sir ma RONG LANH THO DAI VIET
• •
Diron THori HAU LE VA TJNH CHAT
V igc md rgng lanh thd eua Viet Nam
dUdc tien hanh ehu yeu ve phia
Nam bdi hai nguyen nhan chinh la dung
triet ly sde manh vk do yeu to' dia chinh
hgc. Nguyen nhan thii n h i t eu the la sii
hung manh cua Trung Qud'c, nguyen nhan
thd hai la day TrUdng Sdn.
Vdi mue dich ehinh tri-kinh te, khi tien
hanh qua trinh md mang lanh thd va tang
cUdng sdc manh cua minh, Viet Nam da
khdng the tien len phia Bic vi cd Trung
Qud'c manh hdn minh. Vd hinh trung, Viet
Nam khdng cdn each nao khac la phai
chdng lai qua trinh md mang lanh thd ve
phia Nam eua Trung Qud'c va ket qua la
Viet Nam da phai trai qua mgt qua t n n h
lich sfl d i u tranh lau dai.
Mat khac, Viet Nam ciing da miy l i n
thfl tien ve phia Tay vdi muc dich va
nguyen nhan nhU da neu tren nhUng hi
ngan can bdi nhiing day nui dai va hiem
trd nen khdng dUdc nhU mong mud'n.
Du the, trong lich sfl, dUdi trieu dai Hau
Le, Viet Nam (khi dd la Dai Vict) da hdp
nha't mgt p h i n da't dai cua ngUdi Thai n i m
d phia Tay Bic Viet Nam va Ddng Bic Lao
' GS.TS. TrUdng Dai hgc Ngoai ngd Hdn Qudc
• •
SONG JEONG NAM*
vao vung lanh thd cua minh. Tuy nhien,
mdc do va sd l i n dang t h i n g ve chinh tri 6
phia Tay va Tay Bic, trong dd cd ca vdi Lan
Xang (Lao) khdng nhieu va sau sic. D i t
chiem linh thi chUa dUde khai thac, dan sd
ban dia thi it nen sau khi chiem linh dUde
eiing khdng du liic lUdng lao dgng tai cho
de khai thac. Hdn niia, cd nhieu ly do nen
khdng thu h u t dUde dan nUde minh khai
thac vung dd't dd nen viec tie'n sang phia
Tay eua Vigt Nam khdng de dang. TUdng
tu, trieu Nguyen sau nay da l i y d i t cfla
Lao va nhap vao lanh thd cua minh 6 t r i n
la T r i n Man, T r i n Bien, T r i n Ninh, Trin
Tinh, T r i n Dinh, Lac Bien va rdi tra lai cho
Lao khi Phap tie'n vao (1).
Vi khd tien len phfa Tay Bic nen Viet
Nam tie'n ve phia Nam la mgt ket qua t i t
yeu. O day, so vdi cdc nUdc d phia Nam,
Viet Nam chiem Uu the've siic manh, so vdi
phia Tay Bic thi khdng tdn tai trd ngai
nao, sau khi chie'm linh cd the khai thac md
rgng b i n g lUc lUdng lao dgng phong phu tai
chd. Khdng nhiing the, ve mat dia ly, phia
Nam nd'i lien vdi dUdng bien r i t thu^n tign
nen de tie'n hdn dUdng bg. Viec chinh phuc
dUdc Champa hieu chien la dinh eao cua vi
S\f mfl rgng lanh thd Dai ViSt dudi thdi.
the va sii phat trien cua Vigt Nam.
Ciing nhu lieh sfl trUdng ky eua Viet
Nam, viec md rdng lanh thd mat thdi ,gian
dai. Trong thdi gian dd, viec md rdng lanh
thd b i t d i u tii trieu nha Ly. Bai nghien
cflu nay xem xdt viec md rgng lanh thd ve
phia Nam cua trieu dai hau Le, thdi ky ma
cdng cugc md mang lanh thd dUde tie'n
hanh sau rgng va manh me n h i t trong lich
sfl Viet Nam.
Tai lieu tham khao cua bai nghien cdu
nay la "Dit nUdc Viet Nam qua cdc ddi" cua
Dao Duy Anh, "Viet Nam qud'c hieu va
cUdng viie qua cac thdi dai" eua Nguyen
Dinh Diu, 'Khao sat che do d i t dai va md
rgng lanh thd phia Nam Viet Nam' va
'Qudc hieu va lanh thd cua Viet Nam' cua
Song Jung Nam (2).
Bai nghien cdu nay mang tinh phdc hdp
va xem xdt den eac v i n de lich sfl trong gidi
han mgt thdi dai va mgt chu de, ddng thdi
cd mue dich phan tich tinh chit thdi dai
trong viec md rgng lanh thd. De thiic hien
mue dich nay, bai viet phan chia thdi ky
trUde vk sau khi chua Trinh va chua
Nguyen - hai nha quyen liic dUdi mgt trieu
dai trong mdt qud'c gia - phan tranh quyen
liic va xem xdt bd'i canh, qua trinh trien
khai, tinh chit eua viec md rgng lanh thd
trong tiing thdi ky. 6 thdi ky trUde khi
Trinh - Nguyen phan tranh, trong md'i lien
hg vdi thdi ky sau, chung tdi xem xet de'n
thdi diem vigc md rdng lanh thd dUdc trien
khai; Thdi ky sau Trinh - Nguyen phan
tranh, bai viet se xem xdt de'n khi ngUdi
Phap tien vao xam lUdc Vigt Nam.
L T H d l KY TRir6C KHI PHAN CHL\
NAM-BAC
Ngay sau thdi ky Bic thugc tdc la sau
thdi ky thugc dia cua Trung Qud'c thi ranh
17
gidi phia Nam cua Viet Nam la Ha Tinh.
Ldi dung liic nUde DUdng khd giii dUde An
Nam bdi tinh hinh hdn loan nghiem trgng
cudi thdi DUdng nhU sii xam chiem Java,
Chiem Thanh, Nam Chieu, Chdn Lap va sU
ndi ddy eua An Nam... cung la luc ma
Chiem Thanh dang d trong thdi ky hUng
thinh md rgng lanh thd tU Ai Van (cdn ggi
la Hai van) den Hoanh Sdn, nay dUde
phdng dodn la da quye't dinh liy Indrapura
cua huygn Thang Binh tinh Quang Nam
lam thu dd (3).
Viec md rdng lanh thd ve phia Nam dUdc
b i t d i u tii thdi ky Viet Nam cd vUdng trieu
dgc lap. NhUng vi thdi gian tdn tai cua Ngd,
Dinh, Tien Le n g i n va chUa dUdc viing
vang, thieu chuan bi nen lanh thd khdng cd
thay ddi gi ke ea phia Nam. Trong 3 trieu
dai ke tren thi trieu dai Tien Le da vien
ehinh den thu dd cua Chiem Thanh nhUng
khdng the md rgng dUde lanh thd. NhUng
ke tii diy, Chiem Thanh da trd thanh nUdc
trieu cd'ng Dai Cd Viet-tdc Viet Nam thdi
Dinh, Tien Le (4).
