Can

'Can' is used to express physical capacity, capability and mental ability

MaiN ek sthaan par binaa hile Dule 4 ghanTe khaDaa rah sakataa hooN. I can stand for four hours without moving at one spot.

Vah lagaataar 6 ghanTe paDh sakatee hai. She can study for six hours at a stretch.

Kyaa tum yah baksaa uThaa sakate ho? Can you lift this box?

Kaun is samasyaa ko hal kar sakataa hai? Who can solve this problem?

MaiN dhaaraapravaah Angrejee bol sakataa hooN. I can speak English fluently.

Vah 10 alag bhaaShaanye bol sakatee hai. She can speak 10 different languages.

MaiN binaa chashme ke akhabaar nahee paDh sakataa hooN. I cannot read newspaper without glasses.

MaiN nadi ke aarpaar tair sakataa hooN. I can swim across the river.

MaiN pahaaD kee choTee par chaDh sakataa hooN. I can climb on the hilltop.

Tum kaun saa vaadhya bajaa sakate ho? Which instrument can you play?

MaiN baansuree bajaa sakataa hooN. I can play flute.

Vah bahut kamjor hai. Vah kamare meiN bhee nahee chal sakatee hai. She is very weak. She cannot even walk in the room.

Kyaa tum mujhe ek hazaar rupaye udhaar de sakate ho? Can you lend me one thousand rupees?
'Can' is also used to seek or give permission and express possibility
Kyaa maiN apanee car yahaaN khaDee kar sakataa hooN? Can I park my car here?

Tum apanee car khaDee kar sakate ho. You can park your car.

Vah ghar par ho sakataa hai. He can be at home.

Vah kisee bhee kShaN aa sakataa hai. He can come at any moment.

MaiN kaise tumhaaree madad kar sakataa hooN? How can I help you?

Kyaa yah samaachaar satya ho sakataa hai? Can this news be true?

Tum usake saath jaa sakatee ho par saat se pahale vaapas aa jaanaa. You can go with him but get back before seven.

Kyaa maiN chal sakataa hooN? Can I walk?

Kyaa maiN bol sakataa hooN? Can I speak?

Kyaa maiN kuchh samay aapake saath rah sakataa hooN. Can I stay with you for a while?
'Can' is also used to express anger, impatience or astonishment
of the speaker.
Vah meraa prastaav kaise Thukaraa sakatee hai? How can she refuse my proposal?

Vah mere viruddh kaise jaa sakatee hai? How can she go against me?

Usake pitaajee kyaa kar sakate hai? What can her father do?

Vah apane aapako kahaaN chhupaa sakataa hai? Where can he hide himself?

Tum April ke pahale saptaah meiN kaise chhuTTee le sakate ho? How can you take leave during first week of April ?

MaiN sunishchit karungaa kee vah jaldee naa jaa sake. I will ensure that he cannot go early.

Tum apane adheenasth logo ko der se aane kee ijaajat kaise de sakate ho? How can you allow your subordinates to come late?

Vah doShee hai. Kaise koi use bachaa sakataa hai? He is guilty. How can anyone protect him?

Kyaa tum shorebhare vaataavaraN meiN so sakate ho? Can you sleep in a noisy environment?
Difference between May & Can And May not & Cannot

• 'May' is used to express that he is allowed or permitted for

something whereas 'Can' is used to express that he has right or has
already agreed upon.
• 'May not' is used to express improbability - means it appears that
there is no possibility but still possibility exists. 'Cannot' is used to
express that there is no possibility at all or it is impossible. 'Cannot'
is a one word and 'May' & 'not' are two different words.
Tum rangbhawan meiN pravesh kar sakate ho. (MaiN tumhe ijaajat de rahaa hooN You may enter in the auditorium. (I am allowing you but it does not mean that you have
parantu isakaa matlab yah nahee ki tumhaare paas rangbhawan meiN pravesh karane a right to enter in the auditorium)
kaa adhikaar hai).

