Farm Mechanization

FARM
MECHANIZATION
INTRODUCTION
Farm mechanization
• Farm mechanization is the reduction of man-hours required
in doing the different farming operations in growing a certain
crop. Those operations are pre-seeding operations (tillage).
Seeding/ transplanting operations, cultivation /weed
control/care of the crop, irrigation, fertilizer application,
control of pests and diseases, harvesting and post harvest
operations/ processes, etc., by the used of labor-saving
devices and machineries.
2
INTRODUCTION
• Agricultural Machinery – It deals with the study of
application, use, and management of various agricultural
machines, tools, and equipment used for production and
post-production operation.
• Agricultural Mechanization - It is the development,
manufacture and extension of appropriate agricultural tools,
implements, and machinery using animal, human,
mechanical, electrical, and other renewable sources of
energy for agricultural production and development and
post harvest operations. 3
INTRODUCTION
Factors to be considered in Farm mechanization
1. Size of the farm
2. Crop to grown
3. Type of farming operation (dry or wet)
4. Type of soil
5. Topography of the land
6. Availability of the local labor
7. Cost of custom operation in the locality
8. Capital Available
9. Market for the produced crop
10. Means of transportation in the locality 4
CLASSIFICATION OF AGRICULTURAL MACHINES
▪ Agricultural Field Equipment

• Agricultural Field Implement
• Agricultural Tractors
• Self-Propelled machines
▪ Farmstead Equipment
5
Agricultural Field Equipment

1. Agricultural Tractors – A traction machines designed
primarily to supply power to agricultural implements and
farmstead equipment. It propel itself and provide a
force to the direction of travel to enable attached soil
engaging and other agricultural implement to perform
its intended function.
6

2. Agricultural implement – an implement that is designed
to perform agricultural operations. This are further
classified into:
a) Towed
b) Mounted
c) Semi-mounted implements
7

3. Self-propelled machines – an implement designed with
integral power unit to provide both mobility and power
for performing agricultural operations.
8
Farmstead Equipment
• This are equipment other than agricultural field
equipment used in agricultural operation for the
production of food and fiber. This includes livestock
equipment, waste handling system, crop drying and
milling systems, material handling systems, and others.
9
CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO OPERATIONS
1. Tillage Equipment – This includes plow and harrow used to

prepare the land to make it ready for seeding and planting
operation
2. Crop Establishment Equipment – This are equipment used to
place seeds or plant parts into the prepared seedbed and
subsequently fertilize them.
3. Crop Maintenance Equipment - This includes cultivating,
weeding, spraying, dusting, as well as irrigation equipment
aim to make sure that the crop grows to produce its
potential yield. 10
4. Harvesting and Threshing equipment – This are equipment

used to gather and separate the produced from the
panicles and make it ready for primary processing
operation.
5. Drying equipment – this are equipment use to reduce the
moisture of the product to a level that it can be stored with
minimum loss from spoilage.
6. Milling equipment – this are equipment that is used to
separate the edible part of the grain to its husk, pulp, cob, or
pod. 11
7. Storage Equipment – This are equipment used to keep the

product safe from deterioration or spoilage for prolong
period of storage.
12
TRACTOR
Engr. John Paulo M. Perido
INTRODUCTION
A Tractor is defined as a self-propelled machine that
can be used for supplying power for: a) pulling
mobile machines, and b) operating the mechanisms
of either stationary or mobile machines by means of
belt pulley or power take-off.
15
INTRODUCTION
A Tractor is defined as a self-propelled machine that
has:
a) draft power to the tractor through the wheels for pulling

b) rotary power through rotating axles and shafts (PTO)
c) lifting power through the hydraulic system for positioning
16
INTRODUCTION
Machine used primarily for traction or pulling
purposes. It can also deliver both power for
stationary and mobile jobs. It can pull or tow
implement through traction from drive wheel and/or
pull implement through the draft developed from
the drawbar.
17
INTRODUCTION
A Tractor is one of the most important equipment on
a modern farm. It provides power needed
practically to all farm operations like plowing,
cultivating, harvesting, mowing and many other
farm activities.
18
INTRODUCTION
The power of a tractor depends upon the size of its
engine. It is expressed in horsepower (hp) and is
equal to 33,000 foot-pounds of work per minute.
19
INTRODUCTION
The tractor has four basic parts, namely:
1. The engine – supplies the power
2. The Transmission – transmit the power to the
drawbar, power take-off (PTO), belt pulley, and
power lift; it is also a means of regulating speed.
3. The differential – delivers power from the
transmission to the traction wheels, and
4. The clutch – connects crank shaft to transmission
20
TYPES OF TRACTORS
According to:
• Type of Construction
• Type of drive
• According to the purpose for which the usage is
done
21
TYPES OF TRACTORS
Type of Construction
• First type- Tractor in which the driver can easily sit
and drive the machine.
• Second type - Tractor in which the operator walks
along side, also called Walking Type Tractor.
22
TYPES OF TRACTORS
First type 23
TYPES OF TRACTORS
Second type 24
TYPES OF TRACTORS
Walking Type Tractor or
2-wheel tractor
1. Traction type –
provides power
through its drawbar
25
TYPES OF TRACTORS
Walking Type Tractor or 2-
wheel tractor
2. Rotary Type – fitted

with rotary blades to
cut and pulverize soil
26
TYPES OF TRACTORS
Walking Type Tractor or 2-
wheel tractor
3. General-purpose type
– fitted with drawbar
for traction work and
a power-take-off
(PTO) for rotary work
27
TYPES OF TRACTORS
Type of Drive
• Track Type Tractors - In these types of tractors, instead of wheels one
track is fitted on either side. This track gets drive from the sprocket run
by real axle shaft. To steer the tractor, there is no steering gear fitted.
Here, the machine is steered by applying brakes to one side of the
track while the other track is in motion.
• Wheel Type Tractors - Their primary usage is in agricultural tasks. They
have fast running speed and the fitted tires are able to absorb certain
amount of field shock too. The domain of use for these machines can
be classified into small farms, hilly regions and for general gardening
purpose. 28
TYPES OF TRACTORS
Type of Drive
• Track Type Tractors
• Half Track Type - In these types of tractors, a small track chain is fitted
at the rear end only while tires are fitted at the front axle. Track type
tractors are generally used for reclaiming barren lands and are not
much used for agricultural tasks. These machines are fitted with tracks
in such a way that the contact area with ground is larger and
facilitates in increased traction power. These machines are very useful
in dams and in areas where earth moving tasks are required.
• Full Track Type - In these types of tractors, both rear and front axle are
fitted with track chain 29
TYPES OF TRACTORS
Half track type

30
TYPES OF TRACTORS
Full track type

31
TYPES OF TRACTORS
Full track type

32
TYPES OF TRACTORS
Type of Drive
• Wheeled Type Tractors
• Two-wheel Drive (2WD) - vehicles with a drivetrain that allows
two wheels to receive power from the engine simultaneously
• Four-wheel Drive (4WD) - refers to type of a vehicle, specifically one
with its drivetrain capable of providing torque to all wheel ends of a
two-axled vehicle simultaneously. It may be full-time, or on-demand,
and is typically linked via a transfer case which provides an additional
output drive-shaft, along with additional gear ranges.
33
TYPES OF TRACTORS
Two-wheel drive (2WD or 4x2)

34
TYPES OF TRACTORS
Four-wheel drive (4WD or 4x4)

35
TYPES OF TRACTORS
According to the purpose for
which the usage is done
• Utility Tractor - is general purpose
machine and is designed for
ploughing and driving any other
equipment through its drive and is
considered good for such farms
where farmer cannot afford more
machines to perform specific jobs.
36
TYPES OF TRACTORS
According to the purpose for which the usage is done
• Row Crop Tractor - This is an all-round machine and is designed in
such a way that it meets all the agricultural demands like ploughing,
harrowing, levelling, pulling seed drills, weed control, running
different machines like water pumps, threshers using belt pulley.
37
TYPES OF TRACTORS
• Orchard Type - These special type farm
machines are only used in orchards.
These tractors have big height so that
while sitting on the tractor the driver can
easily pluck the fruits or the trees can
easily be trimmed. There is no part of this
machine outside the surface and this
allows easy passage in between the
trees. 38
TYPES OF TRACTORS
According to the
purpose for which the
usage is done
• Industrial Type - The industrial type
machines are also called as tuggers.
They are useful in pulling loads and are
fitted with crane boom for easy lifting of
loads.
39
TYPES OF TRACTORS
40
TYPES OF TRACTORS
• Garden Type - These machines fall in
the power range of 1 to 10 hp (horse
power) and have very small
construction size. They are mostly
used for grass cutting or for making
flower beds in the garden. The
wheels fitted to such machines are
having the size of a scooter and
have a thicker depth. 41
TYPES OF TRACTORS
• Rotary Tillers - They fall under the
category of walking type tractors and
are used in small fields or on hills where
fields are smaller in size and are at
different height levels. Here, ordinary
equipment cannot work efficiently.
Blades are fitted to the tillers for the
purpose of preparing seed beds
efficiently by pulverizing the content of 42
soil.
TYPES OF TRACTORS
• Implement Carrier - In these types of
tractors, there is an extended chassis
frame between the front and rear tires
where all the implements like seed drills,
fertilizer, drill, duster, sprayer, rotary
sweeper, loader, and platforms can be
easily mounted.
43
TYPES OF TRACTORS
• Earth Moving Tractors - These farm
machines are heavy in weight and
quite strong. They are available in
both track and tire type varieties.
Their primary usage is for doing earth
moving work on dams, quarries and
different types of constructional
works.
44
TYPES OF TRACTORS
• High Crop - The high-crop tractor
features tall spindles on the front axle,
and dropdown rear axles, to provide it
with a very high ground clearance.
These tractors are very useful for farms
growing vegetables, flowers, nursery
plants, or any other tall and bushy
crop that must be worked. Some
manufacturers referred to their high
45
crop tractors as "vegetable" models.
TYPES OF TRACTORS
• Standard - The standard front end is
also known as a "regular" or
"wheatland". It features an axle with a
fixed distance between the front
wheels. The standard front end was
the first design used on early steam
traction engines and gasoline tractors.
These machines used a solid front axle
that pivoted in the center, similar to a
46
horsedrawn wagon.
ACCESSORIES
BALLAST – a
substance that is
added to the tractor
for the purpose of
changing traction
and stability
47
ACCESSORIES
Cage wheel - It gives