Trong lich sfl Viet Nam, vigc md rgng
lanh thd ve phia Nam dUde b i t diu tii nam
1069 dudi trieu dai Ly - trieu dai d i u tien
cd thdi gian tdn tai lau nhit. Ket qua la
Chiem Thanh da nhUdng 3 chau Bd Chdnh,
Dia Ly, Ma Linh (5). Can cii viing d i t thudc
Dia Ly d huygn Le Ninh, tinh Quang Binh,
Ma Linh d huyen Ben Hai, tinh Quang Tri,
Bd' Chinh d huygn Quang Trach, Bd Trach,
Tuyen Hda tinh Quang Binh thi cd thd ndi
la trieu dai Ly da md rdng lanh thd phia
Nam den tinh Quang Tri ngay nay. Nam
1075, Dia Ly va Ma Linh da ddi ten thanh
chau Lam Binh va Minh Linh (6). Nam
1104, vdi sU xam lUdc eua Chiem Thanh 3
chau ndy bi chiem m i t nhUng ngay sau dd
vdi sii tan cdng cua Ly ThUdng Kiet, Dai
Vigt da gianh lai dUde (7).
18
Nam 1306, thdng qua vi§c ga cdng chua
Huyen Tran cho Che Man - vua cua Chiem
Thdnh, T r i n Nhan Tdng da nhan dUdc
chau O, Ly. Sach "Dgi Viet si ky todn thW
ed ghi 'TrUdc day vua Chiem Thdnh la Che
Man dem d i t dd lam le vat d i n cUdi, dan
cac thdn La Thuy, Tdc Hdng, Da Bdng
khdng phuc, vua ben sai Doan Nhii Hai
den dd de tuyen thi diic y cfla trieu dinh,
chgn dan d day ban cho chdc quan, cip cho
rudng vUdn, mien td thue 3 nam de vd ve"
(8)'.
Trong lich sfl chinh phuc Chiem Thanh
cua Dai Viet, viec nhan dUde lanh thd do
nha.trai trao cho nha gai la viec liy lanh
thd thdng qua quan hg hiiu nghi (9). Chiing
tdi se de cdp sau, trong lich sfl eung cd sii
kien tUdng tii nhU the nhUng lai ke't thuc
bdi sii di tru cua ngUdi dan thdng qua quan
he hdn nhan. Nam sau do, trieu dai nhd
T r i n da dd'i vung d i t nay thanh Thuan
Chau (bay gid la Quang Tri), Hda Chau
(bay gid la Thiia Thien Hue) (10).
Trieu dai nha T r i n vi phai dUdng d i u
vdi 3 cugc xam lUdc quyet liet cua quan
Mdng cd nen ciing nhU cac trieu dai trUde
va sau dd, ngodi trUdng hdp tren, Dai Viet
khdng nhdn dUde mgt t i c d i t nao tii
Champa. NgUdc lai, do bi td'n t h i t nang ne
trong thdi ky chien tranh chdng Mdng Cd
va sU manh len cua Chiem Thanh, Thang
Long da vai l i n phai lam vao the tU ve va
tham chi nam 1368 cdn bi Chiem Thanh
yeu ciu tra lai chau Hda - mgt p h i n trong
lanh thd Id le vat hdn thu trUde day.
"Thang 2 nam 1368, Chiem Thdnh sai
Mue Ba Ma sang ddi lai dat bien gidi Hda
Chau" (11).
Vdi yeu c i u nay cua Chiem Thanh,
trUde het nhd sde manh s i n ed cua hg,
nhUng cdn ly do niia la Chiem Thdnh ddi
R g h i ^ CUU Lieh sfl. sg 3.2010
Viet Nam phai bd'i thudng ddi vdi mdt p h i n
le hdn thu bi mat. Ket hdn chUa dUdc mdt
nam thi vua Chiem Thanh m i t , theo phong
tuc Suttee eua An Do, cdng chua phai chet
cung vdi vua, nhUng phia Dai Viet da dung
mUu lUdc cdu cdng chua (12).
Ngoai viec md rdng lanh thd ve phfa
Nam thdng qua hdn nhan, thdi nha Trin
thi tuy Dai Viet la mgt d i t nUdc cd mgt
khdng hai tren the gidi cd kha nang diy liii
qudn Mdng Co ba l i n nhUng vi hau qua
chien tranh, gap phai nhieu khd khan nen
khdng the tie'n hdnh md rdng lanh thd bing
vii lUc.
Vigc md rdng lanh thd ve phfa Nam
ciing dUdc tiep tuc vdi trieu dai nhd Hd.
Nam 1402, nha Hd xam chiem Chiem
Thanh va lay dUdc dat Chiem Dgng chia
thanh hai chau Thang va Hda; ddng thdi
liy dUdc da't Cd Liiy chia thanh hai chau
Tu va Nghla (13). Chau Thang va Hda
ngdy nay thugc huyen Duy Sdn, Que Sdn,
Tam Ky, Thang Binh cfla tinh Quang Nam,
Chau Tu vk Nghla nay thudc huygn Dflc
Phd, Mg Ddc, Tu Nghla, Sdn Tinh, Binh
Sdn eua tinh Quang Ngai. Dieu nay cd
nghla la lanh thd phia Nam Dai Viet dUdc
md rgng den Quang Nam vk Quang Ngai.
NhUng khi nha Minh cai tri thi khu vUc
nay bi Chiem Thanh chiem lai. Trong "Dgi
Viet sd ky todn thi/' cd ghi "Minh Vinh Lac
thd 12, Phfl Thang Hoa tuy cd dat quan,
nhUng Chiem Thanh v i n cd trUdng lg
chie'm giii, nen nha Minh chi ghi ten
khdng ma thdi (14). Dao Duy Anh da liy d
"Hoang Minh thiic lUc" va dUa ra bing
chflng ve dieu nay "Nam Vinh Lac thfl 13,
thang 11, vua nUde Chiem Thanh la
Chiem Ba Dich Lai lai xam doat d i t 4 chau
11 huygn thudc phfl Thang Hoa dudi cUdp
nhan dan" (15).
Su mfl rgng lanh thd Bai ViSt dudi thdi...
Trong lieh sfl Viet Nam, trieu dai hau
Le la trieu dai ed dUdc nhieu lanh thd n h i t .
Ket qua la Viet Nam cd lanh thd gdm p h i n
phia Nam ngay nay. Viec md rdng lanh thd
cua trieu dai hau Le cd the chia thdnh 100
nam hUng thinh va 260 nam suy vong.
Nam 1470, Le Thanh Tdng dem 26 van
dai quan chiem Chiem Thanh va nam 1471
da liy lai 4 chau Thang, Hoa, Tu, Nghla hi
m i t trong thdi gian cai tri cua nha Minh
dat ten ggi la Quang Nam thiia tuyen (16).
Ngoai ra, qua cudc vien chinh nay, vua Le
Thanh Tdng da chie'm dUdc vung d i t tii
Hodi Nhan.den deo Cii Mdng (17). Do dd,
Dai Viet da md rgng lanh thd den Binh
Dinh ngdy nay, va nam 1490 dUa Quang
Nam va Thang Hoa nhap vao lanh thd da
chiem dUdc (18).
Cugc viin chinh ldn vao eac nam 1470-
1471 da giup cho Dai Vigt sau nay cd ban
dap de cd the de ddng hdp n h i t Chiem
Thanh. Ngoai lanh thd chiem dUde, Dai
Vigt chia Chiem Thdnh thanh 3 khu viic
Nam Ban, Hoa Anh, Phien Lung vdn da
chiu nhieu t h i t bai nang ne (19) de ed the
de dang hdp nhd't khu viic nay vao b i t cd
luc nao. Cu the la Dai Vif t cho Nam Ban
nhap vao Gia Lai, Kon Tum, Die Lie; Hda
Anh vao Phu Yen, Khanh Hda; Phien Luan
vao Ninh Thuan thudc Phan Rang. Dai
Viet da phan ly Chiem Thanh thanh 3
viing, ban sic phong cho 3 vua va dat nen
mdng cho vigc hdp n h i t Chiem Thanh.