Tum rangbhawan meiN pravesh kar sakate ho. (Tumhaare paas adhikaar hai kyonki You can enter in the auditorium. (You have a right as you have ticket or organizers have
tumhaare paas ticket hai). already allowed you)

MaiN apnay makaan par doosaree manjil banaa sakataa hooN (Mujhe isakee ijaajat mil I may build top floor on my house. (I have permission to do so)
sakatee hai-pratibandh nahee hai).

MaiN apnay makaan par doosaree manjil banaa sakataa hooN (Maine pahale hee nakshe I can build second floor on my house. (I had already got it approved in original Map)
meiN pass karawaa liyaa thaa).
Yah khabar sach nahee ho sakatee hai. (Pooree tarah sambhaavanaa se inkaar nahee This news may not be true. (possibility cannot be denied totally)
kiyaa jaa sakataa hai).

Yah khabar sach nahee ho sakatee hai.( Sambhaavanaa bilkul nahee hai - yah asambhav This news cannot be true. (possibility is totally ruled out - it is impossible that this news can
hai ki khabar sach ho sakatee hai). be true.)

Sarkaar yahaaN paidal saDak paar karane waale pul banaane kee yojanaa banaa rahee Govt is planning to make a footbridge over here, but it may not happen for another two
hai parantu yah do saal meiN nahee ho sakataa hai.(Sambhaavanaa hai ki yah do saal years. (It is possible that it may not happen for another two years but not 100% sure)
meiN naa ho parantu 100 pratishat pakkaa nahee hai).

Sarkaar yahaaN paidal saDak paar karane waale pul banaane kee yojanaa banaa rahee Govt is planning to make a footbridge over here, but it cannot happen for another two
hai parantu yah do saal meiN nahee ho sakataa hai.( Yah sambhav nahee hai aur yah do years. (It is not possible and surely it will not happen for another two years)
saal meiN pakkaa nahee hogaa).
 Could

• 'Can' and 'Could' both can also be used for Request. 'Could' depicts
more politeness and expectation is about 80-90%.
Kyaa tum mujhe apanaa pen de sakate ho? Can you give me your pen?

Kyaa tum apanee kursiyaaN udhaar de sakate ho? Could you lend me your chairs?

Kyaa tum mujhe achchhee websito ke link mail kar sakate ho? Could you please mail me the links of good websites?

Kyaa tum mujhe apanee nayee car de sakate ho? Could you please give me your new car?

Kyaa ab ham jaa sakate haiN? Could we go now?

Kyaa maiN tumhaaree pustakeN paDh sakataa hooN? Could I read your books?

Kyaa tum hamaare liye usake Thikaane ke baare meiN jaanch kar sakate ho? Could you please enquire about his whereabouts for us?

Kyaa tum hamaaree aur se prastaav aarambh kar sakate ho? Could you please initiate the proposal on our behalf?

Kyaa tum hamaaree mulaakaat pakkee kar sakate ho? Can you fix our meeting?

Kyaa tum mujhe ek glass paanee de sakate ho? Could you please give me a glass of water?
'Could' is used to express the ability of past. It is also used to express the
necessity & ability of present and possibility (remote) also
Mere bachapan meiN maiN lagaataar chaar ghanTe dauD sakataa thaa.
Jab maiN school meiN thaa, maiN ek samay meiN 20 kele khaa sakataa thaa.
Jab durghaTanaa hui tab vah chal bhee nahee sakataa thaa.
Meree jawaanee meiN maiN 100 kilo vajan uThaa sakataa thaa.
Jab Manjula young thee, vah 20 logo kaa khaanaa akele banaa sakatee thee.
Paintaalis kee umra tak maiN binaa chashame ke paDh sakataa thaa.
Mere school ke dino meiN maiN itanaa chust thaa ki murgee ko aasaanee se
pakaD letaa thaa.
Ham samay par nahee pahunch sake.
MaiN usakaa prastaav nahee Thukaraa sakaa.
Kyaa tum car chalaa sakate ho (agar jaroorat ho)?
Kyaa tum isase behatar naukaree praapt kar sakate ho?
Vah ghar par ho sakataa hai (sambhaavanaa bahut kam hai).
Kuchh bhee ho sakataa hai.
Vah apane pati se sambandh vichchhed kar sakatee hai.
Vey samjhotaa kar sakate thay.
In my childhood, I could continuously run for four hours.
When I was at school, I could eat 20 bananas at one time.
He could not even walk when he met with an accident.
In my young age I could have lifted 100 kg weight.
When Manjula was young, she could make meals for 20 persons alone.
I could read without glasses till the age of forty-five.
During my school days, I was so active that I could catch the hen easily.
We could not reach on time.
I could not refuse her proposal.
Could you drive the car (if it is required)?
Could you get a job better than this?
He could be at home. (possibility is very less)
Anything could happen.
She could breakup with her husband.
They could compromise.
'Could' is the past tense of 'Can'. 'Could' is also used to say
something by emphasizing or pointing out in anger.
Avyan ne kahaa ki usake pitaajee July meiN Bharat aa sakate thay. Avyan told me that his father could come to India in July.