good traction in wet
soil and mixes soil
optimally, Especially
in the are where
deep water puddling
is done
48
ACCESSORIES
Chain wheel
49
ACCESSORIES
Counter weight –
weights that are
used to secure a
proper weight
distribution and
stability.
50
FORMULA
Tractor wheel and PTO power formula
𝑷𝒘 = 𝑴𝑬 𝒙 𝑷𝒆
𝑷𝑷𝑻𝑶 = 𝑴𝑬 𝒙 𝑷𝒆
Where: 𝑃𝑒 - engine power, kW or hp
𝑃𝑤 - wheel axle power, kW or hp
𝑃𝑃𝑇𝑂 - PTO power, kW or hp
ME - mechanical efficiency, 0.75 to 79
TRACTORS
1. What is the wheel axle power of a four
wheel tractor whose engine power is
equal to 150 hp? The mechanical
efficiency is 79%
FORMULA
Wheel axle torque
𝑻 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝑷𝒘 /𝟐π𝒏
= 𝑭𝑾𝒓
Where: 𝑇 - wheel axle torque, N-m
𝑃𝑤 - wheel axle power, kW
n - speed of wheel axle, rpm
F - wheel force, kg or N
𝑊𝑟 - radius of wheel, m
TRACTORS
2. The computed wheel axle power of the
tractor is 127.5 hp. What is the wheel axle
torque of the tractor if its wheel rotates at
40 rpm?
If the tractor above has a wheel diameter
of 2 meters, what is the force available at
the wheel of the tractor?
FORMULA
Tractor speed
𝑽𝒕 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟑 𝒙 𝑹𝒙 𝑵𝒆 /𝒊
Where: 𝑉𝑡 - tractor speed, km/hr

R - diameter of wheel, m
𝑁𝑒 - engine speed, rpm
i - reduction ratio
TRACTOR
Reduction ratio of transmission of wheel tractor
GEAR POSITION REDUCTION RATIO

1ST 4.48
2ND 2.49
3RD 1.90
4TH 1.45
TRACTORS
3. Compute the traveling speed of a
tractor at 2nd gear with engine speed set
at 2400 rpm. The diameter of wheel of the
tractor is 2 meters.
TRACTOR
Inflation pressure of tractor tire
Tire Inflation Pressure Inflation pressure

kPa Kgf/ sq.cm
Front tire 2 ply 150 1.5
Front tire 4 ply 150-200 1.5-2.0
Rear tire 80-130 0.8-1.3
FORMULA
Tractor wheel slip and tractive efficiency formula
𝑹−𝒓
% 𝑺𝒍𝒊𝒑 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝑹
𝛆𝑻 = 𝑷𝒅ൗ𝑷𝒘
Where: 𝑅 - total drive revolution count to traverse the drawbar runway
under load or number of revolution with slip
r - total drive wheel revolution count to traverse the drawbar
test runway under no load or number of revolution without
slip
𝑃𝑤 - wheel axle power, kW
𝑃𝑑 - drawbar wheel, m
TRACTOR
Minimum slip for maximum tractive efficiency
Condition Slip Range (%)
Concrete 4-8
Firm soil 8-10
Tilled soil 11-13
Soft soil and sand 14-16
TRACTORS
4. Wheel slip test of a tractor had shown that a
wheel rotates by three and a half revolutions
at a distance of 20 meters. If the tractor wheel
has a diameter of 2 meters, what is the
percentage slip of the tractor wheel?
TRACTOR
Power take-off shaft

PTO is used for driving field
machines such as rotary
plow, hay baler, corn picker,
self-unloading forage wagon,
irrigation pump, etc.
TRACTOR
PTO standards
PTO shaft speed Spline shaft Number of splines
(rpm) diameter (mm)
540 35 6
1000 35 21
1000 45 20
TRACTOR
Tractor size can be determine based on the following:
• Weight – the heavier the tractor the bigger is its capacity.
• Horsepower – higher tractor horsepower, the bigger is its size
and can be capable to do wider operation.
• Implement capacity – the more the tractor can draw
implement, the bigger is its size and the faster it can finish the
operation.
TRACTOR
Drawbar pull
• It is one the most important factor in the performance of the tractor.
• Plowing and other operations are affected by the drawbar
performance of the tractor.
• Drawbar pull is affected by the wheel slip and the engine power. It is
also affected by the tractor weight and type, the type and shape of
the running gears or wheel condition of the ground surface, inflation
pressure of tires and others.
TRACTOR
Running Resistance
• It is the sum of all resistance acting on the tractor.
• This includes the following:
▪ Rolling resistance from the soil surface
▪ Air resistance
▪ Acceleration resistance
▪ Slope resistance
FORMULA
Rolling resistance formula
𝑹 = 𝑪𝒓 𝒙 𝑾
Where: 𝑅 - rolling resistance, kgf

𝐶𝑟 - coefficient of rolling resistance
W - weight of the tractor, kgf
FORMULA
Coefficient of rolling resistance
Condition of Ground surface Wheel type Crawler type
Asphalt road 0.04 0.05
Dry hard ground 0.07 0.07
Hard grassland 0.1 0.07
Mown meadow 0.01 0.08
Soft sandy road 0.12 0.10
Field just after cultivation 0.20-0.30 0.10-0.12
Deep mud 0.20-0.30 0.10-0.12
Fine sand 0.30-0.40 0.10
TRACTORS
5. A four-wheel tractor weighs 2.5 tons and
running on a deep mud soil with a rolling
resistance coefficient of 2.5 for wheel typ and
0.10 for crawler type during rotary tilling
operation. What is the rolling resistance of the
tractor wheel?
FORMULA
Drawbar power formula
𝑷𝒅 = 𝑷𝒘 − 𝑷𝒍
𝑷𝒅 = 𝑷𝒘 − (𝑷𝒔 +𝑷𝒓 )
Where: 𝑷𝒅 - drawbar power, kW
𝑷𝒘 - wheel axle power, kW
𝑷𝒍 - power loss, kW
𝑷𝒔 - power lost due to slip, kW
𝑷𝒓 - power lost due to rolling resistance, kW
TRACTORS
6. If the tractor has a wheel axle power of
127.5 hp, a wheel slip of 27.39%, a rolling
resistance of 625 kg, and runs at a speed of
15 kph, what is the power loss and the
drawbar power that can be delivered by the
tractor?
TRACTORS
7. Tractor A can cover a 1-ha field in 2
hrs, Tractor B in 3 hrs, and Tractor C in 6
hrs. How long will it take to cover a 1-
ha field if three tractors worked
together?
FORMULA
Linear Velocity
𝑽 = 𝝅𝑫𝒏
Where V – velocity
D – wheel diameter
n – number of revolutions
FORMULA
Speed Reduction Formula
𝑵𝟏 𝑫𝟏 = 𝑵𝟐 𝑫𝟐
𝑵𝟏 𝑻𝟏 = 𝑵𝟐 𝑻𝟐
Where N – number of revolutions

D – diameter
T – number of teeth
TRACTORS
8. Determine the forward speed VW of the two-wheel tractor (kph) if
the specifications of the transmission devices are as given below:
1ST REDUCTION 2ND REDUCTION 3RD REDUCTION TRACTION WHEELS
N1 = 3,000 rpm N3 = N5 = N7 =
N2 = N4 = 250 rpm N6 = 75 rpm D7 = 50 cm
D1 = 10 cm T3 = T5 = 33t Speed =
D2 = 30 cm T4 = 100t T6 =
TRACTORS
9. If it is desired to reduce the forward speed of the two-wheel tractor
to 3 kph, what should be the diameter of D2 if D1 and N1 remain the
same?
1ST REDUCTION 2ND REDUCTION 3RD REDUCTION TRACTION WHEELS
N1 = 3,000 rpm N3 = N5 = N7 =
N2 = N4 = N6 = D7 = 50 cm
D1 = 10 cm T3 =25t T5 = 33t Speed = 3 kph
D2 = T4 = 100t T6 = 110 t
CENTER OF GRAVITY
𝑾𝒕 : 𝑾𝒔 = 𝑾𝒃 : 𝑪𝒈
Where 𝑊𝑡 - Weight of the tractor

𝑊𝑠 - Static weight on the front wheels
𝑊𝑏 - wheel base
𝐶𝑔 - center of gravity with respect to the rear axle
TRACTORS
10. What is the wheel base of a tractor
weighing 7800lbs if the static weight on the
front wheels is 1500 lbs? Assume that the
location of the center of gravity longitudinally
with respect to the rear axle is 32.5 inches.
POWER TRANSMISSION
Classifications
▪ Flat belt and pulley

▪V-belt and sheave
▪Sprockets and chain
▪Gears
▪Coupler and flexible shafting
▪Universal joint 89
POWER TRANSMISSION
Power transmission drive Efficiency (%)
Shaft 100
Gear 98
V-belt 95
Flat-belt 90
Chain and sprocket 85 90

POWER TRANSMISSION
▪ Flat belt – It is a
flexible material which
are band on two or
more pulleys where
power is transmitted
from driver to driven
pulley
91
POWER TRANSMISSION
Characteristics of flat belt and pulley drive

