6.

3 Image Formation by Lens

TYPES OF LENSES

Lens is a piece of transparent material such as glass, perspex or plastic which has two surfaces with at
least one surface curved.

Convex lens – will Concave lens – Will spread

converge/focus all the light out/diverge the light from
to the focul point. the focul point.

Common terminology of lenses

Convex lens

The parallel light rays which pass through convex lens will converge at a focal point, F. Therefore, convex
lenses are known as converging lenses.

Focal point of convex lens is real because refracted light

rays converge at this point.

As such, focal length, f is said to be positive

.
What happens to the parallel light rays after passing through the convex lens ?

The parallel light rays is converged to a focal point.

Concave lens

The parallel light rays passing through concave lens appear to be diverging from a focal point, F.
Therefore, concave lenses are known as diverging lenses.

Focal point of concave lens is virtual because

refracted light rays appear to diverge from this
point.

As such, focal length, f is said to be negative.

Light spread

What happens to the parallel light rays after

passing through the concave lens ?

The parallel light rays is diverged as they come

from a point F in front of the lens.

Focal Point, F

A point where all parallel lights are

converged after refraction.
Focal length, f

Distance between the optical centre, O with focal point, F.

Object Distance, u

Distance between the optical centre O with object.

Image Distance, V

Distance between the optical centre O with image.

POSITION AND CHARACTERISTICS OF IMAGES FORMED BY LENSES

Ray which is parallel to the

Ray which is parallel to principal
principal axis is refracted and
axis is refracted and passes
appears to come from focal
through the focal point, F.
point, F.

Convex Lens :

Ray which passes through the focal point, F is

refracted parallel to the principal axis.

Concave Lens:

Ray which travels towards focal point, F is

refracted parallel to the principal axis.
 Ray which passes through optical centre travels in
a straight line through the optical centre without
being refracted.

Formation of image by CONVEX LENS

Object O between F and Optical centre. ( u < f )

Characteristics of image

 Virtual
 Upright
 Magnified

Image distance

 v>u

Object O at F ( u=f )

Characteristics of image

 Virtual
 Upright
 Magnified
 Infinity

Image at infinity

- Infinity symbol -
Object O between F and 2F ( f < u < 2f ) Characteristics of Image :

 Real
 Inverted
 Magnified

Image distance

 v > 2f
 Image beyond 2F

Object O at 2F ( u=2f)
Charateristics of Image

 Real
 Inverted
 Same size

Image distance

 V=2f
 Image at 2F

Object O beyond 2F ( u > 2f)

Characteristics of Image

 Real
 Inverted
 Diminished

Image distance

 f < v < 2f
 Between F and 2F

Object O at infinity ,
Characteristics of Image

 Real
 Inverted
 Diminished

Image distance

 V=f
 Image at F
Formation if image by CONCAVE LENS

Object O between F and Optical centre (u<f)

Characteristics Of Image

 Virtual
 Upright
 Diminishes

Image distance

 v<f

Object O beyond 2F ( u > 2F )

Characteristics of Image

 Virtual
 Upright
 Diminished

Image distance

 v<f

LINEAR MAGNIFICATION