Type of Airlines

There are many different types of airlines, each designed to cater to different market segments
and local and international needs. Here we are going to take a look into 6 categories of airlines
operating globally.

1. Low-Cost Carrier Or Budget Airlines(No-Frill)

2. Full Service Airlines(frilled)
3. Regional Airlines
4. National Carriers(Flag Carrier)
5. Charter Airlines
6. Freight or Cargo Airlines

Low-Cost Carriers (LCCs): Low-cost carriers are airlines that focus on providing affordable air
travel by offering no-frills services. They usually operate point-to-point routes and aim to keep
their operating costs low, often through measures like operating a single aircraft type, selling
tickets directly to passengers, and charging extra fees for additional services like baggage, seat
selection, and in-flight meals. Examples of low-cost carriers include Southwest Airlines, Ryan
air, and Air Asia.

Full-Service Airlines: Full-service airlines, also known as legacy carriers or network carriers,
offer a wide range of services to passengers. They typically operate on a hub-and-spoke model,
where they have major hub airports from which they connect passengers to various destinations.
Full-service airlines provide amenities such as in-flight meals, entertainment systems, checked
baggage allowances, and frequent flyer programs. Examples include Delta Air Lines, British
Airways, and Emirates.

Regional Airlines: Regional airlines primarily operate shorter routes within a specific region,
connecting smaller airports to major hubs. They often serve as feeders for larger airlines,
transporting passengers from smaller cities to major airports where they can catch connecting
flights. Regional airlines may have agreements with major carriers for code-sharing or providing
flights under the major carrier's brand. Examples include SkyWest Airlines and Horizon Air.

National airlines : are not designated as such because of the routes they fly but rather because
the airline represents the country of origin.National airlines are usually government owned and
operated and carry the flag of the country they represent. As a result, national airlines are
sometimes called flag-carrier airlines because they represent the national government of their
country of origin.Flights from national airways are often given priority and privileges at airports
not extended to other non-government-owned airlines.National airlines mostly operate as
international carriers, but many of these airlines also offer regional services using smaller
aircraft, and smaller airlines are contracted to fulfill the role.National airlines will often survive
economic downturns that put other airlines out of business because the government will offer the
airline financial bailouts to prevent the airline from going out of business.
Charter Airlines: Charter airlines specialize in operating flights on a charter basis, where an entire
aircraft is rented by a group or organization for a specific purpose, such as corporate travel, sports teams,
or leisure trips. Charter airlines offer flexibility in terms of flight schedules, destinations, and customized
services tailored to the needs of the chartering party. Examples include Thomas Cook Airlines and
JetSuiteX.

Cargo Airlines: Cargo airlines focus on transporting cargo and freight rather than passengers. They play
a crucial role in global trade by facilitating the transportation of goods across different regions. Cargo
airlines operate dedicated freighter aircraft or convert passenger aircraft for cargo purposes. Some
passenger airlines also have cargo divisions to transport cargo in the belly holds of their aircraft.
Examples include FedEx Express, UPS Airlines, and Cathay Pacific Cargo.

Airline Business Models :

(ADD)

* Ultra-Low-Cost Carriers (ULCCs): Ultra-Low-Cost Carriers take the low-cost model to an extreme,
offering exceptionally low fares and charging additional fees for almost all services. ULCCs focus on
minimizing costs by operating smaller aircraft, reducing amenities, and optimizing operational efficiency.
They target price-sensitive leisure travelers and often operate on point-to-point routes. ULCCs generate
revenue through high passenger volume, ancillary fees, partnerships, and tight cost controls.

It's important to note that some airlines may operate with a hybrid business model, combining elements of
multiple models to suit their specific market and target audience. The choice of business model depends on
factors such as the airline's market positioning, target market, competitive landscape, operational
capabilities, and overall strategy.

AIRLINE ALLIANCES :

1. Star Alliance: One of the largest airline alliances, it includes airlines such as United Airlines, Lufthansa,
Air Canada, and Singapore Airlines.
2. One world: Another significant alliance, with members such as American Airlines, British Airways,
Malaysia Airlines, Cathay Pacific, and Qantas.
3. SkyTeam: This alliance includes airlines such as Delta Air Lines, Air France-KLM, Korean Air, and
Aeromexico.

