Pangasinan State University

Integrated School – Senior High School

Bayambang Campus
Bayambang, Pangasinan
A.Y. 2020 – 2021

Title:
Impacts of Sleep Insufficiency to the Academic Performance of Senior High School
Students of Pangasinan State University, Bayambang Campus
A.Y. 2020 – 2021

Submitted by: GREEN GROUP

Bumatay, Mary Elisha R.
Cacabelos, Diana Elizabeth B.
Catchillar, Stephanie L.
Cayabyab, Alessandria R.
Cayago, Alethea C.
Dela Cruz, Desirey M.
Delizo, Mariettonie D.
De Luna, Karen Joy T.
Develos, Diana P.
De Vera, Trisha Mae M.
Ducusin, Aprilyn
Dumlao, Dianara C.
Escaño, Marjorie Mae M
Fernandez, Rona Mae C.

Grade & Strand: 11 – Humanities and Social Sciences (HUMSS)

Submitted to:
Ms. Jovelyn Bullo

Date: June 8, 2021

 Chapter I
Introduction

Background of Study

Sleep is an important activity for the human body. It seems trivial and often took

for granted but sleep plays a big a role to bring our bodies and performance in its best

condition physically and mentally. A resource from the Division of Sleep Medicine at

Harvard Medical School stated that Human experiments indicate that sleep quantity and

consistency have a significant effect on learning and memory. Research shows that

sleep supports two separate types of learning and memory. First, a person without

sleep cannot concentrate his mind and therefore cannot learn efficiently. Secondly,

sleep itself has a role to play in building memories that are necessary for new things to

be learned. This proves that sleep is an essential activity for people especially,

students. Academics requires student’s extreme concentration, alertness and memory

for analyzation, solving and for their overall performance. Students are known to be

busy and occupied with activities and school works which might be one of the causes

why most of the students are sleep deprived but students are also required to get

enough sleep for them to have better performance in school.

Adolescents require 9 to 12 hours of sleep a night and adolescents should be

able to sleep for 8 to 10 hours, according to the American Academy of Sleep Medicine

(AASM). These guidelines are endorsed by the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP).

However, a survey in 2018 found that 73 percent of secondary school children do not

follow the sleep indicator. However, it is not clear whether the low performance at

school is associated with many adverse sleep issues. It is still uncertain if early school
hours lead specifically to sleep failure. Therefore, the first aim of the research was to

evaluate whether multiple poor sleep markers are correlated with lower performance in

school. Second, the students' sleep practices are evaluated to classify sleep practices

that were not linked to poor academic performance. Finally, different factors related to

sleep deprivation was identified for possible association with the student’s performances

in school. May the findings of the preliminary study will raise understanding among

secondary school students of sleep issues.

Statement of the Problem

The researchers know that sleep is essential to our health. Sleep is important for

various aspects of brain function. This includes cognition, concentration, productivity,

and performance. All of these are negatively affected by sleep deprivation. Getting

adequate rest may help prevent excess weight gain, heart disease, and increased

illness duration. Poor sleep is linked to physical problems such as a weakened immune

system and mental health problems such as anxiety and depression. This study seeks

to answer if there is a significant relationship between sleep insufficiency and academic

performance of senior high school students of Pangasinan State University, Bayambang

Campus A.Y. 2020 – 2021.

1. How may the sleep insufficiency among senior high school students be described

in terms of:

1.1 Hours of Sleep

1.2 Time of Sleep

1.3 Sleep Satisfaction

 1.4 Mood Changes

1.5 Daytime Sleepiness

2. How may its impacts on the academic performance of senior high school

students of Pangasinan State University, Bayambang Campus be described in

terms of:

2.1 Alertness or Concentration

2.2 Memory Recall

2.3 Physical Performance

2.4 Scores on Quizzes and/or Examinations

3. Is there a significant relationship between sleep insufficiency and the academic

performance of senior high school students?

4. What might be the reasons why students experience sleep deprivation that might

be seen from the result of the study to improve the students' appreciation for the

proper hour of sleep needed?

Theoretical Framework

This study was based on the theory manifested by Susan Worley (2018) which

points out the significance of sleep to humans as it affects not just the physical but also

psychological aspects of a person in many ways. In the inaugural issue of the Journal of

Clinical Sleep Medicine (2011), a feature article1 traced early milestones in the

developing field of sleep medicine, which slowly emerged from the older field of sleep

research during the 1970s and 1980s. Research findings continue to underscore how

we should value our sleeping time as it is time to rest and make ourselves free from all

the workloads. With all of the responsibilities that we face as practitioners,

academicians, and family members, getting the recommended amount of sleep can be

hard. Earlier this year, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention announced that

insufficient sleep is a public health problem. Many studies have shown that getting

enough sleep is important to our health.

As the researchers who have the same goal with this theory this study aims to

raise awareness to the general public on how important it is for the people especially

the students, to value sleeping as it is one of the trivial but most important activities of

the human body. Achieving the recommended and ideal time in sleeping will make a

significant difference in terms of performance and alertness of an individual who has a

healthy sleeping habit than those who are sleep deprived. Being aware of this matter

can help the concerned audiences to deal with such cases In that way they will be able

to come up with new approaches on how to improve the quality of sleep.

