T O M Y

AN A
AND Y
O L O G
Y S I
PH

ORG
AN
SYS
TEM

INTEG
UMEN
SKELE TARYS
TAL S YSTEM
LYMP Y
HATIC STEM
MUSC SYSTE
ULAR M
RESPI S
RATOR YSTEM
DIGES Y SYS
TIVE S TEM
ENDO
CRINE YSTEM
REPRO SYSTE
DUCT M
URINA IVE SY
RY SY STEM
CARD S
IOVAS TEM
SYSTE CULA
M R
NERVO
US SY
STEM
 INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

The integumentary system is an

organ system consisting of the skin,
hair, nails, and exocrine glands.

FUNCTIONS

Hair shaft- The hair shaft is

comprised of three layers. The
cuticle, cortex, and medulla. The

cuticle is the hair's outer most layer
which has shingle or scale like cells
that overlap. These cells work
defensively to prevent damage to
the hair's inner structure and to
control water content of hair fiber.

Arrector pili muscle-This is a

Epidermis- provides a
tiny muscle that attaches to the
waterproof barrier and creates
base of a hair follicle at one end
our skin tone.
and to dermal tissue on the
other end.
Dermis- The primary role of the dermis
is to support the epidermis and enable
Pacinian Corpuscle-rapidly adapting
the skin to thrive.
(phasic) receptors that detect gross
pressure changes and vibrations in the
skin.

Hypodermia- It provides the

main structural support of the
skin.
Hair Root- the hair root is in the
skin and extends down to the
deeper layers of the skin.
 SKELETAL SYSTEM

The skeletal system is your body's

central framework. It consists of
bones and connective tissue,
including cartilage, tendons, and
ligaments.

FUNCTIONS

Skull- The skull is a bony structure

that supports the face and forms a
protective cavity for the brain.
Mandible- It holds the lower teeth
Sacrum- providing support for the
in place, it assists in mastication and
spine and accommodation for the

forms the lower jawline.

spinal nerves.
Cervical Vertebrae- To provide
Coccyx- is as an attachment point for
mobility and stability to the head
various structures.
while connecting it to the relatively
Femur- It acts as the site of origin and
immobile thoracic spine.
attachment of many muscles and
Thoracic Vertebrae- is to hold the
ligaments, and can be divided into
rib cage and protect the heart and
three parts; proximal, shaft and distal.
lungs.
Patella- knee extension
Lumbar Vertebrae- to bear the
Tarsals- plays an important role in
weight of the body.
walking and running.
Pelvis- provides support for the
Phalanges- These bones form the
intestines and also contains the
base of fingers and toes and connect
bladder and reproductive organs.
them to the rest of the limb.
Metatarsals- help form longitudinal
arches along the inner and outer sides
of the foot and a transverse arch at the
Fibula- to combine with the tibia and provide
ball of the foot.
stability to the ankle joint.
Tibia- to bear weight with the medial aspect of
Humerus- related to both movement and the tibia bearing the majority of the weight load.
support. Metacarpals- are long bones within the hand
Ribs- protection, support and respiration. that are connected to the carpals, or wrist bones,
Sternum- helps protect the internal and to the phalanges, or finger bones.
thoracic viscera such as the heart, lungs Carpals- bones allow the wrist to move and
and esophagus. rotate vertically.
Scapula- stabilizing the other bones Ulna- acts as the stabilising bone, with the radius
involved in the rhythm of shoulder motion pivoting to produce movement.
Clavicle- acts to transmit forces from the Radius- to articulate with the ulna and humerus
upper limb to the axial skeleton. at the elbow to provide supination and pronation.
 LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

The lymphatic system is a network of

tissues and organs that help rid the body
of toxins, waste and other unwanted
materials.

FUNCTIONS

Neck (cervical) lymph nodes-

protects the nerves that carry sensory
Spleen- it fights invading germs in the
blood, it controls the level of blood cells,
&it filters the blood and removes any old
or damaged red blood cells.
supports the weight of the head and
and motor information from the brain
down to the rest of the body.
Armpit (axillary)- prevents skin-to-
skin contact when doing certain
activities, such as running and walking.

Diaphragm- increases abdominal Lymph vessels- collect and filter

pressure to help the body get rid of vomit,
urine, and feces.
Thymus- produces and secretes thymosin,
a hormone necessary for T cell
development and production.
lymph (at the nodes) as it continues to
move toward larger vessels called
collecting ducts.
Groin (inguinal)- adduction of the
thigh in open-chain motions and
stabilization of the lower extremity and
pelvis in closed chain motion.
 MUSCULAR SYSTEM

The muscular system is an organ system

consisting of skeletal, smooth and cardiac
muscles. It permits movement of the body,
maintains posture and circulates blood
throughout the body.