▪ Suitable for high speed drives
▪ Adaptable to dusty and abrasive environment
▪ Transmit power on a long distance shaft
▪ Longer life, high efficiency, low cost, and low
maintenance.
▪ Also applicable for short distance drive by using
pivoted or spring actuated motor bases
92
POWER TRANSMISSION
▪V-belt – It is a transmission
system that consists of an
endless flexible belt that
transmit power by
contacting and gripping
the sheaves which are
keyed to the shaft of a
driving and the driven
machine
93
POWER TRANSMISSION
Characteristics of v-belt drive
▪ Suitable for short center distance drive

▪Ability to transfer heavy tensile load
▪Usually used to transmit power between parallel
shaft. In some cases they can also be used for non-
parallel drive
▪Applicable for single or in multiple sheaves
94
POWER TRANSMISSION
Pulleys and sheaves
▪Pulleys and sheaves are used to transmit the power

from the belt to the shaft
▪They are generally made of cast iron. However,
there are steel pulleys that are also available and
are made in various sizes and combinations
▪Pulleys and sheaves should be carefully selected to
fit the need and requirement of a drive 95
POWER TRANSMISSION
Belt Materials
▪Leather
▪Rubberized fabric
▪Rubberized chord
▪Reinforced rubber or plastic
▪Fabric
96
POWER TRANSMISSION
Pulley speed and diameter
𝑁1 𝐷1 = 𝑁2 𝐷2
Speed Ratio
𝑁𝑟 = 𝑁𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟 /𝑁𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛
97
POWER TRANSMISSION
Belt length
Open drive
𝜋(𝐷 + 𝑑) (𝐷 − 𝑑)2
𝐿 = 2𝐶 + +
2 4𝐶
Crossed drive
𝜋(𝐷 + 𝑑) (𝐷 + 𝑑)2
𝐿 = 2𝐶 + +
2 4𝐶
Quarter turn drive

𝜋(𝐷 + 𝑑)
𝐿= + 𝐶 2 + 𝐷𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟 2 + 𝐶 2 + 𝐷𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛2 98
2
POWER TRANSMISSION DEVICES
11. The length of a flat-belt pulley in meters drive with the
following data is:
Diameter of first pulley - 300 mm

diameter of second pulley - 400 mm
center distance of the pulley shaft - 10 meters.
POWER TRANSMISSION
Chain Characteristics
▪ Shaft distances are unrestricted, i.e. the drive is well suited
for long and short-center distances.
▪ It do not creep or slip. They maintain a positive speed
ratio between the driver and the driven shafts
▪ They are more physically more compact than belt drive
▪ They require more accurate alignment of the shaft and
the sprockets.
▪ Arc of contact is smaller for chains than for belts.
▪ They are more practical for low speed.
101
POWER TRANSMISSION
102
POWER TRANSMISSION
Sprockets
Types
• A -plain plate
• B -with hub on one side only
• C -with hub on both sides
• D -detachable hub
103
POWER TRANSMISSION
Useful Terms
• Chain Pitch –It is the distance between adjacent joint
members.
• Pitch Diameter -It is the diameter of the pitch circle that
passes through the centers of the link pins as the chain
wrapped on the sprocket.
Chain and Sprocket Size
• The size of chain and sprocket drive is designated as RC
Number. The higher the chain number, the larger is the
loading capacity of the drive.
• Bicycle chain usually used RC 10 while RC 40 to 60 are
commonly used for power tiller transmission box
104
POWER TRANSMISSION
Sprocket speed
𝑁𝑟 𝑇𝑟 = 𝑁𝑛 𝑇𝑛
Where: 𝑁𝑟 - speed of driver sprocket, rpm

𝑇𝑟 - number of teeth of driver sprocket
𝑁𝑛 - speed of driven sprocket, rpm
𝑇𝑟 - number of teeth of driven sprocket
105
POWER TRANSMISSION
Speed ratio
𝑅 = 𝑁𝑟 /𝑁𝑛
Where: 𝑅 - speed ratio

𝑁𝑟 - speed of driver sprocket, rpm
𝑁𝑛 - speed of driven sprocket, rpm
106
POWER TRANSMISSION
Length of chain
𝑇𝑙 + 𝑇𝑠 𝑇𝑙 − 𝑇𝑠
𝐿 = 2𝐶 + +
2 4𝜋 2 𝐶
Where: 𝐿 - length of chain, pitches

𝐶 - center distance between shafts, pitches
𝑇𝑙 - number of teeth of large sprocket
𝑇𝑠 - number of teeth of small sprocket
107
POWER TRANSMISSION
Design Power
𝐷𝑃 = 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑜 𝑏𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑥 𝑆𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
Power rating
𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑥 𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑙𝑖𝑓𝑒

𝑃𝑅 =
15000
Number of sprocket teeth
𝑁𝑆𝑇 = 𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑡ℎ 𝑥 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 108

12. A roller chain drive is to transmit 7.457 kW from a drive
shaft to a driven shaft of a fruit conveyor power. The drive
shaft operates at 1200 rpm while the driven shaft must
operate between 370 to 380 rpm. The center distance
between drive shafts as calculated is approximately 572 mm.
(a) What is the design power for the drive if the service factor
equal to 1.5? (b) What is the power rating of the drive above
if the design life is 5000 hours? (c) What is the speed ratio of
the drive above? (d) If 11 teeth sprocket will be used for the
drive shaft, how many sprocket teeth will be used for the
driven shaft?
POWER TRANSMISSION
GEARS
• Gears are tooth wheels used to transmit power and motion
at a constant ratio from one rotating shaft to another by
means of a positive contact of successively engaging teeth.
• Compared with V-belts and chain drives, gear drives are
more compact and can operate at a higher speed. It also
provides precise timing of motion.
• In agricultural machineries gears are commonly used in
transmission drives for tractors, self propelled combines,
power tiller, and many others. 115
POWER TRANSMISSION
Gear Characteristics
• They are the most durable and rugged of all the
mechanical drives.
• They are usually used for transmission in compact drive
system.
• They transmit high power at efficiencies up to 98%.
• They are expensive and requires high replacement cost.
• They requires better lubrication and cleanliness.
• They easily affected by shaft misalignment 116
POWER TRANSMISSION
Gear Classifications
➢Gear with Parallel Shaft

▪ Spur Gear
▪ Helical Gear
▪ Harmonic Gear
▪ Planocentric
117
POWER TRANSMISSION
118
POWER TRANSMISSION
119
POWER TRANSMISSION
120
POWER TRANSMISSION
➢ Gears with Intersecting or Skewed Shaft
▪ Worm
▪ Beveloid
▪ Hypoid
▪ Face
▪ Helicon
▪ Straight Bevel
▪ Spiral Bevel
▪ Zerol
▪ Crossed Helical
▪ Spiroid
▪ Cavex Worm
▪ Cone Drive 121
POWER TRANSMISSION
Spur Gear
• It is the most common type of
gear.
• Teeth are straight and parallel to
shaft taxis.
• It advantages are simple, low
cost, and easy to maintain.
• Drawbacks are have less
capacity and are noisier than
other types.
122
POWER TRANSMISSION
Helical Gear
• It can carry more load than
the equivalent size spur gear.
• Operates more smoothly and
quietly.
• More costly than spur gears.
• Herringbone is similar to
double helical gear.
123
POWER TRANSMISSION
124
POWER TRANSMISSION
Worm Gear
• It provides a maximum reduction
ratio for a given center distance.
• They are quiet and smooth action.
• They are used only for speed
reduction.
• Cannot back-drive at ratios greater
than 20:1.
• Contact area is large hence load
capacity is high.
• Shaft are almost always at right
angles.
125
POWER TRANSMISSION
Straight Bevel Gear
• This is the simplest type of gear for
intersecting shaft.
• It is commonly used for shaft
intersecting at right angle but can
also be used for shaft mating at
any angle.
• Gears are designed in pairs thus
are not always interchangeable.
• Supporting shaft and bearings must
be rigid to maintain proper tooth
contact. 126
POWER TRANSMISSION
Gear ratio
𝑇𝑛
𝐺𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 =
𝑇𝑟
Where: 𝑇𝑟 - transmitted load (N) or driver

𝑇𝑛 - pitch diameter (mm) or driven
127
POWER TRANSMISSION
Gear tooth load
𝑇
𝐹𝑡 =
𝐷
2
𝑃
𝐹𝑡 = 19.1 𝑥 106
(𝐷𝑥𝑁)
Where: 𝐹𝑡 - transmitted load, N

