TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION TO THE AIR TRANSPORT INDUSTRY.................................................................2

THE STRUCTURE OF THE AIR TRANSPORT INDUSTRY................................................................2

DIFFERENT TYPES OF AIRLINES..............................................................................................4

MAJOR AIRLINES....................................................................................................................4

NATIONAL AIRLINES...............................................................................................................4

TYPES OF AIRPORT TERMINALS..................................................................................................6

THE DIFFERENT ORGANIZATIONS & FUNCTIONS.......................................................................8

THE DIFFERENT SERVICES OPERATIONS IN TERMINAL TO MEET WITH STANDARD,

REGULATION AND OPERATIONAL STANDARD.........................................................................10

EXPORT CONTAINER FLOW..................................................................................................11

IMPORT CONTAINER FLOW......................................................................................................11

DIFFERENT SERVICE OPERATIONS............................................................................................12

LANDSIDE OPERATIONS.......................................................................................................12

BAGGAGE OPERATIONS...........................................................................................................13

AIRSIDE OPERATIONS...........................................................................................................14

HEALTH AND SAFETY REGULATIONS........................................................................................16

NATURE OF AIR TRANSPORT....................................................................................................18

REGULATIONS AND OPERATION STANDARDS.....................................................................18

CONCLUSION............................................................................................................................19

REFERENCES.............................................................................................................................20
INTRODUCTION TO THE AIR TRANSPORT INDUSTRY
The aviation industry is the worldwide network of operators of commercial aircraft, airports,
air navigation services, and aircraft manufacturers and components. It links the world
economy, creates thousands of jobs, and enables modern quality of living. Air transport is a
key facilitator for economic development and growth. Air transport supports regional
economic integration and provides essential domestic, regional and international
connectivity. It contributes to commercialization, tourism promotion, and jobs creation.

THE STRUCTURE OF THE AIR TRANSPORT INDUSTRY

An organizational structure is a framework that sets out how particular tasks are conducted
to fulfill the objectives of a company. These activities may involve regulations, positions, and
duties.

The organization’s structure also impacts how information travels across company levels.
For example, decisions fluctuate from top to top in a centralized system, but decisions are
scattered throughout multiple organization levels inside a decentralized structure. (Kalmuk
and Acar, 2015)

The intricate operation of each airline involves a huge number of people. Although each
airline's operations can differ significantly, the operational structures of most airlines are
fundamentally similar, resulting in common sorts of positions. While large airlines can
employ more people, employees generally are the same irrespective of the size of the
airline. Airlines generally have an organization, which looks like the following chart.

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 Source – Developed by the writer

The organization’s pyramid-formed diagram above is called an org diagram. It's the

most frequent sort of organizational structure — it is a command chain that runs from

top to bottom (i.e. the CEO or management), and each employee has a supervisor. It is

the most type of organizational structure. This sets degrees of responsibility and

authority and stimulates employees with defined career pathways and promotional

opportunities to develop comradeship among staff in the same department. (Dekoulou

and Trivellas, 2017)

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DIFFERENT TYPES OF AIRLINES
Not all airlines are the same.  Like in most companies, airlines are stratified in some way.
The state controls the airlines in numerous nations. The amount of money it generates
determines the rank of an airline. Airline classes are three: major, national and regional.
There are three categories.

MAJOR AIRLINES

These are the airline industry's heavyweights, and you'll hear them in news often. A large
aviation company is defined as an aircraft with yearly revenues of above £1million. Major
airlines are also typically the major airline employers. However, several significant airline
companies employ only 9,600 employees and do not employ large numbers.

However, several significant airline companies employ only 9,600 employees and do not
employ large numbers.

NATIONAL AIRLINES
These are scheduled airlines with an operating income of between £100 million and £1
billion per year just one step from large airlines. These airlines may operate in certain parts
of the country but they may also provide long-haul and international services. They run
medium and huge jets. Since these are smaller airlines, a reduced number of personnel can
be expected.

REGIONAL AIRLINES

These airlines serve certain parts of a country, as the name indicates, filling the market
segments over which large and domestic airlines may ignore. This segment of the aviation
industry is the fastest expanding one and can be separated into 3 subsets:

 Large regional companies — planned operators with yearly revenues of £20 million
to £100 million. They operate aircraft with more than 60 passengers capacity.
 Medium-size regional airlines — Those airlines function on a smaller scale with an
operating income of less than £20 million and generally only utilize tiny aircraft.