An airline alliance is a cooperative agreement between two or more airlines to expand their network, improve
connectivity, and provide seamless travel options for passengers. Alliance Airlines typically work together to offer
shared flights, code-sharing, and coordinated schedules. They may also align their frequent flyer programs, allowing
passengers to earn and redeem miles across multiple airlines within the alliance. Alliance Airlines benefit from the
synergies of cooperation, including increased access to more destinations, streamlined baggage handling, smoother
connections, and shared facilities at airports. Passengers can enjoy seamless travel experiences, such as through-
checking their baggage and earning frequent flyer benefits across multiple airlines within the alliance. They are
individual airlines in their own right and maintain their distinct branding, operations, and services. Being part of an
airline alliance allows these airlines to expand their reach and provide enhanced travel options to their customers.

*Passengers with Reduced Mobility (PRM) :

here are some common types of wheelchair codes used in the industry:

WCHR (Wheelchair Ramp): Passengers with this code are able to ascend and descend stairs but require assistance
with long distances within the airport terminal. They can walk to and from the aircraft but need a wheelchair or other
mobility aid for longer distances.

WCHS (Wheelchair Steps): Passengers with this code are unable to ascend or descend stairs but can walk to and
from the aircraft. They require assistance specifically with boarding and disembarking the aircraft, where steps are
involved.

WCHC (Wheelchair Cabin Seat): Passengers with this code require a wheelchair to move throughout the airport
but can transfer to a regular aircraft seat independently or with minimal assistance. They may need assistance with
boarding and disembarking the aircraft.

WCHB (Wheelchair Buggy): Passengers with this code are unable to walk long distances or climb stairs. They
require assistance with transportation in an airport buggy or other electric vehicle within the airport terminal.

*WCHL (Wheelchair Lift): Passengers with this code are unable to walk and require a wheelchair for all
movements within the airport. They also require the use of an aircraft lift or other specialized equipment to board
and disembark the aircraft.

Wheel Chair DAA tag

Cabin wheel chair

Different Types of Passports

There are two categories of Indian passports, which are digital or online passports, and offline or physical passports.

In the physical passport category, there are 4 different types of passports in India, issued based on citizenship
status, government work, diplomat status, and citizens who have not studied past 10th grade/class/standard. Indian
passports are allotted different colors according to the type of travel status the passport holder has. This helps speed
up and streamline immigration and security processes, especially for the orange emigration visa to safeguard the
interests of travelers working overseas. 

Physical, Offline Passports 

1 . Blue Personal Passport 

Letter: P, for Personal 

The blue passport is the ordinary passport, also known as type P. This passport is issued to Indian citizens, and is
blue, to differentiate it from official passports. These passports are generally issued between 30 to 45 days. Indian
passport holders can travel for leisure or business with an ordinary personal passport 

In the ordinary blue passport category, you can opt for a tatkal (urgent) passport or Short Validity Passport (SVP)
based on your requirements. You can get a tatkal passport within a few days, by furnishing the required documents
and paying an additional amount.

2. White Service Passport

Letter: S, for Service 

White passports are official passports issued to people who work for the Indian Government. Officials travelling
outside India on official travel use the white passport. Individuals with white passports include IAS and Indian
Police Service Department officials.

3. Orange Emigration Passport

The orange emigration passports help immigration officers identify and fast-track the emigration process for
individuals who have not received formal education. An orange passport protects the holder from exploitation at
overseas workplaces. 
The Indian Emigration Act of 1983 states that all Indian citizens need to get an "Emigration Clearance" before
travelling. These countries include the UAE, Yemen, Thailand, Syria, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Kuwait,
Brunei, Bahrain, Sudan, Qatar, Oman, Malaysia, Libya, Lebanon, Jordan, Indonesia, and Afghanistan. 

Letter: ECR, for Emigration Check Required 

The orange passports are known as ECR passports, and were introduced in 2018. These passports do not have an
address page, and are used by individuals who do not have higher formal education. 