𝐷 - pitch diameter, mm
P - power, kW
N - speed of shaft, rpm
128
13. A gear rotating at 800 rpm. It is
being driven by another gear at 400
rpm. What is the speed ratio of the
gear drive? What is the gear ratio of
the drive?
COUPLINGS
•are used to join lengths of shaftings, which must often
be sectionalized for practicability and economy in
manufacture and shipping or for purposes of ready
installation.
•in mechanical system coupling can be defined as a
kind of linkage between two rotating shafts which joins
driving and driven shafts together.
130
CLUTCHES
▪are couplings which permits the disengagement of the
coupled shafts during rotation. Splines are used for the
transmission of power from a shaft to hub or vice versa
▪Mechanical device used to connect or disconnect the
driven shaft from the driving shaft at the will of the
operator while power is transmitted from driving to
driven shaft.
131
Types of clutches
Friction Clutches
•Friction clutches are designed to
reduce coupling shack by
slipping during the engagement
period.
•They also serve as safety devices
by slipping when the torque
exceeds their maximum rating.
132
Types of clutches
Centrifugal Clutch
•a centrifugal clutch produces its
torque by virtue of the centrifugal
force of weights pressing against
the driving or frictionally driven
member.
133
Types of clutches
Cone Clutch
•The conical friction clutch consists
of a frustum of a cone, so fitted to
a shaft by means of a feather key
that it can be pushed into an
engaging surface rigidly
attached to the other shaft.
134
Types of clutches
Positive clutch
•Positive clutches are designed to
transmit without slip, jaw clutches are
the most common.
•These are made with square jaws for
driving in either directions, or spiral jaws
for unidirectional drive.
•These are used for slow-moving shafts,
where sudden starting action is not
objectionable and where the inertia of
the moving parts is relatively small.
135
Types of clutches
Positive clutch
136
Types of couplings
A. Rigid Couplings
•Rigid couplings are used when the shafts are virtually collinear
and when they remain in a fixed relation with respect to each
other (except for angular deflection).
137
Types of couplings
A.1. Clamp shaft Couplings
•A clamp shaft coupling is
essentially a split and bolted
sleeve coupling, proportioned to
clamp firmly on the shafts.
138
Types of couplings
A.2. Flange Couplings
•Flange couplings are commonly
used in permanent installations
for heavy loads and large sizes
and particularly for vertical drives,
as agitators.
139
Types of couplings
B. Flexible Couplings
•Flexible couplings are designed to connect shafts which are
misaligned either laterally or angularly.
•A secondary benefit is the absorption of impacts due to
fluctuations in shaft torque or angular speed.
140
Types of couplings
B.1. Gear type Couplings
• The hubs have integral external
gear teeth, perhaps crowned,
that mesh with internal teeth in
the casing through 360° as in a
splined connection.
• Flexibility is obtained by play
between the teeth
141
Types of couplings
B.2. Oldham (double slider)
coupling
• Eliminates the need for large
clearances and the resultant
noisy backlash by providing a
double-tongued central slider
fitting between two flanges
slotted at right angles to each
other.
142
Types of couplings
B.3. Rubber-bushed Coupling
•The rubber-bushed coupling cushions by
means of steel pins bolted alternately to
one flange.
•The construction permits free axial
movement to accommodate motor end
play and is especially suited to damping
shock and momentary overload.
•It also affords electrical insulation thus
preventing such dangers as electrolysis
in direct motor-driven pumps.
143
Types of couplings
B.4. Roller Chain Flexible
Coupling
•The two opposing hubs are made
with integral sprockets over which
a double roller chain is fitted.
•The drive is through the chain.
Flexibility is obtained by lateral
play in the fit of the chain over
the sprocket teeth.
144
Types of couplings
B.5. Rubber-flexible Coupling
•In a rubber-flexible coupling, the
torque is transmitted through a
comparatively soft rubber in
compression.
•It is recommended where
quietness is desired.
145
Types of couplings
B.6. Universal Joint
•Universal joint are used to
connect shafts with much larger
values of misalignment than can
be tolerated by the other types of
flexible couplings.
146
LAND CLEARING AND LEVELING
• Land clearing operation is adopted in areas which are

not cultivated or tilled for a considerable period of time.
• It involves the removal of shrubs and grasses in the area
and sometimes grading or leveling of the land.
• The implement used in land clearing are usually tractor-
drawn and heavy duty.
• It includes harrows, brush cutter, mowers, graders and
dozers
147
Land Clearing 148

Land Clearing 149

Land Leveling
150
Land Leveling 151

PRIMARY TILLAGE
Tillage is mechanical manipulation of the soil carried on for the
purpose of nurturing crops. It is the preparation of the soil for
planting and the process of keeping it loose and free from
weeds during the growth of crops. The objectives of tillage are:
a. To develop the proper soil tilth
b. To control weeds
c. To aerate the soil
d. To mix crop residues and fertilizers with the soil
e. To conserve soil and water
f. To effect control of some pests and diseases 152
PRIMARY TILLAGE
Primary tillage constitutes the initial major soil-
working operation. It is the process of breaking
and loosening the soil at a depth of 6" to 36"
(15.2 to 91.4 cm). Primary tillage implements
include moldboard plow, disk plow, lister,
middle breakers, subsurface tillage implement
and rotary tillers.
153
PRIMARY TILLAGE
Basic Operation
• Reduction of volume (compaction) of the soil;
• Cutting of soil;
• Shear plane formation (crumbling, pulverization) in
the soil;
• Transport or movement of soil from one place to
another place; and
• Deformation of soil mass.
154
PRIMARY TILLAGE
Soil and Surface Characteristics
• Back Furrow – raise ridge left at the center of the
strip of land when plowing is started center to side.
• Dead Furrow – open trench left between the
adjacent strips of land after finishing the plowing
operation.
• Furrow – a trench left when the plow bottom cuts
and turns the furrow slice.
• Furrow Crown – a peak of the turned furrow slice.
155
PRIMARY TILLAGE
• Furrow Depth – a ditch depth, pat depth, trench
depth or depth of depression below a specified soil
surface.
• Furrow Slice – soil mass cut, lifted, pulverized, inverted
and thrown to one side of the plow bottom.
• Headland – unplowed soil at the end of the furrow
strip.
• Ridge Height – bed height, hill height, windrow height,
or height of the soil above a specified soil surface.
156
PRIMARY TILLAGE
• Root Bed – soil profile modified by tillage or
amendments for use by plant roots.
• Root Zone – part of the soil profile exploited by the
roots of the plants.
• Seedbed – soil zone which affects germination and
emergence of seeds.
157
PRIMARY TILLAGE
158
PRIMARY TILLAGE
These are used as primary tillage implement which
constitutes the initial major soil-working operation,
normally designed to reduce soil strength, cover
plant materials, and rearrange aggregates.
• Moldboard plow – invert soil
• Disk plow – loosen and invert soil
• Chisel plow – loosen soil
• Rotary plow – mix soil
• Subsoiler – deep loosening of soil or hardpan
159
PRIMARY TILLAGE
160
PRIMARY TILLAGE
Moldboard Plow – The
moldboard plow is adapted to
the breaking of many types of
soils and is well suited for turning
under and covering crop
residues. It consists of cutting
edge, stabilizer and curved
surface, which cuts, lifts.
Crumbles, inverts and throws the
furrow slice to one side. 161
PRIMARY TILLAGE
Disk Plow – an implement
consisting of round, concave,
heat-hardened steel disc and
sharpened on the edge to aid in
soil penetration. It was
developed in an effort to reduce
friction by using a rolling bottom
instead of a sliding bottom.
Depth of cut ranges from 15 cm
to 20 cm. 162
PRIMARY TILLAGE
Chisel Plow – Primary tillage
equipment with a rigid, curved or
straight shank and a relatively
narrow point. It is used to loosen
and break up shallow hardpans
or hard layers of soil just below
the regular plowing depth.
Depth of cut ranges from 25 cm
to 40 cm. 163
PRIMARY TILLAGE
Rotary Plows – this type of plow is

characterized by cutting knives
mounted on a horizontal power
driven shaft and rotates vertically
at high speed. This usually driven
and needs high or large power
requirements.
164
PRIMARY TILLAGE
Subsoiler – Primary tillage implement with a strongly
constructed ripper used for breaking hard pans or deep
compacted layers of soil to improve their internal drainage.
It is usually used to penetrate depths from 51cm to 91 cm.
165
PRIMARY TILLAGE
Middlebreakers or listers – These are left and right hand
moldboard plow joined together. They are used to make
furrows and used to reshape the field after a heavy
downpour.
166
TILLAGE
Factors Affecting the Energy Requirement in Tillage
Operation
• Soil type
• Condition of the soil
– Moisture content, bulk density, and structure
• Shape working depth, and speed of tool
• Climatic condition
• Extent to which the power source and implement or tool
match
• Correct adjustment or use of the implement 167
TILLAGE
Plow Draft
• It is the amount of pull required to move the plow.
• Plow draft is dependent on the size of the plow and the
depth of plowing.
• In plowing at least ¾ of the available power should be
used
• One moldboard plow bottom requires about 10-20 hp in
order to pull the implement
168
TILLAGE
Factors Affecting the Draft of Plows
• Soil condition
• Topography
• Adjustment of plow
• Hitch of the tractor
• Depth and rate of plowing
• Sharpness of shares, coulters, and jointers 169
TILLAGE
Center of Resistance of the Plow
❑ It is the point where all the horizontal and vertical forces

meets together.
❑ Plow Center Resistance
▪ Moldboard – at the intersection between the share and the
moldboard and to the right of the shin.
▪ Disk – at the left and below the center of the disk and is closer to
the furrow wall.
170
SECONDARY TILLAGE OPERATIONS
Tillage operation following primary tillage, which refines soil

conditions before planting. The objectives of secondary tillage are:
a. To improve the seedbed by greater pulverization of the soil
b. To conserve moisture by summer-fallow operations
c. To cut up crop residue and cover crops and mix vegetable
matter with the topsoil.
d. To break up clods, firm the topsoil and put it in better tilth for
seeding and germination of seeds.
e. To destroy weeds on fallow lands.
171
Secondary Tillage Implement
It is an implement intended to create refined soil

conditions following primary tillage operation.
– Harrow (spike tooth, spring tooth, disk, power harrows)
– Roller
– Pulverizer
– Mulcher
– Lister 172
173
• Secondary tillage equipment are used in stirring, breaking and

pulverizing soil clods to create a refined seedbed and/or a
leveled, puddled soil suitable for planting.
• This field operation usually follows the deeper primary tillage
operation. The implements used in secondary tillage operations
includes:
– Harrow is an implement used to level the ground and crush the clods, to stir
the soil, and to prevent and destroy weeds. Under some condition, harrow
can used to cover seeds.
174
The following equipment are used as Secondary tillage

implement which are designed to control weed growth and
to create specific soil surface configuration before seeding:
• Disk harrow
• Spike/Peg-tooth harrow
• Spring tooth harrow
• Comb harrow
• Power harrow
175
Harrow 176
Disk Harrow – Ground purpose

tillage implement consisting of
two or more gangs of concave
disc. This is used in a wide variety
of field operations, from cutting of
vegetable matter that maybe on
the surface, pulverizing to
covering of seed when sown by
broadcasting. 177
Factors Affecting the Depth of Penetration of Disk