Ngoai ra, trong thdi ky hUng thinh, trieu
dai hdu Le cung da md rdng lanh thd ve
phia Tay. Khac vdi each md rdng lanh thd d
phia Nam, lanh thd phfa Tay dUdc md rgng
bing vigc tao ra sii lg thugc va hdp n h i t
nhieu hdn.
Phia Tay va Tay Bic Dai Viet xUa cd
nUde Bdn Man, lanh thd nay gdm p h i n d i t
19
thudc tinh Hua-Phan phia Ddng nUde Lao,
va mgt p h i n thugc cac tinh mien Tay Bic
va mien Bic Trung bd Viet Nam.
Tieu qudc ndy cua ngUdi Thai, dUde
thanh lap vao khoang nam 1369 sau khi
nha Nguyen m i t quyen kiem soat Van
Nam vao tay nha Minh (Trung Qudc). Cac
tgc ngUdi Thai d phia Nam Van Nam cd
dUdc cd hgi ddc ldp vdi lanh tho vdi phfa
Tdy va phfa Nam giap vUdng qudc Lan
Xang (Lao Qua, Lao), phfa Ddng va phfa
Bic la Dai Viet. VUdng qud'c dUdc eac tu
trUdng thudc ddng hg Cim cai tri, ddng d
Sim Nua (ngdy nay la thi xa Sim NUa cua
Lao).
Lanh thd eua Bdn Man tai khu viic ngay
nay la cac huygn phfa Tay cua cac tinh
Nghg An, Thanh Hda, Sdn La (Vigt Nam)
va tinh Hua Phan (Ldo). Tgc hg Cim cai tri
khu viic nay nhieu ddi va cd quan he ddi
ngoai vdi Dai Viet tU the ky XV. Nam 1447,
theo de nghi quy phuc eua Bdn Man, Dai
Viet da tiep thu viing d i t nay va ddi thanh
chau Quy Hdp (20) nhap vao phu Lam An
(21). Cho du bi quy phuc Dai Vigt nhUng
Cling nhu luc quy phuc Lan Xang, vung ndy
v i n dugc cdng nhan la tii tri nhU tnidc (22).
Dat ndy bi hdp n h i t cho de'n khi Viet Nam
bi Phap xam chiem. Khi ngUdi Phap thanh
lap Lien bang Ddng DUdng da diia theo dia
hinh va cit tinh Hua Phan giao ve lanh thd
Lao (Ai Lao).
Viec md rgng lanh thd cd tfnh hdp n h i t
vinh vien da day manh sii phat trien cua
Dai Viet thdng qua sii di tru cua ngUdi Viet
va chinh sach phai quan lai ngUdi Vigt lam
quan ly va tien hanh Viet hda ngUdi ban
dia. Vdi sii lg thugc cua Bdn Man, lanh thd
Dai Vi^t dUde md rgng ve phia Tay. Tuy
chfnh sach phat trien thdng qua sii di tni
cua ngUdi dan nhU d phia Nam khdng dUdc
thuc hien, nhUng Dai Vigt da phai ngUdi
20
quan ly tdi dia phUdng de tnic tiep quan ly
da cho t h i y tfnh chit chie'm linh vinh vien
d day. De dgp yen sii ehdng ddi cua Bdn
Man, tii nam 1460 Le Thanh Tdng da
nhieu l i n gfli quan dgi den t r i n ap, tham
chf thang 8 nam 1479 da dieu dgng 18 van
dai quan binh dinh den Luang Prabang
(23).
Tdm lai, dae trUng cua viec md rdng
lanh thd trong thdi gian nay cd khac vdi
thdi ky suy thoai \k ngoai hdp n h i t p h i n
ldn lanh thd cua Bdn Man ra, chi gidi han
trong khu viic Chiem Thdnh. Ket qua la
Chiem Thanh d vung dem nen ed the duy
tri quan he dd'i ngoai giiia Thai Lan,
Angkor (Campuchia lue b i y gid) vdi Dai
Viet. NhUng thdi ky sau, dd'i tUdng md rgng
lanh thd den ea Angkor (khu viic Nam Bg,
lanh thd eua nUde Phu Nam cu), quan he
giiia Dai Viet - Angkor hay Dai Viet - Thai
lan trd thdnh md'i quan he ddi ldp sau sic,
tham chi Angkor la true chie'n lUdc trong sii
canh tranh cua Dai Viet va Thai Lan.
II. T H 6 I KY SAU PHAN CHIA NAM-
BAC
Vigc md rgng lanh thd trong lieh sfl Vigt
Nam dUdc thiie hign sdi dgng, nhanh va
trong pham vi rdng ldn n h i t la vao thdi ky
Trinh - Nguyen phan tranh. Vigc md rgng
lanh thd trong thdi ky nay hay dUde trien
khai vdi muc dfch ed ban vdn cd nhUng ed
the t h i y dUdc sii khdc nhau vdi thdi ky
trUdc d cho dUdc tien hdnh trong sU chia re
va dd'i lap sau sic ve quyen liic.
Qua trinh md i^ng lanh thd trong thdi
gian nay dUdc thiic hign trong thdi gian
khoang 250 nam. Mgt mat, viec md rgng
lanh thd d thdi ky sau phan chia Nam Bic
dUdc thiic hign thdng qua viec sap nhap
hoan toan Chiem Thanh va sii md rgng ve
phia Angkor.
Rghien cUu Lieh sfl. sg 3.2010
De thoat khdi sU uy hiep cfla chua
Trinh, chua Nguyen di xudng phfa Nam
thuc d i y chfnh sach mdt each nang ddng
nhu chi'nh sach ddi ngoai thdng thUdng,
chfnh sach md rgng lanh thd de xay diing
siic manh n h i m khdi phuc quyen lUc da
m i t (24).
Do dd, viec md rgng lanh thd cfla chua
Nguyen tich cUc tie'p tuc dUde thuc diy
khdng quan tam den thdi gian 7 l i n phan
tranh vdi chua Trinh nhU trfch doan dudi
day.
"Nam 1611, quan Chiem Thdnh xam lin
bien gidi. Chua sai chu sU la Van Phong
(khdng rd hg) dem quan di danh liy dUdc
da't a'y, bdn dat lam mgt phu, cho hai huygn
Ddng Xuan va Tuy Hda le thugc vao. Nhan
sai v a n Phong lam lUu thu d i t i y (25).
