Tenses
1. Present Tense
Present tense is used to tell about
daily activity(ies) or fact(s).
(+) S + P (V1) + O + Complement. (Verbal)
Or
S + To be (is, am, are) + O + Comp. (Non-
verbal)
*Verbal: Active verbs (eat, sleep, drink,
play, think, etc.) that involves energy
Note, if the subjects are I, You, They, We,
the V1 should not be added with –s or –es,
If the subjects are She, He, It, V1
must be added with –s or –es
**Non Verbal: is used to talk about noun,
place, time, or adjective
Is: She, He, It
Am: I
Are: You, They, We
e.g.,:
 I teach English from Monday to
Thursday.
 Maria sings for the church every
Sunday.
 Bob, Robert, and Luke live in
Germany.
 I am a teacher. (I’m a teacher)
 She is gorgeous. (She’s gorgeous)
 They are at home. (They’re at
home)
(-) S + don’t/doesn’t + P (Bare Infinitive) +
O + Comp. (Verbal)
Or
S + isn’t/am not/aren’t + O + Comp.
(Non-verbal)
Note, do: I, You, They, We
Does: She, He, It
e.g.,:
(present tense digunakan untuk
memberitau tentang kegiatan
sehari-hari atau kalimat fakta)
Formulae:
 We don’t drink alcohol.
 Susan doesn’t like him. (Bare
Infinitive)
 Mike doesn’t watch romantic
movies. (Bare Infinitive)
 I am not a student. (I’m not a
student)
 She isn’t in The U.S.
 They aren’t stupid.
(?) Do/Does + S + P (Bare Infinitive) +
O/Comp? (Yes/No question, Verbal)
Or
To be + S + O/Comp? (Yes/No question, non-
verbal)
WH- + do/does + S + P + O/Comp? (WH-
question, verbal)
Or
WH- + to be + S? (WH- questions, non-verbal)
e.g.,:
 Do you like football?
Yes, I do / No, I don’t.
 Does Samantha drink wine?
Yes, she does / No, she doesn’t.
 Am I at school?
Yes, you are / No, you aren’t.
 Is she kind?
Yes, she is / No, she isn’t.
 Are we students?
Yes, we are / No, we aren’t.
 Where do they swim?
They swim at Tepian Ratu Swimming
Pool.
 When does the train arrive?
It arrives at 7:30 P.M.
 Who is she?
She’s my girlfriend, Rose.
 2. Present Continuous Tense
Present continuous tense is used to explain about activity that is currently happening
or has duration.
(Present continuous tense digunakan untuk menjelaskan tentang suatu aktifitas yang
sedang terjadi atau mempunyai durasi tertentu)
Formulae:
(+) S + to be + P (Ving) + O/Comp.
e.g.,:
 I am working on my paper right now.
 Maria is studying in Japan for three years.

(-) S + isn’t/am not/aren’t + Ving + O/Comp.

e.g.,:
 We aren’t playing basketball right now.
 Sam isn’t buying any Blackpink’s albums.

(?) To be + S + Ving + O/Comp? (Yes/No question)

Or
WH- + to be + S + Ving + O/Comp? (WH- question)
e.g.,:
 Am I doing this thing right?
Yes, you are / No, you aren’t
 Is Harold fixing his car?
Yes, he is / No, he isn’t
 How are they doing?
They’re doing great
 When is Bianca returning our books?
She’s going to return them on Sunday afternoon.

3. Past Tense
Past tense is used to explain activity that already happened in past time. There is
adverb of time (e.g., last …, yesterday, in 1930, … days/weeks/months/years ago).
(past tense digunakan untuk menjelaskan kegiatan yang telah terjadi di masa
lampau, biasanya ada penanda waktu lampau di dalam kalimat.)
Formulae:
(+) S + P (V2) + O/Comp. (Verbal)  Japanese troops surrendered* to
Or The Allied Force in 1945. (*regular
S + to be (was/were) + O/Comp. (Non- verb)
verbal)  My mother bought** another
Non-verbal: Adjective, Noun, Place, Time. flower yesterday. (**irregular
Note, was: I, She, He, It, singular verb)
were: You, They, We, plural  She was obese three years ago.
e.g.,:  We were at home last night.
(-) S + didn’t + P (bare infinitive, V1
without –s / -es) + O/Comp. (Verbal)
Or
S + wasn’t/weren’t + O/Comp. (Non-
verbal)
e.g.,:
 I didn’t play video games
yesterday.
 Lisa didn’t sing with her friends
last week.
 Monica wasn’t a lecturer two
months ago.
 We weren’t at school last month.
(?) Did + S + P (bare infinitive) + O/Comp?
(Yes/No question, verbal)
Or
To be + S + O/Comp? (Yes/No
question, non-verbal)
WH- + did + S + P (bare infinitive) +
O/Comp? (WH- question, verbal)
Or
WH- + to be + S + O/Comp? (WH-
question, non-verbal)
e.g.,:
 Did they buy the groceries
yesterday?
Yes, they did / No, they didn’t.
 Were you a student at Senior
High School 4 in 2010?
Yes, I was / No, I wasn’t.
 Who did Jane bring into his party
last night?
Jane brought her boyfriend into his
party last night.
 Where was Timmy last week?
He was at his cousin’s house last
week.
4. Past Continuous
Past continuous is used to explain activity that is happening in the past time. Past continuous
must be followed by Past tense.