This theory was proposed by EB. Ezenwanne (2011) saying that sleep is

necessary for regenerating and restoring the physiological processes that help in

repairing the body and mind of a person in their everyday life, this means that having

good enough sleep allows the body to repair and refresh the components that are

needed for psychological functions that are used up during the day. The Restorative

Theory was put forward in 2006, during which a group of workers argued that sleep

served as a behavioral state of the body to save energy by lowering our body

metabolism. The workers sought to explain that the purpose of sleep was to reorganize

and store information, arguing that the cortical neurons that are involved in memory and

attentive learning needed to rest in sleep, especially during Rapid Eye Movement

(REM) sleep. The workers noted that this probably explains why we feel mentally
sharper after a good night's sleep, as compared to how we feel after staying awake all

night long. Thus, in Restorative Theory it was hypothesized that REM sleep plays a vital

role in memory retention and consolidation, removal of trivial or unwanted information,

and storage of important data from memory, all taking place during the REM sleep

stage. The theory predicts that sleep helps replenish our stores of neurotransmitters,

arguing that this is because most cortical neurons decrease their activity during sleep.

With this theory that Ezenwanne EB proposed, the researchers also have the

same goals and aaimon how a night of good sleep can impact a person's everyday

activity, particularly on how a night of good sleep can impact the academic performance

of the students. This theory supports the studies of the researchers on the difference in

how a sleep-deprived person will take an action and do the things that are assigned for

him or her in a day. Attaining the ideal span of sleep time of a person will make a big

difference in terms of their performance in their daily routine. Knowing this matter can

help the general public, especially the students, in attaining the ideal lifestyle that will

benefit their health and mental state as a person today.

Overall, the theories points that sleep is essential and it should not be ignored

because as stated in the theories it contributes to how a person thinks and perform well

if he or she had ample time to sleep while a person who stays up all night can be seen

who thinks slow or perform less. Sleep is indeed essential but because of some

reasons, it is being ignored which causes an impact on the daily performance of a

person just like a student if he or she does not have ample time for sleep it can impact

his or her academic performance in school. So people should know that sleep

contributes a lot.
Conceptual Framework

Impacts on the academic

performance of senior high
Sleep insufficiency among
school students of Pangasinan
senior high school students be
State University, Bayambang
described in terms of:
Campus be described in terms
a) Hours of Sleep of:
b) Time of Sleep
a) Alertness or Concentration
c) Sleep Satisfaction
b) Memory Recall
d) Mood Changes
c) Physical Performance
e) Daytime Sleepiness
d) Scores on Quizzes and/or
Examinations

Figure 1. The Conceptual Framework for the Impacts of Sleep Insufficiency to the

Academic Performance of Senior High School Students of Pangasinan State

University, Bayambang Campus A.Y. 2020 – 2021

This figure shows the concept of this research entitled “Impacts of Sleep

Insufficiency to the Academic Performance of Senior High School Students of

Pangasinan State University, Bayambang Campus A.Y. 2020 – 2021”. The independent

variable is the sleep insufficiency of senior high school students of Pangasinan State

University, Bayambang Campus A.Y. 2020 – 2021 in terms of their hours of sleep, time

of sleep or the schedule of their sleep, their sleep satisfaction, mood changes, and

daytime sleepiness. Sleeping is important for our body for us to do the daily task better

in every day. The dependent variable of this research is its impacts on the academic

performance of senior high school students of Pangasinan State University, Bayambang

Campus A.Y. 2020 – 2021. Its scope is the alertness or concentration, memory recall,

physical performance, and scores on quizzes and/ or examinations of a student during a

class or classroom activities which can be gathered by using questionnaires or surveys.

Alternative Hypothesis

There is a significant relationship between the senior high school students of

Pangasinan State University, Bayambang Campus A.Y. 2020-2021 who are

experiencing sleep insufficiency which impacts to their academic performance. This

serves as that the students who is sleep deprived will perform their worse on a lecture

or a test than students who are not sleep deprived.

Scope and Delimitation

This study is a quasi-experimental research which attempts to establish the

cause and effect relationships among the variables. These types of design are very

similar to true experiments, but with some key differences. The independent variable is

identified which is the sleep insufficiency of the Senior High School students of

Pangasinan State University, Bayambang Campus but it is not manipulated by the

experimenter. Aside from that the effects of the independent variable on the dependent

variable (impacts of Sleep Insufficiency on the Student’s Academic Performance). The

design used to gather the data is purposive sampling. This method wants to access a

particular subset of people, as all participants of a study are selected because they fit a

particular profile.

This study will be limited only to the Senior High School students’ studying in

Pangasinan State University, Bayambang Campus. A total of at least 10% of the

population will be selected to be the respondents. In that case 25 students either male

or female as long as they are sleep deprived, they will be assessed by the researcher

through survey and the use of questionnaires which can evaluate their orientation to

their own skills, capabilities, and performance. In this study, the results will be delimited

based on their academic improvements before and after the experiment.

