Combinepdf 14

ARBTECH2
LECTURE 01
AR II
I can do all things through Christ who strengthens me - Philippians 4:13
DRAWING AND
DRAFTING
FUNDAMENTALS
BY AR. CZARINA CLARE R. ANDRES,uap

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Drawing and Drafting

Quick Tips: 1

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Key points: Drawings and

Drafting Fundamentals 1 LINE TYPES
2 STANDARDS, ABBREVIATIONS
AND SYMBOLS
3 LETTERING

LINE TYPES
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Drawing and Drafting Fundamentals

Lines
Lines are drawn to describe objects, hidden components or relationship between
space and objects. The weight of a line refers to its thickness and intensity.
Dar k Lin es
used for major sections, details, borderlines and cutting plane lines. Also used to emphasize an object or element.
B o rd er Lin e
Cu ttin g Plan e Lin e

show major slices in a building or object.

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Lines
M ed iu m Lin es
used for hidden objects and are usually drawn dashed or dotted.
Ob ject Lin e
show major outlines of building elements or objects.
Hidd en Lin e
indicate areas or objects not visible on the surface, or
objects hidden behind others.
Center Lin e
locate the symmetrical center of objects such as
windows, doors, beams and walls.
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Lines
Light Lin es
(little darker) used for dimensions and extension lines, leaders, door swing, and break lines. (lightest) used as
guidelines, or to help with lettering height.
Dim en sion Lin e
Lead er
line extending from text and ending with an arrow,
pointing to an object or place.
B reak Lin e
indicate where an object or area is not drawn in its
entirely.
Drafting Standards
Symbols and
Abbreviations
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DRAWING STANDARDS
SYMBOLS used to represent objects that cannot be depicted

accurately or would take too much time to draw.
Uses: • Details of a doors and windows in plan

• Electrical outlets that are impractical to draw with
clarity in such a small scale.

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Types of Symbol
1.0 2.0
MATERIAL SYMBOLS LINE SYMBOLS

represents the construction materials used in a component. Use the graphic look, line weight and thickness of elements
represented in the drawings to communicate information
3.0
GRAPHIC SYMBOLS
used in construction drawings as a pictorial shorthand to
reduce drawing time and coordinate separate drawings.

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MATERIAL SYMBOLS
BRICKS EARTH BRICKS GLASS
CONCRETE CHB CERAMIC TILE PLASTER

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LINE SYMBOLS
BORDER LINE DIMENSION LINE
CUTTING LINE LEADER
OBJECT LINE BREAK LINE
HIDDEN LINE
CENTER LINE

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GRAPHIC SYMBOLS
WINDOW
SECTION SYMBOL
WINDOW
DOOR
ELEVATION SYMBOL
DOOR

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DRAWING STANDARDS
A B B R E V I AT I O N S use to reduce the amount of space needed for notes
• Should include a legend of abbreviations often

shown on the title sheet of a set of drawings

Lettering
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Lettering
used to communicate ideas and to describe elements that cannot be effectively
explained with just drawings.
B asic Gu id elin es
used for major sections, details, borderlines and cutting plane lines. Also used to emphasize an object or element.
• Horizontal guidelines can be used for height

consistency when lettering.
• Two or three guidelines can be used, and these lines
can remain on the drawing if produced lightly.

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Lettering
Quick Tips: 1

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Creative Message
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ONLINE LECTURE
AR II
CONTRACT
DOCUMENTS -
SPECIFICATIONS

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Key points: Contract

Documents 1 SPECIFICATIONS
2 CONTRACTS
3 CONSTRUCTION DRAWINGS

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CONTRACT DOCUMENTS
Sp ecification s

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PURPOSE OF SPECIFICATION
1 . To d e s c r i b e t h e q u a l i t y a n d t y p e o f m a t e r i a l s a n d f i n i s h e s
2 . To d e s c r i b e t h e m e t h o d a n d q u a l i t y o f c o n s t r u c t i o n a n d
installation
3 . To d e s c r i b e t h e w a r r a n t i e s o f m a t e r i a l s a n d f i n i s h e s
4 . To d e s c r i b e a c c e p t a b l e t e s t i n g m e t h o d s
CLOSED OPEN
SPECIFICATION SPECIFICATION

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TYPES OF SPECIFICATION
A . Prop r ietar y

