Master Plumber Review

Master Plumber Review

Plumbing
 The systems of pipes and fixtures that
bring water into buildings and carry
away waterborne wastes
 These pipes are generally concealed
behind walls, floors & ceiling
 Fixtures such as water closet, lavatories,
bathtubs are attached to this system and
are visible in various rooms of homes,
offices, schools, and other buildings.
Plumbing
 NPCP: the art and techniques of
installing in buildings the pipes, fixtures
and other apparatus for bringing in the
water supply, liquids, substances and/or
ingredients and removing them and
such water, liquid and other carried
waste affecting health and sanitation
and hazardous to life and property; also
the pipes and fixtures after they have
been installed, the plumbing system.
Plumbing System
 The systems of pipes and fixture and
other appurtenances which includes the
water supply-liquids, substances and/or
ingredients distributing pipes, and those
pipes removing them; the fixtures and
fixture traps; the soil, waste and vent
pipes, the house drain; the house sewer,
the storm water drainage, all with their
devices, appurtenances and
connections within or on a building.
Plumbing System
 Water Supply
 Storm / Drainage System
 Vent System
 Sewer / Waste System
 Fire Protection
Early Years of Plumbing
 Plumbum (lead)
 a material which at a certain point in the
history of plumbing was widely used for
piping and water changes
 replaced by cast iron in the 19th century
 a person who worked in the sanitary field is
called Plumbarius, during Roman times
 the material that had greatly contributed in
the field of sanitation is the cause of the
downfall of the Roman Empire
Modern Day of Plumbing
 Sir John Harrington
 Invented the precursor of the modern day water
closet
 Alexander Cummings
 After 2 years, reinvented Harrington’s water
closet
 Invented S-trap – sliding bowl and trap
 Samuel Prossen (777)
 Applied and received a patent for plunger closet
 Later, closet with a valve at the bottom had been
introduced
Modern Day of Plumbing
 Thomas Twyford (1185)
 Revolutionized the water closet design when he
built the first trapless toilet in one piece
 Unique design because of the material used
rather than the common metal and wood
contraption
 The internal mechanism is considered as one of
the pioneers in the field of sanitary science
 J. G. Jennings (1852)
 Got a patent for his washout water closet
 Shallow pan with a dish tray and water seal
 Waste is washed through S-trap
Modern Day of Plumbing
 Flush meter valve
 Backflow preventer
 Wall-mounted closet
 Reverse trap water closet
 Blowout water closet
Master Plumber Review
Water
 Most fundamental and basic component of
life on earth
 Covered ¾ of the earth’s surface
 Plays a key role in the metabolic
breakdown of essential molecules (protein
& carbohydrates) called hydrolysis

 Ground water
 great source for supplying our water
 Susceptible to contamination, once
contaminated it takes decade to recover
Properties of Water
 Heat Capacity
 Surface Tension
 Capillarity
 Dissolving Ability
Properties of Water
Heat Capacity
 Ability to absorb heat without becoming
much warmer itself
 Water has greater heat capacity than
any other substances except ammonia
Properties of Water
Surface Tension
 Ability of water to stick to itself and pull
itself together
 Water has extremely high surface
tension
 Water molecules cling together to
slightly that it can support heavier than
itself
 Example: dripping tap
Properties of Water
Capillarity
 Ability of water to climb upon a surface
against the pull of gravity