FUNCTIONS

Masseter- plays a major role in the

chewing of solid foods.

Pectorals- It elevates the ribs for deep

Calf Muscles- are responsible for
plantarflexion the foot and ankle. The calf
muscles are engaged in activities such as
running and jumping.
inspiration when the pectoral girdle is
fixed or elevated.
Biceps- is flexion of the elbow and
supination of the forearm.

Biceps- perform knee flexion. Abdominals- support the trunk, allow

Triceps- It helps in extension of the elbow
joint and also acts as an antagonist of the
biceps and brachialis.
Trapezius- is to stabilize and move the
scapula.
movement and hold organs in place by
regulating internal abdominal pressure.
Quadriceps- these four muscles work
together to help you stand, walk, run,
and move around with ease.

Deltoids- is the prevention of subluxation

or even dislocation of the head of the
humerus particularly when carrying a load.
 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

is the network of organs and tissues that

help you breathe. It includes your airways,
lungs, and blood vessels.

FUNCTIONS

Nasal cavity- lies above the bone that

forms the roof of the mouth and curves
down at the back to join the throat.

Right lung- The right lung is shorter than Nostril- create openings to the outside
the left lung to make room for the liver. world.

Diaphragm- is a thin skeletal muscle that Epiglottis- to pre- vent the secretions of
sits at the base of the chest and separates theupper air passages, etc., from enter-
the abdomen from the chest. ing the larynx when in a state of rest.

Left lung- The left lung is narrower than
the right to make room for the heart.
Primary bronchus- to carry air that is
breathed in through to the functional
tissues of the lungs, called alveoli.
Trachea- is to transport air to and from
the lungs.
Larynx- serves to protect the lower
airways, facilitates respiration, and plays a
key role in phonation.
Pleural Cavity- acts as a lubricant and
allows the pleurae to slide effortlessly
against each other during respiratory
movements.

Pharynx- is a passageway that extends

from the base of the skull to the level of
the sixth cervical vertebra.
 DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

The system of organs responsible for

getting food into and out of the body and
for making use of food to keep the body
healthy.

FUNCTIONS

Esophagus- The esophagus functions
Large Intestine- The purpose of the large
intestine is to absorb water and salts from
the material that has not been digested as
food, and get rid of any waste products left
over.
Rectum- The rectum's job is to receive
stool from the colon, let you know that
there is stool to be evacuated (pooped out)
and to hold the stool until evacuation
happens.
primarily as a transport tube that directs
the progression of food and fluids from
the mouth to the stomach.
Stomach- the human stomach is as an
aid to digestion.
Gallbladder- stores bile produced by the
liver.
Small Intestine- carries out most of the
digestive process, absorbing almost all of
the nutrients you get from foods into your
bloodstream.

Anus- The anus is the opening at the end

of the digestive tract where stool leaves the
body.
 ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

is a series of glands that produce and

secrete hormones that the body uses
for a wide range of functions.

FUNCTIONS

Pineal gland- secretes hormones, such
Pituitary gland- it monitors and regulates
many bodily functions through the hormones
that it produces, including: Growth and
sexual/reproductive development and
function.
as melatonin, and controls the circadian
rhythms.
Thymus- produces and secretes
thymosin, a hormone necessary for T cell
development and production.

Thyroid gland- It helps to regulate many Pancreas- helps your digestive system by
body functions by constantly releasing a making hormones.
steady amount of thyroid hormones into the
bloodstream. Ovary- produce the egg cells, called the
ova or oocytes.
Adrenal gland- produce hormones that
help regulate your metabolism, immune
system, blood pressure, response to stress
and other essential functions.

Testis- are responsible for making

testosterone, the primary male sex hormone,
and for producing sperm.
 REPRODUTIVE SYSTEM

The reproductive system of an

organism, also known as the genital
system, is the biological system made
up of all the anatomical organs
involved in sexual reproduction.

FUNCTIONS

Fallopian tube- transport the ova from

the ovary to the uterus each month.

Seminal Vesicle- seminal vesicle is

important for fertility.

Uterus- to nourish the developing fetus
prior to birth.