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B . Descr ip tive

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C. Referen ce

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D. Per for m an ce

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MASTERFORMAT SYSTEM
this system standardizes the format and numbering of project information used in specification and
cost estimating
MASTERFORMAT’S 16 DIVISION
DIV 1 : General Requirements DIV 9: Finishes

DIV 2: Site work DIV 10: Specialties
DIV 3: Concrete DIV 11: Equipment
DIV 4: Masonry DIV 12: Furnishing
DIV 5: Metals DIV 13: Special Construction
DIV 6: Wood and Plastics DIV 14: Conveying System
DIV 7: Thermal and Moisture Protection DIV 15: Mechanical
DIV 8: Doors & Windows DIV 16: Electrical

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ONLINE LECTURE
AR II
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A B C D
Metal Concrete Masonry General
Requirements
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A B C D
Class AA Class A Class B Class C
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Water - Cement Ratio

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A B C D
Cement Sand Gravel Water
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A B C D
Te n s i l e Permeability Compressive Slump test
Strength test test test
DIV 03: CONCRETE
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DIV 03: CONCRETE 1 Portland Cement
Concrete ( 2 4 0 0 k g / m³)
2 Water
3 Aggregates

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DIV 03: CONCRETE 1 SETTING
Concrete
2 REINFORCED CONCRETE
3 PLAIN OR MASS CONCRETE

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CONCRETE MIXES
CLASS AA CLASS A CLASS B CLASS C

1:1.5:3 1:2:4 1:2.5:5 1:3:6
Retaining wall Columns Slab on fill Concrete plant boxes

Concrete underwater footings Non load bearing wall Parapet walls
Shear wall Beams Non-critical concrete structures
Elevator core Girders
Suspended slabs

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Slump
Test

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DIV 03: CONCRETE
Equipments required
slump cone, non porous base plate, measuring scale, tamping

rod. a cone having height 300 mm, bottom diameter 200mm
and top diameter 100mm. The tamping rod is of steel 16 mm
diameter and 600mm long and rounded at one end
SLUMP TEST

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SLUMP TEST PROCEDURE
1.0 2.0 3.0

put the cone on a flat, smooth, horizontal fill the cone in three (3) layers. tamp the concrete using steel rod after each
base plate. Foot holds either sides of the layer in an even and uniform manner
cone to ensure the cone is planted in the
ground.

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SLUMP TEST PROCEDURE
4.0 5.0 6.0

Remove any overflowing concrete from Lift the cone vertically, using a slow and steady Place the cone upside down. Place the steel
the top . Remove any spilled concrete motion until the cone is clear of the concrete. rod across the top of the upturned cone and
from the base of the cone, too measure from the rod down to the top of the
slump.

TRUE SLUMP ZERO SLUMP COLLAPSE SLUMP
S U I TA B L E TO O D RY TO O W E T

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COMPRESSIVE
TEST

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DIV 03: CONCRETE
Equipments required
compression testing machine, cylinder mold, weighing

balance. a cylinder having height 300 mm and 150mm
diameter or height 200mm and 100mm diameter.
COMPRESSIVE TEST

1 Put the cylinder on a flat area, free of debris, away from

vibration and away from moving vehicles.
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Fill the cylinder in three (3) layers if cylinder is 150mm x
COMPRESSIVE TEST PROCEDURE 2 300mm and two (2) layers if the cylinder is 100mm x
200mm, tamp the concrete after each layer in an even
and uniform manner
Remove the overflowing concrete from the top . Use a
3 back and forth, left to right sawing motion. Removed

any spilled concrete from the edge of cylinder
4 Label each cylinder mold. Cover each cylinder and place

it in a protected location free of vibration.
5 Allow to cure for 28 days, ready to picked up for testing.