Usane kahaa ki vah nahee jaa sakataa thaa. He said that he could not go.

Usane kahaa ki vah sab jagah gaanaa gaa sakatee thee. She told that she could sing everywhere.

Tum usase samjhotaa karane kaa prayaas to kar sakatee ho. You could try to compromise with him.

Tum khush dikhane kaa prayatn to kar sakate ho. You could try to look happy.

Tum pakhawaaDe meiN kam se kam ek baar nahaa to sakate ho. You could take a bath at least once in a fortnight.

Tum apanee vishaal dhan daulat meiN se use 5 lakh to de sakate ho. You could give her 5 lakh from your huge wealth.

Tum mujh par ek chhotaa ehasaan to kar sakate ho. You could do a small favour to me.
• Could Have is also used to express possibility which did not complete .
• It is also used to express imaginary situations.
• Cannot or could not is used to express impossibility
MaiN usakee chaal ko pahale samajh sakataa thaa.(Parantu maiN pahale nahee I could have sensed his move earlier. (but I did not sense earlier)
samajhaa)

Vah use shuru meiN hee chetaavanee de sakatee thee. She could have warned him in the beginning.

Kabutar uDakar apanee jaan bachaa sakataa thaa. The pigeon could have saved his life by flying.

Vah use mil sakataa thaa agar usane chaahaa hotaa. He could have met him if he had desired.

Tum sambandh-vichchhed ko bachaane kaa sanket kar sakate thay. You could have given a hint to save the breakup.

Vah ThoDe se aur prayaas se kakShaa meiN shikhar par aa sakataa thaa. He could have topped the class with a little more efforts.

Agar usake paas pankh hote to vah mere ird-gird manDaraa sakatee thee. If she had wings, she could hover around me.

Agar mere pass aur saadhan hote to maiN is website meiN kam samay meiN If I had more resources, I could have provided more matter to learn English in this
jyaadaa english seekhane kee saamagree de sakaa hotaa. website in less time.

MaiN kyaa kar sakataa thaa? What could I have done?

Usane yah khud nahee kiyaa ho sakataa. He could not have done this himself.

Vah utanee mahangee ghaDee nahee khareed sakataa. Usane jaroor ise He cannot have bought that expensive watch. He must have stolen it.
churaayaa hogaa.

Mujhe lagataa hai vah Bikaner se hawaai jahaaj se aayaa hai. Nahee vah Bikaner I think he has come by air from Bikaner. No, he cannot come by air from Bikaner
se hawaai jahaaj se nahee aa sakataa kyonki Bikaner meiN airport nahee hai. because Bikaner does not have an airport.

Vah mansaahaaree bhojan nahee le sakatee. Vah shuddh shaakaahaaree hai. She cannot take non-vegetarian food. She is a pure vegetarian
 Will be able to

• To express a meaning that the Subject will be capable to do (can do)

something, 'Will be able to' is also used.
Do mahine meiN tum Angrejee bol sakoge. Within two months, you will be able to speak in English.

Vah 15 dino baad apana normal ghar kaa kaarya kar sakegee. She will be able to do her normal domestic work after 15 days.

Kyaa vah saDak par akele car chalaa sakegaa? Will he be able to drive car alone on a road?