Su kien nam 1611 da chflng minh ring
khac vdi thdi ky diu, dae trUng cfla thdi ky
sau la chiem linh ddng thdi sat nhap va
hdp nhat lanh thd. Dae tning nay ciing cd
the t h i y dUdc qua sU kien xay ra vao nam
1653. "Vua nude Chiem Thanh la Ba Tim
quiy rdi dat Phu Yen. Sai cai cd Hiing Ldc
hau ldm tdng binh va xa sai Minh Vo lam
tham mUu dem 3000 quan di danh. Den
phu Phu Yen, ngay 3 thang 4, nhan dem
qua ddo Hd DUdng nui Thach Bi, rudi
t h i n g den trai cua Bd Tim, phdng Ifla
danh gip, pha tan, dudi dai de'n sdng Phan
Lang. Ba T i m sai con la Xac Ba An nop ll
xin hang. Phuc T i n cho, b i t chia dia gidi,
la'y d i t tu phfa Ddng sdng i y den Phu Yen
dat lam hai phfl Thai Khang va Dien Ninh,
dat dinh tran thu Thai Khang, phia Tay
sdng v i n Ik nUdc Chiem Thanh, khien giii
bd cdi ma nop cdng" (26) Thai Khang va
Dien Ninh bay gid la Ninh Hda va Dien
Khanh, luc nay lanh thd cfla Dai Viet dUdc
md rdng den Khanh Hda.
Su mfl rgng lanh thd Bat Vigt dugi thdi..
Thang 8 nam 1692, chua Nguyen chiem
Chiem Thdnh va nhan cd hgi chie'm Dien
Ninh cua Chiem Thanh va thang 3 nam
sau da b i t dUde vua Chiem Thdnh la Ba
Tranh. Luc nay, chua Nguyen da ddi ten
Chiem Thanh la Thuan Thanh. Chua
Nguyen da sai cai dgi Nguyen Tri Thing,
cai cd Nguyen Tan Le, cai dgi Chu Kiem
Thing den Phd Hai, Phan Rf, Phan Rang
thugc Binh Thuan ngay nay de phdng ngii
tan dang cua Thudn Thanh (27). _, .,
Dit nUde Chiem Thdnh de'n bay gid da
hoan todn bi bien m i t tren ban dd. Chiem
Thanh da bi hdp n h i t hoan toan vao Viet
Nam nam 1697 nhUng tren thiie te, vdi tU
each la mgt qudc gia thi da bi xda bd vdo
nam 1693.
'Thang 8 nam 1693, ddi t r i n Thuan
Thanh lam phu Binh Thu^n, liy ta tra vien
Ke Ba Tfl lam kham ly, ba ngUdi con Ba An
lam de do'c, de lanh vk cai phu, b i t mac
quin ao theo ldi ngudi kinh va sai vc de vo
yen long dan" (28)
Viec lay ngUdi Chiem Thanh cai tri
ngUdi Chiem Thanh la hinh thdc ma lich
sfl Viet Nam da dd'i xfl vdi t i t ea cac dan
toe thieu sd td trUdc den nay. Cdng nhan sii
tii tri nhUng cd nghla Id tii tri dUdi cd ciu
cai tri dang piramid trong qud'c gia. Do dd,
ke tu bay gid Chiem Thdnh da trd thanh
mgt dan tgc thieu so'eua Viet Nam.
NhUng viec loai trii hodn toan Chiem
Thanh lam chua Nguyen gap nhieu khd
khan va trd thanh ganh nang. TU thang 12
nam 1693 den thang 2 nam sau, ngUdi
Thanh A Ban va ngUdi Chiem Thdnh Oc
Nha That lien ket vdi nhau gay ra phan
loan d Thuan Thanh; Thang 9 nam 1695
ngudi lai budn linh da lien ket Quy Ninh va
Quang Phu d Quang Ngai gay phan loan;
thang 3 nam 1697, 5 sach huygn Phu Vang
21
ndi day... la nhiing vf du cd that gay khd
khan eho chua Nguyen (29).
Sau khi chie'm Chiem Thanh vao nam
1693, chua Nguyen da thi hanh mgt sd
chfnh sach de giam thieu ganh nang va
nhiing mdi lo l i n g dd.
ThU nhd't, hdp n h i t hoan toan da't chiem
linh Thuan Thanh vao lanh thd cua minh,
dat theo hinh thflc tran hdn la ddn vi hdnh
chfnh. Cho dii da dat lanh, phu, huygn,
tdng, tu la ddn vi hanh chi'nh dia phUdng
ddi vdi khu viic ddng bing cua chiia
Nguyen lue dd nhUng chua Nguyen da
khdng ap dat ma dat Thuan Thanh la trin.
Day ciing la hinh thde cai tri dan tgc thieu
sd trong qua khd. Do dd, ngoai vigc diing
phUdng phap ciic doan \k ddn ap phan loan,
vao thang 8 nSm 1693, chua Nguyen da ddi
t r i n Thuan Thanh thanh phu Binh Thuan
rdi thang 5 nam sau lai dd'i thanh t r i n
Thuan Thanh (30).
ThU hai, nhU da viet d tren, chua
Nguyen da thi hanh chinh sach ddng hda
hay liy ngUdi Chiem Thanh cai tri ngUdi
Chiem Thanh. Vdi phUdng phap eu the hdn
ddi vdi dieu ndy chua Nguyen da dung Ke
Ba Tu ldm ta dd ddc eua phu Thuan Thanh
va cho tiep tuc cai tri ndi nay, da dinh che
do cdng nap eua dng ta vdi tU cdch phien
vUdng t r i n Thuan Thanh h i n g nam, va da
tra lai nhiing vat liy dUdc trong cugc chien
nhu in, gUdm, yen, ngiia va nhiing ngUdi bi
bat trUdc day. Liic nay chua Nguyen chi
dinh nhiing danh sach nop edng cho Dai
Vigt (tdc Dang Trong luc dd) \k voi diic 2
thdt, bd vdng 20 eon, nga voi 6 cai, sUng te
10 tda, khan vai t r i n g 500 bdc, sap ong 50
can, da cd 20 t i m , cat sui 400 thung, chieu
tre t r i n g 500 la, gd mun 200 cay, thuyen
dai 1 chiee (31).
Vigc quy dinh dd'i vdi eac vat nop cdng
22
va dang phien vUdng cd the ndi Id mdt dien
hinh trong viec nang cao vi the so vdi cac
nUde nhd xung quanh cua Dai Viet. Cho
den bay gid khi xem xdt den thdng lg ban
sic phong cho cac tii trudng cac dan tgc
thieu sd thi ed the t h i y dd la m i t xfch dang
lUu y trong chfnh sach hdp n h i t Chiem
Thanh nhU da neu.
Nhung vao nam 1697, Viet Nam dd'i
t r i n Thuan Thanh thanh Binh Thuan va
sat nhdp vao mdt ddn vi hdnh chfnh cua
Viet Nam ddng thdi hdp n h i t lanh thd cdn
lai cua Chiem Thanh tU Phan Rang den
Phan Rf dd'i thanh 2 huyen An Phuc va
Hda Da rdi sat nhap vao Binh Thuan nen
da'u tfch cua Chiem Thanh hoan toan da bi
xda bd tren ban dd (32).
Vigc hdp n h i t hoan toan Chiem Thanh
the hign sii viing vang cfla mgt qudc gia
thdng tri nhUng ciing cho t h i y day la mgt
m i t xfch trong viec thiic hien y dinh md
rdng lanh thd sang Angkor (khu viic Nam
Bg). Ke tU trUde dd r i t lau, khi t r i n Thuan
Thanh va Phan Rang, Phan Rf vSn cdn la
khu viic tu tri cua Chiem Thanh, sii tie'n
vao d i t Chan Lap cua Vigt Nam da dUdc
thuc diy qua viec ldi dung nhiing ngUdi di
cU cua ngUdi Minh (Trung Qudc) de phat
trien lanh thd, nhUng luc nay thi Dai Viet
khdng cdn ly do gi de tie'p tuc giii che do tii
tri d khu viie ndy.