Harrow
• Angle of disk gang
• Weight of the harrow
• Sharpness of disks
• Size of disks
• Concavity of disk
• Angle of hitch
178
Types of Gang Arrangement of Disk Harrow

• Single Action -Two gangs placed end to end which
throws the soil opposite in direction
• Double Action or Tandem –Two sets of gangs follow
behind the front gangs so as the front gang throw the
soil outward while the rear gang throws the soil inward.
• Offset –the harrow is set in an offset position either on
the right or left of the tractor.
179
Single action disk harrow 180

Double action disk harrow 181

Offset disk harrow 182

Implement cutting width
Implement Width of cut
Disk plow W = 0.95NS + 0.3D
Single disk harrow W = 0.95NS + 0.3D
Tandem disk harrow W = 0.95NS + 1.2D
Double offset disk harrow W = 0.95NS + 0.85D
Offset disk harrow W = 0.95NS + 0.6D
Where W - width of cut, m
N - number of disk blades
S - blade spacing, m 183
D - diameter of disk blades, m
TILLAGE EQUIPMENTS
14. What is the cutting width of the
single disk harrow set at 18 degree
working angle containing 20 disks
spaced at 30 cm with a disk diameter
of 40 cm? If the harrow is a tandem
disk harrow, what is the cutting width
of the machine?
TILLAGE EQUIPMENTS
15. A 30-disk double-offset-disk harrow
is travelling at a speed of 10 kph. If the
disk diameter is 40 cm spaced at 30
cm, what is the cutting width of the
harrow?
Spike Tooth Harrow – A

finishing implement
consisting of long spikes
attached rigidly to cross
bars. Its principal use is to
smooth and level the soil
directly after plowing.
187
Spring Tooth Harrow – A finishing implement consisting of
long, flat and curved teeth made of spring steel. The teeth
are fastened to cross bars with the other end pointed to
give good soil penetration. SP harrows are adapted for use
in rough and stony ground.
188
ROTAVATION
Rotavation is an operation that accomplishes
primary and secondary tillage in one operation but is
limited to the operation of soft soil, shallow depth of
cut and low power requirements.
189
FORMULA
Draft horsepower
𝑫𝒉𝒑 = 𝑫𝒔 𝒙 𝑾 𝒙 𝑫 𝒙 𝑺
Where: 𝐷𝑠 - soil draft or specific draft
𝑊 - width of cut
D - depth of cut
𝑆 - speed
Tractive horsepower
𝑫𝒉𝒑
𝑻𝒉𝒑 = 190
𝟎. 𝟖
FORMULA
Theoretical field capacity
𝐶𝑡 = 𝑆𝑊
Where: 𝐶𝑡 - theoretical field capacity, ha/hr
𝑆 - traveling speed, m/s or km/hr
𝑊 - width of cut, m
191
FORMULA
Actual field capacity
𝐴
𝐶𝐴 =
𝑇
Where: 𝐶𝐴 - actual field capacity, ha/hr
𝐴 - area, ha
𝑇 - time, hr
192
FORMULA
Field Efficiency
𝐴
𝐸𝑓𝑓 =
𝑆𝑊𝑇
Where: 𝐸𝑓𝑓 - Field efficiency,%
𝐴 - area, ha
𝑇 - time, hr
𝑆 - traveling speed, m/s or km/hr
𝑊 - width of cut, m
193
FORMULA
194
TILLAGE EQUIPMENTS
16. A four-wheel tractor with 3 X 36 cm moldboard plow is to operate
𝑘𝑔
on silty loam soil (specific draft =0.42 2 ) at a depth of 25 cm. The
𝑐𝑚
maximum drafts of the tractor at different working speeds are given
below. Determine the tractor horsepower. Round your answer to the
nearest whole number.
GEAR SETTING SPEED (Kph) MAX. DRAFT (Kg)
1L 2.5 4,000
2L 4.0 3,100
3L 5.5 2,200
4L 7.0 1,300
1H 9.5 1,000
TILLAGE EQUIPMENTS
17. A 4-wheel tractor with 3x14 inches moldboard plow is to operate on
𝑘𝑔
clay loam soil (specific draft =0.56 𝑐𝑚2 ) at a depth of 25.4 cm. The
maximum draft and percent increase in draft due to speed are given
below. Determine the drawbar horsepower in hp to perform the
operation. Also determine the tractor horsepower in hp. Round your
answer to the nearest whole number.
Increase draft
GEAR SETTING SPEED (Kph) MAX. DRAFT (Kg)
due to speed (%)
1L 3.2 4,000 14
2L 4.8 3,100 28
3L 6.4 2,200 42
4L 8 1,300 56
TILLAGE EQUIPMENTS
19. Determine the hectares plowed per hour
when a tractor is operating at 6.4 kph and is
pulling four 36-cm moldboard bottoms at a
depth of 20 cm. How many hectares can be
plowed in 10 hours if field efficiency is 78
percent? If the soil is clay loam(0.49 kg/cm2),
what is the draft required working the soil? Draft
hp requirement? Tractor hp requirement?
TILLAGE EQUIPMENTS
20. What is the force required to pull a single
moldboard plow on a clay loam soil having a
width and depth of cut of 30 cm and 15 cm,
respectively. Soil draft is 8 psi. If the plow has an
average speed of 5 km/hr, what is the drawbar
horsepower of the plow.
TILLAGE EQUIPMENTS
21. A rotary tiller has 2 m operating
width. If the tractor runs at a speed of
2 km/hr, the theoretical field capacity
of the machine is:
TILLAGE EQUIPMENTS
22. The field capacity of the rotary
tiller was measured at 0.23 ha/hr. If the
operating width and speed of the
machines are 1.5 m. and 2 kph,
respectively, the field efficiency of the
tiller is:
TILLAGE EQUIPMENTS
23. The effective field capacity of the
rotary tiller tilling theoretically at 0.4
ha/hr for an efficiency of 85% is:
TILLAGE EQUIPMENTS
24. The effective field capacity of 2
moldboard plows having 25 cm width
each plowing at a speed of 7km/hr for
a field efficiency of 80% is:
TILLAGE EQUIPMENTS
35. A 3-bottom plow is plowing at a speed of 8
kph. The effective width per plow bottom is 25
cm. If the plowing efficiency is 80%, what is the
effective field capacity?
TILLAGE EQUIPMENTS
26. What is the required drawbar pull for a 5-
meter tractor drawn spike tooth harrow with a
specific draft of 89 kg/m? What is the drawbar-
horsepower of the implement if it is running at a
speed of 6 kph.
TILLAGE EQUIPMENTS
37. How many hectare will a disk plow
finish in 10 hours if the effective cut is
12”/ disk at a speed of 5 kph and an
average of 30% time loss.
TILLAGE EQUIPMENTS
41. In a 200-hectare corn project, the field
has to be tilled in 30 days. What size of
heavy-duty offset-disk harrow should be
selected if the tractor to be used operates
at 5 kph. Assume a 75% field efficiency and
an 8-hour working day.
TILLAGE EQUIPMENTS
43. A 4-ha field was plowed using a 3 x
12-inch tractor-mounted moldboard
plow. It took 11 hours to complete the
operation at a tractor speed of 5 kph.
Find the field efficiency
TILLAGE EQUIPMENTS
44. A field measuring 45 m x 90 m is to be
prepared using 1-m upland power tiller at
a speed of 3 kph. Assume 10% overlap
between passings and 9 seconds turn
around each time at the end of each pass.
Determine the actual field capacity when
tilling is done along the longer field
direction.
TILLAGE EQUIPMENTS
45. A field measuring 45 m x 90 m is to be
prepared using 1-m upland power tiller at
a speed of 3 kph. Assume 10% overlap
between passings and 9 seconds turn
around each time at the end of each pass.
Determine the actual field capacity when
tilling is done along the shorter field
direction.
TILLAGE EQUIPMENTS
46. A field test was conducted to determine the
efficiency of a two-wheel tractor with rototiller as
implement. The following data were obtained: Test
area = 25m x 20m, rototiller width of cut = 4 ft, total
time of testing = 25 mins, no. turns from headland to
headland = 8 turns, speed = 40m/ min. Determine
the field capacity and also calculate the %
unrotatilled of the test area if tilling is done along the
longer side.
PLANTING
• Seeds are placed in the soil by:
a) Broadcasting,
b) Drilling, or
c) Rowcrop planting.
• Seedlings are transplanted.
• Planting equipment is a power-operated device used to
place seed, seed pieces, or plant parts in or on the soil for
propagation and production of food, fiber, and feed
crops.
217
PLANTING
Seeders - are machine used to place seeds such as
corn, rice, etc in the soil.
Planters - are machine used to place plant parts

such as sugarcane cuttings, rice seedlings, etc in a
prepared soil.
218
RELATED TERMS
▪ Broadcasting - is randomly scattering of seeds on
the surface of the field.
▪ Drill Seeding - is randomly dropping and covering
of seeds in furrow.
▪ Precision Planting - is the accurate placing of
single seeds at about equal interval in rows.
▪ Hill Dropping - is the placing of group of seeds at
about equal interval in rows.
219
RELATED TERMS
▪ No-Till Planting - is a procedure whereby a planting is
made directly into an unprepared seedbed or untilled
soil.
▪ Minimum Tillage - is the minimum soil manipulation
necessary for crop production or for meeting tillage
requirement under existing soil condition.
▪ Seed Tape Planting - is a planting system wherein the
seeds are deposited either singly or in group on a water
soluble tape (polyethylene oxide) under controlled
condition. 220
FUNCTIONS OF SEEDER/PLANTER
Mechanical functions of a planter:
Function Part
1. Make a furrow Furrow opener
2. Meter the seeds Metering device
3. Deposit the seeds Seed tube
4. Cover the seeds Furrow closer
221
BASIC PARTS OF SEEDER
▪ Seed Box – It is used