Mera manager unako manaa sakegaa. My manager will be able to convince them.

Vah samajhotaa final nahee kar sakegee. She will not be able to finalize the contract.

Bujurg mahilaa bus meiN chaDh sakegee. The old woman will be able to climb the bus.,
 Shall/Will

• In Future Tense helping verb ‘Shall’ is used with ‘I’ and ‘We’. Helping
verb ‘Will’ is used with all others. When you are to make a
commitment or warn someone or emphasize something, use of
'will/shall' is reversed. ‘Will’ is used with ‘I’ & ‘We’ and 'shall' is used
with others.
• The usage of Shall has become old fashioned while will is most
commonly used with all.
Traditional use of Shall / Will
MaiN yah pustak Somavaar ko prakashit karungaa.(SaadhaaraN) I shall release this book on Monday.(Normal)

MaiN yah pustak Somavaar ko avashya prakashit karungaa.(Vaayadaa) I will release this book on Monday. (Commitment)

Vah mere kamare meiN pravesh nahee karegaa. (SaadhaaraN) He will not enter my room. (Normal)

Vah mere kamare meiN pravesh nahee (nahee par jyaadaa jor) karegaa. (Aadesh) He shall not enter my room. (Command)

HameN usakaa prastaav sweekaar naa karane par sajaa milegee.(SaadhaaraN) We shall be punished for not accepting his proposal.(Normal)

HameN usakaa prastaav sweekaar naa karane par sajaa(jaroor)

We will be punished for not accepting his proposal.(Threat)
milegee.(Dhamakee)

Vah tumhe saara paisaa Shukravaar ko (jaroor) de degaa. (Vaayadaa) He shall pay you all the money on Friday.(Promise)

Vah tumhe saara paisaa Shukravaar ko de degaa. (SaadhaaraN) He will pay you all the money on Friday. (Normal)

Vah kakShaa meiN shikhar par aane ke liye kaDee paDhaai (pakkaa) karegee.
She shall study hard to top the class. (Determination)
(Nishchaya)

Vah kakShaa meiN shikhar par aane ke liye kaDee paDhaai karegee. (SaadhaaraN) She will study hard to top the class. (Normal)

Ham Ravivaar ko mauj karenge. We shall enjoy on Sunday. (Normal)

Ham Ravivaar ko avashya mauj karenge. (Vaayadaa) We will enjoy on Sunday.(Promise)

'Shall' is used to ask questions, to know others will and to work as per
other's will.
Kyaa maiN tumhaare liye ek glass paanee laau? Shall I bring a glass of water for you?

Kyaa yah bag maiN yahaaN rakh dooN? Shall I keep this bag here?

Kyaa maiN TV band kar dooN? Shall I switch off the TV?

Usake liye kaun saa pen khareedooN? Which pen shall I buy for her?

Ham kahaaN jaayenge? Where shall we go?

Kyaa maiN aapake saath chalooN? Shall I accompany you?

Kyaa maiN usakaa naam punchhooN? Shall I ask her name?

Kyaa maiN aapake liye ek seat khaalee rakhooN? Shall I keep one seat vacant for you?

Kyaa nurse baahar intajaar kare? (Kyaa tum chaahate ho ki vah intajaar kare yaa Shall the nurse wait outside? (Do you want her to wait or not?)
nahee?)

Kyaa vah apanaa case uchch star par prastut kare? (Kyaa tum ijaajat dete ho)? Shall she represent her case at higher level? (Do you permit?)
Will is used show,wish,will,determination,command
MaiN agalee baar apanaa sarvashreshTh karungaa.(Vachan) I will do my best next time. (Promise)

MaiN tumhaare ghar letter de dungaa. (Ichchhaa) I will deliver the letter at your home (Willing)

Sainik laDaai ke maidaan meiN shatru ko maar denge yaa mar Soldiers will kill the enemy or die in the war field. (Determination)
jaayenge.(Nishchaya)

Ladake laal rang kee shirt nahee pahanenge.(Aadesh) Boys will not wear the red colour shirt.(command)

Koi bhee parikShaa bhawan meiN mobile nahee laayegaa. (Aadesh) Nobody will bring their mobile in the examination hall.