Tham vgng md rgng lanh thd eua chiia
Nguyen khdng diing lai d Chiem Thdnh.
Dieu dd cd the nhin t h i y dUdc vao nam
1621, chua Nguyen da cd quan he hdn thii
vdi ddi thd 2 Chey Chettha eua Angkor
(33). Luc dd, chua Nguyin da yeu ciu vua
Angkor cho ngUdi Viet di tru tU nhien vdi
nhiing hinh thdc miin thue, thUdng mai,
phat trien. Ket qua la vigc di tni de'n khu
viie ddng b i n g sdng Cflu Long (dang n i m
Rghite cihi Lieh sfl. sg 3.2010
dudi sU kiem soat cfla Angkor) cfla ngUdi
Vigt dUdc b i t d i u tU khu vUc thugc tinh
Ddng Nai va Mdi Xoai thugc Ba Ria, Viing
Tau bay gid (34). Luc dd Angkor lg thugc
vao vUdng qudc Ayuthaya cfla Thai Lan da
mUdn sdc manh cua Dai Viet de thoat khdi
sii cai tri cua Thai, do vdy chua Nguyin da
cd dUde cd hgi tie'n vao ddng b i n g sdng Cflu
Long mgt each hdp phap, tren cd sd dd can
trd sii tie'n vdo Angkor cfla Thai va md rgng
lanh thd Dai Viet den viing dat Nam Bg
ngay nay (35). Sau dd, dUdi chi'nh sach
ngoai giao "cdn Viet viin Thai" cua Angkor,
nam 1658, l i n d i u tien chiia Nguyin cd cd
hdi gfli quan dgi theo yeu c i u cua Angkor
de giai quyet phan tranh vUdng vi va ket
qua la nhan dUdc sii cU t n i hdp phap d khu
vUc Mdi Xodi, Ddng Nai va nhan nop cdng,
t h i n phuc tU chfnh quyen Angkor (36).
Vdo nam 1674, chua Nguyin da gfli
quan ddi den Angkor l i n thd hai de giai
quye't tranh chip vUdng vi va cd the tie'n
mgt budc sau hdn trong vigc hdp n h i t vung
ddng b i n g sdng Cflu Long vao lanh thd cua
minh b i n g each dat ra che do "Chfnh
vUdng" va "Phd vUdng" ddi vdi Angkor. Luc
nay, phd vUdng sdng d Sdi Gdn. Tren cd sd
dd, vao thang 1 nam 1679, chua Nguyin da
cfl 50 chien thuyen vdi hdn 3 nghin quan,
ldi dung nhiing quan lai cua nUdc Minh
(Trung Qudc) da quy phuc nix' DUdng
Ngan Dich, Hoang Tien, T r i n ThUdng
Xuyen, T r i n An Binh... tien hanh viec phat
trien lanh thd den vung My Tho va Bieu
Hda (37). Nhiing khu vUc nay la ket qua
chien t h i n g trong cugc phan tranh via lUc
vdi ngUdi Thai tren lanh thd Angkor cua
chua Nguyin, vi mgt p h i n thugc khu viic
md Nac Ong Ngn (Phd vUdng) dUde bd
nhiem cai tri, nen ngUdi Viet cd the dinh cU
d dd. Nam 1679, do Chfnh vUdng va Phd
vUdng eua Angkor xung dot, Dai Vigt va
Su mfl rgng lanh th6 Bai Viet dudi thdri...
Thai deu gfli quan ddi can thiep nen chien
tranh da xay ra, ket qua la Dai Viet hoan
toan khdng the giai quyet v i n de nay theo
y minh.
Trong vigc chiem linh viing ddng bing
sdng Cflu Long, nhiing ngudi cd the liic da
tidn hanh khai pha d i t dai, xay diing
thanh Ddng Phd vk bien ndi day thanh khu
viic thUdng mai qudc te ddng due vdi nhiing
thuyen budn cfla ngUdi Trung Hoa -
phUdng Tay - Nhdt - Java. Thdi diem nay,
ngoai ngudi Viet ra, cdn cd ngUdi Trung
Hoa ciing gdp p h i n md mang, phdt trien
viing da't ma ngay nay la Nam Bd cua Viet
Nam (ma xUa kia vdn thugc Phu Nam, rdi
Thuy Chan Lap, Angkor). Tii nam 1680,
mgt p h i n viec khai pha ddng bing sdng
Cflu Long diia vdo Mae Cflu ngUdi Quang
Ddng (Trung Hoa). Mac Cflu dUdc bd nhigm
lam quan cai tri cua Angkor va da khai pha
vung Phu Qud'c, Cin Bgt, Gia Khe, Ludng
Cay, HUdng Uc, Cd Mau (38). Khu viie nay
vao nam 1810 da ddi thanh t r i n Ha Tien
rdi nam 1831 ddi thdnh tinh Ha Tien.
Nam 1688, cudc phan loan cua Hodng
Tien da trd thdnh cd hgi cho chua Nguyin
thiic hien viec hdp n h i t vung ddng bing
sdng Cflu Long vao lanh thd Dang Trong.
Hoang Tien gay ra phan loan, qudc vUdng
cua Angkor Nac Ong Thu da tU ehd'i t h i n
phuc, nop cd'ng cho chua Nguyen va dUdng
nggn cd phan loan. Chua Nguyin da gfli
quan vdo Sai Gdn de binh dinh vigc ndy
nhUng khdng thdnh cdng. Tuy nhien, trong
mgt thdi gian dai n i m giii, Dai Viet thiic sU
da cd anh hudng d khu vUc ndy. Tiep dd,
nam 1691, ngUdi ed thiie quyen d day la
Phd vUdng Nac Ong Ndn tfl vong da tao ra
mgt khoang trdng quyen liic, giup eho vigc
xuc tien qua trinh hdp n h i t eua Dai Viet d
khu viic nay. Tren ed sd dd, tU nam 1698,
b i t d i u qua trinh hdp n h i t khu vUe Gia
23
Dinh ma vigc khai thac vd'n dUde diia vao
ngUdi Trung Hoa vk ngUdi ban xd trUdc
day.
Nam 1698 la nam sau khi Dai Viet hoan
thanh viec sap nhdp Chiem Thanh. Dieu
nay rat quan trgng vi the hien dUdc tinh
quan he tUdng hd trong vigc sap nhap
Chiem Thanh va vung d i t ddng bing sdng
Cflu Long. Tdc Id, trUdc nam 1698, Dai Viet
cd the ldi dung khoang trdng cai tri cua
Angkor tren manh d i t do ngUdi Hoa va
ngUdi ban xd khai phd va hdp n h i t nhUng
trong khi chUa sap nhap hoan toan Chiem
Thanh nen ed the gap nhieu khd khan.
Hoae, trong trUdng hdp da sap nhap hoan
toan Chiem Thanh nhUng cd kha nang xay
ra phan loan vk cho'ng dd'i nen cd the cho
r i n g sde lUe se bi phan tan nen da khdng
thiic hign va chuin bi cho de'n nam 1698
mdi tien hanh vigc sap nhap vung ddng
bing sdng Cflu Long vdo lanh thd eua
minh.
