MODULE 3

MODELING POWER SYSTEM COMPONENTS

CLASSIFICATIONS OF TRANSMISSION LINES
 At the end of
Analyze and solve
this lesson you sending/receiving voltage,
percent regulation, and
will be able to:
efficiency of transmission lines.
• Transmission lines physically integrate the output of
generating plants and the requirements of customers by
providing pathways for the flow of energy among the various
circuits in an electric power system.
• We consider a transmission line to have a sending end and a
receiving end, and to have a series resistance and inductance
and a shunt capacitance and conductance as primary
parameters. In addition, we classify transmission lines as
short, medium, and long.
• In a short line, the shunt effects (conductance and
capacitance) are neglected; this approximation is considered
valid for lines up to 80km long.
• In a medium line, the shunt capacitances are lumped at a few
predetermined locations along the line; medium lines generally
range from 80 to 240 km in length.
• Lines longer than 240 km are considered to be long lines and
to have uniformly distributed parameters.
• To facilitate performance calculations relating to a
transmission line, the line is approximated as a series-
parallel interconnection of the relevant parameters.
• A short transmission line, for which the shunt effects
may be neglected, is represented by a lumped
resistance series with a lumped inductance.
• A medium-length line is represented by lumped shunt
capacitors located at predetermined points along an RL series
circuit. (In practice, the entire capacitive effect in a medium-
length line may be represented by only one or two lumped
capacitors.)
• Finally, a long transmission line is represented by uniformly
distributed parameters. Furthermore, the shunt branch of a
long line consists of both capacitances and conductance
distributed uniformly along the line.
The short transmission line is represented by the lumped parameters R and
L, as shown above. Notice that R is the resistance (per phase) and L is the
inductance (per phase) of the entire line (even though we computed
transmission-line parameters per unit length of line) The line .is shown to
have two ends; the sending end (designated by the subscript S) at the
generator, and the receiving end (designated R) at the load.
The sending end voltage corresponding to a particular load
current and power factor condition.

𝑉! = 𝑉" + 𝐼" 𝑅𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙" + 𝐼" 𝑋# 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜙"

Quantities of significance here are the voltage regulation and
efficiency of transmission. These quantities are defined as
follows for lines of all lengths:
To determine % η of transmission, the following relation is
made use of:

where R is the resistance per phase of the line.

In a medium-length transmission line the shunt effect due to the
line capacitance is not negligible. Two representations for
medium-length transmission line are the nominal-pi circuit and
the nominal-T circuit of the transmission line.
The circuit and its vector diagrams are shown. For nominal-
π it is desirable to take receiving end voltage as the
reference vector.
Sending voltage and current in terms of ABCD constants:

𝑉! = 𝐴𝑉" + 𝐵𝐼"
𝐼! = 𝐶𝑉" + 𝐷𝐼"
To calculate the efficiency (%eta)

𝑃
%𝜂 = #
x100
𝑃 + 3𝐼 𝑅

where P is the 3-phase power delivered at the receiving end,

R is the resistance per phase.
While analyzing the medium length lines using nominal-T, it is preferable to
take receiving end current as the reference vector as the calculations
become relatively easier as compared to taking VR as the reference. The
vector diagram for lagging power factor load :
Sending voltage and current in terms of ABCD constants:

𝑉! = 𝐴𝑉" + 𝐵𝐼"
𝐼! = 𝐶𝑉" + 𝐷𝐼"
To calculate the efficiency (%eta)

𝑃
%𝜂 = x100
𝑅 #
𝑃 + 3 𝐼" + 𝐼!#
2

where P is the 3-phase power delivered at the receiving end,

R is the resistance per phase.
The parameters of a long line are considered to be distributed
over the entire length of the line. One phase (with return through
neutral) of a long line, of length L, is shown below.
The voltage V at any point along this line is given by

Where 𝜸(𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑎) = 𝑦𝑧 where y is the shunt admittance per unit length

of the line, z is the series impedance per unit length, and 𝜸 is known as
the propagation constant.
The solution of

"
Where 𝑍! = is called the characteristics impedance of the
#
line. The current I at any point along the line is given by
In terms of hyperbolic functions:
When a transmission line is represented by its equivalent circuit,
we can express the sending-end voltage and current in terms of
the receiving-end voltage and current and the line parameters. In
general, a transmission line may be viewed as a four-terminal
network, as shown below.
The terminal voltages and currents are related by

Where the constants A, B, C, and D are called the generalized

circuits constants or ABCD constant and are, in general,
complex. By reciprocity, they are related to each other as follows:
A transmission line of any length can be represented by
the four-terminal network with ABCD constants as given
in the table.
A 60 Hz short transmission line, having R = 0.62 ohms
per phase and L = 93.24 millihenrys per phase, supplies
a three-phase, wye-connected 100 MW load at 0.9
lagging power factor at 215 kV line-to-line voltage.
Calculate (a) the sending-end voltage per phase (b)
voltage regulation and (c) efficiency of transmission of the
transmission line.
A 60 Hz short transmission line, having R = 0.62 ohms per phase and L =
93.24 millihenrys per phase, supplies a three-phase, wye-connected 100
MW load at 0.9 lagging power factor at 215 kV line-to-line voltage. Calculate
(a) the sending-end voltage per phase (b) voltage regulation and (c)
efficiency of transmission of the transmission line.