to hold and contain
the seeds in the
seeder.
222
▪ Metering Device – It is
used to meter the
seeds or control the
rate of delivery either
in bulk or as single
seed into the seed
tube.
223
Types of metering
device
▪ Rotating orifice
224
Types of metering device
▪ Vertical rollers
225
▪ Fluted rollers
226
▪ Horizontal seed plate
227
▪ Seed Tube – It is
used to convey
the seeds from the
metering device
to the rear of a
furrow openers
and drop them
into the soil.
228
▪ Furrow Opener –
This is a soil
engaging
device used to
open a furrow at
a desired depth
for placement of
the seeds and
partially cover
them with soil.
229
▪ Covering
Device/ Furrow
closer –It is used
to move the
nearby surface
soil into the
furrow and then
cover the seeds.
230
▪ Press Wheel - It is used to

compress the soil around
the seed in order to
create good contact
between the seeds and
the soil aggregates for
improve germination
231
▪ Ground Wheel – It is
used to drive the
metering device at
a proper rotational
speed in order to
attain the required
plant spacing.
232
▪ Main Frame – It is used to
hold and support the
various components of the
seeder and to provide the
hitch attachment to the
tractor or power tiller.
233
CLASSIFICATIONS
According to source of
power
▪ Manually Operated or
hand seeder or dibbler
– this is a type of
seeder which deposits
the seeds in holes with
spacing set by the
operator.
234
CLASSIFICATIONS
▪ Hand jabber
235
CLASSIFICATIONS
236
CLASSIFICATIONS
237
CLASSIFICATIONS
238
CLASSIFICATIONS
According to source of
power
▪ Animal Drawn (single
or pair operated) –
type of seeder which
deposits the seeds in
holes drawn by an
animal
239
CLASSIFICATIONS
240
CLASSIFICATIONS
241
CLASSIFICATIONS
According to source of power
▪ Power Tiller Operated
▪ Tractor Type (mounted or
pull type units) – this type of
seeder with metering
mechanisms driven by the
ground wheels or by power
take-off from a tractor
242
CLASSIFICATIONS
According to planting pattern
▪ Row-crop planters – planters designed to plant seeds or plants in
rows far enough apart to permit the subsequent entry of
machinery
243
CLASSIFICATIONS
• Row-crop planters – This is a
type of tractor power-driven
seeder which can deposit
the seeds at a specified rate
in hills and rows spaced to
permit inter-row cultivation
and also functions as a seed
drill if required.
244
CLASSIFICATIONS
According to planting
pattern
▪ Row-crop planters
1. Row-crop drill
planters – planters
designed to plant
seeds continuously in
rows with row spacing
greater than 36 cm. 245
CLASSIFICATIONS
pattern
2. Hill-drop planters –
row-crop planters
designed to deposit
one or more seeds in
a hill in equal
interval. 246
CLASSIFICATIONS
Hill drop planting
• The pattern resulting from
the accurate placement
(and subsequent covering)
of groups(or hills) of seed in
furrows at about equal
intervals to give definite
rows of almost equally
spaced groups of plants
247
CLASSIFICATIONS
Hill drop planting

• Equal Hill spacing
and definite or equal
row spacing
• HILL SPACING ≠ ROW
SPACING
248
CLASSIFICATIONS
3. Checkrow planter – This is a
type of row-crop planter
which enables operator to
perform hill planting at
definite spacing (in checks or
squares). This facilitates
mechanical weed control
and other operations
249
CLASSIFICATIONS
Checkrow planting
• The square-grid planting
pattern resulting from the
accurate and indexed
placement (and subsequent
covering of seed) of individual
seeds or groups of seed.
• Individual plants, or groups of
plants, are spaced equidistant
apart and aligned in
perpendicular rows
250
CLASSIFICATIONS
Checkrow planting
• Equal hill and equal
row spacing
• Hill spacing = Row
spacing
251
CLASSIFICATIONS
pattern
• Precision planter - This
is a type of row-crop
planter which is
designed to deposit
a single seed at
equal row intervals.
252
CLASSIFICATIONS
pattern
• Precision planter -
This is a type of row-
crop planter which is
designed to deposit
a single seed at
equal row intervals.
253
CLASSIFICATIONS
Precision drill planting

The pattern resulting from
of single seeds in furrows at
about equal intervals to
give definite rows of almost
equally spaced single
plants
254
CLASSIFICATIONS
Precision drill planting

The pattern resulting from
of single seeds in furrows at
about equal intervals to
give definite rows of almost
equally spaced single
plants
255
CLASSIFICATIONS
Lister Planters – drill

planters designed to
plant seeds in listed
furrows.
256
CLASSIFICATIONS
pattern
▪ Solid planters –
planters designed to
plant seeds or plants
in patterns which do
not allow subsequent
entry of machinery.
257
CLASSIFICATIONS
pattern
▪ Solid planters
1. Solid Drill Planters –
designed to plant
seeds continuously in
rows with row
spacing less than 36
cm.
258
CLASSIFICATIONS
▪ Solid planters
• Seed drill– This is a type of
tractor power-driven seeder
which drills and deposits the
seeds at a specified rate and
depth and in narrow-spaced
rows. It cannot deposit the
seeds in hills or even in
check rows.
259
CLASSIFICATIONS
Drill planting
• The pattern resulting
from the random
dropping (and
subsequent covering) of
seeds in furrows to give
definite rows of
randomly spaced plants
260
CLASSIFICATIONS
Drill planting
• Indefinite hill spacing
and definite or equal
row spacing
261
CLASSIFICATIONS
pattern
▪ Solid planters
2. Broadcast seeders –
designed to scatter the
seeds uniformly over the
surface of the field
without definite rows and
hills. Seeds are covered
by harrowing.
262
CLASSIFICATIONS
Transplanter –
equipment for placing
growing plants or
plant parts in the soil.
263
FORMULA
Number of hills
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎
𝑁𝐻 =
𝐻𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑥 𝑅𝑜𝑤 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔
264
PLANTING EQUIPMENT
47. A five-row seeder will be used to
place 5 seeds per hill to a 100 hectare
farm. The seeder row spacing is 30 cm
while the hill spacing is 25 cm.
Compute the number of hills to be
planted for the entire area?
PLANTING EQUIPMENT
48. If the seeds weigh 0.1 g/seed and
requires 5 seeds per hill, what is the
total weight of the seeds in tons
needed? % germinability of seeds is
98%.
PLANTING EQUIPMENT
49. A power tiller draws a two-row
seeder at 30 cm spacing. The seeder
has a 6-pocket metering device and is
driven by a 0.4 m diameter ground
wheel. If the required hill spacing is 0.3
m, what is the recommended
sprocket ratio for the drive?
PLANTING EQUIPMENT
49. Follow-up questions
•What is the theoretical field capacity of the implement if it will run at 4
kph?
•What is the effective field capacity of the implement if its field
efficiency is 90%?
•How many hills will be planted for the 10-hectare farm?
•How many days will the operation be finished?
•If the seeds per hole is required at 0.08 g/hill, how many kilos of seeds
are needed to finish 10 ha? Assume germination percentage at 90%
•If the speed ratio to be used is 1.5, what is the distance per hill?
PLANTING EQUIPMENT
50. The fertility of a field is such that
maximum corn yields are obtained with a
population of 54,000 plants per hectare.
The rows are 0.75 m apart and an average
emergence of 85 percent is expected.
How many seeds per hill should be planted
if the hills are 0.5 m apart?
PLANTING EQUIPMENT
51. Using the results of the calibration test of the 9 X 7 grain drill, determine the
seeding rate adjustment to use if it is desired to plant at the rate of 100 kg per
hectare.
Discharge/10 rev of
Given: Adjustment
GW (gm)
Ground wheel (GW) diameter = 1.22 m Close 0
¼ 140
Width = 9 rows X 7 inches per row
½ 460
No. of GW revolutions = 10 ¾ 740
Full 1100
PLANTING EQUIPMENT
Opening vs. Discharge
200
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
PLANTING EQUIPMENT
52. Using the results of the calibration test
of the 8 x 20 cm drum seeder, determine
the seeding rate (kg/ha) if 𝑄𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑚 is used.
Row spacing is 40 cm. Ground wheel
diameter is 50 cm. Discharge of one row
per 10 revolutions of the ground wheel:
𝑄𝑙𝑜𝑤 = 16 gms, 𝑄𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑚 = 22 gms and 𝑄ℎ𝑖𝑔ℎ
= 38 gms.
PLANTING EQUIPMENT
53. If the speed ratio of seedplate over
groundwheel of the two-row corn planter
is 5.0, determine the expected plant
population/ha. Row spacing is 75 cm.
Groundwheel diameter is 60 cm. Average
no. of seeds per hill is 2. Number of cells of
seedplate is 25. Average emergence of
seeds is 85%.
PLANTING EQUIPMENT
54. Using the specifications of the
transmission system of the metering device
(horizontal seed plate) of the two-row corn
planter, determine the expected hill
spacing. Row spacing: 75 cm,
groundwheel diameter : 60 cm, no. of cells
of seedplate = 20, T1 = 6t, T2 = 18t, T3 = 10t
and T4 =25t
PLANTING EQUIPMENT
55. Using the specifications of the transmission
system of the metering device of the two-row
corn planter, determine the hill spacing. If the
row spacing is 0.75 m, average seeds per hill is
two and emergence is 90 percent, what are
the expected plant populations per hectare?
no. of cells of seedplate = 20, T1 = 6t, T2 = 8t, T3
= 10t and T4 =12t. GW diameter is 0.60 m.
PLANTING EQUIPMENT
56. Using the specifications of the transmission system of the metering
device of the two-row corn planter, determine the hill spacing. If the
row spacing is 0.75 m, average seeds per hill is two and emergence is
90 percent, what are the expected plant populations per hectare?
No. of cells of seedplate = 20
GW diameter is 0.60 m.
No of teeth Speed Ratio (GW/ SP)
T1 = 6 6/1
T2 = 8 5/1
T3 =10 4/1
T4 = 12 3/1
CULTIVATION AND WEEDING
Tillage operation performed after planting to create

soil conditions conducive for optimum crop growth.
This is accomplished by stirring the soil to a shallow
depth in such a manner that young weeds are
destroyed, promote aeration, and improve water
penetration.
277
Problems on Weeds
• Reduction of profit by reducing the yield of the

crops
• Reduction in the quality of the crops
• Harbors insects that damages the crops
• Reduce value of the land
278
Primary objectives of Cultivation:
• Retain moisture by:
–Killing weeds
–Loose mulching on surface
–Retaining rainfall
–Develop plant food
–Aerate the soil to allow oxygen to penetrate soil
–Promote activity of microorganism 279
Factors to Consider in Selecting the Type and Size Needed
for Cultivator
• Area of the farm