Tdi lieu thU tich cho biet: Chua Nguyin
"Bit d i u dat phu Gia Dinh. Sai thdng suit
Nguyen Hiiu Kfnh kinh lUdc d i t Chan Lap,
chia da't Ddng Phd, liy xd Ddng Nai lam
huygn Phuc Long, diing dinh Trin Bien,
liy xd sai Gdn lam huygn Tan Binh, diing
dinh Phien Tran, mdi dinh deu dat cac
chdc lUu thu, cai ba, ky luc va cd do thuyen
thuy bd tinh binh vk thugc binh. Md rdng
d i t dUde nghin dam, dUdc hdn 4 van hg,
ben chieu mg nhiing ddn xieu dat td Bd
Chfnh trd ve nam cho den d cho ddng. Thiet
lap xa thdn phUdng ip, chia cit gidi phan,
khai k h i n rudng nUdng, dinh le thue td
dung, ldm sd dinh dien. Lai liy ngUdi
Thanh den budn ban d xa Minh Hudng. TU
dd ngUdi Thanh d budn ban deu thanh dan
hg eua ta" (39).
Ngi dung tren eho tha'y vigc sap nhap
vung d i t ddng bing sdng Cflu Long (ma lue
24
dd dang thudc Angkor) cua chua Nguyen
khac vdi phUdng phap hdp n h i t Chiem
Thanh trong thdi ky trUde. Khi sap nhdp
lanh thd eua Chiem Thanh, da so' dung
phUdng phap chiem b i n g vii liic nhUng khi
sap nhap viing ddng b i n g sdng Cflu Long
thi h i u het la diing ngUdi trong nUde hay
ngUdi nUdc ngodi khai k h i n d i t dai trUde
rdi mdi ldi dung khi quyen liic cai tri cua
Angkor yeu di thi sap nhdp mdt each tii
nhien. Khdng nhiing the, d day cdn cho
t h i y sii Uu tien phUdng phap nhan lanh
thd b i n g each hd trd giai quyet ngi chien
cua Angkor hdn la dung vii lUc tnic tiep.
Vao nam 1708, Mac Cflu cam t h i y bat
an vdi ngi tinh cua Angkor, ben quay sang
t h i n phuc va dang d i t dai ma hg Mac khai
pha dUde eho chua Nguyin. Nhd dd, Vigt
Nam mdi ed dUdng bien gidi vdi Campuchia
nhu hign nay, vk xd Dang Trong cua cac
chua Nguyen cd dUdc khu viic d phia cUc
Nam bao gdm dao Phu Qud'c, Kien Giang,
c a Mau, Bac Lieu (40). Khu vUc nay la mgt
trong 6 tinh thudc tinh Hd Tien thdi nha
Nguyin. Dieu nay, nhu da de cap d tren,
cho t h i y hinh thdc sap nhap d i t dai khdng
hen quan den vii liic eua chua Nguyin.
Trong todn bg vung dat ddng bing sdng
Cflu Long thugc Angkor luc b i y gid (tdc 6
tfnh Nam Ki sau ndy), chua Nguyin da sap
nhap dUdc d i t dai nay thugc 3 tinh la Bien
Hda, Gia Dinh, Ha Tien. P h i n d i t cdn lai
v i n trong tinh trang chUa sap nhap dUde
nay thugc cac tinh la Dinh TUdng, Vinh
Long, An Giang. P h i n d i t nay d trong dia
the hinh rang cUa, n i m xem ke giiia hai
khu viic Bien Hda-Gia Dinh va Ha Tien. Vi
the, de bao tdn mien d i t Ha Tien n i m d vi
tri xa xdi, vigc sap nhap p h i n dat cdn lai la
vigc cin thie't. Do dd, qua 3 l i n lien tiep
thiie hign sap nhap da't dai, khu viie nay da
trd thdnh lanh thd vinh viin cua Dai Viet
Rghito cihi L|ch sfl. sg 3.2010
(Dang Trong) thdi cac chua Nguyen, nhUng
vdi phUdng phap khac vdi trUdc day, dd la
b i n g vii lUc.
L i n thfl 1, nam 1732, chua Nguyen da
cfl quan dgi tdi, lay My Tho, Sa Ddc 3 phfa
Tay Gia Dinh, va dat chau Dinh Viin, Hnh
Long Hd (41). Nhiing khu viic nay sau
thugc tinh Dinh TUdng, rdi thugc tinh Tien
Giang, Ddng Thap. Vdi cd hdi dd, vao nam
1744 chua Nguyin da xac lap khu vUc
hanh chfnh vdi cd cd'u 12 linh va 1 t r i n
(42).
L i n thd 2, ciing gianh dUdc thanh qua
bang vii liie. Chua Nguyen da hai l i n vien
chinh phUdng Nam vdo nftm 1753 va 1755.
Nam 1756, qudc vUdng Angkor la Nac Ong
Nguyen uy hiep ngUdi Cdn Man (tdc ngUdi
Chiem Thanh da di cU vao mien ddng bing
sdng Cflu Long dang thugc Angkor), nhUng
bi tudng Nguyin Cu Trinh danh bai, phai
chay sang Hd Tien nUdng nhd hg Mac. Mac
Thien TU dang thU len chua Nguyin, ndi
Nac Ong Nguyen cd y mudn dang d i t Tim
Bdn, Ldi Lap de "chudc tdi". Chua Nguyin
ddng y vk cho ngUdi hg td'ng Nac Ong
Nguyen ve nUdc. Hai viing d i t dd trd thanh
hai phu Gd Cdng va Tan An (43).
L i n cud'i ciing, nam 1757, Nac Ong
Nguyen m i t , ehu hg la Nac Nhuan lam
giam qudc, tii lau cd y mudn lam vua
Angkor, lien dang hai xfl Preah Trapeang
va Basac (tdc viing Tra Vinh, Ba Thic) cho
chua Nguyin (44). Ddi vdi sU kign nay,
sach sfl ghi chdp la "Nam 1757, Nac 6 n g
Nguyen nUdc Chan Lap chet. NgUdi chii ho
la Nac Nhuan tam coi vigc nUdc. Bien t h i n
tau xin nhan dd lap Nhuan de td an nghla,
cho viing bien cUdng. Chua b i t phai hien
hai phfl Tra Vinh, Ba Thic, rdi sau mdi y
cho ..." (45) chung ta cd the t h i y rd hdn. Ndi
each khac, cho du da sap nhap d i t Dinh
Tudng va Vinh Long nhUng dUdi thdi chua
Sv mfl rgng lanh thd Bai Via dugi thW.
Nguyen, chUa cd dat An Giang, eac xd nen
Chau Dde, C i n Thd, Sdc Trang cd dia the
nhu "cai rang lUde", do vay chua Nguyin
cin cd dUde vung ndy vdi cai gia Id phai ean
thiep chfnh tri.
