RUNWAY MARKINGS

DECLARED DISTANCES
Declared distances are the available operational distances
notified to a pilot for take-off, landing or safely aborting a take-
off.

to determine whether the runway is adequate for the proposed

landing or take-off or to determine the maximum payload
permissible for a landing or take-off.

terms related to runways in aviation that help enhance aircraft

safety during takeoffs and landings

TYPES – 4

1. take off run available (TORA)

2. take off distance available (TODA)
3. accelerate-stop distance available (ASDA)
4. landing distance available (LDA)
 STOPWAY & CLEARWAY
Stopway:
A stopway is an area beyond the end of the runway that is clear of obstacles and is
specifically designed for aircraft to use in case of an aborted takeoff.

It provides extra space for the aircraft to decelerate and come to a safe stop if it cannot
continue the takeoff.

Unlike the runway, the stopway is not meant for normal takeoff or landing but is there
for emergency situations.

Clearway:
It is clear of obstacles and provides an unobstructed path for an aircraft to climb after
takeoff.
Clearways are used to help aircraft achieve a certain height above the runway's end
before encountering obstacles.
useful at airports where terrain or obstacles require aircraft to climb to a certain height
to ensure a safe takeoff.
TORA: is defined as the length of runway available for the ground run of an aeroplane
taking off.
This is normally the full length of the runway; neither the SWY nor CWY are involved.

TODA: is defined as the distance available to an aeroplane for completion of its

ground run, lift-off and initial climb to 35 ft.
TODA is TORA + clearway if a clearway exists.

ASDA: is defined as the length of the take-off run available plus the length of any SWY.
ASDA used to be called EDA (Emergency Distance Available).
ASDA = TORA + SWY.

LDA: is defined as the length of runway available for the ground run of a landing
aeroplane.
The LDA commences at the runway threshold.
 RUNWAY
a runway is a "defined rectangular area on a land aerodrome prepared for
the landing and takeoff of aircraft". Runways may be a man-made surface
(often asphalt, concrete, or a mixture of both) or a natural surface (grass,
dirt, gravel, ice, sand or salt).
Runways, as well as taxiways and ramps, are sometimes referred to as
"tarmac“.

Runways are named by a number between 01 and 36. which is generally the
magnetic azimuth of the runway's heading.

A runway numbered 09 points east (90°), runway 18 is south (180°), runway 27

points west (270°) and runway 36 points to the north (360° rather than 0°).
 Magnetic Azimuth
"azimuth," is a measurement in navigation.

That indicates the direction or bearing of one point or object in relation to

magnetic north.

Measured in degrees, starting from 0 degrees at magnetic north and

increasing clockwise to a maximum of 360 degrees, forming a full circle.

Magnetic Azimuth tells you which way something is in relation to the

Earth's magnetic north.
 BLAST PADS
Blast pads are often constructed just before the start of a runway where
jet blast produced by large planes during the takeoff roll could otherwise
erode the ground and eventually damage the runway.

Blast pads are often constructed just before the start of a runway where
jet blast produced by large planes during the takeoff roll could otherwise
erode the ground and eventually damage the runway.
 Distance Remaining Sign :

This sign uses a single number to indicate

the remaining distance of the runway in
thousands of feet. For example, a 3 will
indicate 3,000 ft.

The runway threshold is

marked by a line of green lights.