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Chapter - 8 - Operational Amplifier As A Black Box
Chapter - 8 - Operational Amplifier As A Black Box
Box
1
Chapter Outline
➢ Infinite gain
➢ Infinite speed
Vin1
Vin2
Vout R1
1
Vin R2
Vout R1 R1 1
1 1 1
Vin R2 R2 A0
➢ The error term indicates the larger the closed-loop gain, the
less accurate the circuit becomes.
CH8 Operational Amplifier as A Black Box 10
Extreme Cases of R2 (Infinite A0)
0 Vout Vin
R1 R2
Vout R1
Vin R2
Inverting Noninverting
Vout R1 1 R1
1 1
Vin R2 A0 R2
➢ The larger the closed loop gain, the more inaccurate the
circuit is.
CH8 Operational Amplifier as A Black Box 14
Complex Impedances Around the Op Amp
Vout Z1
Vin Z2
1
Vout
1 Vout Vin dt
Vin R1C1s R1C1
1 V1 0 t T
Vout Vin dt t b
R1C1 R1C1
Vout 1
Vin 1 1
1 R1C1s
A0 A0
Vout R1
dVin R1C1s
Vout R1C1 Vin 1
dt
C1s
Vout R1C1V1 (t )
Vout R1C1s
Vin 1 1 R1C1s
A0 A0
➢ When finite op amp gain is considered, the differentiator
becomes lossy as the zero moves from the origin to –
(A0+1)/R1C1.
➢ It can be approximated as an RC circuit with R reduced by a
factor of (A0+1).
CH8 Operational Amplifier as A Black Box 23
Op Amp with General Impedances
Vout Z1
1
Vin Z2
V1 V2
Vout RF
R1 R2
RF
Ao
Vout V1 V2
R
If R1 = R2=R
Vin
Vout VT ln
R1 I S
2Vin
Vout VTH
W
nCox R1
L
R1
Vout 1 Vin Vos
R2
➢ Since the offset will be amplified just like the input signal,
output of the first stage may drive the second stage into
saturation.
CH8 Operational Amplifier as A Black Box 32
Offset in Integrator
Vout R2 1
Vin R1 R2C1s 1
R1
Vout R2 I B 2 R1 I B 2
R2
➢ It turns out that IB1 has no effect on the output and IB2
affects the output by producing a voltage drop across R1.
CH8 Operational Amplifier as A Black Box 35
Input Bias Current Cancellation
R1
Vout Vcorr 1 I B 2 R1
R2
I B1 I B 2
1
Vout I B 2 R1 dt
R1C1
Vout A0
s
Vin1 Vin 2 1
s
1
➢ In the linear region, when the input doubles, the output and
the output slope also double. However, when the input is
large, the op amp slews so the output slope is fixed by a
constant current source charging a capacitor.
➢ This further limits the speed of the op amp.
CH8 Operational Amplifier as A Black Box 42
Comparison of Settling with and without Slew Rate
dVout R1
V0 1 cos t
dt R2
➢ As long as the output slope is less than the slew rate, the
op amp can avoid slewing.
➢ However, as operating frequency and/or amplitude is
increased, the slew rate becomes insufficient and the
output becomes distorted.
CH8 Operational Amplifier as A Black Box 44
Maximum Op Amp Swing
Rout
A0
vout R1 R1
vin R2 1 Rout A R1
0
R2 R2
➢ In practical op amps, the output resistance is not zero.
➢ It can be seen from the closed loop gain that the nonzero
output resistance increases the gain error.