NHU'NG VAN D £ CHUNG VE LICH SUf DANG

QUYET TAM CHIEN LlTOC CUA DANG TRONG

TONG TIEN CONG VA NOI DAYTET MAU T H A N 1968
ThS TRAN TUAN SON
Hoc vien Chinh tri - Hdnh chinh quoc gia Ho Chi Minh

D
au nam 1965, truac su pha san ctia Bp Chinh tri ra nghi quyet ve ting cong kich
chien lugc "chi^n tranh dac biet", va tong khoi nghia, duac Hpi nghi Trung uang
My chuyen sang thuc hien chien 14 (1-1968) thong qua, dung phuang phap tong
luQfc "chien tranh cue bo", 6 at dua quan viin cong kich va tong khoi nghia di gianh thang lgi
chinh vao mien Nam cung nhung phuang tien quyet dinh, dat toi muc tieu chien lugc ma Dang
chien tranh hien dai nh4t (tru bom nguyen tu). de ra: "Tieu diet va lam tan ra tuyet dai bg phan
Chung lien tuc ma cac cupc tien cong lon vao quan nguy, danh do nguy quyen cac cap, gianh
mien Dong Nam Bg va Khu V, voi hi vgng toan bp chinh quyen ve tay nhan dan; tieu diet
bang luc lugfng ap dao co the de hep lire lugng mgt phan quan trgng sinh luc dich va phuang
each mang, nhanh chong ket thuc chien tranh. tien chien tranh cua My, lam cho quan My
Trong nhiing nam 1965-1968, quan My dung khong thuc hien dugc cac nhiem vu ve chinh trj
nhiing thu doan tac chien: "hoa luc manh, ca va quan su cua chung a Viet Nam; nen ca sa do,
dgng cao, buac nhay sau, quay vung rgng", de dap tan y chi xam lugc cua My, bupc My phai
"tim, diet" chu luc cua Quan giai phong voi chiu thua a mien Nam, chim dut mpi hanh dpng
tham vpng "be gay xuang song Viet cgng" chien tranh doi voi mien Bac, con ta thi bao ve
va "chup bat" ca quan dau nao khang chien dugc mien Bac xa hgi chii nghia va dat dugc
a mien Nam; dong thai dung khong quan, hai nhiing muc tieu truac mat ciia each mang mien
quan danh pha mien BSc, nham ngan chan chi Nam la dgc lap, dan chu, hoa binh, tnmg lap,
vien tu mien Bac va quoc te vao mien Nam, tien tai thong nhat nuac nha'".
bao vay, co lap each mang mien Nam. Can cu vao nghi quyet cua Bg Chinh tri
Vai viec thay d6i chien lugc chiin tranh dugc Hpi nghi Trung uang 14 thong qua,
cua de quoc My, cupc khang chien cua nhan Quan liy Trung uang va Bp Tong tu lenh da
dan ta dung truoc nhung kho khan, thu thach. hoan chinh phuang an tong cong kich - tong
Dang ta, nhan dan ta phai doi ph6 vai thach khoi nghia va xac dinh trgng diem la Sai Gon,
thiic ky nhu thi nao? Tren chiin truang each Hue va cac thanh pho lon.
danh My ra sao? Lam the nao di dua each Quyet dinh lich sii d6 the hien quyet tam
mang mien Nam tien len? chien lugc cua Dang, ban linh, tri tue tinh than
Can cii vao tinh hinh chung va tinh hinh thuc va y thuc trach nhiem cao ciia Dang tru6c van
ti tren chiin truang miin Nam, thang 12-1967, menh cua dan tgc. Quyet tam chien lugc cua
 TAP CHl LICH sur S A N G 5-2013

Dang ttong Tdng tidn cdng va ndi day Xuan van dvng nhiing phuong thirc tac chien ddc
Mau Than 1968 d\rafrdnnhung co sd sau: dao va Imh hoat, di?t dupe nhidu smh lire dich.
Dac bipt, ta da timg danh va gianh dupe thing
Mot la, nim viifng dien bien chien trirdng, dinh lpi d mpt sd do thi ldn nhd, can cir san bay, kho
gia diing tirotng quan lire lirong giOa ta va (fich. tang va dudng giao thdng chien lupc cua dich.