Letter: ECNR, for Emigration Check Not Required

The Emigration Clearance Not Required (ECNR) passport is for individuals who have passed 10th grade, with the
academic qualifications necessary to travel on business or holiday trips. ECNR passports allow holders to travel
worldwide without an emigration clearance.

4. Maroon Diplomat Passport 

Letter: D for Diplomat The maroon passport is a Diplomatic Passport. This passport is issued to Indian
diplomats, Members of Parliament and Union Council of Ministers, government officials with high-
ranking and diplomatic couriers. High-ranking state-level Indian officials on official business may also
request, and apply, for a diplomatic passport. 

 
 Types of Visa

Every citizen, wishing to enter a foreign country, generally must first obtain a visa to lawfully enter, exit from or
transit through the host’s country. Visas are required by most countries and are either obtained before travelling or
issued upon arrival. There are different types of visas to apply for, depending on the purpose of stay, passport and
length of the trip. Some of the most popular visas are tourist, business and transit visas.

S. No. Type of Visa Relevance Max. Duration

Highly skilled Individuals

intending to take up 5 years/period of contract
1 Employment Visa employment (Extendable in India)

Visiting a country for a

2 Business Visa business purpose 5 years (Extendable in India)

For executing projects in the 1 year or for actual duration of

3 Project Visa Power and Steel sectors the project/contract

For accompanying families of

4 “X”/ Entry visa foreign nationals 5 years (Extendable in India)

5 Tourist Visa Visiting country for tourism 30 days (Not extendable in

 India)

6 Research Visa Pursuing research in any field 5 years (Extendable in India)

Travelers passing through a 15 days (Not extendable in

7 Transit Visa country India)

International seminars/
seminars held by Govt./
8 Conference Visa PSUs/NGOs Duration of Conference

For seeking medical treatment

in India at recognized and
specialized hospitals and
9 Medical Visa treatment centers 1 year

What is an e-Tourist Visa (eTV)?

  e-Tourist Visa is a completely online application for which no facilitation is required by any
intermediary/agents, etc. However its validity is 30 days and it is only valid for single entry into India.

 The e-Tourist visa allows for visa on arrival issuance only for arrival and departure from the airports in
Ahmedabad, Amritsar, Bengaluru (Bangalore), Chennai, Cochin, Delhi, Gaya, Goa, Hyderabad, Jaipur,
Kolkata, Lucknow, Mumbai, Tiruchirapalli, Trivandrum and Varanasi.

  If arriving or departing by land, by sea, or from any other airport or port of entry, please apply for a
traditional Indian visa. https://indianvisaonline.gov.in/visa/tvoa.html

What is Schengen visa ?

A Schengen visa is an official document mandatory for some non-Europeans to travel to all the 27 countries which
are part of the Schengen area. Once granted, this visa allows the traveller to cross the borders of the other member-
states without going through identity checks at the border. There are several types of Schengen visa but the most
common (the short-stay visa) allows to travel/stay for 90 days maximum over a 6 month period starting from the
entry date stated on the visa.
Categories of security equipment

Explosive Detection Systems (EDS)

 Liquid Explosive Detection Systems (LEDS) - EMILI 3

Security Scanners (SSc)

Explosive Trace Detection (ETD) equipment

Metal Detection Equipment (MDE)

 Explosive Detection Systems for Cabin Baggage (EDSCB)

Walk-Through Metal Detection (WTMD) equipment

Dangerous Goods Regulations (DGR)

refers to the set of rules and guidelines established by regulatory authorities, such as the International Air Transport
Association (IATA) and the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), to ensure the safe handling,
transportation, and carriage of dangerous goods by air.

Dangerous goods are substances or articles that have the potential to cause harm to people, property, or the
environment if not handled or transported properly. These goods include items such as flammable materials,
corrosive substances, explosive substances, radioactive materials, and many others.
Its main objectives are to minimize the risk associated with transporting hazardous materials, prevent accidents, and
protect the safety of passengers, crew members, and cargo.