Dissolving Ability
 Ability to dissolve any substance
 Known to be the Universal Solvent
Uses of Water
 Nourishment
 Cleansing and Hygiene
 Ceremonial Uses
 Transportation Uses
 Cooling Medium
 Ornamental Element
 Protective Uses
Uses of Water
Nourishment
 Much of the human body is water
 The most abundant chemical in our
body as well as in our diet
 Amount of “pure” water that we need for
drinking and cooking is very small only
(~3 gal/od)
Uses of Water
Cleansing and Hygiene
 Water is nearly ideal medium for the
dissolution and transport of organic
waste
 Water high heat storage capacity makes
the attainment of comfortable
temperatures for bathing easy
 Much larger quantities of water are used
for cleaning than for nourishment
Uses of Water
Ceremonial Uses
 Water acquired a ceremonial
significance that remains particularly
evident in religious services
 Examples:
 Vessel containing water at the entrance of
Catholic churches
 Pools in the forecourt of mosques
 Full immersion baptismal fonts at the altars
of some Protestant churches
Uses of Water
Transportation Uses
 Water as transportational medium
 Waterways had been developed to allow
the passage of water vessels and to be
able to transport large quantities of
goods as well as people
Uses of Water
Cooling Medium
 water can store heat readily, removed
large quantities of heat when it
evaporates
 Water is used in some devices that need
the removal of heat easily and efficiently
 Example:
 Water used in cooling air-condition unit
Uses of Water
Ornamental Element
 In almost any landscaping application,
indoor or outdoor, water becomes a
center of interest
 Our association of water with nourishing,
cleansing, and cooling make water a
very powerful design element a fact
recognized by landscape designers
throughout the history
Uses of Water
Protective Uses
 Water is essential element of fire protection
 The vast quantities of water potentially
required for fire fighting must be delivered
quickly; the result is pipes of enormous
sizes regulated by very large valve
 Despite its size and guarantee of at least
partial exposure in public places, a fire
protection water supply system is rarely
treated as a visually integral design
element
Water Quality
 Physical Characteristics
 Chemical Characteristics
 Biological Characteristics
 Radiological Characteristics
Physical Characteristics
 Turbidity
 Color
 Taste and Odor
 Temperature
 Foamability
Physical Characteristics
Turbidity
 Caused by the presence of suspended
materials (clay, silt, other inorganic
materials, planktons, or finely divided
organic materials)
Color
 Often caused by dissolved organic matter,
from decaying vegetation.
 Color changes usually do not threaten
health but often are psychologically
undesirable.
Physical Characteristics
Taste and Odor
 Caused by organic compounds, inorganic
salts, or dissolved gases.
 This condition can be treated only after a
chemical analysis has identified which
source is responsible
Temperature
 In general, water supplied between 50º and
60º F (10º and 16º C) is preferred
Physical Characteristics
Foamability
 Caused by concentration of detergents
 The foam itself does not pose a serious
health threat, but it may indicate the
other more pollutant associated with
waste are also present
Chemical Characteristics
 Alkalinity
 Hardness
 Toxic Substances
Chemical Characteristics
 Ground water – particularly to chemical
alteration because as it moves downward
from the surface it slowly dissolves some
mineral contained in rocks and soils.

 Chemical Analysis
 Possible presence of harmful substances
 The potential for corrosion within the water
supply system
 The tendency for water to stain fixture and
clothing
Chemical Characteristics
Alkalinity
 Caused by bicarbonates, carbonate or
hydroxide components
 Testing for these components of water’s
alkalinity is a key to which treatments to
use
Chemical Characteristics
Hardness
 A relative term, hard water inhibits the
cleaning action of soap and detergents,
and it deposit scale on the inside of hot
water pipes and cooking utensils, thus
wasting fuel and making utensils unusable
 Caused by Calcium & Magnesium salts
 Classified as:
 Temporary (Carbonate)
 Permanent (Bicarbonate)
Chemical Characteristics
 pH
 Measure of water’s hydrogen ion
concentration, as well as relative acidity or
alkalinity
 ph = 7 (neutral)
 ph < 7 (acidic)
 ph > 7 (basic)

 Water at natural state: ph = 5.5 – 9.0

Chemical Characteristics
Toxic Substances
 Arsenic (As)
 Barium (Ba)
 Cadmium (Cd)
 Cyanides (Cn)
 Fluoride (F)
 Lead (Pb)
 Selenium (Se)
 Siver (Ag)
Biological Characteristics
 Bacteria
 Protozoa
 Virus

 Potable water – should be kept as free

as possible from disease-producing
organisms (bacteria, protozoa & virus)
Biological Characteristics
Bacteria
 Coliform Group (E. Coli) – present in
fecal matter of humans as well as those
of birds & other animals