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  Regional small businesses - These airlines do not have a definition of revenue, but
are generally known as "commuter airlines." Small airplanes with much less than 61
seats are used.

Like any other company, the airline sector consists of a large number of airlines since its
clients have varied requirements. If you go abroad, a major airline will probably use you, as
it has more routes abroad. A company person traveling between two small towns is
probably flying on a smaller airline since he or she does not want to stop at a major airline
hub for laying.

(Types of Airlines and Airline Business Models, 2021)

Source – Developed by the writer

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TYPES OF AIRPORT TERMINALS
A terminal in the airport is a building where passengers transition to and from the airplane
from the ground transportation facility. Passengers buy tickets within the terminal, move
their baggage and pass through safety. Contests are usually named buildings providing entry
to aircraft (through gates). However, depending on the arrangement of the airport, the
phrases "terminal" and "contest" are sometimes used in interchange. Smaller airports have
one terminal and larger ones have many terminals and/or competitions. The single terminal
building performs all the tasks of a terminal and a contest at tiny airports.

Source - Airport - Planning and Development - Tutorials point, 2021

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Although aircraft routes start and end at the terminal zone of the airport, passenger and
luggage itineraries do not take place. It is crucial to realize that the airport terminal is a
transfer spot along the road rather than a terminal point. Below are some of the terminals

Unit Terminal Concept- As they comprised all the passenger processing capabilities
necessary by a certain air carrier in a single-unit building, the first consolidated facility was
known as the previous "single-unit terminal."As several airlines started serving individual
areas, airport terminals expanded in two ways: Two or more airlines would use separate
passenger and luggage process facilities in smaller communities. This is called the
"combined terminal unit."Separate facilities for each airline, each building as its own
terminal, have been created in larger localities. The "Multi-unit terminal" is known.

Standard Liner Terminal Concept- When airports expanded to accommodate the expanding
demands of the general people and the growing aircraft wings, rectangular or linear single-
speed terminals were stretched outside to allow the small distances between both the
vehicle curb and the parking of aircraft with unit terminals to be maintained. Some airports
have been curvedly expanded, making it possible to "nose-in" the aircraft to the terminal
building even more, while at the same time keeping short walking distance from the airport
entrance. The length of the terminal structure rises, one of the main disadvantages of linear
terminals. For the traveler whose itinerary calls for changes in airplane at the airport,
distances from amenities, particularly far gates, become exorbitant.

Pier Finger Terminal Concept- Due to the addition of contests to simple terminal buildings
in the 1950s, the finger terminal concept arose. Competitions, called piers or fingers, have
allowed the maximum amount of aircraft car parking with less infrastructure. The finger-
plug is the first so-called decentralized device to do some of the essential processing in the
primary end-to-end areas and other operations in and surrounding contests.

Pier Satellite / Remote Satellite - Similar to finger jackets, jacket Satellite terminals
developed as contests from main unit terminals with aeroplanes parked in a round atrium
or satellite area at the end of the competition. Satellite gates usually include a common
holding area for passengers. The remote satellite concept takes advantage of the ability to
develop subterranean passageways or APMs to connect major terminal buildings with
competitions.

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Concourse

Satellite terminal Concept - A satellite terminal is a facility separated from other airport
buildings, so that airplanes can park all around. London Gatwick Airport was the first airport
to operate a satellite terminal. The satellite was connected to the main terminal with an
underground foot tunnel.

Unit terminal Concept - The term terminal is utilized anywhere there is more than one
terminal in the passenger terminal system in the airport. Several terminals of similar design
can consist of unit terminals

Curvilinear terminal concept - A simple form of terminal layout repeated on the route to
allow for additional apron façade, more gates and more passenger room inside the terminal

(Airport - Planning and Development - Tutorialspoint, 2021)

THE DIFFERENT ORGANIZATIONS & FUNCTIONS

Many companies in the aviation business are involved in successful management decisions
and actions. Some are,

International Air Transport Association (IATA)

An international trade group with 240 airlines accounting for 94% of international scheduled
air transport. IATA aims to help airlines to facilitate processes and to increase passenger
convenience while at the same time cost reductions and efficiency improvement. Safeguard
is the focus of IATA, and IATA aims to improve safety standards continuously, especially
through the Operational Safety Audit of IATA (IOSA).

Air Transport Association

The main U.S. airlines' leading trade group. More than 90% of the U.S. passenger and freight
traffic is carried by ATA members and their affiliates.