MaiN usase dobaaraa maafee mangawaaungaa.(nishchaya) I will make him apologize again.
 'Will' is used with 3rd Person to express normal habitand when
'Won't' is used in question, it often depicts Invitation.
Ek sthaan par ikaThThee laDkiyaaN chup nahee rahegee.(Aadat) The girls gathered at one place will not keep mum. (habit)

LaDake laDkiyoN ko ghoorenge. The boys will stare at girls.

Vah hameshaa baDee baat karegaa. He will always talk big.

Vah samaaroh meiN saaree pahanegee. She will wear saree in the function.

Kyaa tum hamaare saath dinner par nahee rahoge? (AamantraN dinner par saath
Won't you join us at dinner? (invitation to join dinner)
kaa)

Kyaa tum mere pitaajee se nahee miloge? Won't you see my father?

Kyaa tum ek cup coffee nahee loge? Won't you have a cup of coffee?

Kyaa tum mere saath nahee chaloge? Won't you come with me?
 Would

• 'Would' is used to denote more polite request, probability and

assumption.
Kyaa tum meraa application form bhar doge? (Vinamra anurodh) Would you fill up my application form? (Polite request)

Kyaa tum namak meree taraf sarakaaoge? (Vinamra anurodh) Would you please pass the salt to me? (Polite request)

Kyaa is baare meiN tum mujhe 12 baje yaad dilaaoge? (Vinamra anurodh) Would you remind me about this at 12 o'clock? (Polite request)

Kyaa tum mujhe Angrejee sikhaaoge? (Vinamra anurodh) Would you please teach me English language? (Polite request)

Kyaa tum kamara Theek-Thaak karane meiN meree madad karogee? Would you help me to set the room?

Avyan maidaan meiN hogaa. (Sambhaavanaa) Avyan would be in the ground. (probability)

Vah abhee so rahee hogee. (Sambhaavanaa) She would be sleeping now. (probability)

Vah ab safal vyavasaai hogaa. (purva-dhaaraNaa) He would be a successful businessman now. (Assumption)

Yah usakaa pachaasvaaN janma divas hogaa. (purva-dhaaraNaa) This would be

her 50th birthday. (Assumption)
'Would' is a past tense of 'Will'.
Vah bolaa, "Vah mujhe mere office chhoD degaa". >>> Usane kahaa ki vah mujhe He said, "He will drop me at my office". >>> He said that he would drop me at my
mere office chhoD degaa. office.

Usane kahaa ki vah mere liye gaanaa gaayegee. She said that she would sing for me.

MaiN jaanataa thaa ki vah us prastaav par sahamat nahee hogee. I knew that she would not agree to that proposal.

Mujhe koi shak nahee thaa ki tum pahale prayaas meiN dono group pass kar loge. I had no doubt that you would qualify both the groups in one attempt.

Hamane kabhee bhee sochaa nahee thaa ki meree biTiyaa kee shaadee ke din We had never thought that it would rain on the day of my daughter's marriage.
barsaat hogee.
'Would' is used with 'Rather' to express preference.
Bus kaa safar kaafee thakaavat bharaa hai. Main bus kee apekShaa train meiN Bus journey is quite tiring. I would rather go by train than bus.
jaanaa jyaadaa pasand karungaa.

MaiN cold drink kee apekShaa coffee lenaa pasand karungaa. I would rather have coffee than cold drink.

MaiN sasuraal jaane kee apekShaa apanee chhuTTee radd karanaa pasand I would rather cancel my leave than go to in-law's home.
karungaa.

MaiN abhee sone kee apekShaa carromkhelanaa pasand karunga. I would rather play carrom than sleep now.

Meraa beTaa apane dost ko private nursing home kee bajaaye sarkaaree hospital My son would rather take his friend to government hospital than a private nursing
meiN le jaanaa pasand karegaa. home.

