FT 81 CEREAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

CEREAL GRAINS IN
THE PHILIPPINES

ABBIE GLENN M. ESTRIBILLO, MSc.

 AGENCIES INVOLVED
Department of Agriculture

PHILIPPINE Bureau of Agriculture and Fisheries

Standards (BAFS)

NATIONAL
Bureau of Animal Industry (BAI),
Bureau of Plant Industry (BPI),
Corn and Cassava Program,
STANDARD National Food Authority (NFA)
Department of Science and Technology –
Food and Nutrition Research Institute
(DOST-FNRI)
University of the Philippines Institute of
Plant Breeding (UPLB-IPB);
Postharvest Horticulture Training and
Research Center (PHTRC-UPLB).
CORN STANDARDS
Zea mays
Maize
Corn
Mais
PNS/BAFPS 10:2017 – GRADING AND
CLASSIFICATION OF SHELLED CORN

Scope
Shelled maize (corn) intended for human consumption or
animal feed including:
Maize/corn grain or kernel
Types - white corn, yellow corn, mixed corn
Class - dent, flint, glutinous/waxy corn
Types of Corn Grains
CLASS
Zea mays indentata
Linn
whole grain shelled dent maize/sweet corn
Corn kernels which have a dent in the
broad end of the kernels caused by
shrinkage of soft starch between the two
layers of corneous starch at the sides of
the endosperm
CLASS
Zea mays indurate Linn
shelled flint maize
Corn kernel with hard endosperm on all
sides and inner portion. The color of the
endosperm is either white or yellow

CLASS
Zea mays ceritina K
Sturt. syn praecox
glutinous waxy corn
A type of corn which contains large
proportion of amylopectin compared to
amylose and is usually dull white.
CLASS
Grading factors

Aflatoxin
Broken kernels
Damaged kernels
Shriveled/immature kernels
Filth
Foreign matters
CONTAMINANTS

Aflatoxin
heavy metals
pesticide residues
mycotoxins
Should comply with
standards from Codex
Alimentarius
GRADING
Packing and
Labelling
Name of the product;
Grade;
Class;
Type; (shelled corn) 50 kg;
Name and address of the Trader; light weight green
Net weight in kilograms woven polypropylene
sacks
PNS/BAFS 15:2018 - Corn (maize) grits –
Grading and classification

Scope
corn grits for direct human consumption milled from
kernels of flint corn, also known as maize, Zea mays L. var
indurata
CORN GRITS
milled corn grains where the outer
covering (pericarp) and germ
(embryo) have been removed
leaving only the endosperm that
passed through different sieve
sizes
CORN GRITS corn grits no.14
corn grits with particle size from 1.20 mm to 1.41
mm which passed through US Sieve No. 14 but
are retained in US Sieve No. 16

corn grits no. 10

corn grits with particle size from 1.69 mm to corn grits no. 16
2.00 mm which passed through US Sieve No. 10 corn grits with particle size from 1.01 mm to 1.19
but are retained in US Sieve No. 12 mm which passed through US Sieve No. 16 but
are retained in US Sieve No. 18

corn grits no. 12 corn grits no. 18

corn grits with particle size from 1.42 mm to corn grits with particle size from 0.841 mm to
1.68 mm which passed through US Sieve No. 12 1.00 mm which passed through US Sieve No. 18
but are retained in US Sieve No. 14 but are retained in US Sieve No. 20
CORN GRITS
milled corn grains where the outer
covering (pericarp) and germ
(embryo) have been removed
leaving only the endosperm that
passed through different sieve
sizes
CORN GRITS
White corn - a low-fat complex carbohydrate;
processed into grits
staple food of 20% of the Filipino population primarily in
the Visayas and Mindanao area (World Food Program,
2012)
Has low glycemic index
GRADING
 (corn grits) 1, 2, 5, 10, or 25

Packing and
kg packing size in food-
grade polyethylene bag

Labelling
Name and type of the product;
Grade and grits size;
Net weight in kilograms;
Name and address of miller, packer, or
distributor;
Date of milling;
Moisture content;
Lot no.; and
Batch no.
CONTAMINANTS

Aflatoxin
Heavy metals - Codex Alimentarius + PNS/BAFS 194
Pesticide residues - Codex Alimentarius
mycotoxins - 20 μg/kg or parts per billion (ppb)
Live insects - Zero tolerance
RICE STANDARDS
Oryza sativa
Rice
Bigas
Bugas
 PNS/BAFS 290:2019 Grains – Grading and
classification – Paddy and milled rice

Scope
product specifications, packaging and labeling of
Indica-type paddy and milled rice
Products derived from rice and special rice are not
included
PNS/BAFS 290:2019 Grains – Grading and
classification – Paddy and milled rice

MILLED RICE (BIGAS)

PADDY RICE
(PALAY)
 GRAIN LENGTH
extra long
<milled rice> rice with 80 % or more of the
whole milled rice kernels having a length equal
to 7.5 mm and above
<paddy> length of the full size paddy grain
(excluding the awn) is 9.9 mm and above
long
<milled rice> rice with 80 % or more of the
whole milled rice kernels having a length equal
to 6.4 mm to 7.4 mm
<paddy> length of the full size paddy grain
(excluding the awnis between 8.8 mm to 9.8
mm
medium
<milled rice> rice with 80 % or more of the
whole milled rice kernels having a length of 5.5
mm to 6.3 mm
<paddy> length of the full size paddy grain
(excluding the awn) is between 8.0 mm to 8.7
mm
short
<milled rice> rice with 80 % or more of the
whole milled rice kernels having a length of
less than 5.5 mm
<paddy> length of the full size paddy grain
(excluding the awn) is below 8.0 mm
GRADING (PADDY)
GRADING (PADDY)
 GRADING
(MILLED RICE)
Packing and
Labelling
Name of product (e.g., milled rice)
Grade of milled rice;
Degree of milling;
Net weight;
Moisture content, in percent;
Name and address of distributor;
Good agricultural
practice for rice and
corn
a set of consolidated safety and quality standards formulated by
the Department of Agriculture (DA) for the production, harvesting
and on-farm post harvest handling and storage of corn
 FARM LOCATION;

FARM ENVIRONMENT

FARM STRUCTURE AND FACILITY

6 key MAINTENANCE

areas FARMING PRACTICES

WORKER’S HEALTH AND

SAFETY
FARM MANAGEMENT
1. FARM LOCATION
Suitability for agricultural use, history of the land
2. FARM ENVIRONMENT
Soil conditions, water sources
Analysis should be done every 2 years
3. FARM STRUCTURE AND FACILITY
MAINTENANCE
Presence of warehouses, storage rooms for chemicals,
Cleanliness and maintenance
Irrigation system
4. Farming Practices
Land preparation, planting and seed materials,
Pre-harvest practices pesticide and other chemicals, fertilizer
management, insect and pest management,
weed management, water management

Harvest indicators, prevention of damage,

Harvesting practices sorting of damaged crops

Postharvest practices Milling, shelling, drying, transport, storage

5. Worker's health and
safety
Proper clothing
Workers' training
Follow personal hygienic and
sanitary practices
6. Farm management
Farm records- updated and timely
Traceability of crops - tagging (farm name,
date of harvest, batch number)
Staff training records
 ASSIGNMENT: REFLECTION PAPER
Is Philippines experiencing rice
shortage?
Read the attached news paper clippings. Answer the ff questions:
1. Why do we import rice from other countries?
2. What challenges do rice importation present to our local farmers?
3. As an agricultural country, suggest ways (individual, community, or as a
nation) in which we can produce enough rice to reduce importation in
the future?