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COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH GAIN
3 days 7 days 14 days 28 days
40% 65% 90% 99%

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DIV 03: CONCRETE
Con crete Adm ixture

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CONCRETE ADMIXTURE
ACCELERATOR RETARDER CONCRETE HARDENER WATER REDUCING ADMIXTURE

used to speed up setting of used to delay or extend setting used to increased hardness or used to reduce the
concrete time of the cement paste in the toughness of the concrete amount of water in the
concrete concrete
DAMP PROOFER WATERPROOFING COLOR PIGMENTS

used to reduced or stop the used to decrease water absorption used to give color to concrete
penetration of moisture through of the concrete floors
the concrete

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Creative Message
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ONLINE LECTURE
AR II
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A B C D
Metal Concrete Masonry Wood &
Plastic
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A B C D
Aluminum Copper Steel Iron
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A B C D
Fabrication Tre at m e nt Framing Engineering
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A B C D
Aluminum Copper Steel Iron
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Reinforcing bar
DIV 05: METALS
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DIV 05: METALS
M etals

Principle types of steels:
STAINLESS STEEL
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1
TYPES OF METAL
GALVANIZED STEEL
A . Steel 2
WEATHERING STEEL
3
CARBON STEEL
4

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DIV 05: METALS
1.0 2.0
LOW CARBON STEEL MEDIUM CARBON STEEL
Low carbon steel: Medium carbon steel:

Galvanized sheet, expanded metal panels, sandwich panel, d Structural steel - I beams, H columns, plates, round pipe
& hot rolled steel sheets, corrugated steel and galvanized columns, sheet piling and light steel framing shape
steel

Types of Aluminum:
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ALUMINUM SHEET AND STRIP
TYPES OF METAL 1
B. Alu m in u m ALUMINUM FOIL
2
STRUCTURAL ALUMINUM
3
CORRUGATED ALUMINUM
4

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TYPES OF METAL Types of Iron:
WROUGHT IRON
C. Iron 1
CAST IRON
2

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TYPES OF METAL
D. Cop p er

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DIV 05: METALS
Rein forcing bar ( A ST M A 6 1 5 / A 7 0 6 )

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REINFORCING BAR
Reb ar Grad es
ASTM COLOR APPLICATION
Grade 33 White Low rise structure
(Structural grade)
Grade 40 Yellow Medium rise structure
(Intermediate grade)
Grade 60 Green Medium to High rise
(High-tensile grade) structures

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REINFORCING BAR
Co m m ercial len gth Size Ch ar t
LENGTH BAR SIZE DIAMETER BAR SIZE DIAMETER
6.0 m #3 10 mm #9 29 mm
7.5 m #4 13 mm # 10 32 mm
9.0 m #5 16 mm # 11 36 mm
10.5 m #6 19 mm # 14 43 mm
12.0 m #7 22 mm # 18 57 mm
#8 25 mm
to get rebar size: Ø x 8 / 25.4

BY AR. CZARINA CLARE R. ANDRES,uap to get rebar Ø: # x 3.125
# / 8 x 25.4
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REINFORCING BAR
Estim ate for Reb ar
To calculate the weight of reinforcing bar:
Weight = volume x unit weight [volume = area x length] so,

Weight = area x length(L) x unit weight (γ) *area = πD²/4+ therefore,
Weight (W) = πD²/4 x L x 7850
Given:
D = 10mm Ø ; L = 4.57m
Weight = 3.1416 x (0.010 x 0.010) / 4 x 4.57m x 7850

Weight = 3.1416 x 0.0001 / 4 x 4.57m x 7850
Weight = 2.82 kg

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REINFORCING BAR

Given:
D = 22mm Ø ; L = 3.37m
Weight = 3.1416 x (0.022 x 0.022) / 4 x 3.37m x 7850

Weight = 3.1416 x 0.000484 / 4 x 3.37m x 7850
Weight = 10.06 kg

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REINFORCING BAR

Given:
D = 22mm Ø ; L = 3.37m
To check:
Weight = 3.1416 x (0.022 x 0.022) / 4 x 3.37m x 7850 Weight = (22 x 22) x 3.37 / 162
Weight = 3.1416 x 0.000484 / 4 x 3.37m x 7850 Weight = 484 x 3.37 / 162
Weight = 10.06 kg Weight = 10.06 kg

to calculate rebar weight: Ø² x L / 162
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REINFORCING BAR
Estim ate for Steel Plate
To calculate the weight of steel plate:
Weight = 7.85 x length (m) x width (m) x thk (mm)
Given:
L = 6m ; W = 1.51m ; thk = 9.75mm
Weight = 7.85 x length (m) x width (m) x thk (mm)