Limitations of the Study

In this part of the research, the researchers will discuss the restriction or

disadvantages of the research study which is entitled “Impacts of Sleep Insufficiency to

the Academic Performance of Senior High School Students of Pangasinan State

University, Bayambang Campus A.Y. 2020 – 2021”. The chosen respondent in this

research study is the senior high school students of Pangasinan State University,

Bayambang Campus A.Y. 2020 -2021. In terms of the location of the study, it well only

covers the senior high school students and not the whole university. The researchers

will only choose 25 students out of 202 students either male or female which are

qualified from researchers’ requirement/s for being a respondent. Since the researchers

will use a sampling technique called purposive sampling, the researchers will only

choose students who are sleep deprived and the disadvantage of this is that the

researchers will not be able to see or study if there is an impact of having an adequate

sleep or oversleeping in the academic performance of the students. And, also because

of the number of respondents the researchers required, it cannot guarantee the

hypothesis made with the independent variable which is sleep insufficiency of the senior

high school students of Pangasinan State University, Bayambang Campus A.Y. 2020 –
2021 with the dependent variable which is the impacts to the academic performance of

students.

Definition of Terms:

Impact – this is the action of one object coming forcibly into contract with another; is a

marked effect or influence by something.

Sleep insufficiency – is when a person fail to have an adequate amount of sleep.

Academic Performance – is the measurement of student’s achievement across

various academic subjects. It can refer to the behavior or to the grade point average

(GPA) of a student in different subjects.

Time - in this study time is defined as the measurement of a students spent hour/s,

minute/s, or even second/s in doing something in their everyday life.

Grade or Grade Point Average – is the number/s got by students after a quarter or

semester in a school year, which shows their overall performance in a school or a

particular subject.

Significance of the Study

This study aims to give people awareness about the impacts of sleep

insufficiency to the academic performance of senior high school students of Pangasinan

State University, Bayambang Campus A.Y 2020 - 2021. The results of this study will be

a great help to the students, faculty members and staff, future researchers, universities,

and to the general public.

 To the learners, for their awareness on the aspect of sleeping early and to

improve their perspective as to how important having a good sleeping pattern and to

give them the statistics regarding this study.

To the educators, this may serve as their basis on how they will refine their

method, and style of teaching towards their learners, especially to the students who find

it hard to allocate their time and to reconsider the amount of work to be given.

To the faculty members and staff, this study may be an eye-opener and could

serve as a stepping stone to provide students with lectures or programs that promotes

good sleeping pattern and discuss to students why sacrificing sleep is lethal in the long

run.

To the general public, this may give them knowledge about the benefits of

sleeping early and the dangers of skipping their sleep.

To the future researchers, this study may serve as a related study for them to

use as a reference in their chosen research topic.

 Chapter II

Review of Related Literature and Studies

Related Review of Studies

Foreign

According to Suni (2021) in an article entitled “Improve Your Child’s School

Performance With a Good Night’s Sleep” states that getting enough sleep can help

children perform well in school. It also discusses some of the causes of sleep

deprivation in children, as well as the effects of inadequate sleep on academic

performance. Sleep experts generally agree that a lack of sleep reduces cognitive

abilities and can harm school performance in children and teenagers. The majority of

sleep deprivation research has been conducted on adults, but many of the same effects

are thought to occur in children. Despite the fact that fewer studies have been

conducted on sleep deprivation in children, the available evidence suggests that it is

harmful. Sleep is very crucial that sometimes it has a lot of effect to everyone who

suffered from sleep insufficiency. The impacts on cognitive performance are a direct link

between sleep and school performance. Some of the known issues associated with

sleep deprivation include decreased attention, impaired memory, slowed process,

worsened sequential thinking, reduced creativity, and depression and anxiety.

The article also includes the causes why children experience sleep insufficiency.

Some causes are inconsistent sleep schedule, lack of priority given to sleep, excess

use of electronic devices, sleep disorders, and other health conditions. It also discusses

how parents can assist their children in getting a good night's sleep. It is understandable
for parents to want to do everything they can to ensure their children's academic

success. Given the importance of sleep for academic performance, parents can make

good sleep a priority in their child's education. So parents should provide a better

sleeping environment for their children

According to Segaran (2018) in an article entitled “The impact of sleep on

academic performance”, most students study at night in the library before a test or when

they are cramming or procrastinating. The writer of the article also stated that students

are aware that sleep deprivation is harmful, but they disregard this fact because they

are willing to sacrifice their sleep without considering how it will affect their health in the

long run. They are fine with not getting enough sleep in order to complete all of the

tasks or other requirements that have been assigned to them. Students often tell

themselves that it is okay to be sleep deprived for the time being because they will be

able to sleep for 12 hours after the semester comes to an end.

However, according to this article, sleep is critical not only in the final weeks of

the semester, but throughout the entire semester. Students are known for having erratic

sleeping habits, but these habits may be affecting their productivity. Aside from students

who are known as all-nighters, many students do not understand what it means to have

a good sleeping habit or routine because of class schedules that change daily, part-time

jobs, extra-curricular and social activities. Students adjust to these irregular sleep

cycles, which can have a negative impact on their academic performance. They also

believe that lying in bed on weekends or days off will make up for their lack of sleep, but

they are unaware that this practice exacerbates the problem.