Ngoai ra, ciing nam 1757, Nac Nhuan bi
con re giet chet eUdp ngdi. Con trai Nac
Nhuan la Nac Ong Tdn lai chay sang ciu
ciiu hg Mac d Ha Tien. Mac Thien Td ddng
ra sip xep, xin chua Nguyin eho Nac Ong
Tdn ldm vua Angkor. Chua Nguyen thuan
va sai Mac Thien TU cung tUdng si nam
dinh hg tdng dUa Nac Ong Tdn ve nUdc. De
ta dn, Nac Ong Tdn dang d i t T i m Phong
Long (vung d i t giiia Sdng Tien vk Sdng
Hau) cho chiia Nguyin. Nac Ong Tdn cdn
dang d i t 5 phu: HUdng tJc, Cin Bgt, Tnic
sam, sai Mat, Linh Quynh (46) cho hg Mac
de den dn giup dd. Mac Thien Td dem het
dit i y dang cho chua Nguyin. Chua
Nguyin eho sap nhap vao Ha Tien trin,
giao cho hg Mac cai quan. Mac Thien Td
chia d i t dd thanh hai dao: xd Raeh Gia la
Kien Giang dao, xd Cd Mau la Long Xuyen
dao, dat quan cai tri, chieu ldp dan i p . Khu
viic 5 phu ndi tren trong thdi gian vua Tu
Dde (1847-1883, nhd Nguyin) tai vi da tra
lai cho Angkor (47).
Sau nam 1757, vigc md rgng lanh thd
phfa Nam cua chua Nguyin da gap phai
mgt so khd khan nen phai tam diing lai.
Thd nhd't, do sdc liic qud'c gia eua chua
Nguyin bi yeu di nen khdng du ngi liic de
md rdng lanh thd hdn niia. Thd hai, trong
thdi gian ngin khdng du nang liic de khai
thdc quan ly viing lanh thd vdn da tang len
r i t nhieu (48).
Vigc md rdng lanh thd ve phia Nam cua
Viet Nam ciing dUdc tiep tuc dUdi trieu dai
25
cudi cung trong lieh sfl Viet Nam la trieu
dai nha Nguyen.
m . KET LUAN -
Dai Viet da trai qua qua trinh lau dai
bdi dudng sdc manh qudc gia rdi tren cd sd
do hudng den viec md rgng lanh thd, ket
qua la xac lap dUde lanh thd phfa Nam cua
Viet Nam nhu bay gid.
Vigc md rgng lanh thd ve phfa Nam da
thuc day sii phat trien kinh te cua Dai
Viet, cu the la Dang Trong cua eac chua
Nguyen, dae biet la trong vigc san xuit ngu
cde. Ngoai khf hau nhiet ddi gid mua cd
lUdng mUa va lUdng n i n g nhieu thi viing
nay cdn cd tai nguyen phong phu, d i t dai
mau md va rgng ldn.
O day khdng the bd qua sii ddng gdp eua
ngUdi dan di tru Trung Hoa. Trong khi cac
chua Nguyin khdng du nhan liic phdt trien
thi viec tham gia cua ngUdi Hoa da giam
bdt di ganh nang eho ngUdi Viet, thuc day
sii phat trien thUdng mai d phia Nam va
tang cUdng tfnh dae trUng da van hda - da
dan tde cua Viet Nam.
Lien quan den viec tang cUdng tfnh dae
trUng da van hda- da dan tgc cua Vigt Nam
khdng the loai trd vai trd cua ngUdi Khmer.
Viec hdp n h i t vung d i t Nam Bg (vdn thugc
eac qud'c gia cd Phu Nam, Thuy Chdn Lap,
Angkor) ngoai tai nguyen d i t dai mau md
va rdng ldn cdn cd mgt bd phan dan tgc
Khmer sinh sdng, vdi sd lUdng ddng dang
ke trong 54 dan tgc Viet Nam, ddng thdi da
bien Viet Nam tii mgt nUde ed van hda Phdt
giao Dai thda thuan tuy sang mgt nUde cd
van hda Phdt giao Tieu thUa d khu viic
thugc mien Tay Nam Bd ngdy nay.
 26
CHUTHlCH
(1). Phan Huy Le, Chu Thien, Vfldng Hoing
Tuyen, Dinh Xuan Lim. Lich sii! che do phong kien
Viet Nam. T. III. Nxb. Giio due, 1961, tr. 484.
(2). Dio Duy Anh. Ddt nUdc Viet Nam qua cdc
ddi, Nxb. Vin hda, 2006; Nguyen Dinh Diu. Viet
Nam qudc hieu & cUOng vUc qua cdc thdi dgi, Nxb.
BT, 2003; Song Jung Nam, A study on the land
system and territorial expansion in southern part
of Vietnam: from the mid-16 century to 18 century
SHPS T 36, 1999; Song Jung Nam, The Name and
Territory of Vietnam. Tap chf Nghien cdu Ddng
Nam A, 16-2, 2007.
(3). Dio Duy Anh. Ddt nUdc Viet Nam qua cdc
ddi. sdd, tr. 227 tham khao.
(4). Dgi Viet sd ky todn thU. T. I. Nxb. Khoa hoc
xa hdi, 1998, tr. 228 tham khao; Dgi Viet sd ky tiin
bien, Nxb. Khoa hpc xa hdi. H i Npi, 1997, tr.l74
tham khao; Song Jung Nam, Lich sd Viet Nam,
Nxb. Dai hpc Sfl pham, H i Ndi, 2001, tr.l34.
(5). Dgi Viet sd ky todn thU. T. I. add, tr. 274-
275; Dgi Viet sd ky tiin bien, sdd, tr. 238; Le Quy
Ddn todn tap: Phd bien tgp luc. T. I. Nxb. Khoa
hpc xa hdi, 1977, tr. 32; Trin Trpng Kim. Viet Nam
sd luac, Nxb. Vin hda Thdng tin, 1999, tr. 107;
Song Jung Nam. The Name and Territory of
Vietnam. Tap chi Nghien cdu Ddng Nam A, 16-2,
2007, tr. 106.
(6). Dgi Viet sill ky todn thU. T. I. sdd, tr. 278;
Le Qdy Ddn todn tap: Phu bien tgp luc. sdd, tr. 32.
(7). Dgi Viet sH ky todn thU. T. I. sdd, tr. 284;
Dgi Viet sd ky tien bien, sdd, tr. 546; Le Quy Ddn
todn tdp: Phu bien tgp luc. T. I. sdd, tr. 32.
(8). Dgi Viet su! ky todn thu. T. H, Nxb. Khoa
hpc xa hdi. H i Ndi, 1998, tr. 91; Dgi Viet sd ky tiin
bien, sdd, tr. 407; Le Qiiy Ddn todn tap: Phd bien
tgp luc. T. I, sdd, tr. 32.
(9). Jung Nam, The Name and Territory of
Vietnam. Tap chf Nghien cdu Ddng Nam A, 16-2,
2007, tr.l07.
(10). Dgi Viet sd ky todn thU. T. II, sdd, tr. 91;
Le Quy Ddn todn tap: Phu bien tgp luc. T. I. sdd,
tr. 32.
Rghi&n curu Lich sfl. sg 3.2010
(11). Dgi Viet sd ky todn thU. T. H. sdd, tr.l45;
Dgi Viet sd ky tiin Men. sdd, tr. 458 tham khao.
(12). Dgi Viet sd ky todn thU. T. II. sdd, tr. 91;
Trgn Trpng Kim. Viet Nam sd lUgc, sdd, tr. 170.
(13). Dgi Viet si ky todn thU. T. II. sdd, tr. 202-
203; Dgi Viet sd ky tiin bien. sdd, tr. 512; Dio Duy
Anh. Ddt nUdc Viet Nam qua cdc din. Sdd, tr. 127;
Le Quy Ddn todn tap: Phu bien tgp luc. T. I, sdd,
tr. 35.