Weight = 7.85 x 6 x 1.51 x 9.75
Weight = 693.43 kg

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REINFORCING BAR
Estim ate for Flat Steel Tu b e
To calculate the weight of flat steel tube:
Weight = (edge (L) + edge (w)) x 2 x thk x Length x 0.00785
Given:
100mm x 50mm ; thk = 5mm ; length = 6
Weight = (edge (L) + edge (w)) x 2 x thk x Length x 0.00785

Weight = (100 + 50) x 2 x 5mm x 6m x 0.00785
Weight = 70.65 kg

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Creative Message
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ONLINE LECTURE
AR II
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A B C D
Finishes Doors & Thermal and Wood &
Windows Moisture Plastic
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A B C D
Plywood Hardboard Gypsum board Chipboard
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1200mm x 2400mm / 4ft x 8ft

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A B C D
Fiberboard Hardboard Gypsum board Chipboard
DIV 06: WOOD AND

PLASTIC
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DIV 06: WOOD AND PLASTIC
Wood

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CLASSIFICATION OF WOOD
1.0 2.0
SOFTWOODS HARDWOODS
any cone-bearing tree. Trees that have needles rather than any leaf-bearing tree. Trees that have broad leaves. Often
leaves. Commonly used in the construction of walls, ceilings used to make doors, furniture and wood frames.
and floors.

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FINISHES OF WOOD
S1S S2S S4S
surfaced on one side surfaced on two sides surfaced on four sides

rough cut lumber that has been surface surface on both side, top and bottom faces and edges are surfaced
planed on one side faces

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DIV 06: WOOD AND PLASTIC YARD LUMBER

1
Lu m b er
SHOP LUMBER
STRUCTURAL LUMBER
3
Classification of Lumber
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DIV 06: WOOD AND PLASTIC BOARD LUMBER

1
Lu m b er
DIMENSION LUMBER
TIMBER
3
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DIV 06: WOOD AND PLASTIC ROUGH LUMBER

1
Lu m b er
DRESSED LUMBER
2
WORK LUMBER
3

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LUMBER GRADE
GRADE A GRADE B
free of defects ad blemishes contains a few minor blemishes
GRADE C GRADE D
contains more numerous and more significant contains more and numerous and more
blemishes than grade B. significant blemishes than grade C.

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Standard NOMINAL SIZE: a piece of lumber is larger than the actual

dressed dimension (actual size)

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DIMENSION LUMBER BOARD LUMBER

NOMINAL SIZE ACT UAL SIZE NOMINAL SIZE ACT UAL SIZE
2x4 1½x3½ 1x4 1¾x3½
2x6 1½x5½ 1x6 1¾ x5½
2x8 1½x7½ 1x8 1¾ x7½
2 x 10 1½x9½ 1 x 10 1¾ x9½
2 x 12 1 ½ x 11 ½ 1 x 12 1 ¾ x 11 ½
Standard NOMINAL SIZE: a piece of lumber is larger than the actual

dressed dimension (actual size)

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Wood Com posites

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Wood Composites:
most common wood composite. It is constructed by gluing

together number of layers called plies or veneers.
P LY W O O D

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PLYWOOD PRODUCTION PROCESS
1.0 2.0 3.0

Logs are soaked in water to soften the De-barking and cutting the log into sizes Logs are rotated in a large lathe machine
wood against a stationary knife that peels off a
continuous strip of veneers or plies.

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4.0 5.0 6.0

Veneers are now cut to size and go The veneers must be dried. Veneers are run through a gluing machine
through an initial grading process. which essentially rolls the glue onto the face
and back of the veneer.

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7.0 8.0 9.0

Cold pressing occur after the glue has Veneers are then compresses and maintain a Trimming down any excess veneer so that the
been applied in order to prepare the heated pressure on the boards for a long period board has square edges, then the boards are
veneers for hot pressing. time. most commonly sanded using a large
industrial sander.