O midn Nam, th\re hidn chien luac "chien Ta giu vimg va md rpng quydn lim chii, hinh
tianh cue bp". My da tidn hanh hai cupc phan thdnh the bao vay xung quanh cac can eir, thi
cdng chidn lupe quy md ldn chua timg ed ttong xa, diy manh dau ttanh chuih hi d cac dp thi.
miia khd 1965-1966 va 1966-1967, khdng Nghj quyet Hpi nghi ldn thii 14 eua Trung
nhimg khdng dat dupe kdt qua gi ddng kd ma uang Ddng nhan dinh: "Do nhimg thdt bai
trai lai cdn bi thidt hai nang nd. Gpng kim "tim ed tinh chdt chidn lupc cua My d mien Nam
diet" bi be gay, gpng kim "binh dinh" ciing vd do nhimg thang lpi to ldn eiia ta, trong
khdng cd gi sang sua hon. Nam 1967, chinh Dong - Xudn ndy, dich kho co khd ndng ma
quydn Sai Gdn ehi cdn kiem soat duac 5.400 cuoc "phdn cong mua kho " ldn thii ba, xu
trong tdng sd 16.293 ap ttdn toan midn Nam. the cua tinh hinh trong cd ndm 1968 la dich
O midn Bac, cudc chidn ttanh pha hoai bang se ngdy cdng chuyen vdo phong ngu mot
khdng quan va hai quan My hdng ngan chan cdch bi dong hem truac. Ye phia ta, chimg
su chi vidn cua midn Bac cho mien Nam va ta dd thdng dich cd ve chien luoc ldn chien
uy hiep tmh than khang chidn ciia nhan dan ta thuat vd the vd luc cua ta manh me han bao
eiing bi danh tia dich dang. Chi tinhttongnam gia hef.
1967, da cd 1.067 may bay bi ban rai, 69 tau Cd thd ndi, chung ta da danh thang mdt
chidn bj ban chay. Tmh hinhttdncho thay, mac budc quan ttpng chidn lupc "chidn tranh cue
dil lire lupng quan su cua My - Viet Nam Cpng bp" vdi nd luc qudn sir cao nhdt cila dd qudc
hoa cdn rat ddng, tiem luc chidn ttanh ddi dao, My^, day chimg vdo the bi ddng, lung tiing,
nhung B\tdc nhiing that bai lien tiepttdnca hai tidn lili ddu khd. Tir dd, cd the khang dinh, cho
midn Nam - Bae, npi bd gidi cam quydn My cd dii My cd dd thdm qudn, tang them vii khi vao
su phan hda sau sac. My bj day vao the ngap mien Nam, chiing ciing khdng thd lam thay
ngimg ve chien luac, tien thoai luong nan. ddi dupe cue didn chidn trudng.
Trong khi dd, vd phia ta, mac dii cdn mdt sd
han chd nhu van dd bd sung lire luang vii ttang Hai la, quyet tam danh My trd thanh cao trao
tai chd, kha nang danh tidu diet nhiing don vi toan dan quyet danh va quyet thing giac My
ldn eiia My, vd dam bao hau can..., song ta xam Itfac
dang d thd thang, the chu ddng va thuan lpi, Nam 1965, khi My dua qudn vao mien
thang dich ca ve chien lupc va chidn thuat. Thd Nam, Hpi nghi Ban Chdp hdnh Trung uong
va luc ciia ta phat trien manh me ban bao gid Dang ldn thir 12, khda HI (12-1965) da quydt
het. Luc lupng quan su va ehinh tri cua ta d dinh: "Todn ddng, todn qudn vd todn ddn
mien Nam da ldn manh han bat cii thdi ky nito ta a cd hai mien phdi gia vOng vd neu cao
ttong lich sir chidn ttanh giai phdng. Cac luc quyet tdm ddy manh cuoc chien tranh nhdn
luang vii trang cd nhirng bude tidn vuot bac^, ddn chong My, cim nuac, kien quyet ddnh

bai cuoc chien tranh xdm lugc cua de quoc
My trong bdt ky tinh huong ndo, kien quyet
chien ddu cho den thing lai cuoi cun^".
Thuc hidn nghi quyet cua Dang, qudn va
ddn midn Nam da lien tuc tidn cdng gidnh
dupe nhiing thing lai to ldn d Niii Thdnh,
Van Tucmg, ddn nhiing ttdn ldn d Bau Bang,
Playme, Ddt Cude... Sau ba nam ttirc tidp
duong dau vdi de qudc My, ehua lue nao
khi thd ddnh My dang eao nhu thdi ky nay,
ttdn ca hai mien Nam, Bac, thdnh cao ttao
todn dan chdng My cim nudc ttdn ca nude.
