SCIENCE,

TECHNOLOGY
AND
SOCIETY

SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY

Course Description:
The course deals with interactions between science, technology, social, cultural, political and economic
contexts that shape and shape by them.

This interdisciplinary course engages students to confront the realities brought about by science and technology in
society. Such realities pervade the personal, the public, the global aspect of our living and are integral to human development.
Scientific knowledge and technological development happen in the context of society with all its socio-political, cultural,
economic and philosophical underpinnings at play. This course seeks to instill reflective knowledge in the students that they
are able to live the good life and display ethical decision making in the face of scientific and technological advancement.

GENERAL CONCEPTS AND STS HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS

I. Historical antecedents in which social considerations changed the course of science and technology
1. Transportation and navigation
2. Communication and recording keeping
3. Mass production
4. Security and protection
5. Health and aesthetics
6. Architecture

A. Sumerian Civilization
B. Babylonian Civilization
C. Egyptian Civilization
D. Greek Civilization
E. Roman Civilization
F. Chinese Civilization
G. Medieval/Middle Ages
H. Modern Times

II. Intellectual revolutions that defined society

Scientific discoveries and principles
III. Scientific and technology and nation building
Development of Science and Technology in the Philippines

STS AND THE HUMAN CONDITION

IV. The Human Person flourishing in terms of science and technology
Science and technology in our daily lives
V. The Good Life
VI. When technology and humanity cross
VII. Why the future does not need us
SPECIFIC ISSUES IN STS
VIII. The Information Age- Issue on social media
IX. Biodiversity and the Healthy Society Climate Change and Energy Crises
X. The Nano World
XI. Gene Therapy
XII. Environmental awareness

General References:
1. Science, Technology and Society (2020), C&E Publishing, Inc. Q.C Phils.
John Miller A. Casas, Pierce M. Jusayan, Aida V. Menor and Steve P. Obanan
2. Science, Technology and Society (2019) C&E Publishing, Inc. Q.C Phils
Edward Jay M. Quinto and Aileen D. Nieva

Table of Contents
Module I: General Concepts and Historical Development
Section I: Introduction to Science, Technology, and Society
 Section II: Historical antecedents of Science and Technology
Ancient times, Middle Ages, Modern Times, Philippines Inventions
Section III: Intellectual Revolution and Society
Copernican, Darwinian, Freudian
Section IV: Science technology and Nation Building
Pre-colonial, Post-Colonial

Module II: Science, Technology and Society and Human Condition

Section I: Technology as a way of Revealing
Section II: Human Flourishing in Progress and Development
Section III: The Good Life
Section IV: Technology and the Future of Humanity
Section V: Why the future Does Not Need Us

Module III: Specific Issues in Science, Technology and Society

Section I: Information age
Current Issues on the social media
Section II: Biodiversity and the Healthy Society
Section III: Genetically Modified Organism (GMO’S)
Section IV: The Nanotechnology
Section V: Climate Change and Environmental Awareness

Module 1: General Concepts and Historical Development

Learning Outcomes:
The students should be able to:
1. Discuss the general concepts related to science and technology
2. Explain the scope of the study of STS
3. Demonstrate preparedness and readiness in the study of STS
4. Identify the important technological advancements in various historical periods

SECTION 1: Introduction to Science, Technology and Society

 Science comes from the Latin word Scientia, meaning knowledge. It refers to a systematical and methodical
activity of building and organizing knowledge about the universe behaves through organizing, knowledge about how the
universe behaves through observation and experimentation, or both. According to the famous American science historian,
John Heilbor (2003, p. 211), ‘Modern science is a discovery as well as an invention, ‘Heilbor considered science as a discovery
of regularity in nature, enough for natural phenomena to be described by principles and laws. He also explained that science
required invention to devise techniques, abstractions, to describe these natural regularities and their law-like descriptions.

Technology is the application of scientific knowledge, laws, and principles to produce services, materials, tools and
machines aimed at solving real-world problems. It comes from Greek root word techne meaning art, skill or cunning of hand.
Mark Zuckerberg CEO of Facebook defines a technological tool-something that makes a human’s sense or ability and
arguments it and makes it more powerful. Example, He wear contact lenses or glasses; that is a technology that enhances the
human ability of vision and makes it better.