 This article, “The impact of sleep on academic performance”, also includes a

related study published by “Brigham and Women's Hospital” that demonstrates how a

consistent bedtime has a significant impact on sleep. This study looked at how sleep

and the circadian rhythm (body clock) affect each student's academic performance of

every student. The study discovered that students with more regular sleep patterns had

higher average school grades, implying that it is not always the number of hours of

sleep that matters, but the consistency with which you sleep. Overall, the study

discovered that irregular sleep and wakefulness patterns are associated with lower

GPA. It suggests that they should avoid using their phone before bed because it can

interfere with their sleep, they should try to wake up and go to bed at the same time

every day to avoid messing with their body clock, and lastly they should avoid sleeping

during the day to compensate for a lack of sleep at night.

According to Peters (2019) in an article entitled “Can Sleep Deprivation Cause

Your Death Due to Accidents and Disease?” states that to work normally, everyone

needs a certain amount of sleep. Adults require different amounts of sleep than

children, and one person can require more or less (on average) than another. The

average amount of sleep needed for adults to feel rested is 7 to 9 hours. Chronic sleep

deprivation can, in rare cases, result in death. This can happen in highly rare conditions

like deadly family insomnia. Sleep becomes severely fragmented and interrupted with

this genetic illness, to the point where the affected person is unable to sleep at all. This

syndrome eventually leads to death. Inadequate sleep has been linked to an increased

risk of cardiovascular illness, including heart attacks.

 Over 1,000 studies on sleep deprivation have been published in the last ten

years. In fact, this was a focus of some of the earliest studies in the field of sleep

medicine. For example, in 1894, a study of sleep loss in puppies was conducted, and in

1896, a study of humans was conducted. Long-term sleep deprivation in puppies has

been shown to be lethal, as evidenced by numerous studies. Numerous recent animal

experiments have confirmed this fact. It would be unethical to replicate this study in

humans, but there are other established links between sleep deprivation and death.

Shift work is a significant risk factor. Accidents are more likely to happen when people

are supposed to be sleeping. The danger for shift workers grows unless their sleep

habits are properly corrected, with predictable sleep and wake periods maintained.

Inadequate and poor-quality sleep exacerbates the danger.

According to studies, sleeping fewer than five hours every night increases your

chances of having a heart attack by two to three times. Women who sleep less than

seven hours every night are also more prone to develop the condition. Aside from the

risk of mortality from acute sleep deprivation, there are a slew of other reasons why we

should obtain enough sleep to reduce the danger of sleep deprivation. When we fail to

do so, we endanger our health. If you obtain enough sleep to suit your sleep needs, you

can improve your health and avoid premature mortality.

According to Rapaport (2018) in an article entitled “Sleep may impact college

grades more than drinking or drugs”, lack of sleep is at least as bad for academic

success as binge drinking or doing drugs, study says. Each night of the week that

college students have sleep problems was associated with a 0.02-point drop in their

grade point average. "Someone who is routinely well rested has a 0.14 GPA advantage
over someone perpetually sleepy" said study co-author J. Roxanne Prichard, scientific

director of the Center for College Sleep at the University of St. Thomas in Saint Paul,

Minnesota.

The findings are drawn from 55,322 U.S. students who were surveyed in 2009.

Overall, the students had an average GPA of 3.21 and reported an average of 2.4

nights a week when they experienced difficulties with sleep. The students reported

struggling to fall asleep or stay asleep, woke up unrested during the day. First-year

students seemed most vulnerable to sleep-related bad grades, the study found. For

upperclassmen, the effect was just as bad as being in an abusive relationship. Only

learning disabilities and diagnosed depression or anxiety appeared to have a larger

impact on academic success than sleep.

However, sleep education did not appear to be a standard part of freshman year

orientation programs, which frequently cover a variety of health topics such as stress,

binge drinking, drug abuse, safe sex, and intimate partner violence. More than two-

thirds of students polled said their universities had not provided them with information

about sleep problems. In comparison, 83 percent received information about drug and

alcohol abuse.

In this article, the study it says that the study conducted was not designed to

prove whether sleep issues might directly impact the academic success of one person.

Still the result suggest that students can use refresher course on how to go to bed on

time said by Dr. James Pagel of the University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus
in Aurora. Also Hysing said that “Too little sleep and poor quality sleep can affect the

attention and memory which are very important to perform academically”.

According to Raypole (2020) in an article entitled “Not Sleeping Probably Won’t

Kill You, But Things Will Get Ugly”, one sleepless night after another might leave

someone feeling quite miserable. They might toss and turn, unable to find a comfortable

position, or they might simply lie awake, their mind might be racing from one worried

idea to the next. Exhaustion and sleep deprivation can have a variety of consequences,

although dying from a lack of sleep is extremely unusual. Operating on little to no sleep,

on the other hand, can raise someone’s chances of getting into an accident while

driving or doing something potentially dangerous. Sleep is necessary for our body to

function, and going without it not only feels bad, but it can also have serious effects.

Even if missing one night of sleep isn't a big deal, they will start to notice certain

consequences. The longer you go without sleep, the worse these side effects will get.

Staying awake for 24 hours has the same effect as being intoxicated. According to a

2010 study, staying up for 20 to 25 hours has the same effect on someone’s

concentration and results as getting a BAC of 0.10 percent. When the blood alcohol

concentration (BAC) is 0.08 percent, they might be considered legally intoxicated in

most countries. People also experience what is known as a micro sleep after going two

days without sleeping.

