la Au Lac, Dien Viet v i Nam Viet
chiing tdi thiy, Au Lac la nude ddng dan nhat gap
hai Ian rudi Nam Vilt va gap hang ehuc I l n D i l n
Viet Ly giai sU ddng dan cua Au Lae trong cai tam
giac cic n h i nude so khai ndi b i t trong khu vUc,
chiing tdi cho rang, ehinh d i l u kiln dja Ipi, dat dai
mau m d eiia ddng bang song Hdng I i nguyen
nhan cP sU "biing no" ciia dan cU trdng Iiia m i
dien htnh la d khu vue Ha Npi nhu d i ndi.
CU d i n V i n Lang - Au Lac cung la mpt eu dan
ed su giao lUu v i n hda (hai chieu) rdng khap. Cin
cfl vao sfl phan bd cua trdng Oong Son, ehiing ta
cd t h i hinh dung dupe hp d i ed mdt quan he vdi
cu dan Triet Giang cd dai (trdng mtnh khi tim dupc
trong mp d vung nay), vdi cU d i n quan d i o In do
n l xi a v i nhilu vimg khie nflaa
T.6