Society is a group of individuals involved in persistent social interaction. A large social group sharing the same
geographical or social territory, typically subject to the same political authority and dominant cultural expectations.

One of the Key interests of STS as an academic field is the history of science and technology. The history of
science and technology focuses on how science and technology have changed across time. It explores the impacts of scientific
and technological innovations on the prevailing social, cultural, political and economies context throughout history. It pays
attention to the condition that shaped science and technology. Interest lie in historical antecedents of scientific and
technological innovations.

Section II: Historical Antecedents of Science and Technology

An antecedent is a precursor to the unfolding or existence of something. Historical antecedents in science and
technology are factors that paved the way for the presence of advanced and sophisticated scientific and technological
innovations today.

1. Ancient age:
Early civilizations contributed to the development of science and technology. As humans sought different ways to
survive, they came up with scientific innovations and discoveries that are considered the early models of present valuable
technologies. The earliest civilizations of the world were born along rivers because people needed fresh water to survive. The
rivers provided water to irrigate crops and regular river floods made for fertile soil.

Mesopotamia:
The first recorded civilization of the world existed in the region of Mesopotamia around 3300-750 BC. The region
now corresponds to most parts of present-day Iraq, Syria, Kuwait, and Turkey. Mesopotamia from the Greek means “between
two rivers” which signifies its location within the Tigris Euphrates river system. Among the civilizations that flourished in
Mesopotamia were Sumerian, Babylonian and Assyrian.

1. Sumerian Civilizations:
Sumerians are known for inventing the cuneiform one of the earliest systems of writing at around 3000 BC. It is
wedge -shaped scripts pressed into clay tablets. The Sumerians developed their own number system used the main base 60
and the auxiliary base 10. They built sailboats that allowed them to travel by sein a to trade goods it was made of planks of
woods and sails made of cloth. The wheel first used by Sumerians for pottery in 3500 BC and later for transportation chariots
in 3200 BC. They developed agricultural processes such as irrigation. The construction of high levees or flood banks to collect
flood waters coming from Tigris- Euphrates is a proof of their ingenuity. They were the first to use plow for digging and
breaking hard soil to make planting easy. Sumerians were first astronomers they observed the phases of the moon, the
movements of the planets and stars and develop the lunar calendar that became the basis for having 12 lunar months in a
year.

2. Babylonian Civilization
The ancient city of Babylon served as the center of Mesopotamian civilization for two millennia Babylon derived from
bav-il or bav-ilim meaning gates of the Gods. Its ruins lie in modern-day Iraq. The many biblical references to Babylon reveal
much about it from the time of Hammurabi in 2000 BC to its downfall around 500 BC. Genesis 11 tells the story of Tower of
Babel. The Hanging Garden of Babylon believed that king Nebuchadnezzar II gift to his homesick wife, Amytis, The
Babylonians invented sundials and water clocks to determine time.

3. Ancient Egypt:
 The ancient Egyptian civilization born along the Nile River provided rich soil for agriculture. The Nile River flows from
the heart of Africa to the Mediterranean Sea. The land of Egypt was known as Kemet meaning “Black Land” because of the rich
dark soil along the river. Rain seldom fell in Egypt but the flooding from the Nile helped in cultivating crops, such as wheat and
flax, one of the first scientific innovations of this civilization was the construction of canal for irrigation and other agricultural
needs.
Egyptians developed the shadoof, an irrigation tool composed of a pole and a bucket used to lift water. Egyptians are
also known for inventing breath mints from the frankincense, Myrrh, cinnamon made into pellets, and discovering honey.
The old kingdom of Ancient Egypt (C 2613-2181 BC) was rich in architectural feats. It was characterized by such
monument as the pyramid and the great Sphinx of Giza, a 20-meter-high statue made of white limestone depicting a reclining
sphinx with a lion’s body and a human head.
Djoser Pharaoh of the third dynasty of the old kingdom, built the first step pyramid in Saqqara designed by Imhotep
his architect and physician. The great pyramids of Khufu, Khufu and Menkaure were also constructed during the reign of
Djoser. Pyramids served as tomb for the kings and queens of Egypt. Egyptians believed that after death, the soul lives on as an
immortal entity. For Egyptians death was not the end but a transition from one state to another. This was the reason why they
practiced mummification to preserve the body to be recognized by the soul.
Papyrus, a material made from the pith of the papyrus plant that is similar to paper, was used by the Egyptians as a
writing surface used also to make mats, baskets, rafts, ropes and more. Ancient Egypt was also responsible for cosmetics
invention including wigs seen in their pictograms and hieroglyphics their system of writing