6 mien Nam, nhidu "vdnh dai diet My" xudt
hidn nhu d Hda Vang, Chu Lai (Quang Nam),
Cii Chi (Sai Gdn)... Cae phong ttao: "Diing
si diet My", "Tim My md ddnh, tun nguy ma
diet", "Bam that lung My ma danh", "Cang
dich ra md ddnh, vdy chiing lai md diet"...
6 midn Bae, cd cac phong trao "Phu nii ba
ddm dang", "Thanh nidn ba san sang"^, "Tay
cay, tay sung", "Tay bua tay simg", "Tieng
hat dt tidng bom", "Thdc khdng thieu mdt
can, quan khdng thidu mpt ngudi"... ttdn
cdc tuyen giao thdng la phong trdo "Xe chua
qua nha khdng tide". Tren dudng van chuyen
chien lupc Trudng Son cd phong hio "Ddnh
dich ma di, md dudng ma tidn". Dudng van
chuyen chidn luac Trudng San phat ttien
va ndng cdp, xe co gidi chay sau vao phia
ttong bdo dam giao thdng Udn tuc thdng sudt,
khdng ngimg chi vien siic ngudi, siic ciia hi
midn Bac vdo mien Nam.
Day khdng chi Id nhiing khau hieu cd
sue dpng vien cd vii rat ldn, ma cdn la
phuang hudng hanh dpng cua hang chuc
ttidu qudn chung san sang xd thdn chien
ddu hy sinh vi doe lap, tu do cua To qudc
vdi tinh than "Cd nudc ra tran", "Todn dan
danh My, cira nudc".
NHOfNG VJN Bl CHUNG VE LICH SOfDANG
Ba la, chi dong tao thdi co va nim bit thori co
m i d0t Tong tien cong va noi day
Nam 1968, hpi dii cac didu kidn vd chinh
tri, qudn su, ngoai giao de ta md eudc Tdng
tien cdng va ndi day gianh thang lpi ldn theo
y dd cua ta. Didu nay dupe khang dinh ttong
thu cua ddng chi Ld Duan gui Tmng uong Cue
midn Nam ngay 18-1-1968, vdi tieu de "Thdi
ca la hdt sire quan ttpng".
Ddng chi Le Duan viet: "Tit- ba, bon ndm
nay ta da chudn bi luc luang vd the trdn cho
trdn quyet chien chien luac ndy. Song vi nhieu
ly do, luc lugng ta chudn bi chua day dit. Tuy
vgy, nhu Trung uang da phdn tich, khi co nhieu
thai ca thudn lgi, neu chitng ta biet ldm va ldm
ditng, CO su no luc vugt bac thi luc lugng it
cUng CO the tgo nen sice mgnh, bdo dam gidn
thdng lgi rdt to ldn, rdt quan trong"^.
Trong bdi canh do, ndu ta lam sdm ban,
mdt mat ta chua du sue; mat khac, khi My
chua bj that bai ttong hai cudc phan cdng miia
khd 1965-1966 va 1966-1967 (vdi nd luc quan
su cao nhat), thi khd ed the lam lung lay y chi
xam lupe eua chiing. Sau that bai hai cudc
phan cdng miia khd cua My, tinh hinh chinh
tri - xa hdi nudc My da phirc tap edng phiie
tap them. Ndi bd chmh quydn My bi chia re
sau sac. Mau thuan giiia chinh quyen va Qudc
hdi ngdy cang tang. Phong ttao phan ddi chidn
ttanh dang eao khap nude My. Chi phi cho
chien ttanh Viet Nam cimg la ganh nang anh
hudng khdng nhd den ndn kinh te, chinh sach
xa hdi, xdy dung qudc phdng, thdm ehi ca
chidn lupc toan cdu eiia My". Nam 1968 eiing
la nam bdu eu Tdng thdng My, la mdt thdi
didm rdt nhay edm vd chinh tri. Dieu nay budc
Tdng thdng duong nhiem Gidnxon phai tinh
todn, than ttpng de dua ra cac quydt sach, nhdt
la dudng ldi chien ttanh Viet Nam, nham tao
 TAP CHf LICH sdr OANG 5-2013
su iing hd ciia cu tri frong cudc chay dua van
dpng bau cir. Vi vdy, neu de mupn hon, nam
bau cit Tdng thdng My qua di, ap l\te qudn s\f
frdn chidn tnrdng Vipt Nam khd cd the lam
rung chuydn nudc My, bupc Tdng thdng Gidn
xon va phai "dieu hdu" thay ddi ehinh sdch vd
chidntt-anhViet Nam. Tat ea nhiing didu nay
deu dupe Dang ta tinh ddn khi chpn didi co md
cupc Tdng tidn cdng va ndi day Tdt Mau Thdn
1968. Chpn thdi didm md cudc Tdng tidn cdng
vd ndi day vao dip Tdt Nguyen dan - dung ddm
giao thiia, eiing Id liic dich dd so hd, ehii quan,
khai thac tdi da su "tao bao, bat ngd" de gidnh
thang lpi quyet dinh.