A micro sleep occurs when someone lose consciousness for a short period of

time, usually between a few seconds and half a minute. They would not know what was

going on until they wake up, so they will most likely be confused and groggy when they
do. Things are about to get weird if they have not slept in three days. They will probably

be unable to think of anything other than sleep. It will most likely be difficult for them to

concentrate on discussions, jobs, or even their own thoughts. Simple tasks, such as

getting up to look for something, can seem to be too difficult to consider. As they have

more micro sleeps, their chances of having an accident while driving or performing any

other potentially dangerous work increase dramatically. It is best to consult healthcare

professional immediately if someone have not been able to sleep for more than three

days.

The brain will eventually cease to operate properly, resulting in organ failure and,

in rare situations, death. Furthermore, they run the chance of contracting. They can note

that the heart is beating much faster than normal in addition to their intense fatigue.

They will probably find mood swings or issues with emotional control as well. It's not

unusual to feel depressed, anxious, or paranoid after going without sleep for several

days.

Local

According to Leonidas (2014) in an article entitled “Students need more sleep” he

said that students need about eight hours of sleep before an examination for better

performance. Adding a nap in the afternoon will also improve memory. School stress

keeps 68 percent of students awake after their heads hit the pillow, according to a study

published in Medical News in the United States. Only 30% of students get the

recommended amount of sleep for young people, which is eight hours each night. At

least once a month, 20% of students pull an all-nighter. One night of sleep loss resulted
in a 30-percent loss in cognitive skills and a decline in performance in a study of

soldiers operating complicated military hardware. When they are deprived of two nights

of sleep, their performance plummets by 60%.

A set of students was given a set of math problems along with some

recommendations on how to answer them in a study. They were promised that there

was a simpler or quicker way to solve the challenges they might encounter through the

procedure. They were put through a series of tests 12 hours after the training. Only 20%

of pupils who were not allowed to sleep before to the math exam identified the method.

However, those students who were allowed eight hours of sleep performed much better.

Sixty percent of them found the shortcut.

In a study of schoolchildren aged 9 to 11 years old taking math and science

assessments in 15 nations, American pupils came out on top with 73 percent saying

they got enough sleep. The 15 countries’ average was 46.5 percent. Kazakhstan had

the lowest percentage at 12%. However, according to the BBC, more technological

countries such as the United States topped the sleepless-night rankings.

According to Dimitri Ivanovich Mendeleyev, a Russian scientist. If we slept well

the night before the lecture on the Periodic Table of Elements, we can remember that

Mendeleyev arranged the whole science of chemistry by himself and in a systematic

manner. He nodded off one night while playing solitaire and thinking about the essence

of the world. He came up with a plan when he awoke.

The more we learn about the impacts of sleep deprivation, the clearer it becomes

that the goal of getting enough sleep is to improve memory and learning. When you do
not get enough sleep, you lose your thinking. It stifles learning in a variety of ways.

Critical thinking is hampered, memory and mood are affected, reasoning is slowed, and

quantitative skills are hampered.

According to Tan (2018) in an article entitled “The Importance of Sleep”,

Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA), a common cause of sleep loss, is often misdiagnosed

and untreated. Sleep apnea is often followed by snoring or, in the worst-case scenario,

cessation of normal breathing, resulting in an increased frequency of waking up in the

middle of the night gasping for air, interrupting otherwise restful sleep. When a person is

already sleep deprived, the body will still take its toll. It has been linked to a variety of

acute damages, such as car accidents and workplace accidents, as well as a long-term,

more damaging impact.

The core indicators of a good night’s sleep were recently published by the

National Sleep Foundation (NSF). It entails sleeping for at least 85 percent of the time in

bed, falling asleep in 30 minutes or less, waking up no more than once a night, and

being awake for no more than 20 minutes after falling asleep. Studies have shown that

getting enough sleep enhances learning, problem-solving skills, creativity, attention, and

concentration, while getting too little sleep induces anxiety, poor concentration, focus

loss, and depression.

Through a study in (2013), researchers discovered that waste removal systems

in the brain are more involved during sleep, allowing time to clean away harmful

compounds that might otherwise cause problems and contribute to Alzheimer’s disease,
according to a 2013 study in mice. It’s been shown that what we learn during the day is

reinforced and improved as we sleep.

When we don’t get enough sleep, the hunger-regulating hormones leptin and

ghrelin become unrestrained, which can lead to weight gain. Sleep deprivation also

causes a rise in insulin release, which contributes to increased fat accumulation and a

higher risk of Type 2 Diabetes.

Sleep deprivation can significantly reduce a person’s overall quality of life. While

a bad night’s sleep every now and then isn’t a major issue, sleep deprivation that

persists may be. There is no replacement for a good night’s rest. To avoid the

persistence of sleep deprivation in people of all ages, a certain degree of caution should

be exercised.

According to Philips (2017), obstructive Sleep Apnea and lifestyle habits

contribute to sleep deprivation in the Philippines. The 46% of Filipinos do not get

enough sleep and 32% sleep for less than six hours. One of the most common causes

of poor sleep quality is Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) Untreated OSA in the long-run

can result in life-threatening conditions such as type 2 diabetes, abnormal heart

rhythms, high blood pressure and even stroke. More than 8 in 10 adults (84%) say that

a variety of activities take precedence over a good night’s sleep. The 2017 Philips’

Unfiltered Sleep: A Global Prioritization Puzzle looked at how people across the globe

perceive, prioritize and prepare for sleep.