4. Indus Valley Civilization:

The Indus Valley was an ancient civilization located in present day Pakistan and Northwest India, a bronze age
civilization and the largest of the four-urban civilization of Egypt, Mesopotamia, South Asia and China. In the 1920’s
archeologists unearthed the ruins of Indus Valley civilization. The 4600 years old city of Mohenjo Daro. It introduced new
techniques of metallurgy (bronze, tin, copper and lead) and handicraft, seal carving and carnelian products. The cities are well
known for having brick houses and clusters of large non-residential buildings, a complex drainage system and water storage
system, It has advanced agricultural practices.

5. Ancient China
Ancient China are the oldest and longest lasting civilizations of the world. “China “from Sanskrit cina from the
name of the Qin Dynasty pronounced “Chin”. The Greeks and the romans called “China Seus” meaning “the land where the silk
comes from ancient china has a very long and rich history of science and technology. First to record astronomical phenomena
such as solar eclipse and counting device called abacus sometime between 1000 BC and 500 BC. It developed acupuncture the
practice of relieving pain, healing illnesses and improving the general well-being of a person by inserting several metal needles
at practice points into the skin and tissue. The invention of paper and movable printing press. The production of printed works
flourished around the world. China has porcelain, silk and the creation of silk road, gun powder used for fireworks.

6. Ancient Greece
The century in South Eastern Europe known as Hellas or Ellada which is “Greece” in Greek. Characterized by the
expansion of villages and the development of market places and meeting places. People relied in trade. Commercial sea
trading was the primary source of income. Its democratized education thus nurturing great philosophers and scientist. Greek
philosophy is the most renowned contribution of the Greeks to western civilization such as Plato, Aristotle and Socrates who
questioned human existence and how the world came to be.

The other Philosophers

1. Pythagoras – known for the Pythagorean theorem-used to measure distance and space
2. Thales of Miletus- known for his precise prediction of the solar eclipse on May 28, 585 BC
3. Hippocrates- the father of Western medicine

In engineering and mechanics Greece, watermills used to grind grain, Perachora wheel contributed to the
creation of water mills, aqueduct were constructed ctesibius developed the water clock or clepsydra.
Archimedes of Syracuse during the Punic War invented odometer to measure distance covered by a vehicle.
7. Ancient Rome
Ancient Rome was originally a small town near the Tiber when Augustus Caesar became its first Emperor. Rome
borrowed and enriched the culture of Greece and became a powerful empire encompassing most of continental Europe,
Britain, Western Asia, The Mediterranean, and Northern Africa. The physician Galen was the first to describe and diagnose
symptoms of different diseases. Surgical instruments such as the rectal speculum, bone levers and cupping vessels were used
by Roman physicians in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases. Much of Ancient Rome’s innovations may be attributed to
their uses of concrete.
 Appius Claudius Caecus built the first Roman aqueduct called Aqua Appian in 312 BC. It transported water to Rome
from different bodies of water and was the precursor of Rome’s developed sewerage system, sanitation management, and
public baths.
The Romans also constructed great agricultural feats one is the colosseum. The largest amphitheater ever built.
Pantheon – a former Roman temple. The ancient Rome was famous for its powerful military characterized by formidable
leadership and advanced machinery.

8. Meso America
The earliest known Meso American civilization is the Olmec civilization that was established in the North Eastern
part of Mexico 1200 BC. The Meso American civilizations, the Mayas, Aztec, Inca -900-1500 A.D. and thrived until the arrival of
the Spanish conquistadors in Mexico.

Maya Civilization:
The Maya people most scientifically advanced people in Meso America. They had system of writing called Maya
hieroglyphics WITH 1000 characters. Writing tools crafted from animal hair and feathers. Maya texts written on tree bark are
called codices. They have pictorial scripts (glyphs) inscribed on stone monument. The Maya people enabled them to have 365
days solar year and 360 days sacred year annual cycles. The long count calendar that measured days by cycles or sets.