(14). Dgi Viet sii ky todn thU. T II. sdd, tr. 235;
Dgi Viet sd ky tiin bien. sdd, tr. 546; Le Quy Ddn
todn tap: Phu bien tgp luc, T. I. sdd, tr. 37-38 tham
khao. .V,
(15), (21), (47). Dio Duy Anh. Ddt nUdc Viit
Nam qua cdc ddi. Sdd, tr.l68, 199, 243.
(16). Dgi Viet sd ky todn thU. T. II, sdd, tr. 441-
452; Le Quy Ddn todn tap: Phu bien tgp luc. T. I,
sdd, tr. 43.
(17). Phan Huy Ld. Lich svt chedS phong kien
Viet Nam, T. II, Nxb. Giao dye. H i Ndi, 1960,
tr.l82; Dgi Viet su! ky todn thu. T. II, sdd, tr. 464
tham khao.
(18), (20), (23). Dgi Viet si ky todn thU. T. II,
sdd, tr. 507, 363, 477.
(19). Dgi Viet sH ky todn thU. T. II, sdd, tr. 450;
Viet sd thdng gidm cUOng muc chinh bien. T. XI.
Sdd, tr. 68-69; Le Quy Ddn todn tap: Phd bien tgp
luc, T. I, sdd, tr. 43.
(22). Phan Huy Le. Lich sd che do phong kien
Viet Nam, T. II, sdd. tr. 174-177.
(24). Song Jung Nam, A Study on the
Development Factor of Trade in Dang Trong in
16th - 18th centuries. Tap chf Nghien cdu Bdng
Nam A, 14-1, 2004, tr.l33.
(25;. Dgi Nam thUc luc tiin bien. T. I, Nxb. Sii
hpc, 1962, tr. 43-44.
(26). Dgi Nam thUc luc tiin bien. T. I, sdd, tr.
83; Le Quy Ddn todn tdp: Phu biin tgp luc, T. I,
sdd, tr. 56 tham khao.
(27). Dgi Nam thUc luc tiin biin. T. I, sdd, tr.
147; Phan Khoang. Viet sd: Xd Ddng Trong 1558-
1777. Nxb. KT, 1969, tr. 217-218.
Su mfl rgng lanh thd Bai Via du6i thdi.
(28), (29), (30), (32). Dgi Nam thUc luc tien
bien. T. I, sdd, tr. 148, 148-153, 150, 153.
(31). Dgi Nam thUc luc tiin bien. T. I, sdd, tr.
150-151; Phan Khoang, Viet sd: Xd Ddng Trong
1558-1777, sdd, tr. .217-218.
(33). Ld Nguyin, Xd hdi Dgi Viet qua but ky
cda ngUdi nudc ngodi, Nxb. Tp. Hd Chf Minh,
2004, tr. 174; Phan Huy Ld, Chu Thien, Vfldng
Hoing Tuydn, Dinh Xuan Lam, Lich sd che do
phong kie'n Viet Nam. T. Ill, sdd, tr. 105; Song
Jung Nam, Quan he gida Viet Nam vd Thdi Lan
thcti ky truyin tho'ng. Hpi thao khoa hpc 2007 ciia
hdi Vidt Nam hpc Hin Qudc, 2007, tr. 43.
(34). Phan Huy Le, Chu Thien, Vfldng Hoing
Tuydn, Dinh Xuin Lam. Lich sd che do phong kie'n
Viet Nam. sdd, tr. 105-106; Phan Khoang, Viet sd:
XdDdng Trong 1558-1777, sdd, tr. 400-402.
(35). Phan Huy Ld, Chu Thidn, Vfldng Hoing
Tuyen, Dinh Xuin Lim. Lich sd che do phong kie'n
Viet Nam. T. Ill, sdd, tr. 105; Yu In Sun, Lich sd
Viet Nam viet mdi, Nxb. Y San, 2002, 219 tham
khao.
(36). Trjnh Hoii Dflc. Gia Dinh thdnh thdng
chi Nxb. Giao due, 1998, tr. 74-75; Dgi Nam thUc
luc tiin bien. T. I. sdd, tr. 98 tham khao; Dgi Nam
chinh biin Hit truyen sa tdp. Nxb. Thuin Hda,
1993, tr. 542; Le Quy Ddn todn tap: Phu bien tgp
luc, T. I, sdd, tr. 58 tham khao.
(37). Dgi Nam thUc luc tiin biin. T. I, sdd, tr.
125; Dgi Nam chinh biin Hit truyin sa tap, sdd, tr.
542; Li Quy Ddn todn tap: Phu bien tgp luc, T. I,
sdd, tr. 62 tham khao.
(38), (42). Dgi Nam thUc luc tiin biin. T. I, sdd,
tr. 167, 208.
(39). Dgi Nam thUc luc tien biin. T. I, sdd,
tr.153-154; Dgi Nam chinh biin Hit truyin sa tap,
sdd, tr.^42 tham khao.
27
(40). Dgi Nam thUc luc tiin bien. T. I, sdd, tr.
167; Song Jung Nam, A study on the land system
and territorial expansion in Southern part of
Vietnam: from the mid-16 century to 18 century
SHBS T 36, 1999, p. 57.
(41). Dgi Nam thUc luc tiin bien. T. I, sdd, tr.
195; Trjnh Hoii Dflc, Gia Dinh thdnh thdng chi,
sdd, tr. 78, 241; Dao Duy Anh, Ddt nUdc Viet Nam
qua cdc ddi, sdd, tr. 241; Phan Khoang, Viet sd: Xd
Ddng Trong 1558-1777, sdd, tr. 232.
(43). Dgi Nam thUc luc tiin biin. T. I, sdd, tr.
224; Dgi Nam chinh bien Hit truyen sa tdp, sdd, tr.
544; Trjnh Hoii Dflc. Gia Dinh thdnh thdng chi,
sdd, tr. 78; Lc Quy Ddn todn tap: Phu biin tgp luc,
T. I, sdd, tr. 69; Phan Khoang, Viet sd: Xd Ddng
Trong 1558-1777, sdd, tr. 242.
(44). Dgi Nam thUc luc tiin biin. T. I, sdd, tr,
226; Dgi Nam chinh biin Hit truyin sa tdp, sdd, tr.
544; Trjnh Hoii Dflc. Gia Dinh thdnh thdng chi,
sdd, tr. 79-80; Phan Khoang. Viet sd: Xd Ddng
Trong 1558-1777, sdd, tr. 242; Song Jung Nam, A
study on the land system and territorial expansion
in Southern part of Vietnam: from the mid-16
century to 18 century SHBS T 36, 1999, p.58.
(45). Dgi Nam thiic luc tiin biin. T. I, sdd, tr.
225-226; Trjnh Hoii Dflc. Gia Dinh thdnh thdng
chi, sdd, tr. 79; Dgi Viet sd ky tuc bien 1676-1789,
Nxb. Khoa hpc xa hdi, 1991, tr. 257-258.
(46). Dgi Nam thiic luc tiin biin. T. I, sdd, tr.
226; Dgi Nam chinh biin Het truyin sa tap, sdd, tr.
544; Trjnh Hoii Dflc. Gia Dinh thdnh thdng chi,
sdd, tr. 80.
(48). Song Jung Nam, The Name and Territory
of Vietnam. Tap chf Nghiin ciJCu Ddng Nam A, 16-
2, 2007, tr. 110; Phan Huy Ld, Chu Thien, Vfldng
Hoing Tuydn, Dinh Xuin Lim. Lich sd che do
phong kien Viet Nam. T. Ill, sdd, tr. 479.