Philips hosts Sleep Apnea Forum to educate healthcare professionals in the

diagnosis and treatment of OSA. More than 50 doctors and healthcare professionals
attended educational lectures at the Forum. Philips also shared its latest treatment

solutions for sleep apnea, such as oxygen therapy, non-invasive ventilation and

respiratory drug delivery to help patients. Philips also presented its cost-effective and

innovative solutions, such as DreamStation and Dreamwear, to assist patients better

monitor their status and enhance treatment outcomes.

The incidence of sleep deprivation in the Philippines is escalating with the

misdiagnosis of Obstructive Sleep Apnea. Philips’ DreamStation and DreamWear

solutions aim to enhance the diagnosis and treatment of the condition. The easy-to-

navigate menu, compact design and quiet operation of the DreamStation makes it

simple for physicians and patients to customize sleep apnea therapy. The open-face

design of Dreamwear provides superb comfort, freedom to move and the ability to

choose the most comfortable sleep position.

According to Sunstar Cebu (2020) in an article entitled “Sleep Deprivation: A

Killer”, Filipinos have one of the highest rates of sleep deprivation in Asia. About 46

percent do not get enough sleep while 32 percent sleep for less than six hours. Sleep

deprivation has become a social issue and a public health epidemic. They have listed

four key health implications that can occur as a result of a lack of excellent sleep which

are the following: first, it worsens symptom of depression, the Philippines has the

highest number of depressed people in Southeast Asia. One out of five Filipinos is

suffering from a mental disorder. Usually, depression leads to suicide. Studies reveal

that cases of suicide are far more likely to occur after midnight. Sleep deprivation

aggregates suicidal thoughts. Second, increases risks of fatal accidents. Many have

already died due to fatal accidents. Among them was AJ Perez, a prime Filipino leading
man of his time. Their van had collided with a Partas provincial passenger bus along

McArthur Highway in Brgy. San Julian, Tarlac. According to his manager Ogie Diaz,

everyone in the van was sleeping.The collision perhaps happened when the driver had

fallen asleep while driving. Third, it leads to heart disease; hypertension and diabetes,

the Center for Disease Control (CDC) reported that lack of sleep increases one’s risk of

life-threatening complications. Lack of sleep can be the underlying cause of death of

renowned director Wenn V. Deramas and comedian Chokoleit. Professionals in the

showbiz industry can relate to this fact as their work requires them to stay awake on

shooting or taping day. Sleep-deprived individuals have a higher risk of type 2 diabetes

and heart disease. Lastly the fourth listed health implication that can occur because of a

lack of sleep is decreases work productivity. Sleep-deprived individuals have more

difficulty concentrating, learning and communicating. Memory lapses increase and

problem-solving skills decline. They tend to be moody and less tolerant of co-workers’

differing opinions. And, it also promotes premature death; people who sleep for less

than the recommended seven to nine hours a night are at a higher risk of premature

death. Sleep-deprived individuals can develop diabetes, obesity, hypertension and high

cholesterol. Sleep is the only way to reset the body. If you’re sleep deprived, you’re

making your life easier by paving a path to early death.

According to a news article published in PhilStar Global (2015) entitled “This

sleep-deprived nation” stated that sleep deprivation is a big issue that has been slowly

eroding the Philippines' health. Millions of Filipinos are opting to sleep less and less,

with harmful consequences, due to the impact of intolerable traffic, the proliferation of

the business process outsourcing industry, and the geometric increase of Internet use
nationwide. We appear to believe that staying up late to complete work is the lesser of

two evils. It is not the case. It is a threat that needs to be addressed as soon as

possible.

It has been proven that getting enough sleep the night before helps students

perform better in school the next day, especially in difficult subjects like math. The right

amount of good sleep influences decision-making and emotional stability as well.

During sleep, the brain purges itself, pushing away its own chemical waste

through a hidden network of channels that resembles a plumbing system, according to a

team of researchers from the University of Rochester. These pipes imitate the opening

and closing of your eyes while you sleep. Growth hormone is also released in

youngsters as they sleep, according to the American Academy of Sleep Medicine. Of

course, there is still some debate about the best time to sleep; some say 10 p.m. to 2

a.m. is ideal, while others say midnight to 6 a.m. is ideal.

Children (and therefore adults) have been sleeping less and less in recent

decades, according to studies. Adults who grew up with strict bedtime laws performed

better at work and slept more than an hour longer than those who grew up with no rules

on when to sleep. According to other studies, if a healthy adult is deprived of sleep for

six days in a row, his body chemistry will mimic that of someone twice his age, and it will

take him a week to bring his metabolism back to normal.

In children, sleep debt is even more important. The SLEEP Conference, which

took place in June, revealed some concerning statistics. Sleep deprivation can reduce a
child's attention span and even cause ADHD-like symptoms. According to the findings,

children may be misdiagnosed with ADHD simply because they don't get enough sleep.

In 2013, ABC News announced that a recent study backs up the idea that not

getting enough sleep will lead to weight gain. The researchers compared data from a

group that got four nights of usual eight and a half hours of sleep to data from the same

group a month later, when they were only allowed four nights of four and a half hours of

sleep. Obesity and diabetes are both associated to this illness. The study's principal

author, Dr. Matthew Brady of the University of Chicago, noted that the same sleep

deprivation is widespread during the work week, when many CEOs get by on four to five

hours of sleep.