Aztec and Inca Civilizations:

The Aztecs thrived in the capital city of Tenochtitlan now is Mexico City. The notable artifacts of Aztec civilization
are the “Sunstone” with the image of the Aztec sun god at the center. They used pictographs as their system of writing and
their language was called the “Nahuatl”. Aztecs have massive stone temples.

Inca Civilization
The Empire known as great and innovative engineers. They built bridges over bodies of water and canals for
irrigation. The Inca performed cranial surgeries and amputation for injured warriors. They have produced clothing and had
musical instruments such as flutes, drums, panpipes and horns. Their official language is called “Quechua”. Their Quipa a set of
strings is used for recording information such as tax records census and calendar information.

The medieval Time:

The Middle ages known also as Dark ages due to invasion of various Germanic Tribes on the previous domain of the
Roman Empire. The Middle Ages coincided with the fall of the Roman Empire, Alaric I king of the Visigoths. The middle ages
lasted from the 6th century up to the end of the 15th century.

Islamic Empire
During the middle ages the Islamic Empire grew as one of the largest empires in history lasted from 7th to the mid-13th
century. The holy book of the Muslim, the Koran encouraged the development of science by allowing believers to seek
knowledge and observer nature for signs of Allah through scientific study. Papermaking technologies spread. The House of
Wisdom in Baghdad was built -a result of translations of Greek and Syriac texts to Arabic. The Golden age of Islamic science
began in 8th century to 13th century Al-Haytham or Alhazen, devised the laws of refraction and The Book of Optics has a great
influence on Western Science. He is now called Father of Modern Optics. Abu Ali Al Hussein Ibn Sina wrote the canon of
medicine translated into latin and used as medical encyclopedia.
Al Zahrawi , known as the father of Surgery and the greatest surgeon of the middle ages . Murhammad Ibn Musa
written the book on calculation by completion and balancing and laid the foundations of the current principles of algebra.
Al-Biruni devised a method of determining the radius of the earth by observing the height of a mountain in Mandana
and the earth rotating on its own axis and made precise calculations of the specific gravity of 18 precious stones and minerals.
Jabir Ibn Hayyan known as “Father of Chemistry” he is responsible on books on Alchemy, cosmology, astrology, medicine,
mystisism and philosophy.
In Medieval Europe -8th century Charles the great or Charlemagne founded the Carolingian Empire. Numerous
scientific innovations have occurred use of warfare and navigation was developed. The axe was the commonly used weapon of
the Vikings. They developed the magnetic compass, which uses the sun to help them navigate the seas. The beginning of the
crusades paved the way for technological advancements in weaponry. A key invention in weaponry during the first crusade is
the cross bow.
Agricultural technology and practices such as three field system improved the lives of many Europeans helped
increases and diversify the food supply throughout the continent. Population increased. Latin translation of books led to the
rediscovery of Greeks philosopher’s works such as Aristotle. Claudius Ptolemy’s geography inspired Christopher Columbus to
explore the new world. Euclid and Archimedes, Christian Scholasticism was established. Francis Assisi and St. Dominic spear
headed scholasticism. Roger Bacon developed scientific method such as observation, formulation of hypothesis,
experimentation and recorded methodology. Two sciences rose to popularity alchemy and astrology.
 Modern Ages:
The Renaissance is a period from the 14th to the 17th century making the transition from middle ages to
modernity. Renaissance a French word means “rebirth”. It used to represent the rebirth of Greek and Roman interest in
science and art. It is characterized by marine expeditions discoveries, inventions and scholastic controversies. One of the
highlights of the period. Johannes Gutenberg’s invention of the printing press 1440 became pivotal to the development of
mass media. Gutenberg was a goldsmith and expert in metal work. Printing press was used to reproduce religious text literary
and artistic achievements was made accessible to a wider public.
Among the writers and artists of the Renaissance were
1. Dante- Father of the Italian. Poetry for his Divine Comedy.
2. Francesco Petrarca- Petrarch Father of Humanism
3. Leonardo da Vinci painter sculptor and scientists know for his Monalisa, Vitrurian man and the Last Supper.
4. Michel Angelo- painting the ceiling of the Sistine chapel in Vatican with scenes from the book of Genesis.
5. Raphael Italian painter and architect painted the school of Athens and the Sistine Madonna.