(+) S + to be + Ving + when/while + past tense. (was: I, she, he, it were: you, they, we)
e.g.,:
 I was taking a bath when my mom called me.
 She brought a cake to our birthday party while we were singing on the stage.

(-) S + wasn’t / weren’t + Ving + when/while + Past tense.

e.g.,:
 They weren’t talking when the teacher taught them English.
 He wasn’t swimming when we came to the swimming pool.

(?) Was/Were + S + Ving + O/Comp. + when/while + past tense?  Yes/No question

Or
WH- + was/were + S + Ving + when/while + past tense?  WH- question
e.g.,:
 Were you using a sunscreen when you swam on the beach?
Yes, I was/ No, I wasn’t.
 Was Elsa eating spaghetti when I prepared dinner?
Yes, she was/No, she wasn’t.
 What were they doing when they stayed in a hotel?
They were ordering Pizza.
 What was Suzy doing when she rode her bike?
She was hitting a tree.
 Comparison

Comparison is used to compare two things or more, usually the first thing is
more than the second one, or maybe the first thing is the biggest one. There are two
types of comparisons: Comparative and Superlative.
(Comparison digunakan untuk membandingkan dua benda atau lebih,
biasanya benda yang pertama lebih (lebih besar, lebih murah, dsb) dari benda yang
kedua, atau mungkin benda yang pertama itu benda yang paling besar/paling cepat,
dsb. Ada dua tipe comparisons: Comparative dan Superlative)

1. Comparative (adj+ -er than or more + adj than)

e.g.,:
 This book is bigger than that book.
(Buku ini lebih besar dari buku itu)
 Mark and John are taller than us.
(Mark dan John lebih tinggi dari kita)
 My smartphone is more exclusive than your smartphone.
(Smartphone saya lebih eksklusif dari smartphonemu)

2. Superlative (the adj + -est or the most + adj.)

e.g.,:
 Burj Khalifa was the tallest building in the world in 2016.
(Burj Khalifa dulunya gedung tertinggi/paling tinggi di dunia pada tahun 2016)
 Warren Buffet is one of the richest people right now.
(Warren Buffet adalah salah satu orang terkaya saat ini)
 Bugatti Veyron is the most expensive car.
(Bugatti Veyron adalah mobil termahal/paling mahal)

3. Too and Enough

Too (too + adj.) and enough (not + adj + enough) is used to say that
something is not right.

Tom needs bigger sweater Kevin needs smaller sweater

 He needs shorter sleeves

Sometimes too and enough can be followed by infinitive

He is running too slow The fridge is not light enough

The coffee is not cool enough

 Intentions and Wishes

Intentions are used to tell about something that you really want to do and will to do
anything to get it. Whereas wishes are something that you want to have in the future.

In making intentions, we use be going to and be planning to

(+) S + be going to/be planning to + bare infinitive + O/Comp.
e.g.,:
 I’m going to build a new home.
 Sadie is planning to study abroad.
 They’re going to be astronauts. --> Non-verbal

(-) S + be not going to/ be not planning to + bare infinitive + O/Comp.

e.g.,:
 I’m not planning to be an architect.
 We’re not going to sell the bikes.
 He isn’t going to learn French.

(?) WH- + to be + S + going to/planning to + bare infinitive + O/Comp?

e.g.,:
 What subjects are you going to choose?
 Where are you planning to continue your study?
 When is she going to go to college?

While making wishes, we use want to and would like to

(+) S + want to/would like to + bare infinitive + O/Comp.
e.g.,:
 I’d like to be a teacher
 She wants to sell her makeups.
 They would like to travel.

(-) S + don’t/doesn’t want to/would not like to + bare infinitive + O/Comp.

e.g.,:
 John doesn’t want to borrow his clothes.
 We don’t want to be lawyer.
 I wouldn’t like to try Physics.

(?) WH- + do/does + S + want to + bare infinitive + O/Comp?

Or
WH- + would + S + like to + bare infinitive + O/Comp?
e.g.,:
 What does she want to do next year?
 What would you like to buy?