Protozoa

Virus
Radiological Characteristics
 The mining of radioactive materials and
the use of such materials in the industry
and power plants have produced
radiological pollution in some water
supplies
 Since radiological effects are
cumulative, concentrations of
radioactive material should be low
Water Sources
 Surface Water
 River
 Lake
 Pond
 Impounding Reservoir
 Ocean
 Ground Water
 Wells
Water Sources
Surface Water
 A mixture of surface run-off and groundwater
 Surface sources include rivers, lakes, ponds
and impounding reservoir
Water Sources
Ground Water
 That portion of the rainwater which has
percolated into the earth to form
underground deposits called aquifer.
 Aquifer – water-bearing soil formation
 As a source of water can be extracted in
many different ways.
Ground Water
Wells
 Holes in the earth from which a fluid may be
withdrawn using manual or mechanical means
such as draw bucket, pumps, etc.
Water Wells
 Water that flows into well is ground water
 This water comes from rain that is absorbed into
the ground and is slowly filtered through the
different layers of the ground and into the
ground-water reservoir (or Aquifer)
 The top of the zone is known as the water table
– the level at which water stands in a well that is
not being pumped.
Types of Wells
 Dug Wells
 Driven Wells
 Bored Wells
 Drilled Wells
Types of Wells
Dug Wells
 These can be constructed with hand
tools or power tools
 It can be dug to a depth of about 15
meters (50 feet) and can have the
greater diameter that a space may allow
Types of Wells
Driven Wells
 These are the simplest and usually the
least expensive
 A steel drive-well point is fitted on one end
of the pipe section and driven into the earth
 The drive point is usually 1 ¼ - 2 inches
(32 – 51 mm) in diameter
 The point may be driven into the ground to
a depth of up to 15 meters (50 feet)
Types of Wells
Bored Wells
 These are dug with earth augers
 Usually less than 30 meters (100 feet)
deep
 They are used when earth to be bored is
boulder free and will not cave in
 Diameter ranges from 2 – 30 inches
 The well is lined with metal, vitrified tile
or concrete
Types of Wells
Drilled Wells
 These require more elaborate equipment of
several types, depending on the geology of
the site
 They measure up to 300 meters (984 feet)
 Percussion Method
 Involves raising & dropping of a heavy drill bit and
stem
 Having thus pulverized, the earth being drilled in
mixed with water to form slurry, which is periodically
removed
 As drilling proceeds, a casing is also lowered (except
when drilling through rocks)
Types of Wells
Drilled Wells (cont.)
 Rotary Drilling Method
(hydraulic/pneumatic)
 Utilize cutting bit at the lower end of the drill
pipe
 Drilling fluid is constantly pumped to the
cutting bit to aid in the removal of particles of
earth, which are then brought to the surface
 After the drill pipe withdrawn, a casing is
lowered into position
Types of Wells
Drilled Wells (cont.)
 Down-The-Hole Method
 A pneumatic hammer is combined with the
percussion effect of the rotary drill bit
Water Supply Facilities
 Level I
 Farthest user is not more than 250 meters from
the point source
 At least 20 liters/capita/day
 Level II
 Farthest house is not more than 25 meters from
the communal faucet system
 At least 60 liters/capita/day
 Level III
 The house has service connection from the
system
 At least 100 liters/capita/day
Levels of Service
 Level I
 A protected well or a developed spring with
an outlet but without a distribution system
 Generally adaptable for rural areas where
houses are thinly scattered
 A level facility normally serves an average of
15 households
Levels of Service
 Level II
 A system composed of a source, a reservoir,
a piped distribution network and communal
faucets
 Usually, 1 faucet serves 4 – 6 households
 Generally suitable for rural and urban
fringed areas where houses are clustered
densely to justify a simple pipe system
Levels of Service
 Level III
 A system with a source, a reservoir, a piped
distribution network and household taps
 Generally suitable for densely populated
urban areas
Definitions
 Pure Water
 Natural Water
 Purified Water
 Contaminated Water
 Polluted Water
 Hard Water
 Soft Water
 Gray Water
 Black Water
 Storm Water
Master Plumber Review

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