Scientific revolution marked the rise of modern science. The most prominent scientists of the West.
1. Nicolas Copernicus-proponents of the Heliocentric theory that went against the general belief that the Earth is the
center of the Universe.
2. Galileo Galilei-Italian astronomer proved Copernicus’s theory to be correct
3. Sir Isaac Newton- eradicated all doubts of heliocentrism validity through a mathematical description of the motion of
the Earth and other celestial bodies around the sun.

The use of fuel began the period of industrialization and improvement of transportation fuel from coal was used to
convert raw materials to manufacture different products. England and Northern Europe coal has been mined since the 13th
century for household fuel.

In 15th century use of Iron and steel became common. The blast furnace used to produce industrial metal. Furnace
liquifies iron used in manufacturing knives, tools, weapons, armors, chains, and anchors.
The rise of textile industry and high-quality fabrics such as cotton improved. Agricultural techniques were also
developed, sheep farming was popularized.
Advancement in navigation and expedition contributed to exploration of more territories. Italian explorer Christopher
Columbus became popular. Construction of canals for inland transport progress. Introduction of the wheel barrow and
wooden tracks for mining led to the development of railway transportation.

Industrial Revolution:
It began in the 18th century a period characterized by the shift from agricultural processes to urbanized and industrial
processes. During this time, machineries and factories rose in order to give way for mass production.
Arnold Toynbee used the term industrialization; England is considered to be the first country to be industrialized the
era demanded new sources of energy and innovation in technology and agricultural practices. The factory system was
implemented to increase the production level of the yield.

Discoverers:
1. Tobern Bergman- Swedish metallurgist discovered the important role of carbon in steel in 1750.
2. Henry Bessemer and William Kelly improved the methods of manufacturing steel from iron
3. Robert Mushet discovered the alloy that combined carbon and manganese with the formed iron.

Textile Industry
1. John Kay- invented flying shuttle to increase the output for yarn
2. James Hargreaves developed the spinning Jenny called Saxon wheel
3. Richard Ark Wright- patented textile machine powered by water called water frame.
4. Samuel Crompton invented the spinning Mule which combines the features of the spinning jenny and water frame.
5. Edmund Cartwight in 1787 created the power iron for spinning and weaving.
6. Eli Whitney in 1793 invented the cotton gin and multiplied the amount of cotton that could be cleaned which increased
the production of cotton for textiles.
7. Thomas Saint a cabinet maker submitted a patent for a mechanized sewing machine
8. Barthelemy Thimonnier, a French tailor invented the chain stitch machine in 1829.

Transportation Industry:
1. Thomas new comes Englishman who developed the steam engine
2. Denis Papin the inventor of pressure cooker.
3. James Watt in 1765 perfected and patented the needed power without consuming too much fuel.
4. Richard Trevithick improved the locomotive named the castle.
 5. George Stephenson- Father of Railways designed an effective locomotive Blucher.
6. Robert Fulton- developed the north river steam boat called Clermont.

Science and technology in the 18th and 19th centuries.

1. Charles-Augustin de coulomb physical science progress-this is a study on electro dynamics
2. Joseph Priestley discovered oxygen gas by collecting colorless gas from heated mercury in 1774 later named oxygen.
3. Antoine Lavoisier-Father of Modern Chemistry when he published his research on the law of conservation.
4. John Dalton had proposed the atomic theory who states that all matter is composed of tiny indivisible particles called
atoms.
5. Michael Faraday construct his first crude electric motor in 1821. He conducted experiments on electromagnetic
induction in 1831
6. James Clerk Maxwell- published a treatise on electricity and magnetism
7. George Johnstone Stoney- proposed the theory that electrons have fundamental quantities of electricity
8. William Crookes discovered cathode rays.
9. Eugene Goldstein discovered the positive particles called protons.
10. William Roentgen discovered X-rays.
11. Henri Becquered discovered radio activity.
12. Madam Curie- discovered the radioactive elements in uranium, thorium, radium and polonium.