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VENEER GRADES
Grade A Grade B
It is costly and limited in availability, it is used for textured Used for concrete formwork construction and for less
exterior cladding, interior wall lining, interior ceiling lining, demanding appearance application, also used for furniture,
furniture and joinery. joinery and primary sheathing.
Grade C Grade D
Used for underlayment and sub flooring, where smooth A non appearance grade, used for structural
substrate is required. components, beams and roofing brace.
1 Standard size:
1200mm x 2400mm (4’ x 8’)
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DIV 06: WOOD AND PLASTIC 2 Standard thickness:

25mm ( 1”) : sub floor, tables
Plywood 19mm ( ¾ “) : drawers and shelves, sub floor, tables

most common wood composite. It is constructed by gluing together 12mm ( ½ “) : drawer sides, wall
number of layers called plies or veneers. 6mm ( ¼ “) : drawer bottom, double wall partition
3 - PLY : one of the most common type of plywood. Has 3 layers of
veneers. For indoor use 3 Advantages:
5 - PLY : has 5 layers of veneers, use for projects that requires less a. It can be easily polishes or painted
durability . b. It is resistive to shrinking, warping, twisting
and cracking
MULTI - PLY : consist of 7 layers of more veneers. For exterior use
c. Available in different thickness
d. Ease of maintenance
e. With high strength and durability
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TYPES OF PLYWOODS
S O F T W O O D P LY W O O D F O R M W O R K P LY W O O D
USES: exterior frame sheathing, roof Also known as Formply, made of high density
sheathing, sub-flooring, shed, shelving overlay of phenolic resin impregnated paper
bonded to plywood.
E X T E R I O R P LY W O O D M A R I N E P LY W O O D
USES: non-structural, exterior applications where USES: outdoor furniture, decorative pieces,
high quality aesthetic finished is required. gazebos, planter boxes and benches

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Wood Composites:
is a high density wood fiberboard, created by compressing

small particles with glue. Made using steam and heat, the
wood is mechanically broken down into fibers.
HARDBOARD

1 Standard size:
1200mm x 2400mm (4’ x 8’)
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6mm ( ¼ “)
3mm ( ⅛ “)
Hard b oard
is a high density wood fiberboard, created by compressing small particles
with glue. Made using steam and heat, the wood is mechanically broken
3 Advantages:
down into fibers. a. Resistance to abrasion and moisture
WET PRODUCTION PROCESS: water is extracted from the pulp and then b. With high strength and durability
press it under high pressure. Smooth on both sides. c. lightweight
DRY PRODUCTION PROCESS: fiber are first dried and then pressed
together using adhesives to form a panel. 4 Brands:
Masonite
Lawanex
Lawanit
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TYPES OF HARDBOARDS
S TA N D A R D H A R D B O A R D TEMPERED HARDBOARD
It is harder than chipboard, but not as hard as coated with a thin film linseed oil and then baked. The
tempered hardboard. Smooth on one side with a densest type of hardboard. Smooth on both sides.
rough crosshatch pattern on the other side. USES: cabinet drawer bottom, or if hard surface is
USES: underlayment, wall panels, backer boards required
P E R F O R AT E D H A R D B O A R D
also called peg board, it has uniform array of holes

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Wood Composites:
is made by pressing layers or veneers of recycled fiber

together to form a larger piece of material. Also called
particle board
CHIPBOARD

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DIV 06: WOOD AND PLASTIC 1 Standard size:

1200mm x 2400mm (4’ x 8’)
Ch ip b oard
is made by pressing layers or veneers of recycled fiber together to 2 Standard thickness:
form a larger piece of material. Also called particle board 19mm ( ¾ “)
16mm ( ⅝ “)
Synthetic resin is added, to hold the chips together and increased the
strength and hardness of the finished product. The mixture is heat-
formed under pressure to create a smooth, rigid board.
3 Advantages:
a. Resistance to warping and will not splinter
b. Low cost
c. Environmentally friendly

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TYPES OF CHIPBOARDS
NORMAL DENSITY MEDIUM DENSITY

relatively soft and easily worked, not water resistant also called peg board, it has uniform array of holes, not
USES: interior home accents -trims, mouldings around water resistant
doors and windows, drawer bottom, music venue walls
and flooring
HIGH DENSITY
hard and heavy, rigid, durable and flame-retardant
USES: lightweight furniture like tables, stool, benches
and book cases, countertop.