Nhu vay, trong bdi eanh quan My tidn hdnh
"chidn ttanh cue bd", d at dua quan vao mien
Nam, dat each mang Viet Nam trude mdt tinh
thd hiem ngheo, nhung Dang ta, dimg ddu Id
Chii tich Hd Chi Minh, da bmh tmh, sang sudt
phan tich mdt each diing ddn didn bidn tinh hinh,
tuong quan so sanh lire lupng dieh - ta, dd di
den mpt quyet dinh lieh sir: Tien hanh Tdng tidn
cdng va ndi day, danh thang vao tnmg tdm ddu
nao cua My vd chinh quyen Sai Gdn d cae thanh
phd vd do thi. Dd la mdt quydt dmh tao bao the
hidn sau sac ban Imh, tri tud ciia Ddng. Thuc tidn
ljch su da chimg mmh, thang lpi eua Tdng tidn
edng vd ndi day Mau Than 1968 da tao ra budc
ngoat ldn eua cudc chidn tranh. Hdi nghi Ban
Chdp hanh Tnmg uong ldn thir 21 (10-1973)
ddnh gia: "thang lpi cd y nghia chien lupc cue
ky quanfrpngtap ra budc ngoat quyet djnh ciia
cupc chien tranh, danh ddu su thdt bai chidn lupe
"Chidn ttanh cue bp" ciia My, bupc Chinh phii
My phai nhdn rang khdng the dimg luc lupng
qudn dpi vidn chinh My de thang ttong chidn
tranh d Viet Nam... budc chimg phdi cham dut
khdng didu kidn chidnttanhpha hoai mien Bac
vd nhdn hpp Hpi nghi bdn bdn d Pari"', tap ca
10
sd dua each mang mien Nam tidn ldn giai phdng
hoan toan mien Nam thdng nhat Td qude vao
miia Xuan 1975.
Qua ttinh xdy dung quydt tam ehien lupc
eiia Dang ttong Tdng tidn edng vd ndi day
Xudn Mdu Than 1968 va thuc tidn cude khang
chien da ehiing minh, khi y Dang hpp vdi
ldng dan, quyet tam ddnh thang My cua Dang
ttd thanh quydt tdm ciia nhan ddn ca nudc vii
quydt tam dd ttd thdnh hanh ddng each mang,
quan chimg la ngudn sire manh vd cimg to
ldn lam nen thang lpi vl dai cupc khang chidn
chdng My, cira nudc.
1,3. Dang Cpng san Viet Nam: Van hen Dang Toan
lap, Nxb CTQG, H, 2004, T. 29, tr. 50,48
2. Tren chien truang mien Nam, chiriengtio d6i chu
lire va bo dpi dia phuong da tang len tir 115.500 {nam
1964) len 176.600 (1966) va 277.000 (1967). Ngoai ra,
khap mpi dia phuong iiu8n Nam, lire lupng dan quan
du kich cung co buoc phat trien
4. Den thang 12-1967, My da dua vao nuen Nam
480.000 quan v6i 40% so su doan bp binh sin sang
chi6n dau ciia nuoc My, 30% luc lupng khong quan
chien thuat, 1/3 luc lupng hai quan vao cupc chien tranh
Vi?t Nam va 550.000 quan Viet Nam Cpng hpa
5. Dang Cpng san Vipt Nam; Van ki^n Ddng Todn
lap, Nxb CTQG. H, 2003, T 26, tr. 635
6. Trpng 4 thang (til thang 2 dta thing 5-1965) 2,5
Iripu thanh nien mien Bac ghi ten tinh nguyen "ba san
sang"; tipng 3 thang (tir thang 3 den thang 5-1965), 1,7
tri?u phu nir mi8n Bac ghi ten tinh nguypn "ba dam dang"
7.LeDuan; ThuvaoNam, Nxb ST, H, 1985,ff.192
8.D8nnam 1968, chi phi chiSn tranh Viet Nam da len
toi 60 d&i 70 ty do la (gip 3 13n chi6n tranh Tri6u Tien)
9. Dang Cpng san Viet Nara; Vdn ki?n Ddng Todn
tap, Nxb CTQG, H, 2004, T. 34, tr. 215.