Related Review of Literature

Foreign

In the words of Hayley (2017), sleep difficulties are common among secondary

as well as tertiary students and possibly affect academic outcomes especially when

they are inside the class but it can be observe and think for a remedy. It clearly shows

that to evaluate students, there are associations initiating and maintaining sleep and

wherein it is subjective as well as objective to a student’s academic performance in a

large university.

According to Amelia, V. L. & M. L. Ramdani. (2019), there’s a massive innovation

when it comes to technology which affects the sleeping time of students. One of the

impacts to students is the increase of screen time activity duration. Wherein they spend

more time in watching television rather than sleeping on time. It clearly shows that this
activity correlates to a human’s sleep quality, because it reduces the so called sleep

duration.

It is a challenge for the parents, children, and teachers to be aware of good as

well as effective media habit importance. According to Liu, J. & L. Zhao, et. al. (2020),

students can effectively as well as efficiently achieve the best academic performance

when they sleep on time and it should be for eight hours or more. This is very ideal and

matches the needs of school when it comes to the health sector of their students. In

order to do it effectively the teachers, schools, education administrators, and parents

should educate or inform the students about the correct educational values about the

impact of not sleeping on time.

Local

Being sleepy in class has a vital and devastating impact when it comes to the

academic performance of a student. Lack of sufficient and adequate sleep can be

extremely harmful and even deadly. In the words of Toyong (2020), there are several

reasons of sleeping late were using of Facebook and Messenger account and playing

mobile games. One more thing is they were making assignments and homework.

The most common classroom behaviors of students if they don’t have enough

sleep are: students were sleepy during class discussions as well as oral recitation and

they always sleep in class during vacant periods and lastly is they feel tired during

classes. It clearly supports the point of view of Jorge & Villalobos et. al. (2020) wherein

sleep is an important part of human existence which is very essential to learning and

memory; lack of sleep is clearly connected with significant impairment in learning.

 The essence of sleep is to regenerate the energy being used during day time and

will expectedly replenished by resting at night. However, when sleep you are lacking of

sleep or if it is interrupted and unable to achieve it full form rest, it may affect your health

and delay tasks that teenagers need to do. It justifies the insight of Sygaco (2021),

which has something to do with the outcomes if you are lacking of sleep like exhaustion,

fatigue, and pessimism and succeeded by health risks, as well as a decline in thinking.

Synthesis

In this generation sleeping late is big problem faced by many people in different

countries and the most people who are associated with sleep insufficiency are the

students and workers. Having an adequate sleep according to Tan (2018), enhances

learning, problem-solving skills, creativity, attention, and concentration of every person.

To have an adequate sleep and to feel well rested for adults the average amount of

sleep needed is 7 to 9 hours and studies have shown that sleeping less than five hours

every night can increase someone’s chance to have a heart attack according to the

article by Peters (2019). Students need eight hours of sleep before an examination for

better performance and adding a nap in the afternoon will also improve the memory of

the student. (Leonidas, 2014) Someone who is sleep-deprived might experience

decreased of cognitive ability such as decreased of attention, memory impairment, slow

process, worse sequential thinking, lower creativity, and depression and anxiety which

can harm the school performance of the students according to the article written by Suni

(2021). And it also stated that the common causes of sleep insufficiency are the

irregular sleeping schedule, lack of priority given to sleep, excessive use of electronic

devices, sleeping disorders, and other health conditions. And, even if the students are
aware that having a lack of sleep can be harmful they still sacrifice their sleep in order to

complete all of their tasks or other requirements assigned to them and they believe that

lying in bed on their free time will make up for their lack of sleep but eventually will only

worsen the problem according to the article by Segaran (2018). Also, since we are

leaving in a modern world one of the causes that people lacks of sleep is because of the

technology, wherein they spend more time in watching rather than sleeping (Amelia, V.

L. & M. L. Ramdani, 2019) and the use of Facebook and Messenger account, playing

mobile games, and doing school related works (Toyong, 2020). Lack of sleep might not

directly the cause of death of someone but it can be because when people do not sleep

straight for two days they can experience “micro sleep” which occurs when someone

lose consciousness for a short period of time, usually between a few seconds and half a

minute according to the article of Raypole (2020). In the Philippines according to Philips

(2017), the 46% of the Filipinos do not get enough sleep and 32% sleep for less than six

hours. And, according to the article Sunstar Cebu (2020), the Philippines have the

highest number of depressed people in Southeast Asia, that one out of five Filipinos is

suffering from a mental disorder which can be linked in not getting enough of sleep.

However, in the article entitled “The impact of sleep on academic performance” which

includes a related study published by Brigham and Women’s Hospital that says that it is

not always the number of hours of sleep that matters, but the consistency with which a

student sleep that could affect their academic performance.

Having an adequate amount of sleep helps the body to recharge, improves the

cognitive function, and also improves the health of every one which can help to prevent

diseases so having enough sleep is important because it helps everyone to perform

better in their daily task. Student who lacks sleep have seen to have a lower

performance compare to those students who have an adequate amount of sleep which

have seen to perform well in their class. Being sleep deprived can impact the academic

performance of the students.