Experimental Aircraft Association (EAA)

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EAA is a growing and diversified membership group with a broad spectrum of aviation
interests. A collection of persons, interested in building their own aircraft, was created in
1953 by EAA. The company has expanded its purpose throughout the decades to encompass
antiques, classics, warbirds, airplanes, ultralights, helicopters and contemporary airplanes of
construction.

Flight Safety Foundation (FSA)

A non-profit multinational organization committed to improving aviation security research,

auditing, teaching, advocacy and publication. The objective of the Foundation is to
continually enhance worldwide aviation safety and accident avoidance. It transcends local,
regional or domestic political objectives having members from more than 142 nations all
around the world.

General Aviation Manufacturers Association (GAMA)

The National Trade Association comprising 55 aircraft, engines, airplanes and components
makers. Alongside constructing almost all aviation general aircraft that are now flying in the
United States, GAMAs run aircraft fleets, fixed-based airport operations, pilot schools and
training facilities nationwide.

International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)

ICAO is established in November and December 1944 by a Convention for International Civil
Aviation, to which every ICAO contracting state has been a party. ICAO works closely with
members of the family of the UN such as the WWO, the International Telecommunication
Union, the Universal Postal Union, the International Maritime Organization and the World
Health Organization.

Society of Experimental Test Pilots (SETP)

The Society of Experimental Test Pilots is an international organization which aims at

fostering air safety through the promotion of sounder aeronautical design and design;
exchanges ideas, ideas & suggestions, supports the professional development of
experimental pilots, and grants and supports members and families of experimental pilots.

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In a privatized airport environment, States must regulate and supervise airport management
and operations to assure the preservation and efficiency of ICAO and State Airport Safety
Standards Regulating operational efficiency of airports necessitates the definition, for
international airports and when these have an influence on safety, of performance
standards and ICAO standards and ICAO guidelines for airport operational efficiency

Source – Developed by the writer

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DIFFERENT SERVICE OPERATIONS
Source – Developed by the writer

While there’s many operations running in airport operations, these operations can be
divided in to four main types of operations. Let’s look at the operations one by one.

LANDSIDE OPERATIONS
Land Operations include pick-up and drop-off airport locations, extending to community
roads, trains and other kinds of intermodal transport. The flight interface, passenger process
functions and flight interface can be separated into three parts. Those operating alongside
the airport have a customer service role, roads and properties around the airport. They also
operate daily throughout terminals & parking decks. Like airside, safety and security
activities are deals with landside. Let’s look at how the operations flow work for arrival to
departure and vice versa.

ARRIVAL

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AIRSIDE OPERATIONS
Those operating on the airside supervise the airfield, ramps, airport security and safety. If,
before leaving or at landing, you have seen persons conducting vehicles or performing
landing tasks outside your aircraft window, they are engaged in airside operations. The
airside area encompasses all areas of the airport around the aircraft, the parts of the
facilities limited to employees and sections extending to passengers traveling, shopping,
dining and waiting. The below chart indicates the airside operations process

Source – Developed by the writer

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Source - Airport - Planning and Development - Tutorials point, 2021

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HEALTH AND SAFETY REGULATIONS
In most of the activities of the airline sector, the health issues of passengers and crews are
critical: aircraft, passenger, cargo, etc. They include issues such as time restrictions,
transmission and disinfection of transmittable diseases.

BAGGAGE HANDLING

Manual handling of baggage and cargo in or out of aircraft involves a danger that the ground
handlers involved will be injured by manual handling. There are other similar concerns when
luggage can be handled physically, such as safety check points, check-in counters for
passengers etc. Use machinery for handling bags, e.g., belt loaders, Extended Belt Loaders
(EBL) etc., in and out of airplanes. EBL's not only mechanically transfer the bag to the hold,
they also carry the bag on the floor to the hold. Use suitable personal clothing for
protection. Kneepads, footwear and gloves are generally included. Shoes should be
protected by toes and should give adequate grip for smooth and damp surfaces. High
visibility apparel and ear protection must also be provided to handlers of airborne baggage
when working.

NOICE

Listening to a job loss is one of the most prevalent damages to the job. During flight
operations there are various sources of noise. Workers can be exposed to the earth, aircraft
engines, starts and braking are a source of aircraft noise. The greatest airplane noise
generators in aircraft are the aircraft engines and high velocity turbulences over the
fuselage. Other sources of noise are communications and mechanical food and beverage
noises. All employee noise exposure recommendations must be regulated for eight hours
below the 85 dBA level to avoid occupational noise-related hearing loss.