• Kind of crop grown
• Soil type and condition
• Rainfall
• Type of farming practice
• Kind of power available
280
CULTIVATOR AND WEEDERS
Rotary-hoe cultivator
– a cultivating
implement used to
cultivate and
destroy weeds and
grass around young
plants.
281
Lister cultivator – cultivator

particularly adapted to the
cultivation of a listed crop in
its early stages of
development. Listed crops
are those planted in the
furrow or trench or below
the general level of the
ground.
282
Flame weeders –
equipment that uses
flame to the control of
grass and weeds. It
consists of a fuel tank,
feed lines, control
valves, and burners. It
usually mounted on
tractors. 283
Flame weeders –
equipment that uses
flame to the control of
grass and weeds. It
consists of a fuel tank,
feed lines, control
valves, and burners. It
usually mounted on
tractors. 284
Chemical weeder –
equipment that
applies herbicides. It
is similar to those used
in the application of
insecticides.
285
FERTILIZER APPLICATION
A field operation where fertilizers are place into

the soil to increase the available supply of plant
nutrients (principally nitrogen, phoshorous, and
potassium) and thus promote greater yields or
better crop quality.
286
There are several types of fertilizer applicators:

Manure spreaders – is a machine for carrying
barnyard manure to the field, shredding it, and
spreading it uniformly over the land.
Granular-fertilizer distributors
Gas and Liquid Fertilizer applicators
287
Manure spreaders 288

Granular-fertilizer distributors 289

Gas and Liquid Fertilizer applicators 290

PEST CONTROL
Pest control is
accomplished by proper
and timely application of
appropriate chemicals in
dry form or in mist with
dusters and sprayers.
291
PEST CONTROL
Dusters – Machine use to apply insecticides and

fungicides in the form dusts.
• Tractor-powered dusters – the dusting unit is
mounted upon a platform bolted to the rear of a
tractor and operated by the PTO.
• Airplane dusters – Airplanes are used to apply dust
to both field crops and orchards.
292
PEST CONTROL
Tractor-powered dusters 293

PEST CONTROL
Sprayers – machines for applying liquid insecticides and
fungicides.
• Manual Sprayers – sprayers that are manually operated
• Power sprayers – these are sprayers operated with either
internal combustion engines or electric motor.
• Airplane sprayers – the use of airplane (fixed-wing) to
apply and distribute spray materials (insecticides and
fungicides).
294
SPRAYING AND DUSTING
Primary Functions of Sprayer
• To break liquid droplets of effective size
• To distribute the droplets uniformly over the
surface or space to be protected.
• To regulate the amount of chemical solution
in order to avoid excessive application that
might prove harmful or wasteful.
295
Related Terms
• Application Rate – The amount of any material
applied per unit treated.
• Active Ingredient Rate – the amount of active
ingredient applied per unit treated expressed in
terms of mass per relevant unit treated. Example,
kg a.i./ha, mg a.i./cu.m, mg a.i./plant or animal.
296
Related Terms
• Formulation Rate – The amount of chemical
formulation applied per unit treated. Example
kg/ha, mg/cu.m, mg/plant or animals.
• Spray Rate – the amount of spray liquid applied
per unit treated. Example, liter/ha, ml/cu.m, ml/
plant or animals
297
Related Terms
• Deposit Rate – The amount of any material deposited per
unit area.
• Drift – The movement of chemicals outside the intended
target area by air mass transport diffusion.
• Formulation – The form of a chemical that is supplied of
the user, and which includes both the active and the
inert ingredients.
298
PEST CONTROL
Manual Sprayers
299
PEST CONTROL
Power sprayers
300
PEST CONTROL
Airplane sprayer 301

Aerosol Generator or Foggers
• It is a mechanical or thermal
device that produces a liquid
dispersion having a volume
median diameter of less than
50 um.
• A fog machine sprays liquid-
type chemicals as an aerosol.
It is classified into cold fog
machine by generating
process of fog. 302
Duster
• Compressed air from the fan is
guided to the bottom of the tank
to agitate the powder of
granules.
• Due to pressure difference at the
throat in the discharge pipe, the
air with a powder or granules is
conveyed to the discharge pipe.
303
Airplane dusters 304

Airplane dusters 305

Parts of power sprayer
• Agitator – A rotating device located inside the hopper of
gravity flow applicators and broadcast spreaders that
enhances delivery of granules to the adjustable orifice.
• Drop Tube – A conduit either plastic, metal or rubber that
directs granule flow of a granular applicator from the
metering device to the target.
• Rotor – A metering device used in positive displacement
granular applicators that regulates flow rate by
displacing a fixed rate per revolution. 306
Types of Sprayer Nozzle
• Cone-Type Nozzle – Consist of tip and core or swirl
plate. Usually operate between 40- 60 psi. They are
lever operated.
• Fan type Nozzle – The shape of the hole is responsible
for the shape of the spray and the angled formed.
• Impact type Nozzle – Pressurized liquid passes through
the nozzle orifice which is relatively large and strikes
the angled face. 307
Spray Classification
• Aerosol – Distribution of droplets less than or equal to 50 μm
• Mist – Distribution of droplets greater than 50 μm and less
than equal to 100 μm
• Fine Spray – Distribution of droplets greater than 100 μm
and less than or equal to 400 μm
• Medium Spray – Distribution of droplets greater than 400 μm
and less than or equal to 1200 μm
• Course Spray – Distribution of droplets greater than 1200 μm
308
Methods of Application of Chemical
• Banded Application – Distribution of chemical in a
parallel bands leaving the area between the
bands free of chemicals.
• Basal Application – An application of chemical
into the base of the plant.
• Broadcast Application – An application of
chemical over an entire area of a field.
309
Methods of Application of Chemical
• Directed Application – An application of chemical
to a specific area such as row bed or base of the
plant.
• Foliar Application – An application of a chemical
to the steam, fruit, leaves, or needles of the plant.
• Spot Treatment – An application of chemical to a
small restricted area usually to control the spread
of pest. 310
Factors Affecting the Rate of Application
• Pressure of the spray tank

• Size of nozzle opening
• Spray swath
• Walking speed
311
FORMULA
2
10,000 𝑚 ൗℎ𝑎 𝑥 𝑑𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑦 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 (𝑙𝑝𝑚)
𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 = 𝑚
𝑠𝑤𝑎𝑡ℎ 𝑚 𝑥 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 (𝑚𝑖𝑛)
𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 (𝑐𝑐 𝑜𝑟 𝑚𝑙)

𝐴𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = ℎ𝑎
𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 ℎ𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑒
312
FORMULA
𝑚2 𝑚
𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒 = 𝑆𝑤𝑎𝑡ℎ 𝑚 𝑥 𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑
𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑚2
𝑚𝑖𝑛 10,000
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟 ℎ𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑒 = ℎ𝑎
ℎ𝑎 𝑚2
𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑙 𝑙 𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 = 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑥 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
ℎ𝑎 𝑚𝑖𝑛 ℎ𝑎
313
FORMULA
𝑙
𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑝𝑟𝑎𝑦𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 =
𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑙
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒
min
314
FORMULA
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 𝑆𝑤𝑎𝑡ℎ 𝑥 𝑊𝑎𝑙𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑥 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
𝐴𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑥 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠 =
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠 𝑥 𝑠𝑝𝑟𝑎𝑦𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
315
CROP PROTECTION
57. A farmer wishes to spray his cotton
plantation at a rate of 300 gallons per hectare.
Sixteen nozzles, 18 inches apart will be used .
The forward speed of the tractor will be 5 kph.
Compute the field capacity of the sprayer in
hectare per hour. Determine the required pump
capacity in gpm.
CROP PROTECTION
58. A sprayer containing 100 liters of
mixture operates at a nozzle discharge of
0.2 liters per minute per nozzle. If the
sprayer boom consist of 6 nozzles, what
time does the sprayer mixture be
changed?
CROP PROTECTION
59. Using the results of the calibration test of a
knapsack sprayer, determine the application rate in
l/ha. Effective width or swath is 1.5 m, average walking
speed is 20 m/min, and discharge rate is 1.5 l/min.
Determine the application rate.
Given:
•Effective width or swath = W = 1.5 m
•Walking speed = S = 20 m/min
•Discharge rate = q = 1.5 l/min
CROP PROTECTION
60. The application rate of a certain insecticide is recommended at 4
l/ha. Using the results of the calibration test of a 16-liter knapsack
sprayer, determine the amount of insecticide to mix with water per
loading of the sprayer. Discharge rate of the sprayer is 1.2 l/min,
effective width or swath is 1.5 m, and average walking speed is 20
m/min. Determine the number of loadings per hectare. Determine the
amount of insecticide per loading.
Given:
•Insecticide application rate = 4 l/ha
•Sprayer capacity = 16 liters
•Discharge rate = 1.2 l/min
•Swath = W = 1.5 m
•Walking speed = S = 20 m/min
CROP PROTECTION
61. A liquid fertilizer distributor is being
checked for application rate . A container
catches 3.5 kg of 30% Nitrogen (N) solution
in 54s from outlet tubes. What is the rate of
N applied (kg/ha) if the forward speed is
8km/hr and the machine is 6 row with
outlet tubes spaced 1m?
IRRIGATION
This is the artificial