Field of Biology
1. Carolus Linnaeus- Father of taxonomy -he developed a system of naming organism called binomial nomenclature
2. James Hitton Scottish geologist explain the variability of fossils.
3. George Cuvier proposed the theory of catastrophism hypothesized that extinctions must have been common in the
earth’s history.
4. Charles Lyell proposed the uniformitarianism based on Hitton’s theory
5. Jean Baptiste de Lamarck proposed the theory of acquired characteristics through use and reuse known as Theory of
inheritance of acquired characteristics.
6. Charles Darwin- on the origin of species by means of natural selection of the preservation of Favored Races in the
struggles of life.
7. Gregor Mendel- Father of Genetics, he experimented on breeding pea plants. How organism transmit genetic
information to their offspring.
8. In genetic research Oswald Avery discovered that genes and chromosomes are carried by DNA cells.
9. James Watson proposed the double helix model of the deoxyribonucleic acid or DNA.
10. Alexander Fleming discovered Penicillin a drug against bacterial infections caused by staphylococci and streptococci
11. Howard Florey and Ernest Chain developed the first antibiotic thar could be mass produced
12. Niel Jerne expounded the anti-body formation process that states that the body has its own antibodies that could fight
antigens.
13. Jonas Salk developed the first polio vaccine
14. Albert Sabin produced the oral polio vaccine
15. Luc Montagnier and Robert Gallo discovered (HIV) Human Immunodeficiency Virus led to the awareness of causes of
acquired immune deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) and how to avoid it.

The first cloning in animals through a sheep named Dolly was successfully performed
Means of Transportation:
1. Henry Ford launched the first production of the automobile
2. Orville and Wilbur Wright in 1908 engine powered aircraft flight was launched
3. In 1957 Soviet Union launched the first satellite named Spatrik in 1969 Apollo II landed on the moon.
4. John Logie Baird credited for the invention of the modern television.

Section III: Intellectual Revolutions and Society

Learning Outcomes:
1. Identify the intellectual revolutions that shaped society across time.
2. Explain hoe intellectual revolutions transformed the views of society about dominant scientific
thought.

The previous lesson on how historical antecedent have affected the course of science and technology. It has been
established that most of the discoveries and inventions in science and technology during each period were due to human
needs and wants. Brilliant minds responded to the call of the times and created things that could make life easier for the
people.
 In science and technology intellectual revolutions refer to the series of events that led to the emergence of modern
science and the progress of scientific thinking across critical periods in history.

Three of the most important ones that altered the way humans view science and its impacts on society.
1. Copernican
2. Darwinian
3. Freudian

Three scientific revolutions involved, a two stages process of sweeping away the old and establishing the new. The
intellectual revolutions are paradigm shifts which resulted from a renewed and enlightened of understanding of how the
universe behaves and functions. It challenged views about the nature of the universe.

1. Copernican Revolution
The Copernican revolution refers to the 16th century paradigm shift named after the polish mathematician and
astronomy, Nicolaus Copernicus, he formulated the heliocentric model of the universe. At a time, the belief was that the
earth was the center of the solar system based on the geocentric model of Ptolomy.
Copernicus introduced the heliocentric model in a 40 pages outline entitled commentariolus. In 1543 Copernicus
repositioned the earth from the center of the solar system and introduced the idea that the earth rotates on its own axis.
The model illustrated the earth along with other heavenly bodies to be rotating around the sun. The heliocentric
model was met with huge resistance, primarily from the church, accusing Copernicus of heresy. The idea that it was not earth
and by extension not man that was at the center of all creation was unthinkable. Copernicus faces persecution from the
church because of this.
The heliocentric model was accepted by other scientist of the time like Galileo Galilei.

2. Darwinian Revolution
Charles Darwin on the science of evolution. On the origin of species published 1859. He gathered evidence on
natural selection, an evolutionary process by which organisms including humans, inherit develop and adapt traits that favored
survival and reproduction. Darwin introduced the Theory of Evolution which states that populations pass through a process of
natural selection in which only the fittest would survive. He stated that organisms have the ability to adapt to their
environment and would gradually change into something that would be more competitive to survive a process known as
evolution.
The theory become controversial as people perceived it to be contradictory to the church’s teaching that the
source of life is a powerful creator.

3. Freudian Revolution
Sigmund Freud’s psycho-analysis `anchored on the concept that human behavior is determined by unconscious
motivation and biological and instinctive drives that support the idea that human beings have no real ability to make
choices and control life events drives or instinct are recurring concepts in Freud’s theories.

