Guided

Noteboo
k in
GED10
Task List
2
T h e t o p i c f o r
course, it only tackles Data Management concepts

(Mathe and procedures. It highlights the use of the normal

distribution and regression analysis.

matics Keep track of your progress in this lesson by

checking the number corresponding to each task.

_____ 1. Read/Watch Module 3 Topic 1 Introduction

in the _____ 2. Read/Watch Module 3 Topic 1 Lesson 1

(Normal Distribution and Empirical

Modern Rule)

World)
FIRST QUARTER, SY2020-2021 GED 102 WEEK 8

_____ 3. Read/Watch Module 3 Topic 1 Lesson 2 (Central Limit Theorem)

_____ 4. Read/Watch Module 3 Topic 1 Lesson 3 (Regression Analysis and

Correlation)

_____ 5. Work out HW 8.

_____ 6. Submit WGN Week 8.

Lesson 1. Normal Distribution

Highlights

A. What is Statistics and what is it for?

Statistics is a form of mathematical analysis that uses quantified models,

representations and synopses for a given set of experimental data or real-life
studies. Statistics studies methodologies to gather, review, analyze and draw
conclusions from data. Statistics is used in various disciplines such as
psychology, business, physical and social sciences, humanities, government, and
manufacturing. Statistical data is gathered using a sample procedure or other
method. Two types of statistical methods are used in analyzing data: descriptive
statistics and inferential statistics. Descriptive statistics are used to synopsize
data from a sample exercising the mean or standard deviation. Inferential
statistics are used when data is viewed as a subclass of a specific population.
FIRST QUARTER, SY2020-2021 GED 102 WEEK 8

B. Describe a normal distribution.

A normal distribution is the proper term for a probability bell curve. In a normal
distribution the mean is zero and the standard deviation is 1. It has zero skew
and a kurtosis of 3. Normal distributions are symmetrical, but not all
symmetrical distributions are normal.

C. State and explain the Empirical Rule.

The empirical rule, also referred to as the three-sigma rule or 68-95-99.7 rule,
is a statistical rule which states that for a normal distribution, almost all
observed data will fall within three standard deviations (denoted by σ) of the
mean or average (denoted by µ).

Lesson 2. Central Limit Theorem

Highlights

A. Explain the Inferential process of statistics

Statistical inference is the process of using data analysis to deduce properties of

an underlying distribution of probability. Inferential statistical analysis infers
properties of a population, for example by testing hypotheses and deriving
estimates.

Inferential statistics are techniques that allow us to use these samples to make
generalizations about the populations from which the samples were drawn. It is,
therefore, important that the sample accurately represents the population. The
process of achieving this is called sampling (sampling strategies are discussed in
detail in the section, Sampling Strategy, on our sister site). Inferential statistics
arise out of the fact that sampling naturally incurs sampling error and thus a
sample is not expected to perfectly represent the population. The methods of
FIRST QUARTER, SY2020-2021 GED 102 WEEK 8

inferential statistics are (1) the estimation of parameter(s) and (2) testing of
statistical hypotheses.

B. State and explain the Central Limit Theorem

The central limit theorem states that if you have a population with mean μ and
standard deviation σ and take sufficiently large random samples from the
population with replacement, then the distribution of the sample means will be
approximately normally distributed.

Lesson 3. Regression and Correlation

Highlights

A. Correlation Analysis
1. What is Correlation Analysis?

Correlation analysis is a statistical method used to evaluate the strength of

relationship between two quantitative variables. A high correlation means that
two or more variables have a strong relationship with each other, while a weak
correlation means that the variables are hardly related.

2. How is correlation measured and how is the how interpreted?

Pearson’s correlation coefficient is represented by the Greek letter rho (ρ) for
the population parameter and r for a sample statistic. This correlation coefficient
is a single number that measures both the strength and direction of the linear
relationship between two continuous variables. Values can range from -1 to +1.
FIRST QUARTER, SY2020-2021 GED 102 WEEK 8

Correlation coefficients that equal zero indicate no linear relationship exists. If

your p-value is less than your significance level, the sample contains sufficient
evidence to reject the null hypothesis and conclude that the correlation
coefficient does not equal zero. In other words, the sample data support the
notion that the relationship exists in the population.

B. Regression Analysis
1. What is Regression Analysis?

Regression analysis is a powerful statistical method that allows you to examine

the relationship between two or more variables of interest. While there are many
types of regression analysis, at their core they all examine the influence of one
or more independent variables on a dependent variable.

2. What is a Least-Squares Line?

The Least Squares Regression Line is the line that makes the vertical distance
from the data points to the regression line as small as possible. It's called a
“least squares” because the best line of fit is one that minimizes the variance
(the sum of squares of the errors).

Answer HW 8 (see pp. 315-217 of Textbook)