 Chapter III

Methodology

Methods and Procedure

This chapter will tackle the research methodology of the study, subject/

respondents of the study, sampling technique, research instruments, procedures of data

gathering, and lastly, is the statistical treatment of data that will be used by the

researchers to analyze and interpret the gathered data accurately.

Research Methodology

The researchers will use quantitative research design specifically quasi-

experimental research or also known as causal-comparative research. Quasi-

experimental research or method is a type of design where the independent variable is

identified but not manipulated by the researchers, and the effects of the independent

variable are measured. In this study, the independent variable is the sleep insufficiency

of the Senior High School students of Pangasinan State University, Bayambang

Campus and the dependent variable is the impacts of sleep insufficiency on the

student’s academic performance. Through this method, the researchers sought to

determine the impacts of sleep insufficiency to the academic performance of Senior

High School Students of Pangasinan State University, Bayambang Campus.

The researchers will be using survey research as the tool in gathering the data.

This type of research uses questionnaires that will be made by the researchers in order
to obtain an accurate data needed for the study which will be analyzed by the

researchers once all the data are gathered. The survey questionnaire which is made by

the researchers will be distributed to the students of Pangasinan State University,

Bayambang Campus particularly the Senior High School students there.

Subjects/ Respondents of the Study

Since the study is about sleep insufficiency, the respondents will be some of the

senior high school students of Pangasinan State University, Bayambang Campus which

will be determined by the use of a specific sampling technique. The researchers will

only choose 25 students out of 202 students of Pangasinan State University,

Bayambang Campus particularly in Senior High School wherein the respondents can be

either male or female. The researchers will also protect the respondents by not

revealing their names and answers from the survey questionnaire given to them.

Sampling Technique

The sampling technique that the researchers will use is called purposive

sampling in which the researchers rely on their set qualifications when choosing the

respondents to be participating in their surveys. The researchers will first identify who

are the students of Senior High School in Pangasinan State University, Bayambang

Campus that are sleep deprived, and then the researchers will choose only 25 students

out of 202 students in Senior High School to be the respondents in the study.

Table 1. Distribution of survey questionnaire to each strand and section of senior

high school students of Pangasinan State University, Bayambang Campus who

are identified to be experiencing sleep insufficiency.

Grade Level Section and/ or Total Population Sample Size

 Strand
ABM 28 5
Grade 11 HUMSS 43 5
STEM 58 5
MOLAVE (STEM) 37 5
Grade 12
NARRA (STEM) 36 5
Total 202 25

Research Instruments

The researchers will use a survey questionnaire that will be given to the

respondents who met the qualifications set by the researchers. The qualification set by

the researchers to be a respondent are: (1) the student should be enrolled to

Pangasinan State University, Bayambang Campus specifically to Senior High School

and (2) the student should be experiencing sleep insufficiency.

Procedure of Data Gathering

The researchers will be finding reliable, valid, and factual information about the

impacts of sleep insufficiency to the academic performance of the students and the

initial step is to know and understand or familiarize the said topic to gain ideas and

knowledge on what kind of approach will going to do.

Second, reading some of the related reviews and studies that had or have a

connection or the same with the research that the researchers are going through.

After gathering information and knowledge about the topic, the researcher will

make a survey questionnaire that will be distributed to the students of Pangasinan State

University, Bayambang Campus specifically to the senior high school students either

male or female who are identified to be experiencing sleep insufficiency. The

researchers will distribute the surveys made from Google Forms using the application

called Facebook Messenger for the reason that the researchers and the respondents
will not be able to meet due to the pandemic. But, before the researchers distribute the

said surveys to the chosen respondents, the researchers will first send a letter that

permits them to distribute a survey questionnaire.

Then, the data will be collected automatically by Google Forms after the

respondents submit the form, the researchers then will analyze the information which

came from the respondents. The researchers will surely collect and analyze the data

fairly and without bias. The researchers and respondents will be going to apply ethics

and guidelines in conducting the study.

Statistical Treatment of the Data

All the responses/ data will be gathered by the use survey questionnaire from the

chosen respondents. The survey questionnaires are expressed in the English language.

The data that will be gathered will be arranged using the quantitative method and

expressed by the Likert Scale.

The table below is for the interpretation of the answer of the respondents in the

questionnaire which is expressed in the Likert Scale.

Verbal
Scale Range Response
Interpretation
5 4.21 – 5.00 Strongly Agree Very High
4 3.41 – 4.20 Agree High
3 2.61 – 3.40 Moderately Agree Moderately High
2 1.81 – 2.60 Disagree Low
1 1.00 – 1.80 Strongly Disagree Very Low

Then, the researchers will arrange the questions and the results of the

respondents. The statistical treatment that the researchers choose is the Pearson’s

Correlation Coefficient. The researchers chose this statistical treatment to test the
correlation and significance of the relationship between the impacts of sleep

insufficiency to the academic performance of senior high school students of Pangasinan

State University, Bayambang Campus.

The standard table for interpretation of the correlation is stated below:

Rule of Thumb

Range Interpretation

0 No Correlation

0.0 – 0.2 Very Weak Correlation

0.2 – 0.4 Weak Correlation

0.4 – 0.6 Moderately Strong Correlation

0.6 – 0.8 Strong Correlation

0.8 – 1.0 Very Strong Correlation

1 Perfect Correlation
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