MaiN 100 rupaye rishvat dene kee apekShaa 500 rupaye jurmaanaa denaa pasand I would rather pay a fine of Rs. 500/- than a bribe Rs. 100/-.
karungaa.
 • In Conditional sentences when 'If Clause' is in Past Indefinite and
Main Clause expresses about future action, 'Would' is used in the
main clause. In such sentences, past tense of 'If Clause' is not actual
past time or past action.
Yadi vah laDakaa mere kamare meiN aayaa to maiN jor se chillaaungee. If that boy came into my room, I would shout loudly.

Yadi tumane meree shaadee kaa prastaav sweekaar nahee kiyaa to maiN doosare
If you did not accept my proposal of marriage, I would see for second option.
vikalp ko dekhungaa.

Agar usane mujhe gaalee dee to maiN use thappaD maar dungaa. If he abused me, I would slap him

Agar usane vah office join nahee kiyaa to usakee niyuktee radd ho jaayegee. If he did not join that office, his appointment would be cancelled.
When we are to express wish or to give advice or to state about old
habit,Would is used.
MaiN doctor bananaa chaahataa hooN. (Ichchhaa) I would like to become a doctor. (Wish)

MaiN chaahataa hooN, tum usake pitaajee kee madad karo. (Ichchhaa) I wish, you would help her father. (Wish)

MaiN chaahataa hooN, Avyan pratibhaashaalee bane. (Ichchhaa) I wish, Avyan would become a genius. (Wish)

MaiN chaahataa hooN, maiN meree jindagee kee aakhiree saans tak kaarya I wish, I would work till the last breath of my life. (Wish)
karooN. (Ichchhaa)

MaiN tumhe abhee is naukaree ko chhoDane kee salaah nahee dungaa. (Advice) I would advise you not to leave this job now. (Advice)

MaiN use agale achchhe avasar tak intejaar karane kee salaah dungaa. (Advice) I would advise her to wait for next good opportunity. (Advice)

Gandhi ji roj charkhaa chalaate thay. (Puraanee Aadat) Gandhi ji would spin every morning. (Old habit)

Praveen Bhai har ghanTe dhumrapaan karate thay. (Puraanee Aadat) Praveen Bhai would smoke every hour. (Old habit)

Vah roj sone se pahale chaay letaa thaa. (Puraanee Aadat) He would take tea daily before going to bed. (Old habit)

Jab Avyan pichhalee baar aayaa thaa, maiN use roj office jaane se pahale car When Avyan came last time, I would take him for a small round in car daily before
meiN ek chhoTaa chakkar lagaane le jaataa thaa. (Puraanee Aadat) going to office. (Old habit)

Gandaa bachchaa kakShaa meiN sabhee ko gaalee detaa thaa. (Puraanee Aadat) One bad boy would abuse everybody in class. (old habit)
'Would' is used to express imagination or deep desire.
Yadi maiN Pradhaan Mantree hotaa to maiN bhee samaaj ke chhoTe-kuchale If I were the Prime Minister, I would also have given priority to down trodden
logoN ko variyataa detaa. people of the society.

Yadi tumane kaDee mehnat kee hotee to tum pratham shreNee paa lete. Had you worked hard, you would have got first rank.

Yadi maiN tumhaare sthaan par hotaa to maine ek bhee kShaN ganvaaye bagain Had I been in your place, I would have grabbed that opportunity without wasting
vah avasar jhapaT liyaa hotaa. even a moment.

Yadi maiN America kaa President hotaa to maine Deepawali ko USA meiN If I were the President of America, I would have declared Deepawali as an official
sarkaaree chhuTTee ghoshit kar dee hotee. holiday in the USA.

Yadi maiN usakee jagah hotaa to sangeet samaaroh ko Madison Square Garden Had I been at his place, I would have organised the concert in the Madison Square
meiN aayojit kartaa. Garden.

Agar maiN panchee hotaa to aasmaan meiN uDataa. If I were a bird, I would have flown in the sky.

Kaash maiN dhanawaan hotaa. Would that I were rich.

Kaash maiN dobaaraa jawaan ho jaataa. Would that I were young again.

Agar unhone mujhse kahaa hotaa to maiN unake vyavsaay meiN punjee lagaa If they had asked me, I would have invested in their business.
detaa.
Thank you