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Wood Composites:
commonly known as drywall or wallboard. Produced by

crushing natural or synthetic gypsum, drying it and grinding it
into a fine powder. Powder is reheated to remove any
remaining moisture.
GYPSUM BOARD

1 Standard size:
1200mm x 2400mm (4’ x 8’)
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DIV 06: WOOD AND PLASTIC 6mm ( ¼ “) : curved surfaces, backing board
9mm ( ⅜ “) : double layer walls, base for rigid
panels, ceiling
Gyp su m b oard 12mm ( ½ “) : any interior and protected exterior
uses
commonly known as drywall or wallboard. Produced by crushing
25mm ( 1”) : stud less gypsum walls, shaft wall
natural or synthetic gypsum, drying it and grinding it into a fine
powder. Powder is reheated to remove any remaining moisture. 3 Advantages:
a. Low cost
b. Ease of installation and finishing
c. Fire resistance
4 Brands:
a. Boral
b. Richmond
BY AR. CZARINA CLARE R. ANDRES,uap c. Gyproc
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TYPES OF GYPSUM BOARD
REGULAR BOARD TYPE X BOARD
Standard core and paper used as a final surface for walls and Made with fiberglass and other additives to improve fire
ceilings. resistance.
M O I S T U R E R E S I S TA N T CORE BOARD
BOARD
Water resistant paper face and core, used in higher Used in separation walls and shaft wall systems.
moisture areas such as bathrooms
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Wood Composites:
Finishing material made from vegetable fiber pressed into

sheet. Usually used for ceiling.
FIBERBOARDS

1 Standard size:
1200mm x 2400mm (4’ x 8’)
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6mm ( ¼ “)
12mm ( ½ “)
Fib er b oard s
19mm ( ¾ “)
Finishing material made from vegetable fiber pressed into sheet.
Usually used for ceiling.
3 Advantages:
WET PRODUCTION PROCESS: water is used to distribute the fibers
a. Durable and flexible
and then pressed into boards. No adhesive used.
b. Makes a great vapor barrier
DRY PRODUCTION PROCESS: fibers go through a dryer and then c. Absorbs sounds which prevents vibration
applied by with adhesive and then pressed into boards
4 Brands:
Celotex
Philtex
Bonotex
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TYPES OF FIBERBOARDS
LOW DENSITY FIBERBOARD MEDIUM DENSITY
USES: insulation, lightweight cores for furniture USE: core of furniture

(dry process) (dry process)
HIGH DENSITY
sometimes called hardboard

USES: overlay on benches, floors and for sidings.
(wet and dry process)
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Creative Message

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ARBTECH2

BY AR. CZARINA CLARE R. ANDRES,uap

Drawing and Drafting

BY AR. CZARINA CLARE R. ANDRES,uap

Key points: Drawings and

BY AR. CZARINA CLARE R. ANDRES,uap

Drawing and Drafting Fundamentals

Cu ttin g Plan e Lin e

BY AR. CZARINA CLARE R. ANDRES,uap

Drawing and Drafting Fundamentals

Drawing and Drafting Fundamentals

Dim en sion Lin e

SYMBOLS used to represent objects that cannot be depicted

Uses: • Details of a doors and windows in plan

BY AR. CZARINA CLARE R. ANDRES,uap

MATERIAL SYMBOLS LINE SYMBOLS

BY AR. CZARINA CLARE R. ANDRES,uap

BRICKS EARTH BRICKS GLASS

CONCRETE CHB CERAMIC TILE PLASTER

BY AR. CZARINA CLARE R. ANDRES,uap

BORDER LINE DIMENSION LINE

CUTTING LINE LEADER

OBJECT LINE BREAK LINE

BY AR. CZARINA CLARE R. ANDRES,uap

BY AR. CZARINA CLARE R. ANDRES,uap

A B B R E V I AT I O N S use to reduce the amount of space needed for notes

• Should include a legend of abbreviations often

BY AR. CZARINA CLARE R. ANDRES,uap

Drawing and Drafting Fundamentals

• Horizontal guidelines can be used for height

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Key points: Contract

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DIV 1 : General Requirements DIV 9: Finishes

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Water - Cement Ratio

DIV 03: CONCRETE

DIV 03: CONCRETE 1 Portland Cement

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DIV 03: CONCRETE 1 SETTING

3 PLAIN OR MASS CONCRETE

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CLASS AA CLASS A CLASS B CLASS C

Retaining wall Columns Slab on fill Concrete plant boxes

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DIV 03: CONCRETE

slump cone, non porous base plate, measuring scale, tamping

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SLUMP TEST PROCEDURE

1.0 2.0 3.0

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SLUMP TEST PROCEDURE

4.0 5.0 6.0

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