Prostate- to produce the fluid that

Ovary- produce the egg cells, called the
nourishes and transports sperm (seminal
ova or oocytes.
fluid).
Endometrium- to prevent adhesions
Vas Deferens- transports mature sperm to
between the opposed walls of the
the urethra in preparation for ejaculation.
myometrium, thereby maintaining the
patency of the uterine cavity.
Penis- acts as a conduit for urine to leave
the body.
Vagina- provides a passageway for blood
and mucosal tissue from the uterus
Urethra- the expulsion of urine, the
during a woman's monthly period,
expulsion of sperm, the prevention of either
receives the penis during sexual
of these fluids from traveling back into the
intercourse and holds the sperm until
lower urinary tract, and protection against
they pass into the uterus & provides a
bacteria entering from outside of the body.
passageway for childbirth.

Bladder- stores urine, allowing urination to

be infrequent and controlled.
Cervix- produces cervical mucus that
changes in consistency during the
menstrual cycle to prevent or promote
pregnancy.

Fimbriae- are used for attachment, and

help to make microbes colonize.
 URINARY SYSTEM

also known as the renal system or

urinary tract, consists of the kidneys,
ureters, bladder, and the urethra.

FUNCTIONS

Kidney- The kidneys work to ensure an
adequate quantity of plasma to keep
blood flowing to vital organs.

Ureter- These narrow tubes carry urine

Urethra- the expulsion of urine, the
from the kidneys to the bladder.
expulsion of sperm, the prevention of either
of these fluids from traveling back into the
Sphincter- maintains constriction of a
lower urinary tract, and protection against
natural body passage or orifice and which
bacteria entering from outside of the body.
relaxes as required by normal
physiological functioning.
Bladder- stores urine, allowing urination to
be infrequent and controlled.
 CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
refers to the heart, blood vessels and
the blood. Blood contains oxygen and
Superior Vena Cava- the great venous
trunks that return deoxygenated blood from
the systemic circulation to the right atrium
of the heart.
Aorta- the main artery that carries blood
away from your heart to the rest of your
body.
Heart- the main organ in the circulatory
system, the structure is primarily
responsible for delivering blood circulation
and transportation of nutrients in all parts
of the body.
Hepatic Veins- are blood vessels that
return low-oxygen blood from your liver
back to the heart.
other nutrients which your body
needs to survive.
FUNCTIONS
Pulmonary Arteries- refers to the heart,
blood vessels and the blood. Blood
contains oxygen and other nutrients which
your body needs to survive.
Pulmonary Veins- are blood vessels that
transfer freshly oxygenated blood from the
lungs to the left atria of the heart.
Inferior Vena Cava- carries blood from
the legs, feet, and organs in the abdomen
and pelvis. The vena cava is the largest vein
in the body.
Renal Veins- take blood away from the
kidneys into the inferior vena cava.
 NERVOUS SYSTEM
is a complex collection of nerves and
Brain
specialized cells known as neurons
Cerebrum- initiation of movement,
coordination of movement, temperature,
touch, vision, hearing, judgment, reasoning,
problem solving, emotions, and learning.
Digital Nerve- innervate the dorsal skin of
the digits (except the thumb), which is distal
from the mid-metacarpus.
Superficial Peroneal Nerve- innervates
the peroneus longus and peroneus brevis
muscles and the skin over the antero-lateral
aspect of the leg along with the greater part
of the dorsum of the foot (with the exception
of the first web space, which is innervated by
the deep peroneal nerve).
Common Peroneal Nerve- supplies
movement and sensation to the lower leg,
foot and toes.
Sciatic Nerve- primarily supplies the
muscles of the lower leg, including the
calf, ankle, and the back portion of the
knee.
Lumbar Plexus- to supply motor and
sensory innervation to the anterior
compartment of the thigh.
that transmit signals between
different parts of the body.
FUNCTIONS
Brain- The brain controls our thoughts,
memory and speech, movement of the
arms and legs, and the function of many
organs within our body.
Cerebellum- receives information from
the sensory systems, the spinal cord, and
other parts of the brain and then regulates
motor movements.
Spinal Cord- a column of nerves that
connects your brain with the rest of your
body, allowing you to control your
movements.
Intercostal nerve- emerge from the
somatic nervous system and aid in the
contraction of muscles as well as provide
sensory information from the skin and
parietal pleura.
Ulnar Nerve- innervates the flexor
muscles of the forearm including the
flexor carpi ulnaris and flexor digitorum
profundus.
Median Nerve- It supplies the muscles of
the front of the forearm and muscles of
the thenar eminence, thus controlling the
coarse movements of the hand.
Radial Nerve- innervates the muscles
located in the posterior arm and posterior
forearm.