Solution: The line current I = Is = IR

Solution: The line current I = Is = IR

Solving for the per-phase voltage at the receiving end:

𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 !"0.9 = 25.8#

Solution: I = 298.37 A, VR = 124.13 kV, R = 0.62 ohms

Solving for inductive reactance: 𝑋 = 𝜔𝐿 = 377 93.24𝑥10!$ = 35.15Ω

(a) The sending-end voltage per phase:

(b) Solving for percent voltage regulation:

Since VR (no load) = Vs = 129.04 kV and VR = 124.13 kV

(c) Solving for the efficiency:

To calculate the efficiency, determine first the loss in the line

The power received (power output, Po ) at the load is given to be 100 MW,
so the power sent (power input, Pi ) is 100 MW + 0.166 MW = 100.166 MW.
Determine the ABCD constants for the nominal-T circuit of a
transmission line for which R = 10 Ω, X = 20 Ω, and Y = 400
µS for each phase.
Determine the ABCD constants for the nominal-T circuit of a
transmission line for which R = 10 Ω, X = 20 Ω, and Y = 400
µS for each phase.
Determine the ABCD constants for the nominal-T circuit of a transmission
line for which R = 10 Ω, X = 20 Ω, and Y = 400 µS for each phase.

Solution: Z = 10 + j20 Ω , Y = 400 µS

The per-phase parameters for a 60 Hz, 200 km long
transmission line are R = 2.07 Ω, L = 310.8 mH, and C =
1.4774 µF. The line supplies a 100 MW, wye-connected load
at 215 kV (line-to-line) and 0.9 power factor lagging.
Determine the ABCD constants for the line and calculate the
sending-end voltage, treating the line as two-port network
(nominal-pi).
The per-phase parameters for a 60 Hz, 200 km long transmission line are R
= 2.07 Ω, L = 310.8 mH, and C = 1.4774 µF. The line supplies a 100 MW,
wye-connected load at 215 kV (line-to-line) and 0.9 power factor lagging.
Determine the ABCD constants for the line and calculate the sending-end
voltage, treating the line as two-port network (nominal-pi).

Solution:
𝑍 = 2.07 + 𝑗 377 310.8𝑥10!$ = 117.19∠88.98# Ω
1
𝑌= = 5.57𝑥10!&∠90# 𝑆
1
(377)(1.4774𝑥10!%)
The per-phase parameters for a 60 Hz, 200 km long transmission line are R
= 2.07 Ω, L = 310.8 mH, and C = 1.4774 µF. The line supplies a 100 MW,
wye-connected load at 215 kV (line-to-line) and 0.9 power factor lagging.
Determine the ABCD constants for the line and calculate the sending-end
voltage, treating the line as two-port network (nominal-pi).
The per-phase parameters for a 60 Hz, 200 km long transmission line are R
= 2.07 Ω, L = 310.8 mH, and C = 1.4774 µF. The line supplies a 100 MW,
wye-connected load at 215 kV (line-to-line) and 0.9 power factor lagging.
Determine the ABCD constants for the line and calculate the sending-end
voltage, treating the line as two-port network.

Solution: 𝑍 = 117.19∠88.98# Ω, 𝑌 = 5.57𝑥10!&∠90# 𝑆

For the ABCD constants of nominal-pi:
The per-phase parameters for a 60 Hz, 200 km long transmission line are R
= 2.07 Ω, L = 310.8 mH, and C = 1.4774 µF. The line supplies a 100 MW,
wye-connected load at 215 kV (line-to-line) and 0.9 power factor lagging.
Determine the ABCD constants for the line and calculate the sending-end
voltage, treating the line as two-port network.

Solution: 𝑍 = 117.19∠88.98# Ω, 𝑌 = 5.57𝑥10!&∠90# 𝑆

Therefore, the sending end voltage is:

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Kataria & Sons.
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Cengage Learning Connecticut, U.S.A.
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Limited U.K.
• Wildi, Theodore (2002) Electrical Machines, Drives, and Power Systems
Pearson Education, Inc. New Jersey U.S.A
• Kothari, D P (2009) Modern Power System Analysis 3rd Edition Tata
McGraw-Hill Education Private Limited New Delhi
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Publishing Co. New York, U.S.A
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