application of water
to the soil for the
purpose of supplying
moisture essential for
plant growth.
321
IRRIGATION
Surface Irrigation method – application of water on the soil
surface.
322
IRRIGATION
Subsurface irrigation – application of water below
the soil surface.
323
IRRIGATION
Sprinkler Irrigation method – application of water to
the soil surface in the form of spray resembling that
of rainfall.
324
IRRIGATION
Drip or trickle irrigation method – application of
water to the soil near the plant through small orifices.
325
WATER PUMP
A pump is a device that is used to lift or transfer water from
one source to the other.
326
WATER PUMP
Applications
• To supply water for domestic and group of
households.
• To supply water for farm animal.
• To supply water for conveyance canal by gravity
irrigation.
• To provide pressure for sprinkler and drip irrigation.
• To provide pressure in applying chemicals into
irrigation system. 327
WATER PUMP
Power Drive for Water Pumps
• Electric motor
• Gasoline engine
• Diesel engine
• Human
• Animal
• Solar
• Wind 328
WATER PUMP
General Pump Classifications
• Rotary – It uses gears, vanes,
lobe, or screw to trap and
convey fluid from inlet to
the outlet of the pump.
329
WATER PUMP
• Reciprocating – It uses a
back and forth motion of
mechanical parts such as
piston or diaphragms to
pressurize the fluid.
330
WATER PUMP
• Centrifugal – It uses a centrifugal
force imparted to the fluid by
one or more rotating elements
called impellers to increase the
kinetic energy and pressure
energy of the fluid.
331
WATER PUMP
Pumps Operating Characteristics
In order to use pumps profitably, it is essential to select
pumps well adapted to the particular conditions of
operation to obtain relatively high efficiency.
The interrelations between speed, head, discharge,
and power of a pump are usually represented by curves
which are designated the "Characteristics Curve".
332
WATER PUMP
Pump characteristics curve 333

WATER PUMP
PUMP LAWS FOR CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
a. the discharge is directly proportional to the speed of the

impeller:
𝑁1 𝑄1
=
𝑁2 𝑄2
334
WATER PUMP
b. the head varies as the square of the speed
2
𝑁2 𝐻2
2 =
𝑁1 𝐻1
335
WATER PUMP
c. the power varies as the cube of the speed
3
𝑁2 𝑃2
3 =
𝑁1 𝑃1
336
WATER PUMPING
62. If the speed of an irrigation pump is
increased by 30%, the power requirement is
increase by:
WATER PUMPING
63. The speed of a water pump is increased
from 500 rpm to 1500 rpm. If the original
discharge of the pump is 300 gpm, determine
the change in discharge of the pump. Also,
determine the increase in head if the original
head is 6 ft.
WATER PUMPING
64. If the pump impeller speed is increased
from 1800 rpm to 2500 rpm, the resulting pump
power requirement is _____.
a. about half of the original
b. about twice the original
c. around 40% of the original
d. about three times the original
WATER PUMPING
65. A water pump with a 0.2 m diameter
propeller discharges 60 lpm of water at a
head of 5 m depth suction and 1 m.
discharge. The pump is driven by an
electric motor at 1720 rpm. The pump and
pulley efficiency is 72%, and 90%,
respectively. Compute the WHP.
WATER PUMPING
65. Follow-up questions
•What is the BHP?
•What is the MHP?
•If the speed of the pump is to be reduced
to 1200 rpm, what is the capacity of the
pump?
WATER PUMPING
66. Determine the size of the diesel engine to
be used for a 4 X 4 centrifugal pump. Pump
discharge is 200 gpm. Total head is 24 ft. Pump
efficiency is 55%. V-belt efficiency is 95%. And
air-cooled diesel engine delivery rating is 70%
WATER PUMPING
67. Compute the horsepower required to
pump:
a) A stream of 60 liters per second against a
head of 12 meters, assuming 100% efficiency.
b) Actual pumping plant efficiency is 59%.
What is the horsepower requirements?
WATER PUMPING
68. A certain lift pump has a diameter of 100
mm and pump stroke of 145 mm. Results of
calibration test of this pump gave a water
discharge of 17 kg per minute at 17 pump
strokes per minute. Determine its volumetric
efficiency.
WATER PUMPING
69. A lift pump was used to collect
water at 60 strokes per minute and 50
liters was collected. The lift pump has
a bore of 10 cm and stroke of 15 cm.
What is the volumetric efficiency of
the lift pump?
WATER PUMPING
70. What is the volumetric efficiency (%eff) of a lift pump having the following
specifications and test data
Brand Name Eagle Pitcher Pump
Pump lever (cm) 38
Piston rod (cm) 16
Trial Weight/ minute (kg/ min) No. of strokes
Piston rod-stroke (cm) 14
1 22 50
Cylinder diameter (cm) 7.5
2 21 46
Suction pipe length (cm) 65
3 20 48
4 21 45
5 21 46
HARVESTING
Harvesting
It is the process of
gathering matured
crops that is ready
for processing or
consumption.
347
HARVESTING
Manual Harvesting
with the use of
"Yatab" or Native
sickle
348
HARVESTING
Reaper
They are machines that
cuts the panicles and
place it on a windrow.
They are either power
tiller or tractor
operated machine
349
HARVESTING
Reaper Binder – machine that cuts the stalks and
bundles them in one operation.
350
HARVESTING
Combine Harvester-Thresher (for rice, wheat, mongo and
soybeans) – machine that performs gathering and
threshing in one operation.
351
HARVESTING
Combine Harvester-Thresher
352
HARVESTING
Corn Pickers – the

machine that
picks and husk
corn ears.
353
HARVESTING
71. A 5-m self-propelled combine makes an average
stop of 4 minutes everytime its 2-ton grain tank is to be
unloaded. The yield of the 20-ha field is 40 tons. The
operating speed is 4.8 kph. The time for turning on the
headland at the ends of the 500-m field is 15 seconds.
Find:
a. theoretical field capacity
b. actual field capacity
c. Field efficiency
HARVESTING
72. A 4-m combine travelling at 5 kph can
empty its 1.64-ton grain tank in 60 seconds.
When unloading on-the-go, it has an 82%
field efficiency. Field yield is 3 tons/ha.
What would be the field efficiency if the
combine stopped to unload?
HARVESTING
73. A 4-m combine traveling at 5 kph
can empty its 1.5-ton grain tank in 2
minutes. When unloading on-the-go, it
has an 86% field efficiency. Field yield
is 3.5 tons/ ha. what would be the field
efficiency if the combine stopped to
load?

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Farm Mechanization

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FARM

▪ Agricultural Field Equipment

Agricultural Field Equipment

Agricultural Field Equipment

Agricultural Field Equipment

1. Tillage Equipment – This includes plow and harrow used to

4. Harvesting and Threshing equipment – This are equipment

7. Storage Equipment – This are equipment used to keep the

a) draft power to the tractor through the wheels for pulling

2. Rotary Type – fitted

Half track type

Full track type

Full track type

Two-wheel drive (2WD or 4x2)

Four-wheel drive (4WD or 4x4)

Cage wheel - It gives

Where: 𝑉𝑡 - tractor speed, km/hr

GEAR POSITION REDUCTION RATIO

Tire Inflation Pressure Inflation pressure

Power take-off shaft

Where: 𝑅 - rolling resistance, kgf

Speed Reduction Formula

Where N – number of revolutions

1ST REDUCTION 2ND REDUCTION 3RD REDUCTION TRACTION WHEELS

1ST REDUCTION 2ND REDUCTION 3RD REDUCTION TRACTION WHEELS

Where 𝑊𝑡 - Weight of the tractor

▪ Flat belt and pulley

Chain and sprocket 85 90

Characteristics of flat belt and pulley drive

▪ Suitable for short center distance drive

▪Pulleys and sheaves are used to transmit the power

Quarter turn drive

Diameter of first pulley - 300 mm

Where: 𝑁𝑟 - speed of driver sprocket, rpm

Where: 𝑅 - speed ratio

Where: 𝐿 - length of chain, pitches

𝐷𝑃 = 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑜 𝑏𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑥 𝑆𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟

𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑥 𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑙𝑖𝑓𝑒

𝑁𝑆𝑇 = 𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑡ℎ 𝑥 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 108

➢Gear with Parallel Shaft

Where: 𝑇𝑟 - transmitted load (N) or driver

Where: 𝐹𝑡 - transmitted load, N

• Land clearing operation is adopted in areas which are

Land Clearing 148

Land Clearing 149

Land Leveling 151

Rotary Plows – this type of plow is

Center of Resistance of the Plow

❑ It is the point where all the horizontal and vertical forces

Tillage operation following primary tillage, which refines soil

Secondary Tillage Implement

It is an implement intended to create refined soil

• Secondary tillage equipment are used in stirring, breaking and

The following equipment are used as Secondary tillage

Disk Harrow – Ground purpose

Factors Affecting the Depth of Penetration of Disk

Types of Gang Arrangement of Disk Harrow

Single action disk harrow 180

Double action disk harrow 181

Offset disk harrow 182

Spike Tooth Harrow – A

Planters - are machine used to place plant parts

▪ Seed Box – It is used

▪ Press Wheel - It is used to