Eros which refers to survival instinct involving basic hunger, thirst, and sexual impulses. Thanatos refers to
aggressive and self-destructive instinct driven toward death. He summarized that humans are motivated to seek
pleasure and avoid pain.
Human personality composed of three structures known as ID, EGO, and SUPER EGO.
1. ID- the unconscious aspect of the personality that includes untamed instincts, impulse and desires. Present since birth
and operates by the pleasure principle that requires immediate gratification of all desires, wants and needs to avoid
feeling anything other than pleasure. It does not mature and resides within every individual as he or she ages.
The existence of the ego and super ego allow people to control the Id’s impulses and act according to what is
socially acceptable and realistic.
2. Ego- is the structure of personality that is responsible for dealing with reality. Function as a “referee” that balances
the needs of the ID against the demands and expectations of society.
3. Super Ego- judicial structure of the personality that holds all the internalized moral standard and ideals that are
acquired from close relationships, environment, and society. It is the sense of right and wrong that provides the
guidelines for making judgements anchored an one’s established moral standard.
 Section IV: Science and Technology and Nation Building
Learning Objectives:
1. Discuss the role of science and technology in Philippines nation building
2. Identify the policies of the government regarding science technology and appraise their impact on the
development of the Filipino nation.

History of Science and Technology in the Philippines

a. Precolonial Period:
During this period people were already engaged in farming, fishing, mining, weaving and pottery. Later,
they made use of copper, gold, bronze and iron to craft metal tools.

Early Filipinos were noted for their expertise in ship building and seafaring which allowed them to trade with
neighboring regions such as Borneo, Malacca, parts of the Malay, Peninsula and China. Some products that were
exchanged were jars, rattan and tobacco. In the highlands rice, vegetables were grown in terrace of rice paddies
that utilized spring water. Banaue Rice Terraces is among the engineering marvels made during the precolonial
period.

b. Spanish Colonial Period

Research in agriculture and rising was encouraged by Royal Economic society of friends of the Philippines
founded by Gov. Gen. Jose Basco y Vargas under the authority of the Royal Decree of 1780. The Spanish
government constructed roads, bridges and buildings through the polo y servicio. A system of forced labor
required of every male native aged 16 to 60 years old. Modern innovations such as electric lights, newspaper, and
the banking system were introduced to the country by the 19th century.
The American established the Bureau of government laboratories and other offices. University of the
Philippines was founded on June 18, 1908. Its organized colleges more on science and technology created by
science agencies
Contribution of science and technology always come with adverse impact on the environment one is resource
depletion. Wastes are also generated as these technologies are developed. People have also become too
dependent on science and technology, making them disregard its consequences that maybe damaging to the
environment
 Module 1: Learning Activities

1. Group yourself in 10 to 15 members choose a leader, secretary to records your activities. Have a group picture with
label below and listing their names. All activities will take a picture or do it in Microsoft word and will be save in your
USB that will be submitted before the end of the semester. Answer the questions assigned to you by your leader and
record it.

2. Why is it important to trace the history of science and technology from ancient, medieval or middle age, modern,
present and the Philippines. In a long bond paper draw the most useful inventions that was done in each period of
time and explain it.
*You can group by two’s or three’s as your research or answer it so it will be easy to do. *

3. Invention are motivated by various social, political, cultural and economic context. The group will agree on what is the
best invention they will do that is possible to be invented in the near future.

Answer the following:

In a long bond paper draw your inventions with the appropriate explanations and answer the questions stated
below. Write what was the contribution of each member of the group in the accomplishment of the activity.

1.What is your invention? What does it do?

2. How is your invention similar to or different from existing tools or technologies in terms of function?
3.Why is there a need for this invention? How will this invention make the world a better place to live in?

4. Aside from the intellectual revolutions discussed in this module there are others intellectual revolutions that
happened in many parts of the world research on the particular intellectual revolution that took place and prepare a
five-slide power point presentation and state the highlights of your chosen intellectual revolution. You can have at
least 2or 3 research.

5. Write 20 items quiz with correct answer written on a long bond paper.

Note: All of your activities will be SAVED in your USB and review it first before you submit it to
your professor by MAY 18, 2021.