LIGHTING

Poor illumination can influence work quality, particularly where precision and overall
productivity are necessary. Poor illumination can be a health risk - eyes straining too high or
too low and eye discomfort and headaches can result. More reflected lighting and local
illumination can remove shadows; a covered lamp installed behind a transparent protection
on a grinding wheel for example offers the additional light to properly see the task.

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RASPORAY ILLNESS

Travel enhances the likelihood of persons becoming involved with and spreading COVID-19
by getting people in close contact and exposing others to regularly affected surfaces,
typically over lengthy periods of time. Air travel typically takes time for safety lines and large
airport terminals where it might be tough to stay 6 feet from people. It may also be
challenging on aircraft to stay 6 feet away from people. People may be unable to get away
from people sitting nearby or those standing in or passing the aisles by the recommended 6
feet.. Getting the team vaccinated, wearing adequate health and safety wear to avoid the
virus will be help to avoid the disease spread to the team.

HEIGHTS

The most important security problems for high-rise operations are falling people or things
that cause serious harm and destruction. The employer may invest in suitable equipment,
and insist on the usage of personal protective equipment (PPE) in order to better protect his
staff. Carabineers and retractors can be utilized for fall protection kits, including safety
harnesses, thereby assuring significant risk reduction. Using head, hearing, eye, face,
raspatory and hand protection while working in heights will help to reduce the risk of
injuries from heights.

(IATA Health Safety Standards Checklist for Airline Operators, 2020)

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NATURE OF AIR TRANSPORT
The new regulation on the regulations on operation, flying and certification as well as
administration of a range of aircraft and operations will begin on 2nd December 2021.

Following the civil aviation safety authorities, the structure of the regulatory and
operational standards is presented below:

Source: Civil Aviation Safety Authority

REGULATIONS AND OPERATION STANDARDS

 Allow the electronic transportation of papers.
 Amend the minimum altitude to be used during flight with the visual flight rule
 For non-air transport operations, relax oxygen requirements.
 Give the commanding pilot additional latitude to decide which portable electronic
devices can be utilized without affecting the safety of passengers.
 Introducing an approach prohibition for Instrument Flight Rules (IFR) flights under
weather conditions regularly below landing limits at specified airfields.
 Limit some in-flight emergencies to simulation and who could be on board at the
moment.
 Make the transportation of animals and firearms more flexible. The commanding
pilot has more option as to how the requirements can be applied based on the
unique situation and how to mitigate the risk.

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CONCLUSION
This document is intended as a sink for efficient airline operations, to the construction of
airline networks. Complexity parameters have been derived and reflected on service level
and efficiency parameters. Critical safety, complicated and competitive business is a strictly
regulated, aircraft maintenance. Innovative solutions need to be developed to address
process efficiency without affecting safety and quality. This document is meant for the
creation of airline networks, as a sink for effective airline operations. The complexity and
efficiency parameters have been derived and reflected. Carefully regulated aircraft
maintenance is critical safety, sophisticated and competitive industry. To address process
efficiencies without harming safety and quality, innovative solutions need to be devised. It is
feasible in this study, to improve highly complex systems like air maintenance, that a
complete and environmentally precise operating system model is needed to not only show
what it is designed to be, but also what usually happens. In this study it is possible that a
comprehensive and ecologically accurate operating system model that not just depicts what
is meant to be, but also what happens usually, is needed in order to improve a highly
complex system such as aviation maintenance. 

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 REFERENCES
Dekoulou, P. and Trivellas, P., 2017. Organizational structure, innovation
performance and customer relationship value in the Greek advertising and
media industry. Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing, 32(3), pp.385-397.
Kalmuk, G. and Acar, A., 2015. The Mediating Role of Organizational Learning
Capability on the Relationship Between Innovation and Firm's Performance: A
Conceptual Framework. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 210, pp.164-
169.
One Education, 2021. Types of Airlines and Airline Business Models. Available at:
<https://www.oneeducation.org.uk/types-of-airlines-and-business-models/>
[Accessed 13 July 2021].
Tutorialspoint.com. 2021. Airport - Planning and Development - Tutorialspoint.
[online] Available at:
<https://www.tutorialspoint.com/aviation_management/aviation_management_
airport_planning_and_development.htm> [Accessed 13 July 2021].
2020. IATA Health Safety Standards Checklist for Airline Operators. [online] 5(2).
Available at:
<https://www.icao.int/safety/CAPSCA/PublishingImages/Pages/Coronavirus/IATA
%20Health%20Safety%20Standards%20Checklist%20for%20Airline
%20Operators.pdf> [Accessed 13 July 2021].

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